Дисертації: "Preposition de"

1

Hirata, Ryuichiro. "Preposition stranding in Welsh." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/preposition-stranding-in-welsh(20d1f096-7d6e-4ba6-b19a-dbde43355427).html.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

2

Moltaji, Niloofar. "Spatial Relations in Persian : An investigation on the locative use of prepositions with comparison to English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-134917.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study is an investigation on the spatial span of Persian prepositions in colloquial speech, focusing on the locative use of prepositions. The results are compared with English prepositions as well. In order to show the functional span of various prepositions, the Typological Relations Picture Series known as TRPS or BowPed is used. This study demonstrates that the spatial span of Persian locative prepositions consists of twenty-eight prepositions, including three primary, seven compound and sixteen secondary prepositions. In some unusual relations in the BLCs (basic locative construction), the Persian prepositions reflect the opposite relation between the figure and ground. In addition, this study shows that there is greater variety of locative prepositions in Persian than English. Finally, the study concludes that like English, Persian allows the use of BLC over the entire range of the (eight) scenes; however, there is an overlap with the scope of BLC construction, which allows the use of resultative construction in Persian as well.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

3

Enzinna, Naomi R. "The Processing of Preposition-Stranding Constructions in English." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/889.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

One of the prominent questions in modern psycholinguistics is the relationship between the grammar and the parser. Within the approach of Generative Grammar, this issue has been investigated in terms of the role that Principles of Universal Grammar may play in language processing. The aim of this research experiment is to investigate this topic. Specifically, this experiment aims to test whether the Minimal Structure Principle (MSP) plays a role in the processing of Preposition-Stranding versus Pied-Piped Constructions. This investigation is made with a self-paced reading task, an on-line processing test that measures participants’ unconscious reaction to language stimuli. Monolingual English speakers’ reading times of sentences with Preposition-Stranding and Pied-Piped Constructions are compared. Results indicate that neither construction has greater processing costs, suggesting that factors other than the MSP are active during language processing.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

4

Depiante, Marcela, and Ellen Thompson. "Preposition Stranding in Heritage Speakers of Spanish." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/271017.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In this research, we explore the linguistic structure of the Spanish of Heritage Speakers, those who have acquired Spanish as the home language in a minority language context (Iverson, 2010). We contribute to the discussion of the properties of Heritage Languages here by examining Preposition Stranding in Heritage Speakers versus native monolingual speakers of Spanish. We claim that the distinct behavior of Heritage Speakers of Spanish supports the claim that Heritage Languages may differ from native monolingual language in the narrow syntax, affecting uninterpretable features of the grammar.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

5

Dimitriadis, Eva. "A preposition is something which you should never end a sentence with : A corpus-based study on preposition stranding." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1702.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study examines to what extent preposition stranding is used in connection with which, whom and who in three different UK papers. Also what factors influence the use of preposition stranding has been studied. The hypothesis that pied-piping is more common than preposition stranding has been confirmed.

A factor that has a certain influence on the use of preposition stranding is the style of the paper. The more formal of the papers studied, The Times, did not use preposition stranding to the same extent as the other two, The Sun and Today.

The subject domain of the texts has influence on the use of preposition stranding, with more informal domains such as sports and miscellaneous (e.g. gossip) using stranding to a higher extent than the other domains, e.g. business, politics and culture. The prepositions themselves also influence the use of preposition stranding with some prepositions, such as on, with, for and into, that are likely to appear stranded and others, such as in that are likely to appear pied-piped.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

6

Daraškevič, Ilona. "Prielinksnių vartojimas dienraščio „Lietuvos rytas“ priede „Sostinė“." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_170837-77668.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti dienraščio „Lietuvos rytas“ priede „Sostinė“ prielinksnių vartojimo ypatumus. Analizuojami įvairios tematikos straipsniai: politika, kultūra, menas, sportas, medicina, kriminalai ir pan. Tiriamąją medžiagą sudaro 2006 metų lapkričio mėnesio 10 dienraščio „Lietuvos rytas“ priedo „Sostinė“ numerių. Darbo metu ištirta 2534 prielinksnių. Analizuojant nagrinėjamą medžiagą, buvo keliami šie uždaviniai: a) remiantis „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje“, „Kalbos patarimuose“ pateiktu skirstymu, sugrupuoti dienraščio „Lietuvos rytas“ priedo „Sostinė“ prielinksnius pagal tai, su kuriais linksniais jie eina; b) nustatyti ir apibrėžti tiriamųjų prielinksnių reikšmes. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad prielinksniai eidami su linksniu dažniausiai žymi sintaksinę objekto raišką, sintaksinę vietos raišką, sintaksinę krypties raišką, sintaksinę laiko raišką, rečiau – sintaksinę kiekio raišką, sintaksinę veiksmo ar būsenos priežasties raišką, sintaksinę informacijos ��altinio raišką, sintaksinę veiksmo atlikimo priemonės ar būdo raišką, sintaksinę išskirties santykių raišką ir labai retais atvejais – sintaksinę daikto požymių raišką, sintaksinę draugės raišką, sintaksinę medžiagos raišką, sintaksinę tikslo raišką, sintaksinę veikėjo būsenos požymio raišką, sintaksinę požymio raišką, sintaksinę tarpininkavimo raišką, sintaksinę veiksmo įrankio raišką, sintaksinę paskirties raišką.
The aim of the work is to analyze the prepositions found in appendix to daily newspaper „Lietuvos Rytas“ – „Sostinė“. In this work analyzes variety of themes in articles: politics, culture, art, sport, medicine, crime etc. Various dates were examined that is each week day was examined (it was chosen 2006 year November 10 issues). During the writing 2534 prepositions were analyzed. The main goals were: a) to group the prepositions according to „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika“, „Kalbos patarimai“ proposed distinction by means of analyzing the cases they are found with; b) estimate and describe the meaning of examined prepositions. Main consideration was given to syntactic meaning of prepositional. The results showed that the most often used prepositions are prepositions with syntactic meaning of place, and less frequently found are those with the syntactic informational meaning, and the rarest prepositions found in articles are the prepositions of time, quantity and movement or condition. What is more the prepositions of object, aim, relation, material, tool or purpose are used in very rare cases.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

7

de, Lemos Simone H. "Preposition Stranding in Heritage Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/912.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Influential bodies of work in language acquisition studies single out heritage bilingualism as a discrete acquisition process within the bilingualism continuum. In regards to the acquisition of WH-/QU- interrogatives containing prepositional phrases (PP), the present study examined whether heritage speakers (HS) of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) produce preposition stranding (P-stranding) constructions in their heritage language, in contrast to monolingual and adult speakers of BP, where prepositions are pied-piped to form the interrogative. Participants were HS of BP born in the USA and in Brazil, monolinguals, and late bilingual adults. The experiment consisted of an elicited production task and a grammaticality judgment task, both carried out in BP and then in English. Results showed that HS born in the USA use P-stranding in QU- interrogatives productively and systematically, in contrast to the other three groups. Moreover, no evidence of protracted acquisition was found in this group. No signs of attrition were detected among bilinguals.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

8

HAYDEN, KLICIA NOGUEIRA. "SEMANTICS VARIATION AND CHANGE: PREPOSITION POR MEANING PURPOSE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14737@1.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A proposta deste trabalho foi discutir as ocorrências da preposição por com valor final em textos portugueses dos séculos XIII ao XX, observando as ocasiões que fizeram com que ela fosse gradativamente substituída por outra preposição: para. Vê-se que, em textos mais antigos, a ocorrência de por com valor final prevalecia e, nos mais recentes, predomina para.O emprego de por final tornou-se estilístico. Pretendeu-se, neste trabalho, arrolar os diferentes valores das preposições em estudo, exemplificando com autores brasileiros do século XIX, como Machado de Assis, José de Alencar e Lima Barreto, e do século XX, como Jorge Amado e José Lins do Rego. A acepção de finalidade em por não foi encontrada em autores do século XX. Ela foi levantada para ilustrar o desaparecimento contínuo deste uso ao longo dos anos. O trabalho tem cunho histórico. Segue um enfoque funcionalista e, na pesquisa dos dados, apoia-se na sociolinguística variacional, nos moldes de Labov, tal como foi divulgada entre nós por Tarallo (1986 e 1990).
The aim of this work is to discuss the occurrence of the preposition por meaning purpose in texts in Portuguese language from XIII to XX centuries, observing the ocasions that this preposition have been gradually replaced by another one: the preposition para. It’s noticeable that, in older texts, occurrences of preposition por meaning purpose are majority, whereas, in most recent texts, preposition para occurs more frequently. The use of preposition por meaning purpose became only a matter of style. We intended to understand the different meanings of the prepositions we’re analyzing, through illustrations from Brazilian authors from the XIX century, Machado de Assis, José de Alencar and Lima Barreto; and from the XX century, Jorge Amado and José Lins do Rego. The particular meaning of purpose in preposition por has not been found in any author from the XX century. We intended to demonstrate the process of continuous disappearance of proposition por meaning purpose throughout the XX century. This work follows a historical approach. It adopts a functionalist perspective, and the collecting of data is based on Labov’s variationist sociolinguistics, as introduced in Brazil by Tarallo (1986 e 1990).

