Статті в журналах: "Preliminary drying"

1

Kowalski, Stefan, and Dominik Mierzwa. "Influence of preliminary osmotic dehydration on drying kinetics and final quality of carrot (Daucus carota L.)." Chemical and Process Engineering 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-011-0014-6.

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Influence of preliminary osmotic dehydration on drying kinetics and final quality of carrot (Daucus carotaL.)This paper concerns convective drying of carrot preliminary dehydrated in aqueous solutions of three types of osmotic agents (sucrose, fructose, glucose). Three solution concentrations (20, 40 and 60%) were examined to work out efficient conditions of osmotic dewatering. The parameters such as water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and osmotic drying rate (ODR) indicating the real efficiency of osmotic dehydrations (OD) were determined. The samples dehydrated with osmotic solutions underwent further convective drying to analyze influence of dehydration process on drying kinetics and final products quality. The quality of products was assessed on the basis of visual appearance of the samples and colorimetric measurements. It was found that osmotic pretreatment improves significantly the final product quality as the samples were less deformed and their colour was better preserved compared to samples, which had not been preliminarily dehydrated. Preliminary dehydration, however, did not influence significantly the overall drying time of the samples.

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2

Parra-Coronado, Alfonso, Oscar Leonardo García-Navarrete, Francy Alejandra Vanegas-Izquierdo, José Alfredo Gamboa-Gamboa, Andrés Felipe González-Mora, and David Andrés Ramirez-González. "Preliminary study of drying of natural coffee by cyclical pressure changes." DYNA 87, no. 214 (July 1, 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n214.83414.

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A “special coffee” is obtained with an adequate drying process, which allows the preservation of volatile substances responsible for excellent cup quality. The aim was to carry out preliminary studies of drying of natural coffee by implementing a Cyclic Pressure Changes (CPCD) dryer, comparing it with solar drying and with a mechanical drying system by forced convection of low-temperature air. The drying times and rates of the systems used were compared, as well as the respective valuation of the cup quality. Drying times were 767 h for solar drying system, without reaching the desired moisture content; 153.5 h for mechanical drying system and 449 h for the CPCD system. However, the global cup tests showed a better quality of the grain obtained with the CPCD system (87 points), than the one obtained with the mechanical drying at 35°C (84 points).

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3

Hamidi, Nurkholis, Yuji Hirata, and Takaharu Tsuruta. "F211 Improving Frozen Quality by Microwave Vacuum Drying as a Preliminary Process." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2006 (2006): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2006.361.

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4

Böhm, V., S. Kühnert, H. Rohm, and G. Scholze. "Improving the Nutritional Quality of Microwave-vacuum Dried Strawberries: A Preliminary Study." Food Science and Technology International 12, no. 1 (February 2006): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013206062136.

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Microwave-vacuum drying is an up-to-date technique for the conservation of fruits and vegetables, resulting in products with improved texture and colour. In order to evaluate the effects on the content of ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity, three strawberry varieties were subjected to microwave-vacuum (MV) drying combined with convective pre- and post-drying, convective drying, and freeze-drying. The MV drying procedure comprised immersion in a pretreatment bath, pre-drying in a belt dryer to a moisture load of approx 45 g/100 g dry matter, and microwave treatment at 4 kPa for 8 min, leading to products with 5 g/100 g moisture. During post-drying, the moisture content was further reduced to approx 2 g/100 g. Convective drying and MV drying decreased the content of ascorbic acid to approx 40% of the initial value, phenolic compounds to approx 35%, and the antioxidative capacity to approx 60%. No reduction was observed in freeze-dried strawberries. Bypassing the pre-treatment bath, extending residence time in the pre-dryer to reduce temperature peaks, and reducing MV treatment time increased the recovery of ascorbic acid to approx 65%. Phenolic compounds remained stable, and the reduction of the antioxidative capacity was limited to 10% – 25%. Except ascorbic acid, the residual concentration of nutritionally relevant compounds after improving the processing conditions was close to the values as observed for freeze-dried products.

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5

Kiistala, U., HM Larni, IO Saarelainen, and Autio. "Drying of Foot and Hand-Wear: Preliminary Results with a New Drying Device." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 13, S1 (December 1998): S17—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0003836x.

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6

Kamiński, Edmund, Viktor Evgenevič Kruglenja, Viktor Iofimovič Kocuba, Maciej Kuboń, and Vjačesłav Alekseevič Šaršunov. "Trends in Improving the Structure of a Rotary Dryer." Agricultural Engineering 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2016-0006.

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AbstractThe article presents rational principles for improving the structure of a flax heap drier. As a result of tests which were carried out, we established that the counter-flow rotary dryer SKM-1 is the most perspective for drying flax heap. For effective drying of the flax heap fine fraction the second rotating screen above the loaded layer of flax heap is suggested in the SKM-1 dryer. Consequently, the drying agent processed on the bottom screen is used for preliminary drying and removal of surface moisture of the material loaded on the top screen. For the purpose of maintaining the uniform drying of the material it is recommended to carry out loosening and hashing during the drying process with the help of the loosening device, established as the V-shaped device on the discharge unit on the way to a mill. The preliminary heating of the flax heap on the top screen essentially accelerates drying and allows the increase of the dryer performance and can minimize energy requirement for drying. The correctly selected modes of the drying process provide favorable conditions for ripening flax seed, avoid damage of drying material and improve its sowing quality.

