Дисертації з теми "Precision movements"
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1
Fleming, Peter Mark. "High precision EDM for the monitoring of surface movements." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328399.
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Hollands, Mark Andrew. "Visuomotor control strategies for precision stepping in man." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389118.
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3
Mantel, Gerardus Wilhelmus Henricus. "The role of the corticomotor system in precision finger movements." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235921.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ability to perform precise and relatively independent movements of the fingers is an important feature of the primate's motor repetoire. A substantial amount of evidence suggests a special role for the hand area of the motor cortex in the execution of these movements, and in particular, thoses cells which make direct cortico-motoneuronal connections with motoneurones innervating the hand muscles. The axons of these corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells form part of the pyramidal tract. The subject of this study is the influence of these CM cells upon the activity of hand muscles in the conscious monkey performing a precision grip task between thumb and index fingers. Three aspects of the cortico-motoneuronal connection have been investigated; 1. The effect of discharges in individual CM cells on the gross e.m.g. activity of intrinsic hand and forearm muscles, and the distribution of these effects over various muscles. 2. The effect of individual CM cell discharge on the single motor unit activity in the intrinsic thumb muscles. 3. The significance of differences in firing frequency of individual CM cells upon their modulation of gross e.m.g. The spike-triggered averaging technique was employed to study the overall effect of identified pyramidal tract neurones (PTN) on gross e.m.g. activity. Rectified gross e.m.g. was averaged with respect to the discharges of single PTNs. The influence of the triggering cortical cell was revealed in the averages as a transient increase in muscle activity at the appropriate time after the cell had fired. This effect is called post-spike facilitation (PSF). The occurance of PSF in the spike-triggered average was taken as evidence that the triggering cells made a direct, presumably monosynaptic, connection with the motoneurones of the muscle in question. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of PSF are discussed. The activity of 5 to 10 intrinsic hand and forearm muscles were averaged with respect to individual PTNs. In this way the PSF distribution over different muscles, produced by one cortical cell, could be determined. It was established that CM cells produce PSF in a relatively restricted number of muscles (2-3 out of 10 tested). The impact of CM cells on the discharge activity of single motor units was studied by cross-correlating both spike trains. To overcome the considerable sampling problem, the occurrence of PSF in the spike-triggered gross e.m.g. average was used as a criterion for further cross-correlation analysis. The cross-correlogram peaks half-width and onset latency were suggestive for monosynaptic excitation of the motoneurones. Different approaches are discussed to estimate the strength of these connections and to relate these strengths to the number of synpatic boutons that the CM cell makes upon its target motoneurones. In terms of the number of extra discharges fired by the single motor unit in response to CM cell firing, the effects can be described as weak (5-20 extra motor unit spikes per 1000 CM cell discharges). It was possible to study the connectivity of single CM cells with different motor units of the same muscle by simultaneously recording several (2-5) motor units. It was found that if a CM cell showed a correlogram peak with one of the concurrently sampled motor units, most other motor units sampled from the same muscle would give correlogram peaks with the same CM cell. This finding is suggestive for a rather diffuse collateralization of the CM cell axons within the motoneurone pool of the target muscle. Finally the influence of different firing frequencies of CM cells on the form and strength of PSF effects was investigated. A striking result was that discharges preceded by long interspike intervals (> 50ms)could still exert quite powerful excitatory effects. The results of this series of experiments further elucidate the nature of the corticomotoneuronal connection and give an impression of the facilitatory capacity of single CM cells on motoneurons innervating the hand muscles.
4
Monaco, Simona <1978>. "Contribution of Vision and Proprioception to the Precision of Reaching Movements." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1540/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ren and colleagues (2006) found that saccades to visual targets became less accurate when somatosensory information about hand location was added, suggesting that saccades rely mainly on vision. We conducted two kinematic experiments to examine whether or not reaching movements would also show such strong reliance on vision. In Experiment 1, subjects used their dominant right hand to perform reaches, with or without a delay, to an external visual target or to their own left fingertip positioned either by the experimenter or by the participant. Unlike saccades, reaches became more accurate and precise when proprioceptive information was available. In Experiment 2, subjects reached toward external or bodily targets with differing amounts of visual information. Proprioception improved performance only when vision was limited. Our results indicate that reaching movements, unlike saccades, are improved rather than impaired by the addition of somatosensory information.