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

9

Baglodi, Venkatesh. "A Feature Structure Approach for Disambiguating Preposition Senses." NSUWorks, 2009. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/83.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) continues to be an open research problem in spite of recent advances in the NLP field, especially in machine learning. WSD for open-class words is well understood. However, WSD for closed class structural words (such as prepositions) is not so well resolved, and their role in frame semantics seems to be a relatively unknown area. This research uses a new method to disambiguate preposition senses by using a combined lookup from FrameNet and TPP databases. Motivated by recent work by Popescu, Tonelli, & Pianta (2007), it extends the concept to provide a deterministic WSD of prepositions using the lexical information drawn from the sentences in a local context. While the primary goal of the research is to disambiguate preposition sense, the approach also assigns frames and roles to different sentence elements. The use of prepositions for frame and role assignment seems to be a largely unexplored area which could provide a new dimension to research in lexical semantics.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

10

Puig, Waldmüller Estela Sophie. "Contracted Preposition-Determiner Forms in German: Semantics and Pragmatics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7589.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

En el trabajo la semántica y pragmática de formas contraídas y no-contraídas en Alemán serán discutidas. Formas contraídas son preposiciones con sufijos flexionales, obligatorias en contextos en las que el contenido descriptivo del sintagma nominal es cierto de un individual o evento (expresiones que excluyen alternativas, referentes deducibles, Situative Unika, infinitivos nominalizados, referentes no específicos). Muchos autores consideran que las formas tienen artículos definidos que fusionan con una preposición. En contrario, propongo un análisis en términos de incorporación semántica en que una preposición tiene rasgos de caso, número y género. Interpretaciones únicas provienen del número singular y del contexto. Interpretaciones no específicas provienen de la semántica y el hecho de que el argumento nominal tiene menos rango que el argumento eventivo.
The semantics and pragmatics of contracted and non-contracted forms found in German will be discussed. Contracted form are prepositions with inflectional endings, and obligatory in contexts in which the descriptive content of the noun fits only one individual or event ("alternative-excluding" expressions, inferable referents, Situative Unika, nominalized infinitives, non-specific referents). Most accounts assume that contracted forms have underlying definite articles which have amalgamated with a preposition. In contrast, I propose to analyse these forms as semantically incorporating prepositions, which are inflected for (singular) number, gender, and case, and combine with noun phrases. Uniqueness effects are derived from singular number and from contextual entailments. Non-specific readings can directly be accounted for since the semantics predicts narrow scope of the nominal argument with respect to the event argument.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

11

Morig, Chad Michael. "How can element identity and alignment create prepositional relationships and influence experience?" Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31266.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We are able to define architectural members specifically, and create identity of members within a hierarchy. Through appropriate placement with respect to their character and hierarchy, relationships are created that strengthen the individualâ s traits. This reinforcement creates an effect beyond what the individual elements are able to project toward one another, and influences our participation in their relationships. If we question how element identity, placement and alignment work together to create prepositional relationships, and consciously define members within a physical hierarchy, then we are able to strengthen identity of individual members, and ultimately create a more meaningful and considerate environment.
Master of Architecture

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

12

Nunes, Jairo. "Preposition insertion in the mapping from spell-out to PF." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3226/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper discusses three case studies on the realization of spurious prepositions and argues that they illustrate a general interaction of convergence requirements of the morphological component with an economy condition that enforces faithfulness between the lexical items present in the numeration and the lexical items present in the PF output.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

13

French, Margot Anne. "Markedness and the acquisition of pied-piping and preposition stranding." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63335.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

14

Swartley, Kate EB. "Las preposiciones a, de, en, para y por: Sugerencias para la enseñanza." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1213981670.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

15

Lassadi, Boutheina. "Towards a semantic description of the preposition AT, a cognitive approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ55862.pdf.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

16

Almerfors, Håkan. "Preposition and article usage in learner English : An investigation of negative transfer." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-65794.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The ways in which someone’s first language (L1) influences his or her second language (L2) to create errors, that is negative transfer, is a topic that has received much attention in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Previous research has suggested that negative transfer is responsible for many errors. The primary aim of this study is to investigate article and preposition errors in the production of Swedish learners of English and to discuss these errors in relation to negative transfer. The secondary aim is to compare transfer errors by L1 Swedish and L1 Portuguese learners of English. The first and main part of the study is a corpus investigation of the written production of 80 students in upper secondary school (high school). The second part is a multiple-choice test constructed to provoke transfer errors. It was distributed to students in upper secondary school in Sweden and in Brazil. The results from the corpus analysis are largely in line with those of previous research, for example with regards to how definite article errors are more common than indefinite article errors, and how contexts with definite articles and generic noun phrases seem prone to create transfer errors. The corpus study also shows that substitution was the most common preposition error and that many transfer preposition errors supposedly were caused by direct translations. Through the multiple-choice test, the degree to which the first language had an impact on individual errors could be revealed. All in all, the study reveals several aspects of negative transfer that perhaps a single-language investigation could not, because it is in the comparison of English-learners with different L1s that the most interesting results occur.
De sätt som någons första språk påverkar hans eller hennes andra språk så att fel uppstår, det vill säga negativ språköverföring (negative transfer), är ett ämne som har fått mycket uppmärksamhet inom forskning kring språkinlärning. Tidigare studier har visat på hur negativ språköverföring orsakar många fel. Det primära syftet i denna uppsats är att undersöka artikel- och prepositionsfel i skrift hos svenska elever som lär sig engelska och att diskutera dessa fel i relation till negativ språköverföring. Det sekundära målet är att jämföra hur negativ språköverföring yttrar sig hos svenska och portugisiska elever som lär sig engelska. Den första delen av denna uppsats, som även är huvuddelen, är en korpusundersökning av 80 uppsatser skrivna av högstadieelever. Den andra delen är ett flervalstest som konstruerats för att provocera fram språköverföringsfel. Deltagarna var högstadie- och gymnasieelever från Sverige och Brasilien. Resultaten från korpusundersökningen stämmer i stor utsträckning överens med vad tidigare forskning visat, till exempel att det är vanligare att fel uppstår med bestämda artiklar än med obestämda artiklar och hur bestämda artiklar och tillsammans med generiska nominalfraser tenderar att generera negativ språköverföring. Korpusstudien visar också på hur felaktigt utbyte (substitution) var det vanligaste prepositionsfelet och att många språköverföringsfel förmodligen orsakats av direkta översättningar från svenska. I analysen av resultateten från flervalstestet kunde graden av inflytande från första språket på enskilda fel påvisas. Sammantaget avslöjar undersökningen i denna uppsats på flera aspekter av negativ språköverföring som troligen ej uppenbarats om enkom elever med ett förstaspråk inkluderats, detta eftersom det är i jämförelsen mellan engelska-elever med olika förstaspråk som de mest intressanta resultaten framkommer.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

17

Kamakura, Yoshihito. "Collocation and preposition sense : a phraseological approach to the cognition of polysemy." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1592/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study explores the relationship between the ‘sense’ of the prepositions over, into and through and the combined ‘form’ of their preceding and following nouns, using the hypothesis that the co-occurring nouns can predict different senses of the prepositions. It uses concepts drawn from both corpus linguistics and cognitive linguistics, in particular drawing on theories of phraseology formulated by Sinclair and others and on theories of preposition meaning formulated by Langacker and Tyler. 1,366 instances of the use of the prepositions from the Ice-GB corpus were examined. The results indicate a relationship between the senses of prepositions and their co-occurring nouns together with some features of their linguistic behaviour. Over, into and through have similar patterns when their trajector and landmark are combined. The thesis draws on statistical information regarding Human, Concrete object and Abstract object classifications to explore the distribution of sense of over. It uses equivalent information relating to into and through to reinforce and amend the semantic networks for these prepositions proposed by Lakoff and by Tylor and Evans.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

18

Palm, Belén. "Preparera prepositioner - Sång och musik som didaktiskt hjälpmedel för prepositionskunskap i spanska." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-28039.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract A central problem in all language teaching is to teach the correct use of prepositions. There are grammar rules, but also a lot of exceptions and idiomatic expressions that often have to be learnt by examples or by heart. A trick for learning might be to use a mnemonic method with songs and music to memorize a correct use of prepositions. The purpose of this study is to test a language teaching didactic exercise for knowledge of preposition in Spanish with songs and music. Grammatical aspects, rules and exceptions when studying prepositions in Spanish are presented. A literature review shows the significance of music for language learning. By lesson trials the five so called “empty” prepositions in Spanish: a, con, de, en and por, are studied by 40 high school students only by listening to and singing two different songs in the beginning and at the end of each Spanish lesson during two weeks. The result of the study shows an improved knowledge of correct use of the 5 Spanish prepositions among the students using the method. Furthermore, the language teaching didactic exercise with song and music was seen as a pleasurable learning experience by the students.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

19

Finney, Malcolm Arnold. "The theory of markedness, pied-piping and preposition-stranding in second language acquisition." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5449.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