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7

Krzyżaniak, Michał, Marek Aljewicz, Anna Bordiean, and Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski. "Yellow Mealworm Composition after Convective and Freeze Drying—Preliminary Results." Agriculture 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020149.

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Insects are a potential source of food and feed for humans and livestock, and they can be consumed in different forms. A combination of freezing, blanching, and drying methods are often recommended to prolong the shelf life of insect-based foods and reduce their microbial loads. However, these processes affect the quality of the end product. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the extent to which various drying methods influence the selected physical and chemical parameters of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) larvae. Insects were blanched (for 60 and 120 s) and dried with the use of two methods: convective drying (at a temperature of 60 °C and 80 °C) and freeze-drying (−30 °C) for 12, 16 or 24 h. Blanched and dried insects were subjected to laboratory analyses. The examined samples were characterized by low moisture content in the range of 3.15% to 5.47%, and they differed considerably in water activity (0.06–0.55). Moisture content and water activity were substantially higher in larvae blanched for 60 s and freeze-dried than in larvae dried with the use of the remaining methods. However, no significant changes in the protein, fiber, or fat content of insects were found when drying parameters were modified. Therefore, nutritional composition and microbial loads in dried mealworm larvae should be investigated in the future.

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8

Zhang, Wei Qi, Shi Cheng Zhang, Jiu Yin Pang, and Xing Zhen. "The Preliminary Study of the Manufacturing Process of Veneer Composite Plank." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 3294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.3294.

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This study focuses on the manufacturing process of veneer composite plank and test the mechanical properties.The results showed that: ① In the dipping process, when the dipping time was 20min and adhesive solids was 25%,the veneer composite plank can get a better mechanical properties; ②In the low-temperature drying process, according to the mechanical properties and drying efficiency, low drying temperature appropriate select 50°C; ③Considering the mechanical properties and the cost issue as the density increases, select the density of 1.0g/cm3 is appropriate. Prove that the production technology is feasible, its products have uniform texture and good mechanical properties can be widely used for furniture, flooring and structural materials and other fields.

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9

Hristo, Hristov, Aleksandrov Svetoslav, Petrova Todorka, Ruskova Milena, Gotcheva Velitchka, and Nikolay Penov. "Investigating the kinetics at low temperature heat pump drying and conventional drying of osmotic dehydrated blueberries." E3S Web of Conferences 327 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132701015.

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The possibilities for low-temperature heat pump and conventional drying of blueberries during preliminary osmotic dehydration was studied. A full factor experiment of type 22+3 was performed. The kinetics of the process during variation of the main mode parameters: inlet temperature and thickness of the drying layer (load on the scaffolding) was studied. The curves of the drying process U = f (τ) and the curves of the drying speed dU / dτ = f (U) were constructed. The influence of the regime parameters on the drying time was established. Regression models of the drying coefficient during the second period of drying were presented.

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10

Zhang, M., Sh Mamatov, Sh Yaping, A. Jia, and Ch Liu. "The new drying technology of sea cucumber." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 5 (December 1, 2021): 052071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/5/052071.

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Abstract In this work, we studied the drying characteristics and the quality of sea cucumbers (Stichopus japonicus) that underwent preliminary processing using microwaves during freeze drying. The qualitative parameters of the samples (FD) are compared. The results of shortening the drying period using microwave pre-treatment during drying are analyzed. Experimental data were also obtained and the rehydration process and the chemical composition (protein, carbohydrates) of the dried sample were compared.

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11

Hu, Zhongting, Sheng Zhang, Wenfeng Chu, Wei He, Cairui Yu, and Hancheng Yu. "Numerical Analysis and Preliminary Experiment of a Solar Assisted Heat Pump Drying System for Chinese Wolfberry." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174306.

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The present work investigated a solar assisted heat pump system for drying Chinese wolfberry. The kinetic characteristic was firstly analyzed through a series of lab experiments. It was concluded that the Page model was the most suitable for predicting the heat and mass transfer of the wolfberry. Based on the wolfberry kinetic model, solar collector model and chamber air model, the coupled drying system model was developed. The accuracy of the mathematic model was determined through comparing with the preliminary experimental results. The influence of operating conditions on the thermal and energy performance of the dryer for the different operating mode was discussed. The drying weight of no more than 75 kg may be preferable in the stand-alone solar drying mode, and less than 15 h was needed to be dried. The electric energy consumption in the solar assisted the heat pump drying mode was lower than that in the stand-alone heat pump mode, and it was recommended that about 50 kg of wolfberry to be dried in the solar assisted heat pump system. Compared to the autumn drying, the reduction in the electric energy consumption was around 9.1 kWh during the 11 h summer drying process. The obtained results demonstrated the feasibility of the combined system for drying wolfberry, and also can provide the basic theoretical and experimental data support for the following research.

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12

Vermaas, H. F., and C. J. Neville. "Low Temperature Drying ofEucalyptus grandis. A Preliminary Laboratory Evaluation." Holzforschung 42, no. 4 (January 1988): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1988.42.4.265.

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13

Shi-Ruo, Chen, Chen Jin-Yong, and Arun S. Mujumdar. "A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF STEAM DRYING OF SILKWORM COCOONS." Drying Technology 10, no. 1 (January 1992): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939208916425.

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14

Skulinová, M., P. Kadlec, J. Kaasová, J. Dostálová, M. Zátopková, V. Hosnedl, and J. Hrachovinová. "Microwave treatment and drying of germinated pea." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 20, No. 1 (November 18, 2011): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3505-cjfs.