5
Wong, Yvonne, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Precision grasping in people : a detailed analysis of the central and external properties of precision grasping from the young to the elderly." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2004, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/294.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To understand the grasping abnormalities in Parkinson's or stroke patients, normal grasping must be examined, and whether that normality is determined by biological factors or experiential influence must also be considered. The purpose of this thesis is to determine what normal variations of precision grasping exist in healthy, normal adults, children and elderly people. Using Eshkol-Wachmann Movement Notation, five types of contact strategies were interpolated, based on the digit that contacts the object first, and whether that digit dragged or stabilized the object for grasping. Each contact strategy was associated with an ideal graphical representation of the thumb and index finger velocities. There were seven variations of purchase patterns, based on the digits used to contact the objects, and four variations of postures of the non-grasping digits on top of the five contact strategies. Object size affected purchase pattern preference: smaller objects elicited the pincer grasp more than the larger objects. The purchase pattern distribution of variation is similar in adults and children, although children exhibit an extra purchase pattern, and older adults exhibit less variation purchase patterns. The findings from this thesis suggest that central factors, such as gender and handedness, as well as external factors, such as size of the object, determine individual preference of grasping. The loss of variation with age can be attributed to the developing corticospinal tract in children as well as the deterioration of normal hand function in the elderly.ix, 116 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
6
Krupnik, Viktoria, Ingo Nietzold, Bengt Bartsch, and Beate Rassler. "The effect of motor-respiratory coordination on the precision of tracking movements." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-192035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: We investigated motor-respiratory coordination (MRC) in visually guided forearm tracking movements focusing on two main questions: (1) Does attentional demand, training or complexity of the tracking task have an effect on the degree of MRC? (2) Does MRC impair the precision of those movements? We hypothesized that (1) enhanced attention to the tracking task and training increase the degree of MRC while higher task complexity would reduce it, and (2) MRC impairs tracking precision.
Methods: Thirty-five volunteers performed eight tracking trials with several conditions: positive (direct) signal–response relation (SRR), negative (inverse) SRR to increase task complexity, specific instruction for enhanced attention to maximize tracking precision (“strict” instruction), and specific instruction that tracking precision would not be evaluated (“relaxed” instruction). The trials with positive and negative SRR were performed three times each to study training effects.
Results: While the degree of MRC remained in the same range throughout all experimental conditions, a switch in phase-coupling pattern was observed. In conditions with positive SRR or with relaxed instruction, we found one preferred phase-relationship per period. With higher task complexity (negative SRR) or increased attentional demand (strict instruction), a tighter coupling pattern with two preferred phase-relationships per period was adopted. Our main result was that MRC improved tracking precision in all conditions except for that with relaxed instruction. Reduction of amplitude errors mainly contributed to this precision improvement.
Conclusion: These results suggest that attention devoted to a precision movement intensifies its phase-coupling with breathing and enhances MRC-related improvement of tracking precision.
7
Cannon, Jesse R. "Compliant mechanisms to perform bearing and spring functions in high precision applications /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd599.pdf.
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8
Kuznetsov, Nikita A. "Modulation and Coordination of Respiratory Rhythm with Discrete Finger Movements in Manual Precision Aiming." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1291407910.
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9
Krupnik, Viktoria, Ingo Nietzold, Bengt Bartsch, and Beate Rassler. "The effect of motor-respiratory coordination on the precision of tracking movements: influence of attention, task complexity and training." European journal of applied physiology (2015) 115, 12, S. 2543-2556, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: We investigated motor-respiratory coordination (MRC) in visually guided forearm tracking movements focusing on two main questions: (1) Does attentional demand, training or complexity of the tracking task have an effect on the degree of MRC? (2) Does MRC impair the precision of those movements? We hypothesized that (1) enhanced attention to the tracking task and training increase the degree of MRC while higher task complexity would reduce it, and (2) MRC impairs tracking precision.
Methods: Thirty-five volunteers performed eight tracking trials with several conditions: positive (direct) signal–response relation (SRR), negative (inverse) SRR to increase task complexity, specific instruction for enhanced attention to maximize tracking precision (“strict” instruction), and specific instruction that tracking precision would not be evaluated (“relaxed” instruction). The trials with positive and negative SRR were performed three times each to study training effects.
Results: While the degree of MRC remained in the same range throughout all experimental conditions, a switch in phase-coupling pattern was observed. In conditions with positive SRR or with relaxed instruction, we found one preferred phase-relationship per period. With higher task complexity (negative SRR) or increased attentional demand (strict instruction), a tighter coupling pattern with two preferred phase-relationships per period was adopted. Our main result was that MRC improved tracking precision in all conditions except for that with relaxed instruction. Reduction of amplitude errors mainly contributed to this precision improvement.
Conclusion: These results suggest that attention devoted to a precision movement intensifies its phase-coupling with breathing and enhances MRC-related improvement of tracking precision.
10
Čáp, Pavel. "Opakovaná nivelace na vodním zdroji Tetčice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225585.
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This master’s thesis deals with the vertical movements of foundation soil in village Tetčice. In the first part describes geological structures and problems in locality. A next chapter deals with surveying vertical movements, measurements and evaluation. As addition is measurement actually groundwater level depending on the line levelling.