20

McGarrell, Hedy M. "Markedness and the acquisition of preposition pied-piping and stranding: A longitudinal perspective." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7506.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This thesis represents an exploratory study of longitudinal performance data of second language acquisition, augmented by sentences from a grammaticality judgement task. The focus is on preposition pied-piping and stranding constructions as documented in a generative framework. The purpose of the study was to investigate these data within in the context of markedness theory associated with Universal Grammar in order to determine whether or not the postulated developmental sequence was reflected in the data. Preposition pied-piping and stranding have been investigated recently within this framework in cross-sectional studies and have provided researchers with inconclusive results. For the purposes of this thesis it was hypothesized that longitudinal data would provide clarification of the development and use of these constructions in the acquisition of English as a second language by adult learners. It was further assumed that the longitudinal study would permit additional insight into the acquisition of the constructions concerned that would lead to the formulation of hypotheses for future research. In addition to the longitudinal data from the learners, data from native speaker control groups were collected in order to validate the authenticity of the constructions the learners provided and to ensure that preposition stranding is used as anticipated in informal interaction. The results provide support for the developmental sequence postulated by markedness theory. They show that the learners go through a brief stage during which they accept and produce preposition pied-piping, but explicitly reject stranding. The analysis of the data shows that the five learners use the constructions under investigation less frequently than might be expected. This seems to suggest that transfer from the native languages involved, which have the unmarked but not the marked construction, is not an important factor although it cannot be ruled out. Some learners produced stranded versions but rejected them on the grammaticality task. This combined with the low frequency and the limited syntactic and lexical range of the utterances suggests that the learners produced at least some of the early stranded versions as unanalyzed chunks. Evidence of avoidance of the pied-piping and stranding constructions was also found. The native speaker control groups, who were given pied-piped and stranded versions of each of the learner utterances in order to decide which one they would likely have chosen, strongly favoured stranded constructions over pied-piped ones in most instances. In conclusion, the data provide support for the developmental sequence postulated in a theory of markedness. They also suggest a number of potential hypotheses for future research.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

21

Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria. "Preposition stranding and prescriptivism in English from 1500 to 1900 : a corpus-based approach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:18063.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This thesis investigates the history of preposition stranding in the Modern English period from 1500 to 1900, in close relation with the prescriptive movement in the tradition of English grammatical thought. The aim is to assess, or rather re-assess, thee ffect and effectiveness of the (late) eighteenth-century normative tradition on actual language usage. The methodology lies in the comparison of a precept corpus, i.e.meta-linguistic comments, with a usage corpus, i.e. actual language practice. On the one hand, this study will provide insightful observations into the attitudes towards and conceptualisation of end-placed prepositions in the course of the eighteenth century, the age of prescriptivism. Evidence comes from a self-compiled corpus of observations made on this peculiar usage as gathered from a miscellany of precept works (1700-1800). On the other hand, this thesis will trace the diachronic evolution of the use of preposition stranding before, during and after the age of prescriptivism,as collected in two renowned historical corpora, namely the Early Modern English section of the diachronic part of the Helsinki Corpus (1500-1710) and the British part of A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers (1650-1899). The evaluation of the evidence from precept and the evidence from usage will shed new light on (a) the origin of the stigmatisation of preposition stranding (micro-level), and(b) the role of the normative tradition on language variation and change(macro-level). First, contrary to what has been taken for granted in the literature hitherto, I will demonstrate that the proscription against ending sentences with prepositions does not go back directly to the late eighteenth-century heyday of publication of precept works (e.g. Robert Lowth's grammar) but to the mid/late seventeenth-century incipient stages of the prescriptive tradition embraced with ideals of correctness and politeness; especially, to the grammarian and rhetorician Joshua Poole and to the literary writer John Dryden. Language change can thus be observed as early as the early eighteenth century. Secondly, I will provide evidence to show that late eighteenth-century precepts did exert an influence on the use of preposition stranding. The effect is manifest in contemporaneous writings and the effectiveness extends into the early nineteenth century. Nonetheless, it is only a temporary one, as the trends reverse in the late nineteenth century when prescriptivism was fading away. It will be argued that the eighteenth-century normative tradition did not trigger linguistic change but rather reinforced an existing trend.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

22

Delicado, Cantero Manuel. "The Syntax Of Spanish Prepositional Finite Clauses In A Historical And Crosslinguistic Perspective." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1229634198.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

23

Smith, James Sullivan. "Example-based methods for natural language processing with applications to machine translation and preposition correction." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558511.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We investigate the use of example-based methods for Natural Language Processing tasks. Specifi- cally, we look at machine translation and preposition prediction. We propose a new framework for the hybridisation of Example-Based and Statistical Machine Translation (EBMT and SMT) systems. We add powerful new functionality to the Moses SMT system to allow it to work effectively with our EBMT system. Within this framework, we investigate the use of two types of EBMT system. We first create an EBMT system which uses string-based matching and evaluate it within the hybrid framework. We investigate several variations, but find that the hybrid system is unable to match the performance of the pure SMT system. We next created a syntax-based EBMT system which uses dependency trees to compare inputs to the example base, and show that this system is consistently better than the string-based approach. We find that while the SMT system still performs better overall, the syntax-based hybrid does perform particularly well for some examples. We then look at the application of example-based methods to preposition prediction for non- native English writers. We create two systems, one of which is syntax-based, and the other string- based. The syntax-based system again uses dependency information to make predictions, and we show that it performs with a very high precision but a low recall. The string-based system uses n-gram counts to make preposition predictions. We show that this approach is simple and fast, and performs as well as or better than other leading systems in the field. We conclude that example-based techniques continue to yield impressive results for NLP tasks, and expect the field to benefit further as computing and data resources develop.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

24

Fera, Ardian. "Contrasting the Polysemy of Prepositions in English and Albanian." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668783.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The process of learning a foreign language can be exhausting for almost all language learners. In this study, it is aimed at providing students an accessible way to reducing commitment of errors while speaking or learning English as a second language (L2) in the most relevant and practical way, too. The Second Language Acquisition is defined as a subject which is concerned with how a language is learned and has the learner in its focus including the learner’s developing language. The main issues presented throughout the chapters were concentrated on language transfer, semantics and ambiguity. Prepositions were the most concerning analytical headline of all chapters because they are the most vulnerable part of speech students or learners of English (L2) face difficulty with. Many linguists or scholars have been working on the above scopes in order to clarify and recommend learners of English that committing errors depends on the amount of language scientific information they might have.
La adquisición de un idioma, especialmente el inglés, ha sido una pasión no solo para los estudiantes de diferentes instituciones educativas en Albania sino también para otras personas de diferentes capas sociales. Por supuesto, su adquisición no es fácil debido a los cambios estructurales léxicos y morfológicos y sintácticos que, generalmente, tienen las lenguas. Dadas las dificultades que enfrentan los estudiantes albaneses o incluso otras personas comunes en la sociedad, centré mi tesis doctoral en algunas áreas específicas de la lingüística, lo que sin duda mejorará el nivel de su adquisición, reduciendo, donde sea posible, la cantidad de errores causados por la falta de información lingüística que pueda existir en ambos idiomas Me he centrado en las áreas de interferencia (transferencia de la lengua), semántica, ambigüedad, así como en oraciones con -ing como complementos preposicionales. Cabe señalar que el estudio de la preposición es el foco principal de la tesis doctoral, ya que esta clase lingüística presenta mayores dificultades en los campos antes mencionados, debido a su frecuencia en la oración.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

25

Harris, Joseph Russell. "Preposition-position design strategies in a master plan for redevelopment, McMillan Sand Filtration Site, Washington, DC /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/209.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Thesis (M. Arch.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Architecture. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

26

Tue, Linda Lian-Yuen. "The theology of communion in the Epistle to the Ephesians as seen through the preposition syn." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.048-0323.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

27

Fernandes, Mariano Tais. "An Outline of the Semantic Network of the Preposition Up in American English : A Corpus Study." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157999.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In this study an outline is presented of the semantic network of the preposition up in American English in sentences extracted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), which was done to determine what the most common uses and meanings of the preposition are, as well as to determine if most of its possible meanings are concrete or abstract. The results show that there is a salient use and also prototypical meaning of up, and that these are major factors that impact the semantic network of the preposition. This study was designed to be a source of information for EFL students who struggle to understand how prepositions function in the English language, and also what the prepositions can actually represent in a sentence. Concomitantly, the goal is to give information about the preposition up in a way that will allow students to analyze other prepositions and perhaps even other word classes.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

28

Tue, Linda Liang-Yuen. "The theology of communion in the Epistle to the Ephesians as seen through the preposition [syn]." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p048-0323.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

29

Fleischer, Jürg. "Die Syntax von Pronominaladverbien in den Dialekten des Deutschen : eine Untersuchung zu Preposition Stranding und verwandten Phänomenen /." Stuttgart : Steiner, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39030905f.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

30

Alcorn, Rhona Jayne. "Pronouns, prepositions and probabilities : a multivariate study of Old English word order." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5496.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