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It is possible to use germination of grain legumes as the most effective way of decreasing a high content of a-galactooligosaccharides which undesirably affect the nutritive value and acceptability of legumes. Content of a-galactooligosaccharides was reduced to 38% (Gotik cultivar) and to 45% (Grana cultivar) of the original value after 2 days of germination. The aim of further processing was to dry germinated pea to final moisture content 12–14%. Very interesting results were obtained when microwave heating was used as a preliminary treatment before hot air drying. Microwave treatment reduces the time of drying. The contents of soluble carbohydrates (sucrose, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose), proteins and trypsin inhibitor activity were determined as criteria of microwave heating effects on the chemical composition of germinated pea. Germinated pea was used for the preparation of pea soups and these pea dishes were sensory evaluated.  

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15

Palese, Alvisa, and Federica Cescon. "Effectiveness of 10% povidone-iodine drying time before Peripheral Intravascular Catheter insertion: preliminary results from an explorative quasi-experimental study." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 21, spe (February 2013): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692013000700007.

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AIM: to investigate the effectiveness of 10% povidone-iodine after a 30-second or 2-minute drying time on microbial count reduction at the point of a Peripheral Intravascular Catheter (PIC) insertion. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. In total, 53 patients were enrolled, 25 were exposed to a 2-m drying time and 28 to a 30-s drying time. From the preliminary results of this study, no differences in the occurrence of contamination have emerged between patients receiving 30-s and 2-m drying time for 10% povidone-iodine solutions.

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16

Kowalski, Stefan J., and Joanna M. Łechtańska. "Drying of red beetroot after osmotic pretreatment: Kinetics and quality considerations." Chemical and Process Engineering 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2015-0024.

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Abstract This article presents experimental studies on drying kinetics and quality effects of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) after convective drying with a preliminary osmotic pretreatment. The effects of the osmotic agent (NaCl) concentration and the osmotic bath time on the product colour and nutrient content preservation, the water activity, and rehydration ability after drying were analysed. Osmotic dehydration curves and Solid Gain (SG), Water Loss (WL), Weight Reduction (WR) were determined. It was proved that drying of beetroot with osmotic pretreatment contributes to shorter drying time, smaller water activity, higher retention of betanin, better colour preservation, and a greater degree of water resorption.

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17

Nunes, Francine M., Eduarda M. Rangel, Fernando M. Machado, Rubens Camaratta, Letícia P. Cardoso, and Lucas J. Nascimento. "Preliminary evaluation of the physical properties of red ceramic incorporated with solid residue." MRS Advances 3, no. 61 (2018): 3575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.587.

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AbstractThe food processing industry highlights the daily generation of large amounts of eggshell solid residue. In this way, this residue becomes a non renewable raw material to be reused as an additive in red ceramics, in order to reduce the volume of disposal to the environment and improve the physical properties of the product. The objective of this work was to evaluate the forming moisture, linear shrinkage of drying and shrinkage of drying burning of ceramic test pieces (CS’s) with formulations with 2% and 3% of white eggshell residue (ER) incorporated in clay. The clay and ER were collected in the city of Pelotas-RS. The ER sample was analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). After pressing, natural and artificial drying was carried out and the CS’s were burned. These were evaluated through normative parameters C-020/95, C-021/95 and C-026/95. The values obtained for the forming moisture were between 5.82 and 8.78%, for the linear shrinkage of drying between 0.10 and 0.43% and, for the linear contraction burning between -0.29 and 0.08%. The results showed that the addition of ER to the ceramic mass helped in the reduction of the forming moisture and the linear shrinkage of the ceramic test pieces.

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18

杜, 娟. "Preliminary Study on Freeze-Drying Process of Xinjiang Old Melon." Hans Journal of Food and Nutrition Science 08, no. 04 (2019): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjfns.2019.84029.

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19

van Boxtel, A. J. B., and L. Knol. "A Preliminary Study on Strategies for Optimal Fluid-Bed Drying." Drying Technology 14, no. 3-4 (January 1996): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939608917111.

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20

Chen, Weijun, Hoi Tung Chiu, Ziqian Feng, Evelyne Maes, and Luca Serventi. "Effect of Spray-Drying and Freeze-Drying on the Composition, Physical Properties, and Sensory Quality of Pea Processing Water (Liluva)." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061401.

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Spray-drying and freeze-drying can extend the shelf life and improve the transportability of high-nutritional foods such as Liluva (processing water of legumes). Nonetheless, the effects of these processes on nutrition, physiochemical properties, and sensory quality are unknown. In this study, particle sizes, protein profiles, colour, and preliminary sensory profile of pea powder samples were determined by Mastersizer 3000, protein gels, chroma meter, and 9-point hedonic scale, respectively. Results indicated that no significant difference was found in the molecular weight distribution of protein bands in pea water and sensory profile after drying. Fibre content in pea water after spray-drying was higher while soluble carbohydrates and minerals were lower than those after freeze-drying. Spray-drying decreased pea water’s lysine content, particle size, redness colour, and yellowness colour, while it increased its light colour; however, freeze-drying showed the opposite results. Overall, spray-drying could be a better drying technology that can be applied to dry pea water. Further experiments are required, however, to determine the influence of drying technologies on emulsifying activity.

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21

Opyd, B., and K. Granat. "Evaluation of Microwave Heating of Protective Coatings Used in the Lost Foam Technology." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0040.