11
McCaffrey, Kevin. "Cephalometric regional superimpositions -- digital vs. analog accuracy and precision: 2. the mandible." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2014. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_cdm_stuetd/19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Lateral cephalometric superimpositions (LCS) are used to measure dental and skeletal changes that occur in the craniofacial complex over time. Orthodontists use LCSs to assess treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of the measured displacement of defined dental landmarks across digital and analog methods of mandibular regional serial superimposition as compared to an implant-registered superimposition reference. The data used in this study was derived from the Mathew's Acquisition Group implant sample; the first United States longitudinal study of growing children with maxillary and mandibular Björk type metallic implants. Methods: Sixty-six lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected from twenty-two children. Three cephalometric tracings were completed for each subject that were then superimposed pairwise (T1 vs. T2, T2 vs. T3) across four separate methods of superimposition, two analog: Implant, Structural; and two digital: Dolphin, Quick Ceph. Each superimposition was then imported into Adobe Photoshop where the images were scaled and the displacement of defined dental structures was measured. Defined dental structures included: (1) first molar mesial contact point, (2) first molar apical root bisection, (3) central incisor root apex, and (4) central incisor crown incisal edge. A random-effects, generalized linear model was used to contrast dental landmark displacement measurements. Results: There was no difference between the mean displacement of defined dental structures between different methods (p=0.145). There was no difference between the different methods by defined dental structure (p=0.150). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that there are no statistically significant differences among three methods of mandibular regional superimposition in comparison to an implant-registered (reference) method (analog: Structural, Implant; digital: Dolphin, and Quick Ceph). The historical data set utilized in our study, limited by the small sample size, resulted in a relatively low power (0.15). A low power increases the likelihood of incorrectly failing to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false. which must be considered in our study.
12
Bai, Jie. "Robust navigation algorithms for aircraft precision approach, landing and surface movement using global navigation satellite systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501434.
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13
Thedon, Thibaud. "Amélioration de l'acuité proprioceptive par la stimulation cutanée." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON14002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La proprioception permet de fournir des informations spatio-temporelles pour calibrer un espace moteur, ajuster la trajectoire des mouvements, l'équilibre, la direction des mouvements, et la coordination intermembres et multiarticulaires. Nous prenons à partir des récepteurs sensoriels une information liée à la vitesse du geste, à sa direction, à son amplitude et à son orientation. Bien que les muscles soient définis comme étant les récepteurs sensoriels contribuant principalement à fournir une information proprioceptive, les récepteurs cutanés avec l'étirement de la peau au cours du mouvement montrent des capacités à fournir une information redondante aux récepteurs musculaires. Cependant au regard de la contribution des récepteurs musculaires, le poids attribué aux informations cutanées est relativement faible hormis dans des situations précises où la contribution des récepteurs musculaires est altérée comme en situation de fatigue musculaire ou minimisée comme lors de l'évaluation du sens de la position articulaire. Le champ de la médecine sportive suggère que les différents supports de prévention des traumatismes améliorent l'acuité proprioceptive par une stimulation des récepteurs cutanés. Il reste néanmoins quelques points à éclaircir, en particulier comment pouvons nous stimuler la peau ? Au cours de trois expérimentations, nous avons testé deux moyens, la pression et les forces de cisaillement pour améliorer l'acuité proprioceptive. Dans l'ensemble nos résultats montrent une amélioration de la pertinence des informations cutanées par une diminution de l'incertitude dans le choix de la position articulaire ce traduisant par une amélioration de la précision de nos mouvements. Cette amélioration est indépendante du niveau de pression et serait en lien avec la création de force de cisaillement là où la peau s'étire le plus avec le mouvementProprioception can provide spatiotemporal information for calibrating a motor space, adjust the trajectory of movement, balance, direction of movement, and coordination and Inter multiarticulaires. We take from the sensory receptors of information related to the speed of movement, its leadership, its amplitude and its direction. Although the muscles are defined as sensory receptors contributing primarily to provide information proprioceptive receptors in the skin of the tethering of the skin during movement show a capacity to provide redundant information to muscle receptors. However, in view of the contribution of muscle receptors, the weight given to information skin is relatively low except in specific situations where the contribution of muscle receptors is altered as experiencing muscle fatigue or minimized as in the evaluation of the meaning of joint position. The field of sports medicine suggests that different media Injury Prevention im prove proprioceptive acuity by stimulation of cutaneous receptors. It remains to clarify some points, especially how can we stimulate the skin? In three experiments, we tested two methods, pressure and shear forces to improve proprioceptive acuity. Overall our results show an improvement in the adequacy of the information skin by reducing the uncertainty in the choice of this joint position resulting in improved accuracy of our movements. This improvement is independent of pressure level and be linked with the creation of shear force where the skin stretches over with the movement
