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1
Chapman, Robert. "The Prehistoric Society, Prehistory and Society." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51, no. 1 (December 1985): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00007003.
Анотація:
Towards the beginning of her novel Excellent Women Barbara Pym recounts a telephone conversation of more than passing relevance to our meeting today.I dialled the number fearfully and heard it ring. ‘Hello, hello, who is that?’ a querulous elderly woman's voice answered. I was completely taken aback, but before I could speak the voice went on, ‘If it's Miss Jessop I can only hope you are ringing up to apologize’. I stammered out an explanation. I was not Miss Jessop. Was Mr Everard Bone there? ‘My son is at a meeting of the Prehistoric Society’, said the voice. ‘Oh, I see. I'm so sorry to have bothered you’, I said. ‘People are always bothering me — I never wanted to have the telephone put in at all’.After a further apology I hung up the receiver shaken and mystified but at the same time relieved. Everard Bone was at a meeting of the Prehistoric Society. It sounded like a joke. (1952, 29–30)Mr President, Ladies and Gentlemen, if this is a typical reaction to the Prehistoric Society, then on 23 February we become a fifty-year-old joke! If we allow for the history of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, then we reach well and truly back into the days of the Music Hall joke.
2
Rutherford, Kea H., Rand R. Evett, and Peter Hopkinson. "Using phytolith analysis to reconstruct prehistoric fire regimes in central coastal California." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 9 (2020): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf20013.
Анотація:
Over the last century, northern coastal scrub has encroached into open grasslands along the central California coast, increasing fire risk in coastal wildland–urban interfaces. Understanding prehistoric ecological conditions is crucial for fire mitigation projects. Current estimates of these conditions in coastal California grasslands and shrublands are largely speculative because tree ring data, lake sediment evidence and ethnographic information are sparse. Phytolith analysis is an alternative palaeoecological tool that has been successfully used to reconstruct the extent of prehistoric grass cover in California. Our study uses phytolith analysis of soil samples from the East Bay hills of the San Francisco Bay region as a novel approach to estimate prehistoric grassland distribution and infer fire frequency in central coastal California. Our data strongly indicate that many areas in the region were dominated by perennial bunchgrasses for at least several hundred years before European contact. Because grass-dominated grasslands in the East Bay hills are disturbance-dependent, our data suggest prehistoric fire frequency was of the order of 5 years or less in the region. Phytolith analysis is a useful technique for prehistoric fire regime reconstruction for grasslands and shrublands worldwide, leading to improved, data-based land management.
3
Soshkin, Evgeny. "Unknown play by Vladimir Bogoraz-Tan." Literary Fact, no. 15 (2020): 8–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2020-15-8-41.
Анотація:
Vladimir Germanovich Bogoraz (1865–1936, pseudonyms: Tan, Tan-Bogoraz, Bogoraz-Tan), the famous ethnographer, linguist, religious scholar, and researcher of Northern peoples, was also a prolific and popular fiction author, in particular, a prominent representative of the so-called prehistoric fiction, i.e. fiction about prehistoric times. This is the first publication of Bogoraz’s play “Dragon Victims” which is a revision of his prehistoric novel under the same name (1909, “Sons of Mammoth” in English translation of 1929), commissioned in 1920 by the Section of Historical Pictures at the Petrograd Theater Department of the People's Commissariat of Education, after Bogoraz, at that time an employee of the Petrograd Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, had been invited by the Section to write an introduction for the upcoming paleophantastic play “Rhino Hunt” by N.S. Gumilev. The text of Bogoraz’s play “Dragon Victims”, preserved in the archive (St. Petersburg Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences Archives), is published according to the typescript with author’s handwritten corrections. In a detailed introductory article, the publisher clarifies the dating, the history of creating, and the literary characteristics of the play as compared to the novel, as well as the programmatic nature of the encouraging attitude to composing plays on prehistoric themes that came from A.M. Gorky, the founder and head of the Section.
4
OIKKONEN, VENLA. "Kennewick Man and the Evolutionary Origins of the Nation." Journal of American Studies 48, no. 1 (January 23, 2014): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875813001497.
Анотація:
This article addresses the recent attempts to integrate evolutionary history in the US national narrative. Focussing on the cultural, legal, and scientific controversy over Kennewick Man, the ancient human remains discovered in Washington state in 1996, the article explores the narrative politics of American national belonging. Through a popular historical novel on Kennewick Man's life, the article further theorizes nostalgia as a narrative tool in imagining the evolutionary origins of the nation. The article argues that nostalgia produces a temporal dynamic that bridges the gap between national history and global prehistory, and that this dynamic is reinforced through cultural ideas of genetic knowledge. At the same time, prehistoric nostalgia renders problematic ideas of ethnic difference largely invisible.
5
Tomova, Anna, Iva Tomova, Evgenia Vasileva-Tonkova, Irina Lazarkevich, Margarita Stoilova-Disheva, Dimitrinka Lyutskanova, and Margarita Kambourova. "Myroides guanonis sp. nov., isolated from prehistoric paintings." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_11 (November 1, 2013): 4266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.050831-0.
Анотація:
A novel psychrotolerant, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated IM13T, was isolated from a sample taken from prehistoric guano paintings in Magura Cave, northwest Bulgaria and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain IM13T formed yellow colonies on LB agar plates and was Gram-staining-negative, heterotrophic and alkalitolerant. It grew optimally at pH 7.5 and 30 °C in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain IM13T branched with representatives of the genus Myroides with sequence similarity of 93–94 % with other species of the genus. The novel isolate contained iso-C15 : 0 (49.1 %), iso-C17 : 1ω9c (18.2 %) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (14.0 %) as dominant fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain IM13T was 33.5 mol%. Based on phylogenetic inference and phenotypic characteristics, it was concluded that strain IM13T represents a novel species of the genus Myroides , for which the name Myroides guanonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IM13T ( = DSM 26542T = NBIMCC 8736T).
6
Lundström, Victor, Robin Peters, and Felix Riede. "Demographic estimates from the Palaeolithic–Mesolithic boundary in Scandinavia: comparative benchmarks and novel insights." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1816 (November 30, 2020): 20200037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0037.
Анотація:
Prehistoric demography has recently risen to prominence as a potentially explanatory variable for episodes of cultural change as documented in the archaeological and ethnographic record. While this has resulted in a veritable boom in methodological developments seeking to address temporal changes in the relative size of prehistoric populations, little work has focused on the manner in which population dynamics manifests across a spatial dimension. Most recently, the so-called Cologne Protocol has led the way in this endeavour. However, strict requirements of raw-material exchange data as analytical inputs have prevented further applications of the protocol to regions outside of continental Europe. We apply an adjusted approach of the protocol that makes it transferable to cases in other parts of the world, while demonstrating its use by providing comparative benchmarks of previous research on the Late Glacial Final Palaeolithic of southern Scandinavia, and novel insights from the early Holocene pioneer colonization of coastal Norway. We demonstrate again that population size and densities remained fairly low throughout the Late Glacial, and well into the early Holocene. We suggest that such low population densities have played a significant role in shaping what may have been episodes of cultural loss, as well as potentially longer periods of only relatively minor degrees of cultural change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography’.
7
Randsborg, Klavs. "Classical Blues." Current Swedish Archaeology 9, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2001.06.
Анотація:
The development of a consciousness of history, in particular hinged on material forms, and of archaeology as such is discussed with particular reference to the traditions of prehistoric and classical archaeology in Scandinavia. The conservative attitudes of traditions are deplored, and globalization seen as the novel challenge.
8
Fisher, Jacob L. "Diversity of forager lifeways in the prehistoric past." Antiquity 94, no. 374 (March 17, 2020): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.12.
Анотація:
The underlying theme of Foraging in the past is how archaeology can be used to identify the full range of diversity among hunter-gatherers in the absence of ethnographic analogues. In the introduction, Ashley Lemke argues that forager diversity must have been greater in the past than is suggested by comparison with the spatially and temporally restricted ethnographic record of modern hunter-gatherer societies. The deep prehistoric past covers timeframes with no modern environmental analogue, and the subjects of our study include a broader range of human ancestors than just anatomically modern humans. Consequently, archaeologists must use models and hypotheses to identify novel forager adaptations that lack any modern ethnographic equivalent.