It is widely accepted that Old English personal pronouns often turn up in ‘special’ positions, i.e. positions in which functionally equivalent nominals rarely, if ever, appear. Leading theories of Old English syntax (e.g. van Kemenade 1987, Pintzuk 1991, 1996, Hulk & van Kemenade 1997, Kroch & Taylor 1997) account for the syntax of specially placed pronouns in different ways, but all treat special placement as a freely available option. Focusing on pronominal objects of prepositions in particular, this thesis shows, firstly, that current theories fail to account for the variety of special positions in which these pronouns appear and argues that at least three special positions must be recognised. The central concern of this thesis, however, is whether special placement is the freely available option that leading theories assume. Drawing on evidence from a number of descriptive studies of the syntax of pronominal objects of prepositions (e.g. Wende 1915, Taylor 2008, Alcorn 2009), statistical evidence is presented to show that, in a number of contexts, the probability of special placement is either too high or else too low to be plausibly ascribed to free variation. The thesis explores the linguistic basis of each of the statistically significant parameters identified, finding answers in some cases and intriguing puzzles in others.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

31

Bardury, Daniel. "Préposition et cognition en créole martiniquais." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0736/document.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

L’étude des prépositions représente un des thèmes fondamentaux de la linguistique cognitive. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrer en quoi la préposition contribue à l’émergence de la signification de l’énoncé en langue créole martiniquaise spécifiquement. La préposition est au centre de la relation " Figure-Ground". C’est à partir de cette relation fonctionnelle que nous pourrons définir les liens conceptuels que la préposition établit entre les unités linguistiques qu’elle unit. Aussi voulons-nous mettre en évidence la subtilité de la substance notionnelle de ces morphèmes. Cette substance notionnelle se nourrit des effets de sens que ces morphèmes polysémiques peuvent avoir grâce à leur déformabilité. Décrire les usages d’une préposition demande d’en décrire la distribution. C’est donc à partir de données relevant de la distribution des prépositions que nous proposerons une analyse cognitive de ces dernières. Notre approche n’est pas comparative. Toutefois, nous ne pourrons pas ignorer la relation de diglossie entre le créole martiniquais et le français. Nous montrerons, par endroits, en quoi une langue dite minorée et une langue dite haute sur le plan sociolinguistique peuvent s’affecter mutuellement par des emprunts de conceptualisation. Les prépositions sont des morphèmes qui témoignent de la dynamique de la langue créole martiniquaise. Il nous suffit d’observer les usages des doublets asou-anlè (sur), ba-pou (pour), épi-ek (avec), et des allomorphes an, nan, adan, anndan, andidan, dan (dans) pour le comprendre. « C’est (donc) en relation avec notre connaissance du monde » (VANDELOISE 1986 :241), que nous procéderons à l’analyse cognitive des prépositions du créole martiniquais. Les prépositions nous invitent à considérer des phénomènes tels que l’aphérèse, la déflexivité, la sérialisation verbale, la préfixation, l’iconicité diagrammatique, l’indexicalité. Nous montrerons en quoi épi (avec), morphème encodant le concept d’association, est porteur d’un trait archisémique, le comitatif
The study of prepositions represents one of the fundamental topics of cognitive linguistics. The aim of this dissertation is to show to what extent a preposition can contribute to the emergence of the significance of utterances in the Martinican creole language, the language under study. The preposition is central to the relation « Figure-Ground ». It is from this functional relation that we can define the conceptual links that the preposition establishes between the linguistic units that it binds together. We thus want to highlight the subtilety of the notional substance of these morphemes. This notional substance feeds on the pragmatic meanings that these polysemous morphemes can have owing to their deformability. In order to describe the uses of a preposition, we must first establish its distribution. We will, therefore, use data containing tokens of prepositions in order to propose a cognitive analysis of these latter. We will not use a comparative approach. However, we cannot ignore the diglossic relation between Martinican Creole and French. We will have occasion to show how, from a sociolinguistic point of view, a language considered as the « low » variety (basilect), and a language considered as the « high » variety (acrolect), can affect each other conceptually. Prepositions are morphemes which illustrate the dynamics of Martinican Creole. It suffices to observe the uses of the doublets asou-anlè (on), ba-pou (for), épi-ek (with), and the allomorphs an, ann, nan, adan, andidan, anndan, dan (in) in order to understand this. It is, then, « in relation to our knowledge of the world » (VANDELOISE 1986:241) that we will propose a cognitive analysis of prepositions in Martinican Creole. Prepositions invite us to consider such phenomena as apheresis, deflexivity, stranded preposition, verbal serialisation, prefixation, diagrammatic iconicity and indexicality. We will show how épi (with), a morpheme encoding the concept of association, includes an archisemic feature, the comitative

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

32

Jach, Daniel [Verfasser], Holger [Gutachter] Diessel, and Volker [Gutachter] Gast. "Preposition placement in English as a second language : a usage-based approach / Daniel Jach ; Gutachter: Holger Diessel, Volker Gast." Jena : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1205884734/34.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

33

Yamauchi, Cássia Yukari. "Expressão do objeto indireto no português brasileiro: testemunho linguístico em peças de teatro dos séculos XIX e XX." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-27092013-100939/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Estudos que tratam da sintaxe dos objetos indiretos (OI) no português brasileiro (PB), com base em dados coletados de fonte documental histórica, revelam o uso variado das preposições a e para com OIs interpretados como recipiente/meta, no contexto dos verbos de transferência e movimento, entre eles, dar, levar, e outros. Tais estudos revelam ainda a ausência da preposição a com os chamados verbos de criação, entre eles, construir, desenhar, pintar, etc. nos quais OI é interpretado como beneficiário. Outro fato relacionado aos anteriores pode ser descrito da seguinte forma: no PB, o OI não mais é expresso pelos clíticos dativos de 3a pessoa. Tal estratégia está restrita à escrita formal. Isso sugere que sua expressão morfológica foi afetada. Nosso principal objetivo nesta dissertação é contribuir com novas evidências dos aspectos dinâmicos que caracterizam a variação e mudança na história do PB, com base em um corpus constituído de dados extraídos de peças teatrais dos séculos XIX e XX. Como será mostrado, nossos resultados corroboram os estudos anteriores: há uma forte queda na frequência dos clíticos dativos em seu uso de 3a pessoa. Estes deixam de ser a estratégia principal na expressão do OI pronominal. Com base em Torres Morais & Salles (2010) e trabalhos subsequentes, assumimos que a mudança paramétrica na gramática do PB pode ser descrita como a perda do núcleo aplicativo baixo que introduz o OI dativo em estruturas bitransitivas. A configuração em que uma preposição lexical introduz o OI como seu complemento oblíquo é a única opção encontrada no PB. Por ser um modelo internalista, a Teoria dos Princípios e Parâmetros propõe que a mudança sintática é ativada durante o processo de aquisição da língua materna. A mudança no valor de um parâmetro é catastrófica: uma vez fixado na fase de aquisição da linguagem não poderá ser refixado (cf. Lightfoot, 1979, 1997, 1999). Este tipo de abordagem, porém, não traz respostas para as questões que se referem à dinâmica da mudança sintática. Portanto, seguindo Roberts (2007), assumimos que é perfeitamente possível e desejável que se busque conciliar a abordagem proposta no quadro da teoria dos P&P e a abordagem proposta na Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística, tal como formulada por Weinreich, Labov & Hersog (1968) eLabov (1972, 1994).Assumimos ainda a ideia da competição de gramáticas, como proposta por Kroch (1989, 2000, 2001).
Studies on the syntax of indirect objects (IO) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), with data collected from a varied source of historical documents, reveal the variable use of the prepositions a and para introducing the recipient/goal argument, with predicates of transference, such as dar (to give), etc. Another relevant fact is that the preposition a is lost in contexts in which the IO is interpreted as the benefactive, with verbs of creation, such as construir (to build), etc., being replaced by para. Also, a related property is that the IO is no longer expressed by the 3rd person dative pronoun lhe, suggesting that its morphological expression is affected. Our main goal is to contribute to this aspect of variation and change in the history of BP from the perspective of a new data extracted from 19th and 20th centuries plays. Our results corroborate previous studies: there is a strong decrease in the frequency of 3a person dative clitics as a main strategy on the expression of the pronominal IO. Based on Torres Morais & Salles (2010) and subsequent studies we assume a parametric change in the BP grammar, described as the loss of the low applicative head that introduces the dative IO in ditransitive contexts. Thus configuration with the lexical/true preposition is the only option found in (Standard) BP. As an internalist model, the Principles and Parameters Theory assumes that syntactic change is driven by the first-language acquisition process. Consequently the parametric change is catastrophic in each individual in process of learning the mother tongue (cf. Lightfoot, 1979, 1997, 1999). This kind of approach is not insightful for a number of questions concerning the dynamics of syntactic change. Then, following Roberts (2007) we assume that it is perfectly possible and desirable to reconcile the P&P approach with the Theory of Variation and Change, as proposed by Weinreich, Labov &Hersog (1968) e Labov (1972, 1994). We assume also the ideia of competing grammar as proposed by Kroch (1989, 2000, 2001).