14
Kafa, Aziz. "La perception et la précision spatio-temporelle : représentation mentale et production réelle de mouvements synchrones." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE1125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Notre étude portait sur la similarité fonctionnelle entre mode réel et mental au niveau de la perception et la production spatiotemporelle par le biais d’une tâche continue et répétitive.L’hypothèse était que, lors de l’utilisation de la même tâche motrice en deux modes d’action, la différence d’implication de l’horloge interne et/ou de programme moteur va engendrer une différence entre les patterns des mouvements ainsi qu’une différence dans la perception et la précision spatio-temporelle dans chacun des deux modes d’action.D’après les résultats, il s’avère que les modes mental et réel partagent la même échelle de temps. Le tempo a significativement affecté la perception temporelle en mode réel et mental. Des effets de surestimation avec le tempo rapide ont été retenus pour les deux modes d’action. Cela appuie notre hypothèse secondaire, à savoir «L’amplification des feedbacks sensoriels périphériques est de nature à faciliter un contrôle impulsionnel du temps malgré une exécution de mouvements continus. Les caractéristiques des mouvements (vitesse, variabilité de la forme, précision spatiotemporelle) seront donc modifiées par la présence de Feedback périphérique de nature impulsionnelle »Cependant, le fait de donner des Feedback auditif, tactile ou les deux combinés ne joue pas significativement sur les patterns produits par les sujets. Cela va à l’inverse de notre hypothèse principale qui prévoyait des perceptions spatiotemporelles différentes entre les deux modes selon le Feedback employéOur study focused on the functional similarity between the spatiotemporal perception and production, in real and mental execution of ellipses drawing as a continuous and repetitive task.We hypothesized that the same motor task in mentally or real produced action would generate different patterns of movement (spatiotemporal precision) and different time perceptions.According to the results, it seems that the mental and real modes share the same time scale. The tempo has significantly affected the temporal perception in real and mental mode. Overestimation of time was present in both modes of action.These data support our secondary hypothesis "The amplification of peripheral sensory feedback is likely to facilitate impulse control time despite an execution of continuous movements.The movement characteristics (speed, shape variability, precision spatiotemporal) will therefore be modified by the presence of feedback periphery with impulse nature"
15
Sommer, Marius. "Effect of timing training in golf and soccer players : skill, movement organization, and brain activity." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-86664.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Although trainers and athletes consider ‘good timing skills’ to be critical for optimal sport performance, little is known in regard to how sport-specific skills may benefit from timing training. Thus, assuming that all motor performances are mediated by an internal timing mechanism, enhanced motor timing is expected to have positive effects on both planning and execution of movement performance, and consequently on complex sports actions as golf or soccer. Accordingly, in order to increase our knowledge of the importance of motor timing and possible effects of timing training, this thesis examines the effects of synchronized metronome training (SMT), thought to improve the execution of motor programs and to enhance motor skills in golf and soccer players. Methods Study I examined the effects of SMT on motor timing abilities and its potential effect on golf shot accuracy and consistency in 25 experienced male golfers. Additionally, Study II examined the effects of SMT on the spatiotemporal movement organisation and dynamics of the golf swing performance, as captured by kinematic measurements and analyses in thirteen male golfers. Study III examined the effect of SMT on accuracy and variability in a soccer specific, cross-pass task in elite and sub-elite female soccer players. Moreover, the underlying brain activity was assessed by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the corresponding neural activity when passively observing the cross-pass task, and the possible pre- to post training effects. Results SMT was shown to improve motor timing ability, by means of less timing asynchrony and with associated changes in timing variability, in both golf- and soccer-players. Additionally, significant improvements in golf shot and soccer cross-pass performance, by means of significant increase in outcome accuracy combined with a decrease in outcome variability was found. From the kinematic investigation in Study II, results indicate that improved motor timing, as an effect of SMT, lead to a more coordinated and dynamic swing performance, and with decreased variability in the temporal structure of the swing motion. Finally, it was found that SMT induces changes in the activity of the action observation network (AON), underpinning action observation and action prediction, by means of decreased activation within bilateral cerebellum, fusiform gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. These findings hint at a more efficient pattern of neural recruitment during action observation, after SMT. Conclusion In summary, this thesis provides evidence that four weeks of SMT improved the participant’s motor timing and synchronization abilities, and showed influence on both behavioral and neurophysiological motor programs and skill performance in golf and soccer players. Thus, by improved outcome accuracy and decreased variability, affecting the coordinated movement pattern and organisation, as well as affecting the associated underlying brain activation.