9
van der Kuyl, Antoinette C. "Historic and Prehistoric Epidemics: An Overview of Sources Available for the Study of Ancient Pathogens." Epidemiologia 3, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 443–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia3040034.
Анотація:
Since life on earth developed, parasitic microbes have thrived. Increases in host numbers, or the conquest of a new species, provide an opportunity for such a pathogen to enjoy, before host defense systems kick in, a similar upsurge in reproduction. Outbreaks, caused by “endemic” pathogens, and epidemics, caused by “novel” pathogens, have thus been creating chaos and destruction since prehistorical times. To study such (pre)historic epidemics, recent advances in the ancient DNA field, applied to both archeological and historical remains, have helped tremendously to elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of pathogens. These studies have offered new and unexpected insights into the evolution of, for instance, smallpox virus, hepatitis B virus, and the plague-causing bacterium Yersinia pestis. Furthermore, burial patterns and historical publications can help in tracking down ancient pathogens. Another source of information is our genome, where selective sweeps in immune-related genes relate to past pathogen attacks, while multiple viruses have left their genomes behind for us to study. This review will discuss the sources available to investigate (pre)historic diseases, as molecular knowledge of historic and prehistoric pathogens may help us understand the past and the present, and prepare us for future epidemics.
10
Higham, T. F. G., and W. J. Gumbley. "Early preserved Polynesian kumara cultivations in New Zealand." Antiquity 75, no. 289 (September 2001): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088694.
Анотація:
Archaeological evidence for prehistoric gardening practices in Polynesia includes stone boundary walls, storage pits and structures, drainage systems and evidence for the modification of soil, but often the remains of horticultural practise are ephemeral. Maori developed a range of novel modifications to their traditional horticultural methods which enabled the successful introduction of the range of Polynesian cultigens into the temperate New Zealand environment, the furthest southwards these crops were introduced. They modified the soil by adding charcoal, shell and alluvial gravels to change the friability and temperature retention, and stored tubers in semi-subterannean pits for the next growing season (Jones 1991: 14–8; Challis 1976). Here, we report what we believe is the first direct archaeological evidence for the actual layout of prehistoric kumara gardens in New Zealand. Our interpretation receives support from the accounts of early Europeans in New Zealand, including Joseph Banks and William Colenso.
11
Dolfini, Andrea. "From the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in Central Italy: Settlement, Burial, and Social Change at the Dawn of Metal Production." Journal of Archaeological Research 28, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 503–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10814-019-09141-w.
Анотація:
AbstractThe Late Neolithic and Copper Age were a time of change in most of Europe. Technological innovations including animal traction, the wheel, and plow agriculture transformed the prehistoric economy. The discovery of copper metallurgy expanded the spectrum of socially significant materials and realigned exchange networks away from Neolithic “greenstone,” obsidian, and Spondylus shells. New funerary practices also emerged, signifying the growing importance of lineage ancestors, as well as new ideas of personal identity. These phenomena have long attracted researchers’ attention in continental Europe and the British Isles, but comparatively little has been done in the Italian peninsula. Building on recent discoveries and interdisciplinary research on settlement patterns, the subsistence economy, the exchange of socially valuable materials, the emergence of metallurgy, funerary practices, and notions of the body, I critically appraise current models of the Neolithic-Bronze Age transition in light of the Italian regional evidence, focusing on central Italy. In contrast to prior interpretations of this period as the cradle of Bronze Age social inequality and the prestige goods economy, I argue that, at this juncture, prehistoric society reconfigured burial practices into powerful new media for cultural communication and employed new materials and objects as novel identity markers. Stratified political elites may not be among the new identities that emerged at this time in the social landscape of prehistoric Italy.
12
Stone, Anne C., and Mark Stoneking. "Analysis of ancient DNA from a prehistoric Amerindian cemetery." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1379 (January 29, 1999): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0368.
Анотація:
The Norris Farms No. 36 cemetery in central Illinois has been the subject of considerable archaeological and genetic research. Both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA have been examined in this 700–year–old population. DNA preservation at the site was good, with about 70% of the samples producing mtDNA results and approximately 15% yielding nuclear DNA data. All four of the major Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups were found, in addition to a fifth haplogroup. Sequences of the first hypervariable region of the mtDNA control region revealed a high level of diversity in the Norris Farms population and confirmed that the fifth haplogroup associates with Mongolian sequences and hence is probably authentic. Other than a possible reduction in the number of rare mtDNA lineages in many populations, it does not appear as if European contact significantly altered patterns of Amerindian mtDNA variation, despite the large decrease in population size that occurred. For nuclear DNA analysis, a novel method for DNA–based sex identification that uses nucleotide differences between the X and Y copies of the amelogenin gene was developed and applied successfully in approximately 20 individuals. Despite the well–known problems of poor DNA preservation and the ever–present possibility of contamination with modern DNA, genetic analysis of the Norris Farms No. 36 population demonstrates that ancient DNA can be a fruitful source of new insights into prehistoric populations.
13
Kulik, Alexander, André Kunert, Stephan Beck, Carl-Feofan Matthes, Andre Schollmeyer, Adrian Kreskowski, Bernd Fröhlich, Sue Cobb, and Mirabelle D’Cruz. "Virtual Valcamonica: Collaborative Exploration of Prehistoric Petroglyphs and Their Surrounding Environment in Multi-User Virtual Reality." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 26, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 297–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00297.
Анотація:
In this article, we present a novel, multi-user, virtual reality environment for the interactive, collaborative 3D analysis of large 3D scans and the technical advancements that were necessary to build it: a multi-view rendering system for large 3D point clouds, a suitable display infrastructure, and a suite of collaborative 3D interaction techniques. The cultural heritage site of Valcamonica in Italy with its large collection of prehistoric rock-art served as an exemplary use case for evaluation. The results show that our output-sensitive level-of-detail rendering system is capable of visualizing a 3D dataset with an aggregate size of more than 14 billion points at interactive frame rates. The system design in this exemplar application results from close exchange with a small group of potential users: archaeologists with expertise in rockart. The system allows them to explore the prehistoric art and its spatial context with highly realistic appearance. A set of dedicated interaction techniques was developed to facilitate collaborative visual analysis. A multi-display workspace supports the immediate comparison of geographically distributed artifacts. An expert review of the final demonstrator confirmed the potential for added value in rock-art research and the usability of our collaborative interaction techniques.
14
Ambre, Jean. "Paracoskinolina praereicheli, a Special Kind of Tiny Marine Creature, Found in Ancient Rocks in SE France, Franco-Swiss Jura, and Swiss Pre-Alps During the Dinosaur Era." Archives Des Sciences 73, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.62227/as/73010.
Анотація:
In this study, we report the discovery of a novel microorganism, Paracoskinolina praereicheli, a diminutive species reminiscent of prehistoric fauna. This organism was identified within ancient geological formations dating back to the era of dinosaur predominance. Specifically, its presence has been noted in sedimentary rock layers located in Southeastern France, the Franco-Swiss Jura, and the Swiss Prealps. Our research provides a detailed description of Paracoskinolina praereicheli, encompassing its morphological characteristics and ecological context. The temporal focus of this study spans the Late Hauterivian to the Early Barremian periods, offering insights into the biodiversity and environmental conditions of these epochs. This discovery contributes significantly to our understanding of microorganism evolution and paleoecology during a critical phase in Earth’s history.
15
Elphinstone, Margaret, and Caroline Wickham-Jones. "Archaeology and fiction." Antiquity 86, no. 332 (June 2012): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0006292x.
Анотація:
In the summer of 2006 author Margaret Elphinstone, embarking on a novel set in the prehistoric period (Elphinstone 2009), sought out archaeologist Caroline Wickham-Jones to discover more about Mesolithic Scotland. The resulting process proved to be more than a simple question and answer session: over three years, the two of us, novelist and archaeologist, each renegotiated the boundaries of our perceptual frameworks. This paper is intended to examine the learning process that most students of archaeology unconsciously experience, and it goes on to champion a respected role for fiction. As the status of history is reduced in the school syllabus, the number of people learning about their past from fiction will increase. Very few people learn much about the Mesolithic through formal education; indeed we are both astonished at how many well-educated people have no idea when or what the Mesolithic was. As representatives of our professions, we here demonstrate the special and timely benefits of what we term the informed novel.