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Abstract Presented are results of a preliminary research on determining a possibility to use microwave radiation for drying casting protective coatings applied on patterns used in the lost foam technology. Taken were measurements of permittivity ετ and loss factor tgδ at 2.45 GHz, as well as attempts were made of microwave drying of a protective coating based on aluminium silicates, applied on shapes of foamed polystyrene and rigid polymeric foam. Time and results of microwave drying were compared with the results obtained by drying at 50 °C by the traditional method commonly used for removing water from protective coatings. Analysis of the obtained drying kinetics curves demonstrated that selection of proper operation parameters of microwave equipment permits the drying time to be significantly shortened. Depending on kind of the pattern material, drying process of a protective coating runs in a different way, resulting in obtaining different quality of the dried coating.

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22

Syzdykov, Daniyar, Chang Seon Shon, Saken Sandybay, Islam Orynbassarov, Di Chuan Zhang, and Jong Ryeol Kim. "Preliminary Investigation of Geopolymer Mixture Using GGBFS and Off-ASTM Class F Fly Ash." Materials Science Forum 1053 (February 17, 2022): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-mx9n06.

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Recently developed geopolymer concrete is considered a promising alternative for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. It accounts for green and durable civil infrastructure because the geopolymer concrete is made of industrial by-products and an alkali activator. This paper presents the investigation of a geopolymer mixture (paste) made of a combination of off-ASTM fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) produced in a steel-making plant, Kazakhstan. The effect of water/binder ratios (w/b=0.32 and 0.35), alkaline activator solution/binder ratios (AAS/b=0.20 and 0.40), and GGBFS/fly ash ratio (S/FA=50/50 and 25/75) on geopolymer concrete’s properties were evaluated. These include workability, compressive strength, and drying shrinkage. The test results showed that increasing water content increases compressive strength and drying shrinkage of the geopolymer specimen. Decreasing alkaline content resulted in a drop in compressive strength and workability but positively minimized drying shrinkage. The mixture containing 50% GGBFS and 50% FA tends to have higher strength than the GGBFS/FA ratio of 25/75.

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23

Wang, Juan, Han Lin Zhou, and Dong Jin Wang. "Tropical Grasses Solar Drying Device Design and Research." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.219.

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Abstract. In order to solve the traditional sun dried pastures affected by natural conditions, serious winter pastures reserves shortage problem. It’s affect the development of tropical livestock seriously. With Tropical Research No.2 stylosanthes research for the study, we use Hainan island’s abundant solar radiation to design a solar drying equipment for tropical pastures. The main components of the device are solar collectors, drying tower, air blower, temperature and humidity monitoring systems,a preliminary design for the main components of the equipment, and made a part of the efficiency of the various experimental data and mathematical processing methods.Reseach the different positions of drying tower dry conditions of tropical forage, Reseach the influence of environment temperature and solar radiation, drying medium temperature on the quality of tropical pastures.It can provide technical support for the solar drying of tropical pastures and achieve economies of scale.

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24

Changrue, Viboon, G. S. Vijaya Raghavan, Yvan Gariépy, and Valérie Orsat. "Microwave Vacuum Dryer Setup and Preliminary Drying Studies on Strawberries Carrots." Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 41, no. 2 (January 2006): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2006.11688555.

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SHAKER, R. R., R. Y. JUMAH, B. TASHTOUSH, and A. F. ZRAIY. "Manufacture of jameed using a spray drying process: a preliminary study." International Journal of Dairy Technology 52, no. 3 (August 1999): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1999.tb02077.x.

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Halim, Luqman Abdul, Firdaus Basrawi, Jia Zheng Chong, Ahmed Nurye Oumer, Ahmmad Shukrie Md Yudin, Mohd Hazwan bin Yusof, and Shaharin A. Sulaiman. "Preliminary Study on Drying of Stingless Bee Pot Pollen Using Novel Fluidized Bed Dryer with Swirling Distributor." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822504007.

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High moisture content in raw pot pollen increases the activity of microorganisms, thus promotes fermentation and causes rapid deterioration. Hence, the objective of this study is to dry stingless bees pot pollen by a novel fluidized bed dryer. The experimental analysis was conducted based on flowrate, airflow temperature, power consumption and sample mass. It was found that the mass of pot pollen can be reduced by 6.86 % in 30 minutes of drying operation. The temperature rise is also minimal up to average of 31.5°C. This significantly reduced the impact of drying not only to the nutrients, but also the flavour and aroma. Moreover, the total energy consumed is 212.57 Wh, which is considered low. Hence, this preliminary study showed the feasibility of drying pot pollen using a novel fluidized bed dryer.

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Zhou, Qiao Fang, Ying Chun Cai, Yan Xu, and Xiang Ling Zhang. "Preliminary Exploration of On-Line Measuring Layer Moisture Content with Electrical Resistance Method during Wood Drying." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.480.

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Electrical resistance method was used to detect layer moisture content across the thickness of Larch (Larix gmelinii) specimen during drying, and the temperature of the same layers and the environment were also measured by remote temperature scanner. During the drying process, layer moisture content was obtained from other Larch specimens with slicing method. Layer moisture content measured with electrical method was compared with that acquired with slicing method. Results showed that the wood center temperature was more suitable than the environment temperature as compensated temperature to amend moisture content measuring with electrical resistance method; variation of layer moisture content of Larch specimen could be more or less measured with electrical resistance method, and had a relatively good agreement with that acquired with slicing method except that u15 was 3% higher than U1 and u3 was 4% higher than U3 in the middle stage of drying.