16
Janzen, Thenille Braun. "Rhythmic movement: The role of expectancy and skill in event and emergent timing." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-02122014-164038/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent investigations suggest that rhythmic movements rely on two distinct timing systems: event and emergent timing. Event timing is based on an explicit internal representation of the temporal interval marked by clear perceptual detectible events whereas emergent timing is derived from the dynamics of smooth and continuous movements. However, crucial aspects of the distinction between these mechanisms remain unclear. This thesis investigates the role of expectancy and skill in the internal representation of time in event timing and emergent timing. Chapter 1 introduces the theoretical framework that supports the differentiation between event and emergent timing mechanisms and presents the hypotheses that were tested. Chapter 2 describes a series of five experiments that investigated the role of expectancy through examining the effect of a single unexpected perturbation of feedback content (e.g. pitch, timbre, intensity) on timing of finger tapping. Chapter 3 expands this question by investigating the effect of unexpected auditory perturbations on two types of timed movements: event and emergent timing. The role of expertise and training on motor timing is the subject of discussion of Chapters 4 to 6 where a total of 4 experiments tested the effect of expertise and music training on accuracy of finger tapping and circle drawing tasks. More specifically, Chapter 4 compares accuracy levels of experts in movement-based activities (music and sports) with non experts, whereas Chapters 5 and 6 focus on the effect of music training on event and emergent timing in students of 10 to 14 years of age. Finally, Chapter 7 reviews and discusses the main findings of this body of work with respect to current theories of timing and movement. Foremost, these data challenge current models of human movements controlled by event and emergent timing mechanisms demonstrating that expectancy and training are crucial in determining the timing strategy and the type of expectancy mechanisms adopted to perform distinct rhythmic movementsEstudos recentes sugerem que movimentos rítmicos dependem de dois sistemas distintos para controle do tempo, chamados tempo emergente e discreto. Sugere-se que tempo discreto baseia-se em uma representação interna do tempo intervalar que é marcada por eventos perceptuais evidentes, enquanto tempo emergente origina-se da própria dinâmica dos movimentos contínuous. No entanto, aspectos cruciais da diferença entre esses mecanismos ainda necessitam ser examinados. Esta tese investiga o papel de expectativas e treino no controle temporal de movimentos rítmicos contínuous e discretos. Capítulo 1 introduz as bases teóricas que subsidiam as hipóteses testadas no presente trabalho. Capítulo 2 descreve uma série de cinco experimentos que investigam a importância da retroalimentação auditiva e dos mecanismos de expectativa, e assim examina o efeito de uma perturbação inesperada e transitória no conteúdo do feedback (e.x. altura, timbre, intensidade) na precisão temporal de movimentos rítmicos discretos (i.e. finger tapping). Capítulo 3 expande essa investigação e analisa o efeito de perturbações inesperadas da retroalimentação auditivo em tarefas de movimentos contínuos, como desenhar círculos repetidamente. O papel do treinamento para o controle temporal é foco de discussão nos Capítulos 4 a 6, onde se descrevem um total de quatro experimentos que testam o efeito de expertise e treino na precisão de movimentos em tarefas de finger tapping e desenho de círculos. Mais especificamente, Capítulo 4 compara a performance de músicos e atletas com participantes sem nenhum treinamento nestas áreas a fim de examinar o papel do treinamento no controle motor, enquanto os Capítulo 5 e 6 focam no efeito do treino em música no controle temporal de movimentos rítmicos discretos e contínuous em estudantes de 10 a 14 anos de idade. Capítulo 7 revisa e conclui as discussões propostas com base nos principais resultados descritos neste trabalho. Em suma, os resultados apresentam novas e relevantes informações a respeito da importância de expectativas e do treinamento no controle temporal de movimentos rítmicos, cujas implicações podem contribuir significativamente para áreas relacionadas à pedagogia e reabilitação motora. Além disso, esta tese apresenta novas informações que ampliam modelos atuais sobre os mecanismos envolvidos no controle temporal de movimentos rítmicos demonstrando a importância do papel de expectativas, retroalimentação auditiva e do treinamento para determinar os diferentes mecanismos de expectativa adotados pelo sistema nervoso na execução de movimentos rítmicos
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Okazaki, Victor Hugo Alves. "Controle de movimentos rápidos e precisos direcionados a alvos espaciais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-05062009-080327/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Neste estudo foi analisado o efeito de distância, velocidade, tamanhos do disco e do alvo, e massas do disco e da manopla, sobre o desempenho motor em movimentos requisitando rapidez e precisão. Para tanto, foram analisadas as características cinemáticas da tarefa de projetar um disco a um alvo com movimento de contato balístico, empunhando uma manopla. Os movimentos foram desempenhados sobre uma base plana e filmados com câmera optoeletrônica de alta freqüência. O estudo foi conduzido em seis experimentos com um grupo único de participantes. Os resultados indicaram que os modelos de controle motor que têm sido empregados para analisar a relação velocidade-precisão em tarefas mais simples não foram apropriados para explicar o comportamento da tarefa utilizada. O controle motor na tarefa demonstrou ser dinâmico e flexível, frente às diferentes restrições de movimento. As seguintes estratégias de controle foram sugeridas na explicação dos resultados: sincronização da maior velocidade e do instante de contato manopla-disco, manutenção na proporção entre as fases aceleração-desaceleração, maior inércia e menor impacto para aumentar a estabilidade de movimento, e o controle da velocidade e da precisão em dimensões independentes. A análise das ações articulares demonstrou as particularidades das estratégias utilizadas pelo sistema no movimento em função das variáveis manipuladas. Em conjunto, esta seqüência de experimentos permitiu uma compreensão mais ampla das estratégias de controle motor empregadas em movimentos com alta demanda de velocidade e de precisãoIn this study it was analyzed the effect of distance, velocity, disc and target width, disc and manipulandum mass, over motor control of a rapid and accurate movement. For such, it was analyzed the kinematic characteristics of the task of launching a disc to a target using a ballistic movement, performed with a manipulandum. Movements were performed on a flat surface and filmed with a high frequency optoelectronic camera. The study was conducted through six experiments with a single group of participants. Analysis of results indicated that models of motor control that has been used to analyze speed-accuracy tradeoff in simpler tasks were not appropriate to explain the observed behavior in the task used. Motor control in the task showed to be dynamic and flexible, regarding the several constraints manipulated. The follow strategies of control were suggested to explain the results: synchronization of the peak velocity and the instant of disc-manipulandum contact, maintenance of the proportion between the acceleration-deceleration phases, greater inertia and minor impact to increase movement stability, and control of velocity and accuracy of independent dimensions. The prediction of Analysis of joint actions showed the particularities of the strategies used by the system on movement as a function of the manipulated variables. Together, this study sequence of experiments allowed for a deeper comprehension of the control strategies used in the control of rapid and accurate movements
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Silva, Marcelo Guimarães [UNESP]. "Análise do controle postural e muscular do lançamento de precisão no futebol em condições de dupla-tarefa e fadiga neuromuscular." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141951.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A coordenação postura e movimento é um importante requisito para realizar tarefas diárias. Para investigar esta coordenação, dois experimentos foram conduzidos. No primeiro, a demanda cognitiva adicional associada ao controle da postura e do movimento foi estimada usando o paradigma da dupla-tarefa. No segundo, foram investigados os efeitos da fadiga muscular de membros inferiores nesta coordenação. Trinta e seis homens adultos, 20 a 30 anos, futebolistas amadores, foram voluntariamente recrutados, vinte para o primeiro e dezesseis para o segundo experimento. A tarefa consistiu em lançar uma bola até o alvo, o mais precisamente possível, com a parte interna do pé. Parâmetros biomecânicos foram analisados: centro de pressão (CP), centro de massa (CM) e atividade eletromiográfica (EMG). Os valores foram comparados por ANOVAs (p=5%). Resultados do primeiro experimento mostraram que a condição de dupla-tarefa produziu uma diminuição na performance e significante aumento no tempo de execução do movimento. Resultados dos deslocamentos do CP e CM mostraram significantes diferenças somente na direção anteroposterior (p<0,05). Análises do sinal EMG mostraram que a condição dupla-tarefa modificou o modo que os ajustamentos posturais antecipatórios (APAs) foram gerados, enfatizando que os processos cognitivo, postural e motor trabalharam dependentemente. No segundo experimento, os resultados mostraram que a eficácia do lançamento diminuiu com a fadiga. Resultados dos deslocamentos do CP e CM mostraram significantes diferenças entre condições, nas direções anteroposterior e médio-lateral (p<0,05). Análises EMG mostraram que em condição de fadiga houve um aumento da atividade dos músculos posturais, ao passo que na análise temporal EMG uma diminuição da ativação ocorreu em relação ao início do movimento. Em conclusão, os resultados de ambos os experimentos sugeriram que uma adaptação funcional resultou numa invariância global dos APAs, e independente da condição, foi aplicada, garantindo desta maneira uma performance relativamente eficaz do movimento.