16
Lynes, Philippe. "Extinction and Thalassal Regression." Oxford Literary Review 41, no. 1 (July 2019): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/olr.2019.0268.
Анотація:
This essay examines certain intersections between writing and extinction through an eco-deconstructive account of the psychoanalysis of water. Jacques Derrida has often drawn attention to the interplay between the sound ‘O,’ and ‘eau,’ in Maurice Blanchot's own proper name, as well as in his novels, récits and theoretical works; both the zero-degree of organic excitation towards which the death drive aims and the question of water. Sandor Ferenczi's notion of thalassal regression suggests that the desire to return to the tranquility of the maternal womb parallels a response to a traumatic prehistoric extinction event undergone by organic life once forced to abandon its aquatic existence. Through Gaston Bachelard's Water and Dreams: An Essay on the Imagination of Matter, however, one can double the imaginary of water along the axes of a personal death organic life defers and delays, and an impersonal extinction it cannot. Derrida's unpublished 1977 seminar on Blanchot's 1941 novel Thomas the Obscure, however, allows us to imagine an exteriority to extinction, the possibility
17
Ortler, Marcel, Achim Brauer, Stefano C. Fabbri, Jean Nicolas Haas, Irka Hajdas, Kerstin Kowarik, Jochem Kueck, Hans Reschreiter, and Michael Strasser. "Late Pleistocene to Holocene event stratigraphy of Lake Hallstatt (Salzkammergut, Austria): revealed by the Hipercorig drilling system and borehole logging." Scientific Drilling 33, no. 1 (April 2, 2024): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-1-2024.
Анотація:
Abstract. The Hipercorig Hallstatt History (H3) project aims to unravel the entire Late Glacial to Holocene sedimentary succession recording past climate, environment, natural hazard impacts, human–environment interactions, and prehistoric mining history. We successfully cored 51 m of the sedimentary succession of Lake Hallstatt, revealing a high-resolution Late Pleistocene to Holocene sediment record, overcoming the previous coring limit of 15.63 m (dated to ∼ 2.3 ka cal BP). The novel drilling platform Hipercorig allows the recovery of undisturbed long cores and the acquisition of borehole logging data of deep lakes. The sedimentary record is spliced to a composite core profile, and for the first time borehole logging data are linked to a core–log seismic correlation of an intra-mountainous lake of the Eastern Alps. The recovered sequence consists of two major lithostratigraphic units: (i) Unit 1 (Holocene, 0–41.7 m below lake floor) with 10 (up to 5.1 m thick) instantaneous deposits and (ii) Unit 2 (Late Pleistocene, > 41.7 m below lake floor). The Late Pleistocene sediments comprise the Younger Dryas and the deepest recovered sediments likely date back to the Allerød interstadial. Within the Holocene, six different periods are observed in the core and borehole logging data, showing distinct physical property fluctuations and an overall increase in sedimentation rate upcore. Lake Hallstatt provides a unique prehistoric archive, being located within the UNESCO World Heritage area Hallstatt–Dachstein/Salzkammergut, a region with a rich history of human salt mining dating back to 3400 cal BP (Middle/Late Bronze Age) and one of the oldest documented cultural landscapes worldwide.
18
Tonner, Philip. "Heidegger, Heterotopic Dwelling and Prehistoric Art: An Initial Indication of a Field of Research." Religions 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9120405.
Анотація:
This paper begins to develop an interpretation of European cave art based on Martin Heidegger’s account of artistic production and ‘dwelling’ so as to indicate a potentially rich area for future research. The paper will also draw on Foucault’s account of heterotopic space and will engage with one of the key researchers on the archaeology of cave art, Randall White. The role of a work of art for Heidegger is to hold open a world. Art enables a decision to be made by a group regarding how things are going to matter for, and to, them as dwellers in their world. Works of art, on Heidegger’s account, put up for decision what will count as the highest values (the gods) for a group while determining what will prove essential for human dwelling in a world. With reference to Foucault, it will be suggested that caves are a good candidate for a heterotopic space. Caves are uncanny, numinous spaces and because of this, I suggest, they enable human beings to produce art as a world-opening event. I suggest that there is something significant about human experience in caves and I attempt to make a connection between heterotopic space, dwelling, and the art of the last Ice Age in Europe in order to point towards a novel field of research: dwelling and prehistoric art.
19
Kyriakidis, Phaedon, Theodora Moutsiou, Andreas Nikolaidis, Christian Reepmeyer, Georgios Leventis, Stella Demesticha, Evangelos Akylas, et al. "Virtual Sea-Drifting Experiments between the Island of Cyprus and the Surrounding Mainland in the Early Prehistoric Eastern Mediterranean." Heritage 5, no. 4 (October 12, 2022): 3081–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040160.
Анотація:
Seaborne movement underpins frontier research in prehistoric archaeology, including water-crossings in the context of human dispersals, and island colonisation. Yet, it also controls the degree of interaction between locations, which in turn is essential for investigating the properties of maritime networks. The onset of the Holocene (circa 12,000 years ago) is a critical period for understanding the origins of early visitors/inhabitants to the island of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean in connection with the spread of Neolithic cultures in the region. The research undertaken in this work exemplifies the synergies between archaeology, physical sciences and geomatics, towards providing novel insights on the feasibility of drift-induced seaborne movement and the corresponding trip duration between Cyprus and coastal regions on the surrounding mainland. The overarching objective is to support archaeological inquiry regarding the possible origins of these visitors/inhabitants—Anatolia and/or the Levant being two suggested origins.
20
Rayadurgam, Naveen, A. Narendra Babu, J. Nagalakshmi, B. Padmavathi, K. Kiranmai, V. Naga Sai Prameel, V. Gowthami, and B. Deepthi. "REVIEW ON PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY OF AZIMA TETRACANTHA LAM PLANT (SALVADORACEAE)." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 12, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.120253.
Анотація:
Medicinal Plants have played a central role in the prevention and treatment of diseases since prehistoric times. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the study of medicinal plants and their extensive use in different countries. However, today it is essential to pay for the scientific proof as to whether it is rational to use a plant or its active principles. Hence the present communication constitutes a review with adequate information on the medicinal properties, ethno-medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of an Indian medicinal plant, Azima tetracantha Lam belonging to the family of Salvadoraceae. A wide range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from A. tetracantha Lam which possesses activities like as stimulant, expectorant, anti-asthmatic activity, antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-diarrhoeal, insecticidal, anti-microbial, antivenom activity, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, hypoglycemic and hyperlipidemic activities. Hence, extracts of Azima tetracantha could form one of the best options for developing novel natural medicine.
21
Parvizi, Elahe, Ceridwen I. Fraser, Ludovic Dutoit, Dave Craw, and Jonathan M. Waters. "The genomic footprint of coastal earthquake uplift." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1930 (July 8, 2020): 20200712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0712.
Анотація:
Theory suggests that catastrophic earth-history events can drive rapid biological evolution, but empirical evidence for such processes is scarce. Destructive geological events such as earthquakes can represent large-scale natural experiments for inferring such evolutionary processes. We capitalized on a major prehistoric (800 yr BP) geological uplift event affecting a southern New Zealand coastline to test for the lasting genomic impacts of disturbance. Genome-wide analyses of three co-distributed keystone kelp taxa revealed that post-earthquake recolonization drove the evolution of novel, large-scale intertidal spatial genetic ‘sectors’ which are tightly linked to geological fault boundaries. Demographic simulations confirmed that, following widespread extirpation, parallel expansions into newly vacant habitats rapidly restructured genome-wide diversity. Interspecific differences in recolonization mode and tempo reflect differing ecological constraints relating to habitat choice and dispersal capacity among taxa. This study highlights the rapid and enduring evolutionary effects of catastrophic ecosystem disturbance and reveals the key role of range expansion in reshaping spatial genetic patterns.
22
Meissner, Nathan J. "A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE POSTCLASSIC LOWLAND MAYA OBSIDIAN PROJECTILE INDUSTRY." Ancient Mesoamerica 28, no. 1 (2017): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536116000390.