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Thiex, Nancy, and Terri Van Erem. "Comparisons of Karl Fischer Method with Oven Methods for Determination of Water in Forages and Animal Feeds." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.4.799.

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Abstract In a comparative study of the Karl Fischer method with oven methods for determination of water in forages and animal feeds, oven methods yielded the following relative recoveries (expressed as a percentage of the recovery obtained by the Karl Fischer method) for hay, haylage, and corn silage, respectively: (1) drying at 135°C for 2 h (AOAC 930.15), 113,162, and 133%; (2) drying at 104°C for 3 h (AOAC 935.29), 96,122, and 113%; and (3) drying at 104°C for 6 h, 97, 129, and 117%. Relative recoveries for nonurea-containing and urea-containing feed, respectively, were as fol lows: (1) drying at 135°C for 2 h (AOAC 930.15), 116 and 2746% (2) drying at 104°C for 3 h (AOAC 935.29), 88 and 239%; (3) drying at 95°C for 5 h under vacuum (AOAC 934.01), 83 and 727% (4) drying at 104°C for 6 h, 90 and 427%; and (5) drying at 110°C for 3 h, 94 and 425%. Preliminary near-infrared reflectance calibrations for water (moisture) based on the Karl Fischer method were promising (r2 = 0.98; standard error of calibration = 0.20).

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29

Mierzwa, Dominik, and Stefan J. Kowalski. "Ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration and convective drying of apples: Process kinetics and quality issues." Chemical and Process Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0031.

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Abstract The aim of the present theme issue was to study the influence of ultrasound enhancement on the kinetics of osmotic dehydration and the effect of convective drying from the point of view of drying time and quality of dried products. Apple fruit was used as the experimental material. The kinetics of osmotic dehydration with (UAOD) and without (OD) ultrasound enhancement were examined for 40% fructose and sorbitol solutions. The effective dehydration time of osmotic process was determined. Preliminary dehydrated samples with OD and UAOD were next dried convectively with (CVUS) and without (CV) ultrasound assistance. The influence of OD and UAOD on the kinetics of CV and CVUS drying was analysed. The parameters of water activity and colour change were measured for the assessment of product quality after drying process.

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30

Farzaliev, Emil’ F., Nikolay G. Filippenko, Vladimir S. Bychkovskiy, Tamara T. Chumbadze, and Demid S. Gramakov. "Algorithm of the Automated Scientific Research System for Studying the Drying Process of Multicomponent Polymers." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 48, no. 4 (December 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-4-17-22.

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One of the main quality problems of products made of polymer materials is the excessive moisture content in the feedstock. Earlier developments of the authors show the possibility of controlling and eliminating this factor by the method of preliminary acclimatization and drying of the material. Automation of drying of raw materials for polymer packaging at the enterprise cannot be developed and implemented without preliminary research of the drying process, development of recommendations for the organization of an automated control system. The issue of drying multicomponent and composite materials in the finished mixture remains open today. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing an algorithm for automating scientific research of the high-frequency drying process of multicomponent polymer materials. (Materials and methods) The article presents the existing automated systems for scientific research of high-frequency processing and their methodology, based on previously stated controlled parameters. The article describes the approach and the algorithm for an automated system of scientific research of the drying process of a multicomponent polymer mixture. A new temperature parameter controlled in the volume of the heated polymer was proposed. The depth of the controlled layer was selected according to the described methodology. (Results and discussion) The system was protected from breakdown phenomena, which limits the current consumption in automatic mode in accordance with the characteristics of industrial equipment (0.9 amperes). The automatization of control system was made using the studied law of changing the power of a high-frequency generator on the rotation angle of the regulator. (Conclusions) The developed system of automated scientific research made it possible to conduct a series of experiments, the results of which, after final processing, will be presented to the scientific community in the near future.

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31

Michailidou, Georgia, Zoe Terzopoulou, Argyroula Kehagia, Anna Michopoulou, and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris. "Preliminary Evaluation of 3D Printed Chitosan/Pectin Constructs for Biomedical Applications." Marine Drugs 19, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19010036.

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In the present study, chitosan (CS) and pectin (PEC) were utilized for the preparation of 3D printable inks through pneumatic extrusion for biomedical applications. CS is a polysaccharide with beneficial properties; however, its printing behavior is not satisfying, rendering the addition of a thickening agent necessary, i.e., PEC. The influence of PEC in the prepared inks was assessed through rheological measurements, altering the viscosity of the inks to be suitable for 3D printing. 3D printing conditions were optimized and the effect of different drying procedures, along with the presence or absence of a gelating agent on the CS-PEC printed scaffolds were assessed. The mean pore size along with the average filament diameter were measured through SEM micrographs. Interactions among the characteristic groups of the two polymers were evident through FTIR spectra. Swelling and hydrolysis measurements confirmed the influence of gelation and drying procedure on the subsequent behavior of the scaffolds. Ascribed to the beneficial pore size and swelling behavior, fibroblasts were able to survive upon exposure to the ungelated scaffolds.

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32

Zhang, Hou Lei, Xin Zhi Liu, Shu Guang Zhu, and Bin Li. "Sewage Sludge Flow and Drying Characteristics in Paddle Dryers." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.365.

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Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment is being more and more produced in many countries. For sewage sludge disposal, drying operation is usually required and greatly energy-consuming. Paddle dryers, one kind of indirect dryers, are widely used in removing moisture of sewage sludge recently, but the design, to some extent, still depends on empirical and limited data. In this paper, we presented preliminary experimental results of sewage sludge drying based on a 3 m2paddle dryer prototype. The effects of thermal oil inlet temperature on outlet moisture content and mass flowrate of initial sludge are recorded and analyzed. A simple monotonic relation between mass flowrate of initial sludge and thermal oil inlet temperature does not exist. Besides, we performed the drying experiment of adding low-value biomass (rice husk) into wet sewage sludge. The results show that the drying performance is improved significantly.

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33

Malezhyk, Ivan, Igor Dubkovetskiy, Halyna Bandurenko, Tetyana Levkіvska, and Ljudmila Strelchenko. "THE STUDY OF FEATURES OF CONTROL OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS FOR RECEIVING THE APPLE SNACKS." EUREKA: Life Sciences 6 (November 30, 2016): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2016.00245.

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The article is devoted to the use of modern methods of the study of vegetable raw material for apple snacks production. To establish the optimal variety of apples there was used the analysis of technological parameters that depend on their chemical composition, especially on the quantity of dry substances, sugar-acid index and food fibers content. The study of inactivation degree of oxidative enzymes and possibility to prevent the protopectin hydrolysis process allowed establish the effectiveness of preliminary preparation of apples. The research-industrial drying setting, constructed by the authors, gave a possibility to study the different drying processes at the expanse of combination of convective and thermoradiative ways of energy supply and to establish the optimal regime of apple snacks drying. This elaboration allows receive product with high organoleptic indices, shorten the drying process and lower specific energy consumption.

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34

Rada, Elena Cristina, Marco Ragazzi, Stefano Villotti, and Vincenzo Torretta. "Sewage sludge drying by energy recovery from OFMSW composting: Preliminary feasibility evaluation." Waste Management 34, no. 5 (May 2014): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.013.

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35

Adiletta, Giuseppina, Gerardo Iannone, Paola Russo, Giovanni Patimo, Salvatore De Pasquale, and Marisa Di Matteo. "Moisture migration by magnetic resonance imaging during eggplant drying: a preliminary study." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 49, no. 12 (July 1, 2014): 2602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12591.

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36

Solibun, A., and K. Sivakumar. "Sabah snake grass extract pre-processing: Preliminary studies in drying and fermentation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 36 (June 2016): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/36/1/012066.

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37

Song, Ping, Weijie Li, Baolin Liu, and Xinli Zhou. "Preliminary Research on Freeze-Drying Preservation of Human Hepatoma Hep-G2 Cells." Cryobiology 80 (February 2018): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.10.117.

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38

Kang, Ho-Yang, Muszynski, Michael R. Milota, Chun-Won Kang, and Junji Matsumura. "Preliminary Tests for Optically Measuring Drying Strains and Check Formation in Wood." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 56, no. 2 (September 2011): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/20326.

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39

Pasławska, Marta, Agnieszka Nawirska-Olszańska, Bogdan Stępień, and Angelika Klim. "The Influence of Vacuum Impregnation on Nutritional Properties of Fluidized Bed Dried Kale (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Acephala) Leaves." Molecules 23, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112764.

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The aim of the work was to assess the possibility of obtaining high bioactivity dried kale using a vacuum impregnation as the preliminary processing before the drying. Kale leaves underwent vacuum impregnation in freshly squeezed onion juice and in sodium chloride solution utilising the following impregnation process parameters: At the vacuum stage, 6 kPa reduced pressure for 1 min, dosing the impregnating solution and keeping the sample under vacuum for 2 min, and then 6 min in impregnating solution at atmospheric pressure. Fluidized bed drying of kale was conducted using inert polypropylene balls, utilising a drying air temperature in a range from 70 to 130 °C. The drying kinetics were described, and the dehydrated product’s quality was assessed, on the basis of these selected characteristics: The content of chlorophylls, polyphenols and carotenoids, and antioxidant activity measured with ABTS+, dry matter, water activity and colour. It was determined that protective influence of vacuum impregnation before fluidized bed drying was seen only in the case of using temperatures of 90 and 110 °C. The highest content of bioactive components in dried kale was obtained in the case of using onion juice impregnation and drying at 110 °C.

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40

Matys, Aleksandra, Artur Wiktor, Magdalena Dadan, and Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert. "Influence of Ultrasound and the Conditions of Convective Drying with Dehumidified Air on the Course of the Process and Selected Properties of Apple Tissue." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081840.

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The conditions of convective drying induce a negative effect on the quality of the dried products, and thus, innovative solutions, such as the utilization of ultrasound and dehumidified air are gaining importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ultrasound pretreatment and variable air temperature on the kinetics of convective drying with dehumidified air and the quality of dried apples. Apples were dried with dehumidified and non-dehumidified air at 55, 70 and 85 °C. Preliminary ultrasound treatment was conducted by immersion for 60 min. The effect of both ultrasound and dehumidified air utilization was more prominent in the terms of drying time reduction, when lower drying temperatures were used. Drying of apples with dehumidified air, preceded by ultrasound pretreatment, resulted in a greater rehydration capacity of the products, and limited the browning process. Dehumidified air increased the lightness of the dried products, while sonication darkened them. The use of ultrasound before drying coupled with a drying with dehumidified medium at a temperature of 70 °C reduced the exposure of the product to a high temperature and oxygen. Products treated before dehumidified air drying with ultrasounds were characterized by high total phenolic content and the greatest antioxidant activity. This was because such technological treatment reduced exposure of the product to a high temperature and oxygen.

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41

Liu, Yan Xue, Yu Xin Liu, Bing Sun, Bin Shen, and Dong Fang Zhang. "Optimization of Superior Shoes Board Immersion Condition." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.915.

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This paper studied on the influence of impregnation process on original board by using the Styrofan SD 332S which could improve the international bending strength, then own higher wear-resistant, fold-resistant and tear-resistant. Trough single factor experiments, the optimum impregnation processing conditions were: wet cardboard dryness of 45%, immersion at 35 °C for 4 minutes, preliminary drying at 70 °C under the premise of 300 ml, 20% latex concentration, subsequent drying at 100°C for 2h. Under the conditions of impregnation process, the property index of shoes board were: tensile strength 0.34 kN/cm2 through immersion 4 h, elongation of 1.56% through immersion 1 h, shrinkage of 0.84% through high temperature drying 1 h, peeling strength between layers 0.29N, fold endurance 5721 times.

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42

Khadzhishalapov, G. N., T. A. Khezhev, A. M. Gadzhiev, R. G. Radjabov, and U. I. Isaeva. "Investigation of the effect of electric heating of expanded clay concrete mixture on the structure and properties of lightweight expanded clay concrete exposed to high temperatures." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 48, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2021-48-4-187-196.

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Objective. The aim of the study is to study the effect of preliminary electrical heating of the concrete mixture on the structure and properties of heat-resistant expanded clay concrete on a composite binder before drying at a temperature of 105°C. Method. It is based on domestic and foreign experience in studying the effect of preliminary electrical heating on the properties and structure of various concretes, including heat-resistant ones. Result. A laboratory stand for preliminary electrical heating of mixtures has been developed and tested. The influence of preliminary electric heating on the process of self-steaming of heat-resistant expanded clay concrete has been studied. A mode of preliminary electric heating of a heat-resistant expanded clay concrete mixture in time has been developed. Stress dependences are obtained due to the difference in the temperature coefficients of linear expansion of coarse and fine aggregates and the mortar part on the heating temperature, as well as the dependences of the ultimate strength of expanded clay concrete on the heating temperature of the expanded clay concrete mixture under various modes of preheating with a composite binder with a ratio of components: Portland cement 70%, mineral additive 30%. Conclusion. Based on the results obtained and the analysis of the studies carried out in the field of preliminary electrical heating of concrete mixtures, it can be concluded that the preliminary electrical heating of a mixture for heatresistant concrete with expanded clay filler based on an activated composite binder will make it possible to obtain concrete with higher physico-thermal and operational characteristics, as well as to reduce the technological process of manufacturing heat-resistant products, the drying period and bringing the thermal unit to the operating mode.

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43

Lou, Ching Wen, Ming Sheng Huang, Chiung Yun Chang, Chao Tsang Lu, Wen Cheng Chen, and Jia Horng Lin. "Preliminary Study in Cross-Linked Gelatin/Alginate Sponges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 1102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.1102.

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Gelatin and alginate are commonly used as biomaterials for making dressings because both of which have hemostasis and high tissue fluid absorption ability. In this study, gelatin and alginate are mixed at various weight ratios, the mixtures of which then undergo the freeze-drying, forming the gelatin/alginate sponges. The resulting sponges serve as the contact surface of dressings, and swelling and degradation tests evaluate the samples in terms of hydrophilicity and absorbility. The pores in the sponges are then observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to our study, with a decrease in the amount of gelatin, the determined pore size and swelling rate both increase, but the weight loss decreases.

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44

Wang, Kai, Rong Feng Sun, and Guo Peng Zhang. "Energy Efficiency Assessment and Exergy Analysis for Lignite Pyrolysis Process System." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1184.

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The exergy calculation model was established to evaluate the energy consumption and exergy assessment of a typical coal pyrolysis process system with a capacity of 1000 kg/h for raw lignite. The results indicate that although the drying unit consumes more energy, it is the pyrolysis unit that exist the maximum exergy loss because of great temperature gradient at the first reaction stage. In addition, the energy quality factor of fuel was defined to evaluate the pyrolysis yield grade. It is found the tar energy quality factor is higher than that of semi-coke and syngas. Besides, the waste steam from drying unit contains plenty of exergy, which could be used to preliminary heat raw lignite in order to reduce the energy consumption and exergy loss of drying unit.

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45

Magalhães, A., and C. Pinho. "PRESSURE DROP IN A SPOUTED BED OF CORK STOPPERS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v5i2.61849.

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The spouted bed is a particular type of fluidized bed which is well suited forthe handling of large size particles like cork stoppers. It is commonly usedfor the drying of granulates and the present work is the first part of a studyconcerning the drying of cork stoppers in a laboratory scale spouted bed reactor. The study considers two stoppers size, one the port wine stopper and another small size stopper. The choice of these smaller sizes was imposed by the small dimensions of the reactor. In this preliminary set of experiments the fluid-dynamics regime of the particular two phase flow was characterized. For different experimental situations covering several air flows and temperatures typical of cork drying operations the evolution of pressure drop was evaluated and a correlation for the minimum spouting velocity was obtained.

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46

Lee, Chai Siah, Mei Fong Chong, John Robinson, and Eleanor Binner. "Preliminary Study on Extraction of Bio-flocculants from Okra and Chinese Yam." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 15, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.49692.

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Natural bio-flocculants were extracted from okra and Chinese yam using water extraction method, and the extract yield and their flocculating abilities were evaluated. Results showed that extraction of okra with seed removal and incubation followed by freeze drying enhanced the extract yield by 91% and improved the flocculating ability greatly by achieving solids removal of above 99% when compared with extraction without incubation and followed by oven drying. The effect of an incubation step was further investigated by using Chinese yam. With incubation, a higher extract yield of 2.95% was obtained compared with the extraction without incubation at 2.13% and high flocculating ability was achieved at 99.5% solids removal. To further investigate the application of bio-flocculants, the samples with the highest extract yield and flocculating ability were selected for a case study focusing on treatment of oleochemical wastewater. Yam bio-flocculant showed its flocculating activity with 80% solids removal when it was coupled with coagulant without pH alteration. However, pH adjustment was required for okra bio-flocculant. In conclusion, highly efficient okra and yam bio-flocculants were successfully extracted and their applicability to wastewater treatment was proven.

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47

Matys, Aleksandra, Magdalena Dadan, Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert, Oleksii Parniakov, and Artur Wiktor. "Response Surface Methodology as a Tool for Optimization of Pulsed Electric Field Pretreatment and Microwave-Convective Drying of Apple." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073392.

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The benefits of using hybrid drying are increasingly remarked. Microwave-convective drying (MW-CD) links the advantages of both microwave and convective drying methods and allows the negative phenomena that appear when the methods are used separately to diminish. Most importantly, reduced specific energy consumption and relatively short drying time are observed, which can be additionally decreased by the application of various preliminary treatments, e.g., pulsed electric field (PEF). Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of PEF pretreatment on the MW-CD of apples and its chosen physicochemical properties. This research was designed using response surface methodology (RSM). The first variable was microwave power (100, 200, and 300 W), and the second was specific energy input (1, 3.5, and 6 kJ/kg). Optimization responses were assumed: drying time to MR = 0.02, water activity, hygroscopicity after 72 h, rehydration ratio, relative dry matter content, total phenolic content, ability to scavenge ABTS•+ radical cations, and DPPH• radicals based on the EC50 values. The most optimal parameters were comprised of specific energy intake of 3.437 kJ/kg and microwave power of 300 W (desirability equalled 0.624), which provided the most minimized drying time and obtaining of apples with the most desired properties.

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Pillai-McGarry, UPP, and N. Collis-George. "Laboratory simulation of the surface morphology of self-mulching and non-self-mulching vertisols .1. Materials, methods and preliminary results." Soil Research 28, no. 2 (1990): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900129.

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To date, the definitions of 'self-mulching' in Vertisols describe the phenomenon only in the air-dry state with no details of the dynamics of the system. A laboratory study was carried out to simulate the field morphological features of the soil surface of three Vertisols, one self-mulching and two non self-mulching. The soils differed in shear strength in the field, clay type, ESP and exchangeable Ca/Mg ratio. The laboratory simulation involved both repeated wetting/drying cycles with 6 mm of water every 48 h, and a continuous drying phase. These were imposed on ponded and puddled samples of the soils. With repeated wetting and drying the self-mulching soil developed a surface with a more complex organization of structural features than either of the non self-mulching soils. The self-mulching soil generated a granular structure and developed the widest cracks. Most elements of the surface morphology observed in the field were achieved in the laboratory simulation.

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Tikhomirov, Dmitriy, Stanislav Trunov, Aleksey Kuzmichev, and Nicolay Lamonov. "The Principle of Building an Energy-Saving Drying Plant Using Thermoelectricity." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 1, no. 42 (January 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-1-16-22.

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Most drying plants of small capacity for vegetables and fruits are convective without recirculation of the drying agent. Such dryers have a high energy consumption and cannot be attributed to energy-saving installations. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing a functional and technological scheme of an energy-eﬃcient thermoelectric dryer that provides a reduction in energy costs during the drying process while maintaining high quality indicators of the finished product and increasing the drying eﬃciency. (Materials and methods) The methods of system analysis and synthesis of existing knowledge in the field of research on the development of energy-saving dryers, based on the provisions of the theory of drying, heat and mass transfer and thermoelectricity were used. (Results and discussion) The article presents the structural and functional-technological schemes of a convective condensation dryer with recirculation of the drying agent based on Peltier thermoelectric elements. The technological process and the principle of operation of a convective dryer of the condensation type with the use of a thermoelectric assembly operating in the heat pump mode were described. The article proposes a general method for calculating the heat and energy parameters of the dryer based on the heat balance equation. The thermal energy withdrawn by the hot circuit of the thermoelectric assembly, and directed to heating the cooled and drained air, exceeds the energy consumed from the electrical network. The uniform transverse blowing of the drying box with an air ensures uniform drying of the product. (Conclusions) When the drying box is cross-blown and the air flow is relatively fast, the moisture evaporation process is accelerated, the drying time is reduced and the drying quality is improved. It was revealed using preliminary technical and economic calculations that the proposed design provides a reduction in energy consumption compared to traditional dryers by up to 25 percent.

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Godfrey, Paul J., and Peter A. Kerr. "Preliminary Evaluation of Forced Air-Drying for Preserving Chlorophyll on Glass Fiber Filters." Lake and Reservoir Management 16, no. 3 (September 2000): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438140009353965.

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