The coordination of posture and movement is a necessary requirement to perform daily life tasks. To investigate this coordination, two experiments were conducted. In the first, the additional cognitive demand associated to postural and movement control was estimated using a dual-task paradigm. In the second, were investigated the effects of lower limbs muscular fatigue on this coordination. Thirty six adult men, 20 to 30 years old, amateur footballers, were voluntary recruited, twenty to first and sixteen to the second experiment. Participant’s task was to kick a ball with the inside of the right foot, as accurately as possible, toward a target. Biomechanical parameters were analyzed: center of pressure (CP), center of mass (CM) and electromyographic activity (EMG). The values were compared by ANOVAs (p=5%). Results of the first experiment showed that dual-task yielded a decreased kicking performance and a significant increased timing to perform the movement. CP and CM displacements results showed significant differences only in anteroposterior direction (p<0,05). EMG signal analysis showed that dual-task condition modified the way of adjustments postural anticipatory (APAs) were generated, emphasizing that cognitive, postural, and motor processes worked dependently. In the second experiment, results showed that kicking accuracy decreased with fatigue. CP and CM displacement results showed significant differences between conditions, in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions (p<0,05). EMG analysis showed that in fatigue condition, postural muscles were important, mainly for stabilizing the body during the unipodal stance. EMG analysis showed that the fatigue condition was increased activity of the postural muscles, while in the EMG temporal analysis a decrease in activation occurred in the beginning of the movement. In conclusion, the results of both experiments suggested that a functional adaptation resulting in an invariance of overall APAs, whatever the condition, was applied and ensured a relatively efficient performance.
CAPES PDSE: 99999.014828/2013-08
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Patil, Chinmaya Baburao 1978. "Robust design of selectively compliant flexure-based precision mechanisms." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3917.
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Choi, Yeong-jun Sreenivasan S. V. "Development of a large displacement flexure based nano-precision XY positioning stage for vacuum environments." 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3117892.
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Fahle, Manfred. "Limits of Precision for Human Eye Motor Control." 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6001.
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Dichoptic presentation of vernier stimuli, i.e., one segment to each eye, yielded three times higher thresholds than binocular presentation, mainly due to uncorrelated movements of both eyes. Thresholds allow one to calculate an upper estimate for the amplitudes of uncorrelated eye movements during fixation. This estimate matches the best results from direct eye position recording, with the calculated mean amplitude of eye tremor corresponding to roughly one photoreceptor diameter. The combined amplitude of both correlated and uncorrelated eye movements was also measured by delaying one segment of the vernier relative to its partner under monocular or dichoptic conditions.
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Choi, Yeong-jun. "Development of a large displacement flexure based nano-precision XY positioning stage for vacuum environments." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/506.
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"Target "templates": How the precision of mental representations affects attentional guidance and decision-making in visual search." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18673.
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abstract: When people look for things in their environment they use a target template - a mental representation of the object they are attempting to locate - to guide their attention around a scene and to assess incoming visual input to determine if they have found that for which they are searching. However, unlike laboratory experiments, searchers in the real-world rarely have perfect knowledge regarding the appearance of their target. In five experiments (with nearly 1,000 participants), we examined how the precision of the observer's template affects their ability to conduct visual search. Specifically, we simulated template imprecision in two ways: First, by contaminating our searchers' templates with inaccurate features, and second, by introducing extraneous features to the template that were unhelpful. In those experiments we recorded the eye movements of our searchers in order to make inferences regarding the extent to which attentional guidance and decision-making are hindered by template imprecision. We also examined a third way in which templates may become imprecise; namely, that they may deteriorate over time. Overall, our findings support a dual-function theory of the target template, and highlight the importance of examining template precision in future research.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Psychology 2013
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Гетманцев, С. В., К. А. Богатырев, В. Г. Богатырь, И. Н. Смирнова, И. Н. Веселова, В. Н. Фарионов, S. Getmantsev та ін. "Дистанционная скорость в гребле на байдарках у юношей". Thesis, 2017. http://eir.nuos.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/5004.
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Дистанционная скорость в гребле на байдарках у юношей / С. В. Гетманцев, К. А. Богатырев, В. Г. Богатырь, И. Н. Смирнова, И. Н. Веселова, В. Н. Фарионов // XVII міжнар. наук.-практ. конф. "Актуальні проблеми сучасної біології та здоров’я людини". – Миколаїв : МНУ ім. В. О. Сухомлинського, 2017. – С. 59–63.Young men in age groups of 11–12 years, 13–14 years, 15–16 years, 17–18 years of various sports qualification specializing in rowing on kayaks were exaniined. According to the method of determining the effect of the training action developed by us, we stiuiied the rates of distance velocity in terms of the tempo, time and speed of one motion, the frequency of movements. On the basis of the conducted researches it is possible to determine the individual characteristics of the athlete's organism and recommend the proposed method for purposeful study and development of one of the components of the physical quality ofspeed – distance speed, formation and improvement of motor abilities. Key words: tempo, time and speed of one movement, frequency of movements.
Обследовались юноши в возрастных группах 11–12 лет, 13–14 лет, 15–16 лет, 17–18 лет различной спортивной квалификации, специализирующиеся в гребле на байдарках. По разработанной нами методике определения эффекта тренирующего действия изучались показатели дистанционной скорости по темпу, времени и скорости одного движения, частоте движений. На основании проведенных исследований можно определить индивидуальные особенности организма спортсменов и рекомендовать предложенную методику для целенаправленного изучения и развития одной из составляющих физического качества быстроты – дистанционной скорости, формирования и совершенствования двигательных способностей.