Анотація:
AbstractThis study addresses the role of prehistoric ethnopolitical divisions, factionalism, and alliances in macroregional economic models. The Mesoamerican Late Postclassic period (a.d.1350–1525) is characterized by its “cosmopolitan” economy featuring long distance exchange of raw materials and finished products. Such characterizations are examined through a provenance analysis of small obsidian projectile points from the Maya lowlands of Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, and Honduras. Obsidian artifacts are analyzed using portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and social network analysis (SNA) methods, revealing at least four sub-networks of point procurement that belonged to nine different ethnopolitical divisions. Local production of points is approached using a novel method of two-mode analysis, demonstrating in some cases that the sources of local obsidian debitage and debris did not coincide with the sources of finished point assemblages. Such information reveals the intricacies of Maya exchange and stresses the importance of local political geography during the Late Postclassic.
23
Otero, Carolina, Carolina Klagges, Bernardo Morales, Paula Sotomayor, Jorge Escobar, Juan A. Fuentes, Adrian A. Moreno, et al. "Anti-Inflammatory Chilean Endemic Plants." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 3 (March 10, 2023): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030897.
Анотація:
Medicinal plants have been used since prehistoric times and continue to treat several diseases as a fundamental part of the healing process. Inflammation is a condition characterized by redness, pain, and swelling. This process is a hard response by living tissue to any injury. Furthermore, inflammation is produced by various diseases such as rheumatic and immune-mediated conditions, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes. Hence, anti-inflammatory-based treatments could emerge as a novel and exciting approach to treating these diseases. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites are known for their anti-inflammatory properties, and this review introduces various native Chilean plants whose anti-inflammatory effects have been evaluated in experimental studies. Fragaria chiloensis, Ugni molinae, Buddleja globosa, Aristotelia chilensis, Berberis microphylla, and Quillaja saponaria are some native species analyzed in this review. Since inflammation treatment is not a one-dimensional solution, this review seeks a multidimensional therapeutic approach to inflammation with plant extracts based on scientific and ancestral knowledge.
24
YONEKURA, KAORU, HIROYUKI HASEGAWA, ATSUSHI HOTTA, and TETSUYA SUZUKI. "A NOVEL APPROACH TO STUDIES OF PREHISTORIC EXPLOITATION OF STONE TOOL MATERIALS USING MATERIAL COMPOSITION, SURFACE MORPHOLOGY, MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES*." Archaeometry 50, no. 5 (October 2008): 727–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00374.x.
25
Hebelstrup, Kim Henrik, Aristotelis Azariadis, Adam Cordes, Peter Steen Henriksen, and Henrik Brinch-Pedersen. "Prehistoric Plant Exploitation and Domestication: An Inspiration for the Science of De Novo Domestication in Present Times." Plants 12, no. 12 (June 14, 2023): 2310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12122310.
Анотація:
De novo domestication is a novel trend in plant genetics, where traits of wild or semi-wild species are changed by the use of modern precision breeding techniques so that they conform to modern cultivation. Out of more than 300,000 wild plant species, only a few were fully domesticated by humans in prehistory. Moreover, out of these few domesticated species, less than 10 species dominate world agricultural production by more than 80% today. Much of this limited diversity of crop exploitation by modern humans was defined early in prehistory at the emergence of sedentary agro-pastoral cultures that limited the number of crops evolving a favorable domestication syndrome. However, modern plant genetics have revealed the roadmaps of genetic changes that led to these domestication traits. Based on such observations, plant scientists are now taking steps towards using modern breeding technologies to explore the potential of de novo domestication of plant species that were neglected in the past. We suggest here that in this process of de novo domestication, the study of Late Paleolithic/Late Archaic and Early Neolithic/Early Formative exploration of wild plants and identification of neglected species can help identify the barriers towards domestication. Modern breeding technologies may then assist us to break these barriers in order to perform de novo domestication to increase the crop species diversity of modern agriculture.
26
Mansrud, Anja, and Inger Marie Berg-Hansen. "Animist Ontologies in the Third Millennium BCE? Hunter-Gatherer Persistency and Human–Animal Relations in Southern Norway: The Alveberget Case." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 868–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0176.
Анотація:
Abstract This article aims to contribute novel data and perspectives into the long-standing debate about economic strategies in the fourth and third millennium in South Norway, by introducing novel results from a Pitted Ware coastal site in Agder County, southern Norway. The analysis of artifactual and faunal assemblages as well as lipid analysis from ceramics indicate a varied subsistence economy with terrestrial hunting, gathering, and specialized marine fishing strategies, targeting Atlantic bluefin tuna and seals. These procurement strategies were maintained throughout the middle and into the late Neolithic period (c. 3300–2200 BCE). No unequivocal evidence of cultivation was documented before the early Bronze Age, around 1700 BCE. This article maintains that exploring and explaining long-time continuity, and the environmental, cultural, and social mechanisms, which underwrite enduring traditions, remains a pertinent issue in Neolithic archeology. To broaden our understanding of the causes underlying cultural persistence, we need to move beyond a view of foraging peoples as either ecologically adapted or as economically optimized and employ a perspective that acknowledges the fundamental importance of human–animal relations in prehistoric lives and worldviews. Drawing on insights from relational anthropology and multi-species archaeology, we maintain that an animist ontology endured among the Pitted Ware groups and endorsed the foraging persistency characterizing the third millennium in Southern Norway.
27
Abdur Rajjak. "From Xenophobia to Enlightenment amidst Transculturation: Rereading of Monica Ali’s In the Kitchen." Creative Launcher 5, no. 5 (December 30, 2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2020.5.5.15.
Анотація:
The chronicle of human migration is as old as human civilization which goes back to prehistoric time when it started flourishing in ancient Africa. The main cause behind such migrations is to have a greater opportunity for life which enfolds economic, political, social and demographic factors. But, in the course of time, the immigration has gradually become a challenging issue since it has deep-rooted connection with culture and identity. The entire process involves alienation, loss, anxiety, insecurity in the minds of the immigrants as well as the indigenous people. The present study will showcase the effect of globalization and modernization on the nations and their subjects keeping in mind the burning issue of immigration across the globe. In order to have a better understanding of one’s individuation process, the present paper will address sociological, psychological, and multicultural issues against the backdrop of xenophobia as depicted by Monica Ali in her third novel In the Kitchen. But the main focus of the present study is to demonstrate how it affects and helps in rebuilding the identity of those belonging originally to the homeland.
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Dawson, Gowan. "DICKENS, DINOSAURS, AND DESIGN." Victorian Literature and Culture 44, no. 4 (November 4, 2016): 761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150316000358.
Анотація:
Charles Dickens's novels only occasionally feature images of prehistoric creatures. There is, of course, the famous “elephantine lizard. . .waddling. . .up Holborn Hill” in the opening scenes of Bleak House (1852–53), which, as is brilliantly captured in Tom Gauld's recent cartoon “Fragments of Dickens's Lost Novel ‘A Megalosaur's Progress’” (2011), has become a kind of icon of Dickens's entire fictional oeuvre (Figure 1). But beyond Bleak House’s iconic megalosaurus “forty feet long or so,” Dickens's panoramic representations of urban landscapes, which Adelene Buckland has shown to abound with quasi-geological ruins, are usually populated only by their more diminutive modern inhabitants (1; ch. 1). Even when the changing cityscape of “carcases. . .and fragments” of “giant forms” seems, as in Dombey and Son (1847–48), to suggest the presence of colossal fossilized skeletons thrown up by a “great earthquake,” they remain lifeless and merely augment the pervading atmosphere of urban upheaval (46; ch. 6). Animate extinct animals instead appear more commonly in novels by contemporaries such as William Makepeace Thackeray or, later in the century, Henry James. In their fiction, creatures such as the megatherium, a large edentate from the Pliocene epoch, not only afford apposite metaphors for gargantuan manifestations of industrial modernity, as in the former's Mrs. Perkins's Ball (1846) and the latter's The Bostonians (1885–86). More significantly, they also provide a model for the complex structures of serialized novels, whether commendatory, as in Thackeray's The Newcomes (1853–55), or otherwise, as in the famous epithet “large loose baggy monsters” that James coined in the preface to the New York edition of The Tragic Muse (1908) (1:x).