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

34

Ström, Victoria. "Preposition Selection in EFL by Swedish EFL Learners : An exploratory study investigating language transfer and the impact of implicit and explicit knowledge in EFL." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-104742.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study investigates how learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) whose first language (L1) is Swedish select prepositions in the English language. The study involves two groups, the participants and their respective controls. The participants are advanced EFL students at a Swedish university and their controls are intermediate EFL speakers who are no longer enrolled in an EFL course. The aim of the present psycholinguistic investigation is to elucidate the process of the preposition selection in EFL by means of a think-aloud-protocol. The present study involves the assumption that preposition selection by Swedish EFL learners is based on both implicitly and explicitly acquired knowledge. Data analysis indicates that the participants’ EFL preposition selection is influenced by their L1 knowledge. The results suggest that EFL preposition selection does not differ significantly between the two groups. However, the results are indicative of a variation in EFL preposition selection between the two groups in an EFL proficiency test and a think-aloud-protocol.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

35

Jaworska, Ewa. "Aspects of the syntax of prepositions and prepositional phrases in English and Polish." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f5aaca25-2abc-412c-aa1e-a97f743d885b.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The present thesis focusses on the structure of PP's in English and Polish, and the occurrence of PP's in subject and object positions. The main theoretical references are the X-bar Theory of syntactic categories and the Government Binding framework (GB). A consideration of English data corroborates Jackendoff's and Emonds' claim that apart from an NP, prepositions can take a PP and an S′ complement or no complement at all, though details of Jackendoff's analysis are revised. Polish prepositions allow the same range of complements, including no complement, although,with a greater variety of complex prepositions and with intransitive prepositions modified by relative and appositive clauses, the P-PP and the P-S′ structures are less common in Polish than in English. Subject and object PP's have so far received little attention. Like PP objects of prepositions, they are used if the intended meaning cannot be expressed by a suitable NP. The appearance of subject PP's in raising and passive sentences poses a problem for classical Transformational Grammar, though not for a slightly revised version of GB – another category-based framework. The analysis proposed here involves a particular view of the representation of Case, and a revised Case Filter. The Case Filter rules out not merely any lexical NP with no Case but any lexical XP which requires Case but has not been assigned Case. Thus, the properties of being an NP and requiring Case are independent of each other. It emerges from the investigation (i) that prepositions in English and Polish are more alike than one might expect, given the obvious differences between the two languages; (ii) that prepositions and PP's are like verbs and VP's – as Jackendoff emphasizes – but in some respects they show greater resemblance to other categories; and (iii) that syntactic categories are less important for the distribution of phrases than is commonly assumed, and that the meaning of phrases is of central importance for their distribution.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

36

Nyblom, Martin. "Givet – etableringen av en ny preposition : ”Ord måste, i varje enskilt fall, hållas ansvariga för sitt grammatiska beteende”." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38385.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Syftet med uppsatsen är att följa etableringen av prepositionen givet, samt att försöka förklara denna utveckling. I undersökningsmaterialet, som består av presstextkorpusar från perioden 1923–2008, ökar prepositionen givet i användningsfrekvens från det första belägget 1987. Undersökningen visar också att den relativa andelen där perfektparticipet givet används som verb minskar, och det används som del i kollokationer i högre utsträckning. I syfte att förklara etableringen har prepositionen givet analyseras efter Paul J. Hoppers fem grammatikaliseringsprinciper skiktning, splittring, dekategorisering, beständighet och specialisering. Principerna har formulerats för att kunna identifiera pågående grammatikalisering i tidigt stadium. Resultatet av analysen efter Hoppers fem principer talar tämligen svagt för att prepositionen givet genomgår en grammatikaliseringsprocess. Avsaknaden av syntaktiskt dubbeltydiga konstruktioner öppnar inte heller för möjligheten att förklara utvecklingen av prepositionen med hjälp av reanalys. Prepositionen givet uppvisar däremot starka semantiska likheter med vissa belagda betydelser för det adjektiviska participet givet, liksom likheter med det liknande engelska uttrycket i prepositionen given. En möjlig förklaring till att prepositionen givet etablerats i svenskan och tycks öka i användning kan vara utvecklingen mot större andel substantiviska uttryck i det skrivna språket. Nybildade prepositioner kan också antas vinna mark just på grund av att de har en större lexikal tyngd än äldre, och att dessa fyller ett tomrum i språket som de befintliga, primära prepositionerna inte förmår fylla.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

37

Kataeva, Olga. "Corpus aligné bilingue français - russe : le cas de par." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAC015.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

La thèse "Corpus aligné bilingue français - russe : le cas de par" présente une étude descriptive des emplois abstraits de la préposition par en français et de ses équivalents russes dans le cadre de la linguistique de corpus (J. Sinclair). L’exploration des exemples authentiques du corpus bilingue aligné constitué par nos soins, ainsi que des corpus existants permet, pour le français, d’esquisser des critères de distinction plus nette entre les sens "de cause à effet", "de fin à moyen", "de support à manière" de par, et, pour la perspective comparative, de construire un continuum de ses équivalents russes : cas morphologiques, prépositions, prépositions complexes, transformations sémantico - syntaxiques touchant à l’intégrité de la phrase. Compte tenu des particularités des prépositions en tant que catégorie lexico - grammaticale, on fait aussi appel aux instruments descriptifs élaborés dans le cadre de l’approche énonciative (J. J. Franckel, D. Paillard) : identité de la préposition, sa définition à l’aide du schéma X R (préposition) Y, distinction entre les prépositions de zonage et de discernement
The thesis "Aligned bilingual French - Russian corpus : the case of par" presents a study describing several abstract meanings of the preposition par in French and of its Russian equivalents in the framework of Corpus Linguistics (J. Sinclair). Exploring authentic examples from our aligned bilingual corpus as well as from existing corpora allows us to propose criteria for distinguishing more clearly between "cause to effect", "aim to means", "support to manner" meanings of par in French, and to reveal a continuum of its equivalents in Russian language : morphologic cases, prepositions, complex prepositions, semantic and syntax transformations of the whole sentence. Taking into account particularities of prepositions as lexico -grammatical category, we also refer to descriptive tools proposed in the framework of enunciative linguistics (J. J. Franckel, D. Paillard) : identity of a preposition, its definition by the scheme X R (preposition) Y, distinction between the prepositions of zoning and of differentiation

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

38

Armelin, Paula Roberta Gabbai. "Sentenças bitransitivas do português do Brasil revisitas à luz da teoria de núcleos funcionais aplicativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-04052011-142215/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Este trabalho revisita as sentenças bitransitivas do Português do Brasil (PB) a partir de dois aspectos que consideramos ser fundamentais para descrever e explicar a bitransitividade nessa língua: (a) a possibilidade de alternância entre as preposições a e para na introdução do elemento indireto e (b) a possibilidade de alternância na ordem dos complementos do predicado verbal. Nesse mesmo sentido, surgem como questão os dados do dialeto falado no português da Zona da Mata Mineira (PBM), já atestado e investigado em Scher (1996), em que verificamos a possibilidade de omissão da preposição, mas uma manutenção da possibilidade de alternância da ordem dos complementos verbais. Para dar conta do primeiro aspecto em questão, apoiamo-nos na proposta de núcleos funcionais Aplicativos introdutores de argumento nos moldes de Pylkkänen (2002). A escolha teórica se justifica pelo fato de a presença da preposição a gerar sentenças não-ambíguas em que uma relação semântica de transferência de posse, representada por um Aplicativo Baixo, nos termos de Pylkkänen (2002), é estabelecida entre os dois complementos verbais. A escolha da preposição para, por outro lado, gera sentenças ambíguas entre essa mesma relação de transferência de posse e o estabelecimento de uma espécie de beneficiário do evento, esse último representado por um Aplicativo Alto, também nos termos de Pylkkänen (2002). A partir daí, propomos que os argumentos de um verbo bitransitivo são inseridos via uma projeção funcional que licencia ambos os elementos e estabelece a relação semântica adequada entre eles. Para o PB, a nossa proposta é a de que a preposição seja a realização fonológica do núcleo da projeção Aplicativa. Mais especificamente para a variante do PBM, a nossa análise é a de que o mesmo núcleo Aplicativo esteja presente, sem a realização fonológica da preposição, mas com a mesma constituição de traços formais das sentenças do PB. A hipótese que daí se segue é que uma operação morfológica, sem consequências sintáticas, seja responsável pela ausência dessa preposição. Um modelo teórico separacionista, em que a sintaxe trabalha com traços formais e não fonológicos e em que a inserção de fonologia acontece depois de operações sintáticas e morfológicas, tal como a Morfologia Distribuída (Halle & Marantz, 1993), surge, então, como perspectiva de análise. Para dar conta da possibilidade de alternância na ordem dos complementos em sentenças bitransitivas do PB e do PBM, propomos, então, que aspectos informacionais sejam responsáveis pelo licenciamento dessas estruturas. Sugerimos, com Scher (1996), que a ordem VPPNP, no PB e, possivelmente, VNPNP, no PBM, em entonação normal, revela o caráter de Tópico do elemento colocado entre o verbo e o objeto direto e, assim, finalizamos nossa proposta apoiadas em Armelin (2009), em especial, no quadro teórico do modelo cartográfico, nos moldes de Rizzi (1997) e Belletti (2002). Esses autores, explodindo respectivamente CP e a periferia de VP, encontram aí crucialmente posições informacionais de Foco e Tópico. A nossa proposta, nesse sentido, é a de que o aspecto informacional, a saber, a movimentação de um elemento para a posição de especificador da projeção de Tópico, será responsável pelo licenciamento da ordem VPPNP nos dados do PB.
This work revisits ditransitive sentences in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) guided by two fundamental aspects on the description and explanation of the ditransitivity in this language: (a) the possibility of the alternation between the prepositions a (to) and para (for) in the introduction of the indirect element and (b) the possibility of alternation in the order of the verbal predicate complements. In this sense, the data of a Brazilian dialect spoken at the Zona da Mata Mineira (PBM), attested and investigated in Scher (1996), emerge as a question. In this dialect it is possible to omit the preposition even if the possibility of verbal complements order alternation is maintained. The investigation of the first aspect is based in the theory of functional Applicative heads proposed by Pylkkänen (2002). This theoretical choice is justified by the fact that the a (to) preposition creates non ambiguous sentences in which a semantic relation of possession transference, represented by a Low Applicative (Pylkkänen, 2002), is established between the two complements of a ditransitive predicate. The presence of the para (for) preposition, creates ambiguous sentences between the possession transference relation and the establishment of an event beneficiary, this last one represented, in Pylkkänen (2002), by a High Applicative. This work proposes that the arguments of a ditransitive predicate is inserted by a functional projection that licenses both elements and performs the right semantic relation between then. For the PB, its proposed that the preposition is the head of such functional projection. Specifically for the PBM data, this work proposes that the very same functional projection is present, without the phonological realization of the preposition, but with the same morphosyntactic traces constitution. A morphological operation, without syntactic consequences, is responsible for the absence of this preposition The investigation of the possible alternation in the order of the complements in the PB and PBM ditransitive sentences is based on informational aspects. It is suggested, with Scher (1996), that de VPPNP order revels the Topic function of the element located between the verb and the direct object. The structre proposed to this word order is based in the cartographic model, specifically in Rizzi (1997) and Belletti (2002). These authors, exploding CP and the periphery of VP respectively, propose the existence of informational positions, like Focus and Topic. Our hypothesis, then, is that the movement of an element to the Topic specifier position is responsible for the grammaticality of the order VPPNP in BP data.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

39

Marques, Gisela de Lima Almeida. "Valores lexical e gramatical do verbo chegar." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2764.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-06T18:25:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 giseladelimaalmeidamarques.pdf: 344637 bytes, checksum: 6e38d023cd2fbba7bbe3bcf9da8a3655 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-07T12:16:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 giseladelimaalmeidamarques.pdf: 344637 bytes, checksum: 6e38d023cd2fbba7bbe3bcf9da8a3655 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-07T12:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 giseladelimaalmeidamarques.pdf: 344637 bytes, checksum: 6e38d023cd2fbba7bbe3bcf9da8a3655 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-21
O objeto desta pesquisa é a análise de sentenças do Português do Brasil (PB) que contêm o verbo de movimento chegar. Encontramos, na escrita e na oralidade, construções com o verbo chegar lexical, que pode funcionar como um verbo pleno, ou ainda que pode funcionar, em processo de gramaticalização, como verbo quaseauxiliar . Ao analisarmos o verbo como lexical, observamos que ele pode ser monovalente ou bivalente. Sempre apresenta um sujeito e, como complemento, seleciona, na maioria dos casos, um locativo. Pode selecionar ainda o complemento indireto, ou seja, quando o argumento indica que um determinado ponto foi atingido. Este argumento denota, normalmente, um preço, uma posição/colocação e uma porcentagem. Em processo de gramaticalização, o verbo chegar passou no teste de verbos auxiliares, contudo, como não é esvaziado de sentido nas perífrases verbais CHEGAR A + INFINITIVO, consideramos um quase/semi-auxiliar, de acordo com a proposta por Travaglia (2003).
The object of this research is the analysis of sentences from the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) that contains the verb of movement chegar. It´s found – in the writing and speaking – constructions with the lexical verb chegar, that can work as a complete verb, or it can work, in process of grammaticalization, as a quase-auxiliar verb. When the verb is analyzed as lexical, it can be monovalent or bivalent. There is always a subject and, as a complement, select, most of times, a locative. It can still select the indirect complement, i.e., when the argument indicates that a specific point was reached. This argument indicates, normally, a price, a position/collocation and a percentage. In process of grammaticalization, the verb CHEGAR has been approved in the test of auxiliary verbs, however, as it´s not emptied of sense in the verbal periphrasis CHEGAR A + INFINITIVE, we consider a quase/semi-auxiliar, according to a proposal for Travaglia (2003).

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

40

Nogueira, Vanessa. "Uso ou omissão de preposição e artigo em orações relativas de espanhol produzidas por estudantes brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-27062014-122524/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

O objetivo desta dissertação é comparar o uso ou a omissão de preposições e artigos nas orações relativas de estudantes brasileiros de ELE e nativos de E. O estudo buscou verificar se os estudantes brasileiros de ELE utilizam o relativo acompanhado de preposição e artigo, quando o usam e como o fazem; quais contextos favorecem a elipse de preposição + artigo; se o comportamento sintático entre os estudantes brasileiros e os nativos se assemelha e quais as possibilidades para essas semelhanças / diferenças. Para tanto, analisamos um corpus recolhido de testes escritos de reformulação de orações de três grupos de estudantes brasileiros adultos de ELE e o comparamos às produções de reformulações de um grupo de nativos de E argentinos. De acordo com nossas hipóteses iniciais e bibliografia consultada, as orações cortadoras seriam as mais produzidas pelos estudantes, mas de acordo com nossos dados, essa não foi a opção mais usada, e sim a opção sem o artigo com preposição. Pensamos que isso se deve ao caráter mais formal (escrito) dos testes. Concluímos que os brasileiros, em sua língua nativa, não usariam tal estrutura, mas quando têm que lidar com o E, preferem cortar o artigo em vez de produzir uma estrutura que seja mais comum em PB como a cortadora. Em contrapartida, os nativos usaram com mais frequência as orações padrão, que quase não apareceram nos resultados dos estudantes brasileiros. Ou seja, o comportamento sintático dos estudantes brasileiros e dos nativos foram evidentemente diferentes. Os estudantes brasileiros nem sempre preferiram o uso de relativas com quien para antecedente [+animado], como predizem as gramáticas. Aliás, o uso das duas orações padrão (prep. + quien e prep.+ art. + que) foi bastante equilibrado. Os nativos de E, para o mesmo tipo de antecedente, usaram a oração padrão com o relativo que com maior frequência. Quando a oração relativa apresentou caráter causal, os informantes brasileiros e nativos foram levados a expressar essa relação causal e evitaram a oração relativa.
The objective of this dissertation is to compare the use or omission of prepositions in relative clauses and articles of Brazilian students of ELE and native E speakers. The study aimed at verifing whether the Brazilian students use prepositions, accompanied by the relative pronoun and articles, when they use and how they do that; contexts which favor the ellipse \"preposition + article\"; if the syntactic behavior among Brazilian students matches the native speakers and the possibilities for these similarities / differences. To this end, we collected a corpus reformulation\'s sentences of written tests of three groups of Brazilian adult students of ELE and compared to the production of reformulations of a group of Argentinian E. native speakers. According to our initial hypotheses and consulted literature, students produce more often pp-chopping sentences, but according to our data, this was not the preferred option, but the one without article and with preposition. We think this is due to the more formal nature of the (written) tests. We concluded that Brazilian students in their native language would not use such a structure, but when they have to deal with E, they prefer to cut the article instead of producing a structure that is more common in PB - like the pp-chopping. In contrast, the native speakers used standard sentences more often, which hardly ever appeared in the results of Brazilian students. That is, the syntactic behavior of Brazilian students and native speakers were evidently different. Brazilian students do not always preferred the use of relative pronoun using \"quien\" for the antecedent [+ animate], as grammatically expected. In fact, the use of two standard sentences (\"prep. + quien\" and \"prep. + art. + que) was fairly balanced. The native speakers of E, for the same type antecedent, used the standard sentence with the relative \"que\" with more frequency. When the relative clause introduced causal character, Brazilians and native speaker informants were led to express this causal relationship and avoided the relative clause.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

41

Colsato, Andréa. "A inserção do se em sentenças não-finitas do PB." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-20122007-133909/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Este trabalho tem por objeto de estudo um fenômeno do português do Brasil mais comumente encontrado em textos formais. Trata-se do pronome fraco se precedendo verbos infinitivos. Esse item compete com zero na indeterminação do sujeito em orações encaixadas, mais precisamente em orações completivas de nome e adjetivo, temporais e finais. Propõe-se descrever os fatores condicionadores da inserção do se em sentenças nãofinitas do português brasileiro e promover um análise da questão à luz da teoria gerativa no seu modelo de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky 1981, 1986a). Tomou-se como corpus textos formais de alunos da pós-graduação de diversas áreas do conhecimento da Universidade de São Paulo, hipotetizando que o teor científico do texto proporcionaria a estratégia de indeterminação por nós analisada. Em seguida, foram elaborados testes de produção junto aos alunos da graduação dessa mesma universidade a fim de verificar se as respostas produzidas por eles corroborariam os resultados encontrados nas dissertações e teses. Dentre os fatores mais relevantes para justificar a inserção de se nas construções com verbos infinitivos, destacou-se a preposição. Para a análise interpretativa desse achado, seguimos a proposta de Mioto & Kato (2002).
This dissertation aims at studying a Brazilian Portuguese phenomenon commonly found in formal texts. It is the se insertion as subject of infinitive clauses. This particle competes with the null category in the subject indetermination in embedded clauses, more precisely in the complement of noun and adjective clauses and clauses of time and finality. It is intended to describe the conditioning factors of the se insertion in non-finite sentences from Brazilian Portuguese and promote an analysis of the matter having the Generative Theory in its model of Principles and Parameters (Chomsky 1981, 1986a) as a reference. At first, it was used as corpus formal texts by graduate students from different areas of knowledge from Universidade de São Paulo, hypothesizing that the text scientific wording would allow the strategy of the indetermination analyzed in this dissertation. Secondly, production tests were elaborated with undergraduate students from the same university in order to verify if the answers produced by them would confirm the results found in the dissertations and theses. Among the most relevant factors to justify the se insertion in the constructions with infinitive verbs, the preposition stood up. For the interpretative analysis, we followed Mioto & Kato (2002) proposal.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

42

Judkins, Sophia. ""Jag hör inte" : Andraspråksinlärares perception av det obetonade satsadverbialet inte." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385522.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Prosodi är en väsentlig komponent för att uppfatta och tala svenska. Forskning lyfter betoning och stavelsekvantitet som det mest centrala i korrekt prosodi, och är därmed det som prioriteras i en uttalsundervisning med begränsade resurser. Dock har flera obetonade ord betydelse för förståelsen av ett yttrande, trots att de har mindre artikulatorisk kvalité och ofta reduceras. Denna studie undersöker andraspråksinlärares perception av det obetonade ordet inte i vardaglig yttrandeprosodi, samt deras förmåga att särskilja ordet från de obetonade prepositionerna in och till. Studien genomförde ett perceptionstest där vuxna andraspråksinlärare i SFI lyssnade på meningar och svarade på frågor. Svaren analyserades för att se huruvida deltagarna uppfattade negationen i meningen eller inte. Resultaten visar att den totala andelen korrekta svar för båda experimentgrupper är 57%. Varken meningarna med negation samt motsvarande kontrollfrågor utan negation hade påtagligt större andel korrekta svar. Slutsatsen är att dessa andraspråksinlärare saknar den kognitiva medvetenhet som krävs för att uppfatta den prosodiska skillnaden mellan obetonade ord med likartad fonetisk struktur.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

43

Lotsander, Jacob. "Thai Learners of English : An Error and Transference Analysis of the Use of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-34343.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

44

Scherschel, Ricarda [Verfasser], and Erich [Akademischer Betreuer] Poppe. "Non-finite Subordination Strategies in Middle Welsh - A Corpus-Based Study of Preposition or Particle yn and the Verbal Noun / Ricarda Scherschel ; Betreuer: Erich Poppe." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1228535736/34.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

45

Luthuli, Muzi Stephen. "Die Afrikaanse setselgroep : `n bestekopname." University of Zululand, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/656.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Verhandeling ingelewer vir die graad Magister in die Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit van Zululand, 2000.
Eng =: In this thesis I report the results of a survey that I made of the contributions that linguists had made in the course of the previous century regarding the description of the Afrikaans prepositional phrase construction. My research revealed that the first generation of Afrikaans linguists for ideological reasons were preoccupied with the origin and development of Afrikaans, and that Afrikaans prepositions were only referred to during discussions regarding the extent to which Afrikaans was considered to be a pure Germanic language, or a creolised language that obtained its characteristic features at the southern tip of Africa under the influence of contact languages such as Malay-Portuguese and Khoe. My research further revealed that De Villiers and Raidt were the first of the second generation Afrikaans linguists that understood that prepositions were constituents of a grammatical construction, the prepositional phrase construc¬tion. My main finding was that Ponelis is the central figure in the description of the grammar of Afrikaans, and that he made the biggest contribution to the description of the Afrikaans prepositional phrase construction in that capacity. Finally I concluded that De Wet and De Stadler are transitional figures to a new approach, according to which prepositions are characterised as elements of case grammar. Of De Stadler I concluded that his work on the Afrikaans partitative construction and the Afrikaans dative construction have created a bridge for analysing the Afrikaans prepositional phase construction within an emerging new approach, Cognitive Grammar. Afri: = In hierdie verhandeling doen ek verslag oor 'n bestekoJlname wat ek gemaak het van die bydraes wat taalkundiges in die loop van die vorige eeu gemaak het t.o.v. die beskrywing van die Afrikaanse setselgroep. My navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat die eerste generasie Afrikaanse talkumliges om ideologiese redes gemoeid was met die ontstaansgeskiedenis van Afrikaans, en dat Afrikaanse setsels slegs ter sprake gekom het tydens besprekings oor die mate waarin Mrikaans 'n suiwer Germaanse taal sou wees, of 'n gekreoliseerde taal wat aan die suidpunt van Afrika onder invloed van kontaktale soos Maleis-Portugees en Khoekoens sy kenmerkende taaleienskappe gekry het. Verder het my navoring aan die lig gebring dat De Villiers en Raidt die eerste taalkundiges van die tweede generasie was wat getoon het dat setsels as konstituente van 'n bepaalde grammatikale struktuur,die setselgroep, gebruik word. My hootbevinding is dat Ponelis die hooffiguur in die beskrywing van die grammatika van Afrikaans is en dat hy in daardie hoedanigheid die grootste bydrae gelewer het tot die beskrywing van die Mrikaanse setselgroep. Laastens het ek bevind dat De Wet en De Stadler oorgangsfigure is na 'n nuwe benadering waarvolgens setseIgroepe as deel van die kasusgrammatika beskryf word. Gor De Stadler het ek bevind dat sy werk oor die Afrikaanse partitietkonstruksie en die Afrikaanse datietkonstruksie 'n brug skep vir die bestudering van die Mrikaanse setselgroep binne 'n ontwikkelende nuwe benadering, die Kognitiewe Grammatika.
National Research Foundation (NRF),

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

46

ANDERSSON, SARA. "prepositions." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17455.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Prepositions describes relations between different things. In this collection thosethings refers to the soft and moving body, hard and stiff sculptural shapes, colours,prints, fabrics and shoes.I have a great passion for sculptural shapes and for this collection I have used thispassion as an important source for inspiration. Interesting and challenging meetingsbetween the choice of especially materials and colours is another aspect of this project.Wholeness has a significant meaning to me, as the important thing is not to put focuson the garments themselves rather than the combination of all elements, in the compositionof each outfit and in the line-up. I have looked at the different componentssuch as the sculptural shapes, garments, colours, prints and shoes as if they wherebuilding blocks. I have arranged and rearranged and combined those building blocksin different ways trying to achieve a dynamic and balanced composition. I have triedto simplify all parts as much as possible when aiming for a clear and strong result.
Program: Modedesignutbildningen

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

47

Andersson, Sara. "prepositions." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20942.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Prepositions describes relations between different things. In this collection thosethings refers to the soft and moving body, hard and stiff sculptural shapes, colours,prints, fabrics and shoes.I have a great passion for sculptural shapes and for this collection I have used thispassion as an important source for inspiration. Interesting and challenging meetingsbetween the choice of especially materials and colours is another aspect of this project.Wholeness has a significant meaning to me, as the important thing is not to put focuson the garments themselves rather than the combination of all elements, in the compositionof each outfit and in the line-up. I have looked at the different componentssuch as the sculptural shapes, garments, colours, prints and shoes as if they wherebuilding blocks. I have arranged and rearranged and combined those building blocksin different ways trying to achieve a dynamic and balanced composition. I have triedto simplify all parts as much as possible when aiming for a clear and strong result.
Program: Modedesignutbildningen

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

48

Bernardino, Camila Costa José. "A polissemia da preposição alemã über: um estudo com base na Semântica Cognitiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8144/tde-08012013-123037/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo buscar uma rede polissêmica para a preposição alemã über. Esta dissertação insere-se nos estudos de semântica cognitiva, mais precisamente nas pesquisas de polissemia. Para a semântica cognitiva, há polissemia quando um mesmo item lexical tem diferentes significados que são necessariamente relacionados e formam um continuum. O modelo utilizado para a análise da rede semântica é o método de Polissemia Sistemática que os pesquisadores Andrea Tyler e Vyvyan Evans (2003) desenvolveram para o estudo das preposições de língua inglesa. Neste estudo os autores definem critérios para encontrar o sentido primário de uma preposição a partir do qual são gerados os demais sentidos. Por meio desses critérios, o modelo de Tyler e Evans pôde ser adaptado para estabelecer a rede polissêmica da preposição alemã über. A fim de determinar quais sentidos fazem parte da rede semântica de über, foi feito um levantamento de suas acepções em gramáticas e dicionários de língua alemã. Após este levantamento, utilizamos os critérios propostos por Tyler e Evans para montar a rede semântica de über. Por fim, foi constituído um corpus formado por textos de jornais alemães, para atestar se esses sentidos são realmente correntes e observar se há novos usos da preposição über que ainda não foram incorporados aos dicionários.
The aim of the present research is to find a polysemous network for the German preposition über. This work pertains in the studies of Cognitive Semantics, more precisely in the research of polysemy. For the cognitive semantics, polysemy is when the same lexical item has different meanings which are necessarily related and form a continuum. The model used for the analysis of the semantic network is the method of Principled Polysemy that researchers Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2003) developed for the study of prepositions in English. In this study the authors define criteria for finding the primary sense of a preposition from which the other senses are generated. By means of these criteria, the model of Tyler and Evans could be adapted to establish the polysemous network of the German preposition über. In order to determine which senses are part of the semantic network of über, a survey was made of its meanings in grammars and dictionaries of the German language. After this survey, we used the criteria proposed by Tyler and Evans to build the semantic network of über. Finally, it was constituted a corpus composed of texts from German newspapers, to attest that these meanings are really current and observe whether there are new uses of the preposition über not yet incorporated into the dictionaries.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

49

Mekannez, Leila. "La préposition entre structure syntaxique et résolution sémantique : le cas des compléments prépositionnels de verbes construits avec la préposition à." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2142/document.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

L'objectif est de déterminer si le sens attribué à la préposition provient d’un sémantisme initial, stable en langue mais susceptible de diversement se décliner en discours, ou s’il est constitué à partir de son environnement, par conséquent à partir des combinaisons opérées dans le discours lui-même. La réflexion est, dans la présente étude, centrée sur la relation de la préposition avec le verbe qui la sélectionne. Néanmoins, d'autres éléments environnants doivent être pris en considération dans la mesure où ils interviennent dans l’interprétation du sens. L'hypothèse est que la préposition possède une identité fondamentale qui fait qu'elle est choisie par le verbe en l'une des acceptions de ce dernier, afin de véhiculer un certain sens, et que, réciproquement, l'ensemble ainsi formé détermine la distribution du complément syntaxique de la préposition. Cette hypothèse repose sur l'adoption du principe, dans le point de vue retenu sur le fonctionnement de la langue, selon lequel la forme et le sens varient concomitamment. Autrement dit, une similitude de forme (par exemple la présence de la préposition à) est supposée intrinsèquement liée à une similitude de sens (il y a donc à rechercher un point commun sémantique à tous les verbes qui se construisent avec la préposition à) et, réciproquement, une différence de forme (par exemple la présence de la préposition à opposée à son absence) est supposée intrinsèquement liée à une différence de sens. L'adoption de ce principe heuristique impose, par le lien étroit que notre hypothèse institue entre le verbe et la préposition d’un côté, et entre le verbe et le syntagme prépositionnel de l’autre, d’envisager ces différents types de relations aussi bien dans des configurations formelles (syntaxiques) que dans des configurations sémantiques. Sur le plan formel, nous étions amenée à distinguer les différents types de groupes prépositionnels en fonction de leur lien plus ou moins proche avec le verbe. Notre hypothèse est que l’on peut rendre compte de la relation du verbe avec le syntagme prépositionnel qu’il régit au moyen d’un classement scalaire L’approche de la préposition à introduisant un groupe prépositionnel impose de séparer le complément de verbes des autres types de groupes prépositionnels(GP) dont les dénominations sont variés et contestables puisque les critères de définition fixés par la grammaire dite traditionnelle comme la suppression et le déplacement caractérisant habituellement le complément circonstanciel et la pronominalisation typique du complément sont insuffisamment distinctifs. Comme on trouve des compléments supprimables par exemple,elle chante (une chanson), dans l’emploi absolu du verbe, on trouve aussi des circonstants pronominalisables comme (il mange dans la cuisine, il y mange). Pour cela, le chapitre II présente deux contributions renouvelant ce que nous avons précédemment appelé « les théories classiques » : l'article de Lavieu (2006), s'affronte précisément aux difficultés que nous avons soulevées, et propose une reconfiguration terminologique et taxinomique distinguant entre « constituants » (où se rangent les « compléments » et les « ajouts ») et « incidents »Pour résoudre le problème de la distinction entre les différents types syntaxiques régis par à, nous avons opté pour un classement scalaire (idée inspirée de la théorie de l’actance de Lazard) qui détermine le degré de relation des verbes avec les différents actants régis par cette préposition. Ce classement a été fait au regard des mêmes tests syntaxiques sur un corpus illustrant la complémentation en à d’abord dans une structure simple et ensuite dans une structure double.Ainsi, nous avons tenté de caractériser formellement les GP en à régis par le verbe dans les différentes structures dans lesquelles ils figurent. Notre classement scalaire a montré qu’il y a une graduation dans le rapport du verbe avec le complément allant du degré le plus fort au degré le plus faible
The objective of this thesis is to determine whether the meaning attributed to the preposition is primarily semantic or not. The aim is then to prove that though it is grammatically fixed, it can vary since it is shaped by its context, thereby assembled by multiple discourse combinations. In the present research, the focus is then centred on the study of the relationship between the preposition and the verb it determines. Accordingly, several other related elements will be studied as they intervene in the act of interpreting meaning itself. The thesis of this Ph.D dissertation suggests that the preposition has a given core identity which is determined by the verb itself and which by implication determines the meaning and the nature of the syntactic complement as well.This thesis contends then that form and meaning do vary considerably but still simultaneously. In other words, what determines form determines by implication meaning as well. The present thesis seeks then to study the different aspects and mechanics of the relationship between the verb and its preposition.In the present thesis, the study of the preposition requires all verb complements to remain separate from the different types of prepositional groups. The second chapter attempts then to re-examine the contentions of classical theories, particularly with reference to Laview’s article (2006). In order to effectively study the multiple differences and distinctions between the different syntactic classes, a scalar approach is adopted. The findings demonstrate in fact that the relationship between the verb and its complement is constantly varying. Actually, the fifth chapter of the second part includes the corpus needed to attest the research questions.The semantic research part of the present thesis, seeks in fact to further elaborate the principle that relates meaning to form. In order to demonstrate that, the approach has been based on the characteristics of the syntactic complements which are actually the main target of the analysis in the first part of the thesis.Conducting then a comparative analysis of different types of verbs which are all related by their respective preposition complement “à”, the following findings are deduced:- The nature of the verb is determined by the type of the preposition- The preposition introduces its complement meanwhile identifying the nature of the verb itself- Regardless of the nature or the type of the verb, what the preposition adds to meaning remains the sameThe main objective of this research work is then to offer new and pertinent assumptions concerning the role and function of the preposition “à”, meanwhile still taking into consideration former critical assumption advocated by Grévisse, Gougenheim, Guillaume, Pottier and Cadiot°. Since the main focus of this research work is to study the semantic identity of the preposition “à”, the approach has been based on an attempt to validate or refute all former semantic assumptions presented by former writers, exploring then the different aspects of the relationship between the verb and the preposition based of the corpus of LVF. The analysis of the different examples studied required also that a nominalisation test and a telicity test should be conducted. The following are the main findings:- There is no definite syntactic difference between the verb and the nominalised structure- The empirical study of LVF which seeks to distinguish the different dative cases reveals that the idea of interchangeability is not at the very basis of the meaning of the verb itself- The lexical dative does not automatically entail deletion of the GP since the idea of interchangeability is primarily expressed by the meaning of the verb itself- The preposition “à” designates both the origin and the recipient as well. It is a in fact linear retrospective movement which allows the process of interchangeability

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

50

Stephenson, Tamina C. "Towards a theory of subjective meaning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41695.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-212).
This dissertation develops a form of relativism in which propositions are treated as sets of world-time-individual triples, in contrast to standard views that treat them as sets of worlds or world-time pairs. This builds on existing proposals for predicates of personal taste such as fun and tasty, and has ties to approaches to de se attitudes involving centered worlds. I develop an accompanying pragmatic view in which the context set is similarly construed as a set of world-time-individual triples. The semantic and pragmatic systems together are used to account for the behavior of predicates of personal taste, epistemic modals, indicative conditionals, and a variety of attitude reports, including control constructions. I also explore ways that this account can help solve puzzles related to Moore's paradox. To give one concrete example, I propose that the proposition expressed by the sentence it might be raining is the set of world-time-individual triples such that it's compatible with x's knowledge in w at t that it's raining. On the pragmatic side, a speaker is justified in asserting this sentence in a conversation if it is compatible with the speaker's own knowledge that it's raining; by asserting it, though, the speaker is making the stronger proposal to make it common ground that it is compatible with the knowledge of the entire group of conversational participants that it's raining. If this proposal is accepted by the other participants, then the group will have established that their knowledge states are aligned in a particular way. I introduce the core semantic and pragmatic proposals in Chapter 2, focusing on epistemic modals, predicates of personal taste, and belief reports.
(cont.) In Chapter 3, I extend the analysis to indicative conditionals, showing that this solves longstanding puzzles involving the relationship between conditionals and disjunction. In Chapter 4, I extend the approach to certain control constructions, with a special emphasis on capturing their de se interpretation. In Chapter 5, I look at two puzzles related to Moore's paradox, with special attention to the meaning of imagine.
by Tamina C. Stephenson.
Ph.D.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

Дисертації з теми "Preposition de"

Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями