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Дисертації з теми "Prédateurs supérieurs marins"
Fauvel, Thomas. "Dynamique de métapopulation chez deux prédateurs supérieurs des récifs coralliens." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066578.
Повний текст джерелаIn heterogeneous environments, local and global dynamics of fragmented populations are strongly influenced by dispersal between patches. This thesis focused on the case of two top predators of coral reefs, sea kraits Laticauda saintgironsi and L. Laticaudata. These amphibious marine snakes live as distinct philopatric populations on small islets, and forage on the surrounding bottoms for anguilliform fish (moray and conger eels). Our results highlighted the strong connectivity between populations through the ontogenetic partitioning and natal dispersal between nurseries and adult colonies. We also shown that the biomass and structure of their anguilliform prey vary across sites with environmental factors, and ultimately affect the body condition, growth and survival in sea kraits; promoting a source-sink dynamic. Different eco-physiological constrains impeded ideal free distribution in both species; and they responded differently to the spatial heterogeneity of their environment. One displayed higher nomadism to select patches with high resource quality. The other was constrained in its distribution by the availability of suitable terrestrial micro-habitats, but displayed higher phenotypic plasticity in growth and size to cope with the spatial variability of the resource. Finally, this metapopulation dynamic in those top predators of the coral reefs may have strong influence on the small scale variations in the structures of anguilliform fish community through strong but asymmetric predation pressure
Sudre, J. "Circulation submésoéchelle et comportements des prédateurs marins supérieurs : Apport de l'analyse multi-échelles et multi-capteurs." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00929804.
Повний текст джерелаSudre, Joël. "Circulation submésoéchelle et comportements des prédateurs marins supérieurs : apport de l'analyse multi-échelles et multi-capteurs." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3090/.
Повний текст джерелаThe ocean is governed by complex movements at all spatio-temporal scales. Within an mean and global circulation exists a secondary circulation inhabited by fronts, meanders, narrow jets, eddies, named mesoscale circulation. Observation with satellites allows a description and a synoptic evaluation of this dynamics at mesoscale by using altimetric and scatterometric data. This evaluation was the first objective of the thesis and allowed to develop a product distributed to the international scientific community : the GEKCO product. However, the description of submesoscale processes at finer resolution requires the use of super-resolution data (like ocean color or sea surface temperature) which have the ability to represent all the complexity of an ocean in fully developed turbulence. A method between physical oceanography and "science of the complexity" using the microcanonical formulation of the multiplicative cascade, the GEKCO product and sea surface temperature images was the topic of the second part of this manuscript. The ocean dynamics being the keystone of all marine ecosystems, the last part of this thesis was dedicated to the meso and submesoscale impact of the ocean dynamics to the trophic chain by focusing on its two extremities. Study of the flow at submesoscale allowed to show that it plays a preponderant role on the marine biomass ; role of activator in open ocean and role of inhibitor in the east boundary upwelling systems. Various studies on top marine predator paths demonstrated the necessity of taking into account the ocean dynamics to interpret their navigational behavior
Certain, Grégoire. "Distribution, abondance et stratégies de recherche alimentaires chez les prédateurs supérieurs du golfe de Gascogne : une approche spatialisée." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS204.
Повний текст джерелаThis work proposes a new insight on an animals community which is poorly know and focus on the community of marine predator (seabirds and marine mammals) in the bay of Biscay. On the basis of airplane and ship-based transect surveys, and by using spatial analysis, the distribution and the abundance of the marine predator in the French Atlantic continental shelf is characterized for the first time. The distribution and the abundance of the marine predator offer new management information’s in the context of putting up marine protected area. After a thorough study on bias associated with pelagic aerial strip transects survey, this works round on three principal thematic: spatial distribution and temporal variability, abundance and prey consummation and lastly on foraging strategy. In a fundamental point of view, an innovative approach to quantify spatio-temporal variability of seabird’s distribution is proposed. This approach allows revealing areas with low temporal variability (i. E. Stable area) and areas with high temporal variability (i. E. Variable area) of seabird’s spatial distribution, and the spatial scales at which this variability is expressed. Large scale habitats of marine mammals have been modelled too, which revealed the important area of their spatial distribution. Our abundance estimates coupled to previous study on foraging diet lead us to conclude that consummation of prey by marine predators is in same order than fisheries activity in terms of biomass. Lastly, based on a foraging seabird species « the northern gannets » as a study model, fine scale spatial networks is revealed which is interpreted as an increase of information using from their congeners (i. E. Public information), this typical spatial organisation will increase the probability of finding preys in a highly variable, dynamic, and unpredictable marine environment. These results emphasize the importance of using statistical tools and concepts of spatial ecology to answer to fundamental and applied questions on structures, functioning and management of wildlife population
Jenouvrier, Stéphanie. "Influence de la variabilité environnementale sur les stratégies démographiques des populations de prédateurs supérieurs : la communauté d'oiseaux marins en Antarctique." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066413.
Повний текст джерелаThiers, Laurie. "Utilisation des prédateurs supérieurs pour déterminer les zones d'importance pour la biodiversité : comparaison de différentes méthodes de mise en évidence de "hotspots"." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS025/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe numerous threats that marine environment face, coupled with the evidence for a global biodiversity loss during last decades have lead to an increasing need for setting up conservation measures. Particularly, delimiting Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the French Southern Territories, which are home to an exceptional biodiversity and extensive human activities through industrial fisheries, would be extremely beneficial for species conservation. In order to identify areas of ecological significance for biodiversity, which could be good MPA candidates, the use of distribution data from top marine predators seems to be ideal. Thanks to their high position in trophic network, they are likely to integrate lowers trophic level species distribution. Moreover, they are easy to observe trough at-sea observation campaigns, and easy to equip with telemetric devices thank to their central place foraging that lead them to return regularly to their colony during breeding season. Here, we analyse distribution data and develop habitat models from several top predators species in both subantarctic and tropical regions to highlight biodiversity hotspots within the French Southern Territories. This work could thus be use as a basis to define potential boundaries for a future MPA
Cotté, Cédric. "Influence des processus mesoéchelle sur la distribution et les mouvements des prédateurs marins supérieurs : le cas des cétacés en Méditerranée occidentale et des manchots royaux de Crozet." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22029.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding marine predator distribution and the oceanographic factors driving this distribution at several scales are crucial challenges at the frontier between oceanography end ecology. This PhD aimed to use a multidisciplinary approach to describe the relationships between distribution and tracks of predators and their environment at several scales, especially at (sub)mesoscale. The novelty of this work was to highlight and also quantify the influence of the (sub)mesoscale through the interactions of marine predators with eddy and filamentary activities. These interactions are represented by a strong link between predator and dynamical areas generated by eddies, defined by fronts and intense currents, especially at the edge. We hypothesized that the (sub)mesoscale processes stimulate and shape the marine environment and resources, conditioning predator distribution and movements
Trystram, Clément. "Écologie trophique de poissons prédateurs et contribution à l'étude des réseaux trophiques marins aux abords de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0032/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe general aim of this Ph.D thesis is to analyse the feeding relationship between the different predators of multiple habitats. Carried out between January 2012 and December 2014 in collaboration with the fishing stakeholders, the sampling focused on species of commercial interest or interacting with fisheries (bycatches and depredators). Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes ratio and stomacal content analysis were used to determine the organic matter they depend on, their interspecific relationships and the factors influencing their diets. Results show a wide disparity between species caught in shallow water and the deep ones. Despite their association with the benthic environment, deepwater species (100-600m) indirectly rely on surface primary production through their vertically migrating prey. This dependence on mesopelagic organism induce consequently a high dietary overlap between pairwise species, although alleviated by their presence in different bathymetric areas. Shallow species are split into three distinct diet categories along a shore-offshore gradient. Tiger shark are likely to form an homogeneous population composed with generalist individuals conversely to bull sharks which are forming an assorted population of individuals specialized on different resources. Those results tend to promote an habitat-focused approach, more suitable for the management of deepwater species, whereas a species-focused approach would rather be more effective for shallow, highly mobile species
Assali, Camille. "Contribution des radars embarqués à l'étude des stratégies collectives de recherche alimentaire chez les oiseaux marins." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT075/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the ocean, prey is patchily distributed. To overcome this challenge, pelagic seabirds benefit from social information from conspecifics, heterospecifics, or fishing boats.As part of this dissertation, we aim at evaluating the influence of different information sources in seabird foraging strategies in the tropical pelagic environment.Seabirds can detect visible predators or boats at distances of over ten kilometres. We thus study the distribution of seabirds at sub-meso-scale, analysing images recorded from a radar on board a tuna purse-seiner. Radar images provide a visualisation of the instantaneous distribution of the in-flight seabird community as well as seabird movements within thirty kilometres of the seiner. We detect over-aggregatedand temporary patterns, spanning about ten kilometers, within flying seabirds’ distribution. Distancesbetween seabird groups are compatible with information exchanges within these aggregations. A finer scale study reveals coordinated flights of seabird groups distant of hundreds of meters from each others (« rakes »), and suggesting a high level of coordination during foraging. We then investigate the potential disturbance induced by the seiner in the seabirds’ foraging network.First results indicate that seabirds can discriminate the different seiner’s activities.To our knowledge, this work is the first contribution of on board radars use for the study of seabird ecology in the high seas, and opens interesting perspectives, such as the understanding of interactions’ dynamics within the marine top-predators guild
Planque, Yann. "Écologie trophique de deux espèces sympatriques de phoques en périphérie de leur aire de répartition." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS032.
Повний текст джерелаHarbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) are two sympatric marine mammal species that are increasingly considered as potential competitors, especially at their European core distributions. The objective of this PhD was to study the foraging strategies and trophic ecology of these species at the limit of their range (Baie de Somme, Eastern English Channel, France), and to investigate the hypothesis of potential interspecific competition. Biotelemetry devices were fitted on 49 individuals to document their movements and dives at sea.The analysis of surface locations and diving behaviour, completed recently by the detection of Prey Capture Attempts (accelerometry), allowed for a better understanding of the two seal species’ foraging strategies and improved the detection of their foraging areas. Trophic niches of the two seal species were then characterised with the analysis of diet, stable isotopes (in the whiskers of the same captured individuals), and foraging areas. A high interspecific trophic overlap was identified between these niches, resulting from the consumption of benthic flatfish in coastal areas, and we suggest that it provides here the basis for potential competition between both species. This study also showed the key role of individual foraging strategies on the ecological conclusions at the scale of the species/sub-population, including that the potential competition may be due to some individual grey seal strategies. Continuing these studies is essential to detect any potential ecological changes that could be trophically-induced