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Souvatzi, Stella. "Maria Ivanova, Bogdan Athanassov, Vanya Petrova, Desislava Takorova and Philip W. Stockhammer (eds). Social Dimensions of Food in the Prehistoric Balkans." Journal of Greek Archaeology 4 (January 1, 2019): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v4i.499.
Анотація:
Food practices and their social implications are an important focus of investigation for a wide range of disciplines. In anthropology in particular the cross-cultural importance of meals or of the exchange of food and substances in creating and enduring social bonds gained attention already in Malinowski’s era and has remained a central theme of inquiry ever since. It is now widely acknowledged that food practices play an active role in the negotiation of social identities, relationships and distinctions at different social scales. In archaeology, the economic dimensions of subsistence practices have always held an interest, but food itself was not recognised as a significant analytical or theoretical concept until recently. Since the 2000s, however, there is a growing interest in the cultural and social analysis of food, accompanied by a surge of novel perspectives and methods in palaeo-botanical, zoo-archaeological, palaeo-anthropological and material culture research, including the regions in question here.
30
Crema, Enrico R., and Shinya Shoda. "A Bayesian approach for fitting and comparing demographic growth models of radiocarbon dates: A case study on the Jomon-Yayoi transition in Kyushu (Japan)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0251695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251695.
Анотація:
Large sets of radiocarbon dates are increasingly used as proxies for inferring past population dynamics and the last few years, in particular, saw an increase in the development of new statistical techniques to overcome some of the key challenges imposed by this kind of data. These include: 1) null hypothesis significance testing approaches based on Monte-Carlo simulations or mark permutations; 2) non-parametric Bayesian modelling approaches, and 3) the use of more traditional techniques such as correlation, regression, and AIC-based model comparison directly on the summed probability distribution of radiocarbon dates (SPD). While the range of opportunities offered by these solutions is unquestionably appealing, they often do not consider the uncertainty and the biases arising from calibration effects or sampling error. Here we introduce a novel Bayesian approach and nimbleCarbon, an R package that offers model fitting and comparison for population growth models based on the temporal frequency data of radiocarbon dates. We evaluate the robustness of the proposed approach on a range of simulated scenarios and illustrate its application on a case study focused on the demographic impact of the introduction of wet-rice farming in prehistoric Japan during the 1st millennium BCE.
31
Booth, Thomas J., Joanna Brück, Selina Brace, and Ian Barnes. "Tales from the Supplementary Information: Ancestry Change in Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age Britain Was Gradual with Varied Kinship Organization." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 31, no. 3 (February 11, 2021): 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774321000019.
Анотація:
Large-scale archaeogenetic studies of people from prehistoric Europe tend to be broad in scope and difficult to resolve with local archaeologies. However, accompanying supplementary information often contains useful finer-scale information that is comprehensible without specific genetics expertise. Here, we show how undiscussed details provided in supplementary information of aDNA papers can provide crucial insight into patterns of ancestry change and genetic relatedness in the past by examining details relating to a >90 per cent shift in the genetic ancestry of populations who inhabited Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Britain (c. 2450–1600 bc). While this outcome was certainly influenced by movements of communities carrying novel ancestries into Britain from continental Europe, it was unlikely to have been a simple, rapid process, potentially taking up to 16 generations, during which time there is evidence for the synchronous persistence of groups largely descended from the Neolithic populations. Insofar as genetic relationships can be assumed to have had social meaning, identification of genetic relatives in cemeteries suggests paternal relationships were important, but there is substantial variability in how genetic ties were referenced and little evidence for strict patrilocality or female exogamy.
32
Lambers, Karsten, Wouter Verschoof-van der Vaart, and Quentin Bourgeois. "Integrating Remote Sensing, Machine Learning, and Citizen Science in Dutch Archaeological Prospection." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070794.
Анотація:
Although the history of automated archaeological object detection in remotely sensed data is short, progress and emerging trends are evident. Among them, the shift from rule-based approaches towards machine learning methods is, at the moment, the cause for high expectations, even though basic problems, such as the lack of suitable archaeological training data are only beginning to be addressed. In a case study in the central Netherlands, we are currently developing novel methods for multi-class archaeological object detection in LiDAR data based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This research is embedded in a long-term investigation of the prehistoric landscape of our study region. We here present an innovative integrated workflow that combines machine learning approaches to automated object detection in remotely sensed data with a two-tier citizen science project that allows us to generate and validate detections of hitherto unknown archaeological objects, thereby contributing to the creation of reliable, labeled archaeological training datasets. We motivate our methodological choices in the light of current trends in archaeological prospection, remote sensing, machine learning, and citizen science, and present the first results of the implementation of the workflow in our research area.
33
Milewska, Hanna. "Working animal’s welfare in antiquity. An interdisciplinary comparison of ancient horse breeding and training methods, as well as historical equipment, with modern horse welfare research results." Revista CICSA online, Serie Nouă, no. 9 (June 15, 2023): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/cicsa.2023.9.6.
Анотація:
Working animals, the method of their breeding, preparation for work and equipment related to their use, are inextricably linked with production and trade around the world from prehistoric times to the present day. Typically, archaeological research focus on analysing the effects of human-animal cooperation, not the breeding and training process itself. The article presents an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, combining the analysis of ancient texts, obtained through excavations, elements of the horse tack, as well as the effects of the work of reenactors with the approach to animals presented by modern animal psychologists and trainers and their research on the welfare of working horses. The first part focuses on the comparison of ancient texts with current guidelines regarding the handling of farm animals and the principles of natural training methods. The second part of the is devoted to the comparison of the construction of Scythian, Roman and Medieval saddles with modern saddles, as well as the results of a meta-analysis of research on the pressure exerted on the horse's back by various types of saddles. The presented analysis was performed using the ANOVA method. The indicators used in it were the pressure force of the saddle on the back, measured in kPa, by the mat system Novel GmbH, Novel Electronic and Pliance-X System, as well as the presence of sweat stains on the back under the saddle. The obtained values were compared with known pain scales in order to identify the saddle exerting the least harmful pressure on the horse's back.
34
Cavallo, Alessandro, and Giovanna Antonella Dino. "The Bargiolina, a Striking Historical Stone from Monte Bracco (Piedmont, NW Italy) and a Possible Source of Industrial Minerals." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 4293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164293.
Анотація:
The Bargiolina quartzite from Monte Bracco (western Alps, northern Italy) represents one of the most important historical ornamental stones of the Piedmont region. Known and used since the prehistoric age as substituting material for chert, it was celebrated by Leonardo da Vinci, and exploited at least since the XIII century, peaking in the XX century. It was extensively used in the construction of basilicas and noble palaces by famous architects of Piedmontese Baroque, for internal and external stone cladding. There are four main commercial and chromatic varieties, and the main technical feature is the regular schistosity, to obtain very thin natural split slabs. The different varieties have a homogeneous mineralogical composition and microstructure: A fine and homeoblastic grain size, and a granular—lepidoblastic texture, with regularly spaced schistose domains. The main rock-forming minerals are quartz, phengite, small amounts of K-feldspar and traces of plagioclase and chlorite. The yield rate of quarries is about 20%, and the poor exploitation planning of the past led to only partly exploited quarry benches, with a very poor residual yield. The large amount of quartz-rich quarry waste and the presence of kaolin-rich gneisses suggests the potential for novel applications in the field of industrial minerals.
35
Magar, Rukmani Pache, Grishma Shrestha, Kamana Kandel, Bijaya Lamichhane, Bidhya Laxmi Thapa, and Bishal Thagunna. "Traditional cereal-based dishes of the Newari community of Nepal and their preparation process." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 6 (November 30, 2023): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2023.003192.
Анотація:
Around the world, cereal grains provide a significant source of dietary nutrients. Since prehistoric times, cereal-based food products have formed the foundation of the human diet. Fermented foods made from cereals account for a significant portion of the calorie intake in developing nations. Worldwide dietary recommendations are urging the consumption of whole grains due to mounting evidence that these grains and food products made from them can improve health in ways other than just giving energy and minerals. The creation of novel food items with qualities that improve health will be aided by the understanding gained from the functional qualities of the many chemical components found in whole grains.