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Yu-Chia, Wang, and 王瑜嘉. "EFFECTS OF CUEING CONDITIONS AND MOTOR EXPERIENCES ON TEMPORAL PRECISION OF SERIAL MOVEMENT." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95650671260330346508.
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碩士國立臺灣體育學院
體育研究所
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of timing precision of the series of discrete movements for the dance experience under the different cueing conditions of none cue, musical cue, verbal cue, and musical with verbal cue. Forty dancers and 40 non-dancers, healthy college female students, were served as the participants and assigned randomly into one of the four cueing conditions to perform the series of discrete movements for 10 times following the video model. The BioPac MP100 system (2000Hz) with switch keys were used to record and analyze the pressed timings for the first, the fourth, and the eighth trials of the designed series of discrete movements. The pressed times for every trial were used to calculate the accuracy parameters these included constant error, absolute error, variable error, and overall error. 2 (the experiences of dance) �e 4 (cueing conditions) independent two way ANOVA and Duncan’s posteriori comparison were adopted to analyze the statistical differences. The results showed that the dancers were more accuracy and more consistency than non-dancers under none cue condition for the first trial to model (p < .05). The movement time in dancers was faster than non-dancers during the initial stage and the intermediate stage. The constant error was showed no statistical difference in the factor of dance experience after the more practices (p > .05). The analysis of cueing conditions showed that the every component of timing error from high to low was in the following conditions: verbal cue, musical with verbal cue, none cue, and musical cue. It indicated that the experienced dancers had well capabilities for information processing and visual searching to perform the rhythmic series movement more quickly with accuracy and consistency. Additionally, the results showed the condition of music cueing was the most accurate and stabile to enhance the movements timing effectively, and this phenomenon was also appeared in the condition of musical with verbal cue. But the participants trended toward to take the verbal information as a first priority under the condition of musical with verbal cue compared with musical cueing only. This evidenced the verbal cue had the function of guidance for movements timing mainly, and it suggested a movement instructor has to give the verbal cue cautiously to avoid interfere the performer to achieve a task.
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RAVALA, KALPANA. "Effect of fluid motion on movement performance and finger-force pattern during manipulation of Containers/Cups filled with Liquid." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4845.
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The purposes of this study were to: 1) evaluate how movement performance of the thumb and fingers were modified during manipulation of objects with and without fluids and 2) to quantify movement performance and accuracy during manipulation of objects, in two different modes of manipulation, i.e., pendulum and inverted pendulum. Twenty young healthy adults (age 24-35) were recruited and performed two predictable cyclic tracking tasks and episodic short-duration precision movement task. No change in movement performance observed in open-loop or episodic tasks. However, in closed-loop task, mode of manipulation (IP versus P) had a significant effect on amplitude consistency (P<0.001), and temporal accuracy (P<0.050).Fluid motion had a significant effect on RMS of index finger contact forces (p < 0.01) in episodic task. In conclusion, fluid motion had no significant effect on movement performance and accuracy. The quality of movement was better in pendulum mode than inverted pendulum movement.
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"Active and Passive Precision Grip Responses to Unexpected Perturbations." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18738.
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abstract: The development of advanced, anthropomorphic artificial hands aims to provide upper extremity amputees with improved functionality for activities of daily living. However, many state-of-the-art hands have a large number of degrees of freedom that can be challenging to control in an intuitive manner. Automated grip responses could be built into artificial hands in order to enhance grasp stability and reduce the cognitive burden on the user. To this end, three studies were conducted to understand how human hands respond, passively and actively, to unexpected perturbations of a grasped object along and about different axes relative to the hand. The first study investigated the effect of magnitude, direction, and axis of rotation on precision grip responses to unexpected rotational perturbations of a grasped object. A robust "catch-up response" (a rapid, pulse-like increase in grip force rate previously reported only for translational perturbations) was observed whose strength scaled with the axis of rotation. Using two haptic robots, we then investigated the effects of grip surface friction, axis, and direction of perturbation on precision grip responses for unexpected translational and rotational perturbations for three different hand-centric axes. A robust catch-up response was observed for all axes and directions for both translational and rotational perturbations. Grip surface friction had no effect on the stereotypical catch-up response. Finally, we characterized the passive properties of the precision grip-object system via robot-imposed impulse perturbations. The hand-centric axis associated with the greatest translational stiffness was different than that for rotational stiffness. This work expands our understanding of the passive and active features of precision grip, a hallmark of human dexterous manipulation. Biological insights such as these could be used to enhance the functionality of artificial hands and the quality of life for upper extremity amputees.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering 2013
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Cabot, Perry Edmund. "Relating sediment and phosphorus movement at multiple scales using fallout cesium-137, phosphorus sorption dynamics and precision conservation technology." 2006. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/85784664.html.
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