Therefore, the main aim of this study is to illuminate the varied application of cereals like rice, maize, wheat, and barley in preparing a wide range of delightful dishes like (Aila, Dhindo, Yomari, Selroti, Chatamari, Khurma, Chiura, and Lakhamari) which holds immense significance in shaping the cultural identity of the Newari community. In this study, the nutritional advantages of cereals highlight their crucial role in maintaining the health and well-being of the Newar community. Cereals are abundant in essential vitamins, fibers, minerals, and carbohydrates as a fundamental component of a well-balanced diet that promotes overall well-being
36
Luarasi, Skender. "Punctuating Gjirokastra’s Modernism." Rethinking Gjirokastra. Can architecture and city planning stimulate hope and growth for shrinking cities? 7, Issue 7 (December 1, 2021): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37199/o41007107.
Анотація:
In one of the most poetic passages of Ismail Kadare’s Chronicle in Stone, the youngster - the main character of the novel – sends a handful of sky to the water cistern of the house through a mirror, only to receive a pale, fleeting reflection. Or he would send a sound - ‘AUU’, only to receive a muffled echo (and sometimes nothing, when the cistern was full of water…). The interaction with the cistern is a metonymic figure, which stands for the way the youngster communicates with his home, his homely environment, his very own town which he knows very well; that sloped town which looked like “prehistoric creature stuck to the face the mountain;” a town, where, if a drunkard “were to fall on the side street, he would fall on the roof of tall house, instead of a ditch,”1 The youngster’s communication with his home takes place in a familiar way, through gestures, looks, and feelings, rather than with words, not unlike those signals exchanged with the dark cistern. His home in an expanded sense – the old city, the castle with its labyrinthian tunnels (real or imagined), the houses with stone ‘scales’, the steep streets, the supercilious neighbors, the old women that never slept…, drinking coffee and looking at other people’s houses with binoculars – often feel rather strange and opaque, not unlike the dark void of the cistern beneath the house.
37
Isakhani, Hamid, Caihua Xiong, Wenbin Chen, and Shigang Yue. "Towards locust-inspired gliding wing prototypes for micro aerial vehicle applications." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 202253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202253.
Анотація:
In aviation, gliding is the most economical mode of flight explicitly appreciated by natural fliers. They achieve it by high-performance wing structures evolved over millions of years in nature. Among other prehistoric beings, locust is a perfect example of such natural glider capable of endured transatlantic flights that could inspire a practical solution to achieve similar capabilities on micro aerial vehicles. An investigation in this study demonstrates the effects of haemolymph on the flexibility of several flying insect wings proving that many species exist with further simplistic yet well-designed wing structures. However, biomimicry of such aerodynamic and structural properties is hindered by the limitations of modern as well as conventional fabrication technologies in terms of availability and precision, respectively. Therefore, here we adopt finite-element analysis to investigate the manufacturing-worthiness of a three-dimensional digitally reconstructed locust wing, and propose novel combinations of economical and readily available manufacturing methods to develop the model into prototypes that are structurally similar to their counterparts in nature while maintaining the optimum gliding ratio previously obtained in the aerodynamic simulations. The former is assessed here via an experimental analysis of the flexural stiffness and maximum deformation rate as EI s = 1.34 × 10 −4 Nm 2 , EI c = 5.67 × 10 −6 Nm 2 and greater than 148.2%, respectively. Ultimately, a comparative study of the mechanical properties reveals the feasibility of each prototype for gliding micro aerial vehicle applications.
38
Lundgren, Erick J., Daniel Ramp, John Rowan, Owen Middleton, Simon D. Schowanek, Oscar Sanisidro, Scott P. Carroll, et al. "Introduced herbivores restore Late Pleistocene ecological functions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 14 (March 23, 2020): 7871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915769117.
Анотація:
Large-bodied mammalian herbivores dominated Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems for several million years before undergoing substantial extinctions and declines during the Late Pleistocene (LP) due to prehistoric human impacts. The decline of large herbivores led to widespread ecological changes due to the loss of their ecological functions, as driven by their unique combinations of traits. However, recently, humans have significantly increased herbivore species richness through introductions in many parts of the world, potentially counteracting LP losses. Here, we assessed the extent to which introduced herbivore species restore lost—or contribute novel—functions relative to preextinction LP assemblages. We constructed multidimensional trait spaces using a trait database for all extant and extinct mammalian herbivores ≥10 kg known from the earliest LP (∼130,000 ybp) to the present day. Extinction-driven contractions of LP trait space have been offset through introductions by ∼39% globally. Analysis of trait space overlap reveals that assemblages with introduced species are overall more similar to those of the LP than native-only assemblages. This is because 64% of introduced species are more similar to extinct rather than extant species within their respective continents. Many introduced herbivores restore trait combinations that have the capacity to influence ecosystem processes, such as wildfire and shrub expansion in drylands. Although introduced species have long been a source of contention, our findings indicate that they may, in part, restore ecological functions reflective of the past several million years before widespread human-driven extinctions.
39
Reid, Rachel EB, Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, and Paul L. Koch. "Coyote (Canis latrans) use of marine resources in coastal California: A new behavior relative to their recent ancestors." Holocene 28, no. 11 (August 9, 2018): 1781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618788714.
Анотація:
Coyotes ( Canis latrans) are known to consume marine foods, but the importance and persistence of marine subsidies to coyotes is unknown. Recent access to a marine subsidy, especially if gained following apex predator loss, may facilitate coyote expansion along coastal routes and amplify the effects of mesopredator release. Our goal was to quantify and contextualize past and present marine resource use by coyotes on the central coast of California via stable isotope analysis. We measured δ13C and δ15N values in coyotes, their competitors, and their food resources at two modern sites, seven archaeological sites spanning in age from ~3000 to 750 BP, and from historical (AD 1893–1992) coyote and grizzly bear hair and bone sourced from coastal counties. We found evidence for marine resource use by modern coastal California coyotes at one site, Año Nuevo, which hosts a mainland northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris) breeding colony. Seals and sea lions account for ~20% of Año Nuevo coyote diet throughout the year and this marine subsidy likely positively impacts coyote population size. Isotopic data suggest that neither historic nor prehistoric coyotes consumed marine-derived foods, even at sites near ancient mainland seal rookeries. Marine resource use by some contemporary California coyotes is a novel behavior relative to their recent ancestors. We hypothesize that human alteration of the environment through extirpation of the California grizzly bear and the more recent protection of marine mammals likely enabled this behavioral shift.
40
Bahadur, Shiv, Nidhi Sachan, Ranjit K. Harwansh, and Rohitas Deshmukh. "Nanoparticlized System: Promising Approach for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease through Intranasal Delivery." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 12 (May 6, 2020): 1331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200311131658.
Анотація:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain problem and responsible for causing dementia in aged people. AD has become most common neurological disease in the elderly population worldwide and its treatment remains still challengeable. Therefore, there is a need of an efficient drug delivery system which can deliver the drug to the target site. Nasal drug delivery has been used since prehistoric times for the treatment of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). For delivering drug to the brain, blood brain barrier (BBB) is a major rate limiting factor for the drugs. The desired drug concentration could not be achieved through the conventional drug delivery system. Thus, nanocarrier based drug delivery systems are promising for delivering drug to brain. Nasal route is a most convenient for targeting drug to the brain. Several factors and mechanisms need to be considered for an effective delivery of drug to the brain particularly AD. Various nanoparticlized systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, phytosomes, nanoemulsion, nanosphere, etc. have been recognized as an effective drug delivery system for the management of AD. These nanocarriers have been proven with improved permeability as well as bioavailability of the anti-Alzheimer’s drugs. Some novel drug delivery systems of anti-Alzheimer drugs are under investigation of different phase of clinical trials. Present article highlights on the nanotechnology based intranasal drug delivery system for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, consequences of AD, transportation mechanism, clinical updates and recent patents on nose to brain delivery for AD have been discussed.
41
Arroyo-Kalin, Manuel, and Philip Riris. "Did pre-Columbian populations of the Amazonian biome reach carrying capacity during the Late Holocene?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1816 (November 30, 2020): 20190715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0715.
Анотація:
The increasingly better-known archaeological record of the Amazon basin, the Orinoco basin and the Guianas both questions the long-standing premise of a pristine tropical rainforest environment and also provides evidence for major biome-scale cultural and technological transitions prior to European colonization. Associated changes in pre-Columbian human population size and density, however, are poorly known and often estimated on the basis of unreliable assumptions and guesswork. Drawing on recent developments in the aggregate analysis of large radiocarbon databases, here we present and examine different proxies for relative population change between 1050 BC and AD 1500 within this broad region. By using a robust model testing approach, our analyses document that the growth of pre-Columbian human population over the 1700 years prior to European colonization adheres to a logistic model of demographic growth. This suggests that, at an aggregate level, these pre-Columbian populations had potentially reached carrying capacity (however high) before the onset of European colonization. Our analyses also demonstrate that this aggregate scenario shows considerable variability when projected geographically, highlighting significant gaps in archaeological knowledge yet also providing important insights into the resilience of past human food procurement strategies. By offering a new understanding of biome-wide pre-Columbian demographic trends based on empirical evidence, our analysis hopes to unfetter novel perspectives on demic expansions, language diversification trajectories and subsistence intensification processes in the Amazonian biome during the late Holocene. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography’.
42
Galeta, Patrik, and Anna Pankowská. "A new method for estimating growth and fertility rates using age-at-death ratios in small skeletal samples: The effect of mortality and stochastic variation." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): e0286580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286580.
Анотація:
The common procedure for reconstructing growth and fertility rates from skeletal samples involves regressing a growth or fertility rate on the age-at-death ratio, an indicator that captures the proportion of children and juveniles in a skeletal sample. Current methods derive formulae for predicting growth and fertility rates in skeletal samples from modern reference populations with many deaths, although recent levels of mortality are not good proxies for prehistoric populations, and stochastic error may considerably affect the age distributions of deaths in small skeletal samples. This study addresses these issues and proposes a novel algorithm allowing a customized prediction formula to be produced for each target skeletal sample, which increases the accuracy of growth and fertility rate estimation. Every prediction equation is derived from a unique reference set of simulated skeletal samples that match the target skeletal sample in size and assumed mortality level of the population that the target skeletal sample represents. The mortality regimes of reference populations are based on model life tables in which life expectancy can be flexibly set between 18 and 80 years. Regression models provide a reliable prediction; the models explain 83–95% of total variance. Due to stochastic variation, the prediction error is large when the estimate is based on a small number of skeletons but decreases substantially with increasing sample size. The applicability of our approach is demonstrated by a comparison with baseline estimates, defined here as predictions based on the widely used Bocquet-Appel (2002, doi: 10.1086/342429) equation.
43
W. Retno Wiratih, Hernawati, M. Havidz Aima, Alfadli Santowijaya, Hermanto Harun, and Muhammad Ridwan. "Management In A New Perspective (In Comparative Study Literature)." Greenation International Journal of Tourism and Management 1, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/gijtm.v1i3.106.
Анотація:
Management Science has been in existence and evolving for about 3,000 years, spanning three distinct eras: prehistoric, historical, and modern. It's evident that knowledge of management is an integral part of human existence. In this article, we aim to introduce a novel perspective on Management, emphasizing the idea that effective management begins with self-mastery before extending to external management endeavors. The approach taken in this article involves merging established management theories with principles from the Alqur'an, Hadith, and works like "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People," "Maximum Achievement," and "Kubik Leadership." Management, in essence, is defined as the art of collaborating with people and utilizing organizational resources to accomplish predefined objectives. In simpler words, it's about employing resources to achieve set goals through effective interactions with people. Islamic teachings emphasize two main purposes for human creation: worshiping the Creator and acting as stewards or natural managers (others management). When fulfilling the role of steward or nature manager, Islamic teachings stress the significance of self-management as a foundation for behavior. This concept is mirrored in the principle of sidiq (fairness), which forms a trust-building self-mirror, ultimately leading to self-growth. The Seven Habits, as presented by Covey, provide guidelines for high effectiveness, emphasizing the importance of personal mastery. Conclusion of this article emphasizing before managing external aspects of one's life and environment through established management theories, it is essential to begin by nurturing oneself. This process involves drawing inspiration from the teachings of the Alqur'an and Hadith, as well as other referenced literature mentioned within this article.
44
Temitope, Arowona Isimot, Aishat Tosin Tiamiyu, and Mubo Adeola Sonibare. "Antipsychotic property of methanol crude extract of <i>Peperomia pellucida</i> (L) Kunth. (Piperaceae) whole plant against ketamine induced psychosis in mice." Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics 23, no. 1 (June 27, 2024): 1192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v23i1.3.
Анотація:
Medicinal plants have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practice since prehistoric times. Numerous plants contain diverse phytochemicals and possess pharmacological actions, many of which remain unassessed by rigorous scientific research of defined efficacy and safety. This study evaluated the antipsychotic activity of Peperomia pellucida methanol crude extract against ketamine induced psychosis in Swiss albino mice. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out following standard procedures, while stereotypy test, Y-maze test, object recognition and forced swim test (FST), were the behavioral models used for the antipsychotic study. The Histopathology of the mice brain was also carried out. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids in the pulverized plant. The crude extract at 125 mg\kg reduced stereotype behavior in Ketamine-induced mice. The extract enhanced cognition in the animals by producing a significant dose-dependent decrease in the number of alternate arm entries and increases the time spent in recognizing a novel object compared to the negative control. In the FST model, 500 mg\kg was more effective in decreasing immobility as compared to negative control. The histopathology of the mice brain showed that the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg produced a similar effect to the standard drug and at 250 mg/kg produced a regenerative effect on brain of the mice.The results established that Peperomia pellucida possesses antipsychotic property against positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of psychosis.
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Huffman, Michael A. "Animal self-medication and ethno-medicine: exploration and exploitation of the medicinal properties of plants." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 2 (May 2003): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2003257.
Анотація:
Early in the co-evolution of plant-animal relationships, some arthropod species began to utilize the chemical defences of plants to protect themselves from their own predators and parasites. It is likely, therefore, that the origins of herbal medicine have their roots deep within the animal kingdom. From prehistoric times man has looked to wild and domestic animals for sources of herbal remedies. Both folklore and living examples provide accounts of how medicinal plants were obtained by observing the behaviour of animals. Animals too learn about the details of self-medication by watching each other. To date, perhaps the most striking scientific studies of animal self-medication have been made on the African great apes. The great ape diet is often rich in plants containing secondary compounds of non-nutritional, sometimes toxic, value that suggest medicinal benefit from their ingestion. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), bonobos (Pan paniscus) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are known to swallow whole and defecate intact leaves. The habit has been shown to be a physical means of purging intestinal parasites. Chimpanzees and man co-existing in sub-Saharan Africa are also known to ingest the bitter pith of Vernonia amygdalina for the control of intestinal nematode infections. Phytochemical studies have demonstrated a wide array of biologically-active properties in this medicinal plant species. In light of the growing resistance of parasites and pathogens to synthetic drugs, the study of animal self-medication and ethno-medicine offers a novel line of investigation to provide ecologically-sound methods for the treatment of parasites using plant-based medicines in populations and their livestock living in the tropics.
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Badnale, Anil B., Vikram S. Sarukh, Yogesh P. Nikam, Amol V. Supekar, and Sandip S. Khandagale. "A review on potential medicinal herbs as health promoters." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 3-S (June 15, 2022): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i3-s.5496.
Анотація:
Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and a moving number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources they have plays an important role in the treatment and management of different diseases. The practice of herbal medicine has existed since prehistoric times as the primary source of medicine. In recent technology has very much advanced, herbal medicines still show and are finding exceptional acceptance in both the developing and the developed countries due to their natural origin and lesser side effects. Traditional herbal remedies as alternative medicine play a significant role. Ginger has an Antiviral effect, Antioxidant effect & Anti-inflammatory effect given. Garlic is an ayurvedic medicinal herb that has been widely used as a medication and as a taste enhancer of the food. In traditional remedies, coriander was used for the relief of gastrointestinal conditions. Turmeric shows different biological activities such as Anti-inflammatory, Anti-viral, Anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, Anti-bacterial, Antiarthritis, Anti-diabetic, Fennel shows carminative and stimulant activities as well as spasmolytic activity due to its volatile and non-volatile compounds. Cardamom is used as a home remedy it helps cure various ailments like indigestion, nausea, headache, etc. Clove is a flavouring agent, antibacterial, stimulant, carminative, fragrant, and antiseptic. It's also used as an antiemetic and an anodyne. Dentists use clove oil to sterilize root canals and as an oral anesthetic. Cinnamon is used in coughs and colds, In brief, the information on medicinal herbs will be helpful to create more interest in this medicinal species by defining novel pharmacological and clinical applications and it may be helpful in developing new drug formulations in the future.
Keywords: Medicinal herbs, health, Ginger, Garlic, Coriander, Turmeric, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Cardamom
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Weets, Jaimin D. "A Promising Mandibular Molar Trait in Ancient Populations of Ireland." Dental Anthropology Journal 22, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v22i3.92.
Анотація:
A novel morphologic feature on the human dental enamel of the permanent mandibular molars is described. The character, named MMPT (mandibular molar pit-tubercle), is situated mesial and occlusal to the position often occupied by the protostylid on the buccal aspect of cusp 1. Three grades of variation, a pit, a groove, and a tubercle were observed, described and categorized for study. The study groups consisted mainly of archaeological specimens from Ireland, representing approximately 5,000 years of prehistoric and early historic populations on the island, dating from the Neolithic (ca. 4,000-1,800 B.C.) through the Early Christian era (ca. A.D. 400-1170). All lower molars (representing 432 individuals) were studied, ranging from 129 to 179 scorable molars depending on tooth type.*Correspondence to: Jaimin D. Weets, Department of Anthropology, 129A MacVicar Hall, 44 Pierrepont Avenue, SUNY Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676E-mail: weetsjd@potsdam.eduGrant sponsorship: This research was made possible by Grant AY2001/10 from The Heritage Council of Ireland, grants from Research and Graduate Studies Office of The Pennsylvania State University, Research and Sponsored Programs SUNY Potsdam, United University Professions SUNY Potsdam and two Hill Grants from The Pennsylvania State University.The third molar more commonly expressed all forms of MMPT than the first or second molars, with approximately 30% of all third molars exhibiting a form of MMPT (28% of lower left third molars and 33% of lower right third molars). The most commonly expressed form of MMPT was Grade 1, the pit form, most commonly on third molars. Individual Viking specimens from Ireland also exhibited MMPT, and the trait appears to be present in East Asian modern humans at a markedly lower rate of expression, and in Homo pekinensis. Further research will clarify any relationships between MMPT, paramolar tubercles, paramolar structures and the protostylid, as well as the utility of MMPT in dental anthropological biodistancing studies.
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Pickartz, Natalie, Robert Hofmann, Stefan Dreibrodt, Knut Rassmann, Liudmyla Shatilo, René Ohlrau, Dennis Wilken, and Wolfgang Rabbel. "Deciphering archeological contexts from the magnetic map: Determination of daub distribution and mass of Chalcolithic house remains." Holocene 29, no. 10 (July 2, 2019): 1637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619857238.
Анотація:
The unique size and development of prehistoric megasites of the north Pontic Cucuteni-Tripolye Chalcolithic groups (4100–3600 BCE) challenge modern archeology and paleoecology. The extremely large number of houses (approximately 3000, mostly burned) necessitates the development of multidisciplinary technologies to gain a holistic understanding of such sites. In this contribution, we introduce a novel geophysical methodology and a detailed analysis of magnetic data – including evolved modeling techniques – to provide critical information about the setup of findings, enabling a thorough understanding of the settlement dynamics, apart from invasive excavation techniques. The case study is based on data from magnetic field maps and distribution maps of the daub and pottery find categories. This information is used to infer magnetic models for each find category to numerically calculate their magnetic fields for comparison with the archeological data. The comparison quantifies the sensitivity of the magnetic measurements with respect to the distribution of the different find categories. Next, via inversion computation, the characteristic depth functions of soil magnetization are used to generate maps of magnetization from the measured magnetic field maps. To validate the inverted soil magnetization maps, the magnetic excavation models are used, providing an interpretational frame for the application to magnetic anomalies outside excavated areas. This joint magnetic and archeological methodology allows estimating the find density and testing hypotheses about the burning processes of the houses. In this paper, we show internal patterns of burned houses, comparable to archeological house models, and their calculated masses as examples of the methodology. An application of the new approach to complete megasites has the potential to enable a better understanding of the settlement structure and its evolution, improve the quality of population estimations, and thus calculate the human impact on the forest steppe environment and address questions of resilience and carrying capacity.
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Parker, Wesley G., Yurena Yanes, Eduardo Mesa Hernández, Juan Carlos Hernández Marrero, Jorge Pais, and Donna Surge. "Scale of time-averaging in archaeological shell middens from the Canary Islands." Holocene 30, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619883020.
Анотація:
Characterizing the degree of disturbance in archaeological deposits is critically important for archaeologists assessing foraging strategies, environmental conditions, or behavior patterns of ancient human groups. Qualitative techniques (e.g. micromorphology analysis) have previously been applied to assess the degree of disturbance (age-mixing) in archaeological sites; however, quantitative dating of material in the sites provides a more robust assessment of potential age-mixing. Unfortunately, because of budget constraints, archaeologists are frequently forced to rely on few quantitative age dates for an assemblage, thus obfuscating the signal of age-mixing of the deposit. The development of an affordable and rapid carbonate-target accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) dating method provides a cost-effective way to retrieve more quantitative dates from carbonate material in archaeological assemblages to assess the degree of age-mixing in the deposit. This study tests this new technique and dates numerous harvested marine limpet shells from archaeological sites in the Canary Islands to determine whether there is multidecadal to multicentennial age-mixing. A total of 58 shells retrieved from six sites and three islands yielded uncalibrated radiocarbon ages ranging from 2265 ± 40 to 765 ± 35 BP, coinciding with the time of prehistoric human occupation in these islands. While most shells from the same stratum showed statistically equivalent ages, in some cases we detected age ranges that exceeded the imprecisions from analytical errors. This investigation is one of the first to quantitatively illustrate that shells retrieved from depth intervals without evident stratigraphic disturbance do not always contain contemporaneous remains and, therefore, dating each specimen is valuable for developing further paleoclimatic and paleoanthropological inferences. This study presents the first report of carbonate-target 14C ages from archaeological shell middens, and suggests that this novel radiocarbon methodology can be applied to these sites, thus allowing the generation of a more comprehensive chronology.
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Nath, Rajat, Shreeta Singha, Deepa Nath, Gitishree Das, Jayanta Kumar Patra, and Anupam Das Talukdar. "Phytochemicals from Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng Show Potent Inhibitory Activity against B-Raf, EGFR, K-Ras, and PI3K of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Targets." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 11749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211749.
Анотація:
The major cause of death around the world is cardiovascular disease, while cancer ranks second. Lung cancer stands out as a major cause of concern because it accounts for 12% of all cancer cases and is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Since prehistoric times, humans have relied on plants as a reliable resource for all three of these essentials: food, livestock, and healthcare. When it comes to treating human illness, plants have been relied on extensively. Researchers are becoming increasingly intrigued by the prospect of deciphering plant chemistry. The Alliaceae plant family has yielded many novel phytochemicals. To identify a potent phytocompound against lung cancer from the plant Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were performed. Before that, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DDPH free radicals scavenging activity were determined in order to select the best plant extract. Four targets for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were retrieved in mutated form by literature mining to carry out this work. EGFR and B-Raf were selected as cell proliferating proteins and K-Ras and PI3K were selected as antiapoptotic proteins. Molecular docking was performed against these targets with the 94 phytocompounds present in Allium tuberosum, which were identified by GC-MS and LC-MS. Chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiling was also conducted with the nine best-screened compounds. Americine, an alkaloid from this plant, showed inhibitory activity against all four selected targets and was bound more strongly than their respective positive controls in docking studies amongst all other phytocompounds. The ADMET study also confirmed the drug-like candidature of the compound. This study reveals the alternative therapeutic potential of americine against NSCLC by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation.