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Статті в журналах з теми "Précipitations moyennes de surface"
Moussa Omar, Golab, Jean-Emmanuel Paturel, Christian Salles, Gil Mahé, and Mohamed Jalludin. "Caractérisation hydro-climatique, analyse comparative des termes du bilan hydrologique du bassin versant d'Ambouli (République de Djibouti)." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 384 (November 16, 2021): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-225-2021.
Повний текст джерелаAssani, Ali A., Francis Lajoie, Marie-Ève Vadnais, and Guillaume Beauchamp. "Analyse de l’influence de l’oscillation Arctique sur la variabilité interannuelle des précipitations dans le bassin versant de la rivière Saint-François (Québec, Canada) au moyen de la méthode des corrélations canoniques." Revue des sciences de l'eau 21, no. 1 (April 29, 2008): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017928ar.
Повний текст джерелаNovel, J. P., M. Dray, A. Fehri, C. Jusserand, G. Nicoud, P. Olive, J. M. Puig, and G. M. Zuppi. "Homogénéisation des signaux isotopiques, 18O et 3H, dans un système hydrologique de haute montagne : la Vallée d'Aoste (Italie)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 12, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705341ar.
Повний текст джерелаMathier, L., and A. G. Roy. "Hydrogrammes de ruissellement superficiel et transport des sédiments en milieu agricole." Revue des sciences de l'eau 5, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705117ar.
Повний текст джерелаJarlan, Lionel, Jaouad Abaoui, Benoît Duchemin, Yves Tourre, Abdelaziz Ouldbba, Sylvain Mangiarotti, Hakim Kharrou, et al. "Déterminants climatiques de la variabilité interannuelle des rendements en céréales et prévision précoce. Application a la province de Settat (Maroc)." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 204 (April 8, 2014): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2013.17.
Повний текст джерелаRossel, F., and J. Garbrecht. "Variations spatiales et temporelles des précipitations des neuf division climatiques de l'Oklahoma et implications pour l'utilisation locale de l'indice régional." Revue des sciences de l'eau 13, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705389ar.
Повний текст джерелаObami-Ondon, Harmel, Médard Ngouala Mabonzo, Urbain Gampio Mbilou, and Bernard Mabiala. "Etude de la variabilité saisonnière des précipitations sur le plateau de Mbé au Pool-Nord (Congo-Brazzaville) : impacts sur les eaux de surface et souterraines." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 384 (November 16, 2021): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-233-2021.
Повний текст джерелаGERMON, Amandine. "Conséquences de la coupe rase sur la production de racines fines, CO2, CH4 et N2O jusqu'à la nappe phréatique dans une plantation d'Eucalyptus grandis menée en taillis sur un dispositif d'exclusion de pluie." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 346 (January 13, 2021): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.346.a36293.
Повний текст джерелаOUIS, S., and Habib AZZAZ. "Impact des fluctuations de la pluviométrie sur l’écoulement de surface dans un contexte de variabilité climatique : cas du bassin versant de la Tafna (Nord-Ouest de l’Algérie)." Techniques Sciences Méthodes, TSM 5/ 2024 (May 20, 2024): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/2024005115.
Повний текст джерелаHare, F. Kenneth. "Recent Climatological Research in Labrador Ungava." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 10, no. 19 (April 12, 2005): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020560ar.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Précipitations moyennes de surface"
Maloku, Kaltrina. "Génération de séries temporelles infra-journalières de précipitations surfaciques moyennes partout en Suisse en combinant un générateur stochastique de précipitations journalières et une cascade aléatoire multiplicative." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU023.
Повний текст джерелаContinuous hydro-meteorological simulation is a powerful approach for generating the long-time series of river discharge required for flood risk analysis. This approach requires long precipitation time series as inputs, which can be generated by a stochastic weather generator (WGEN). For small catchments (10 - 1,000 km²), where a lumped hydrological model is relevant and the hydrological response can be rapid, sub-daily mean areal precipitation (MAP) scenarios are required.To answer these objectives, this PhD thesis investigates the potential of a hybrid sub-daily WGEN consisting of two stochastic models for that purpose. The first model, GWEX, is dedicated to generating daily time series. It models precipitation occurrences with a Markov chain and precipitation amounts with a heavy-tailed distribution adapted to extreme events. The second model disaggregates the daily scenarios to hourly resolution.In this PhD, we propose a new disaggregation model based on the microcanonical multiplicative random cascade (MRC) approach, where the properties of the cascade generator depend continuously on the temporal scale, the precipitation intensity, and a so-called precipitation asymmetry index, introduced to account for the temporal pattern of the local precipitation sequence. We compare this MRC model with previous versions based on a similar approach. The performance of the models is assessed by disaggregating daily observations from 81 rain gauge stations across Switzerland. The overall performance of this MRC model is very satisfactory at different temporal resolutions. Accounting for precipitation asymmetry significantly improves the reproduction of autocorrelation, which previous models based on this approach have struggled with.We evaluate the performance of the hybrid WGEN to generate mean areal precipitation (MAP) time series for different spatial scales ranging from 10 to 1,000 km². The parameters of GWEX and MRC are estimated on the observed MAP time series extracted from CombiPrecip, an hourly gridded precipitation product of MeteoSwiss based on radar and rain gauge measurements with a spatial resolution of 1 km². The performance of the model is tested for an ensemble of locations and spatial scales in Switzerland by generating long precipitation scenarios and comparing their statistics with the observed ones. The results show a satisfactory performance of the model for different spatial and temporal scales.Finally, we compare different approaches for obtaining the parameters of the sub-daily WGEN over Switzerland. Initially, different mapping models based on kriging and thin plate splines are considered for interpolation of the at-site parameter estimates obtained from the rain gauge data. The mapping models give very accurate results. Then, the possibility of estimating parameters from CombiPrecip data is investigated. Multiple and long scenarios are generated for an ensemble of locations and different precipitation characteristics are estimated on the scenarios to compare both approaches. Both approaches are generally equivalent, although some differences can be observed with marked seasonal and regional variations.The hybrid model shows satisfactory performance in different evaluation contexts. It is parsimonious and parameters can be robustly estimated, leading to a strong spatial and seasonal coherence. The model is easy to implement with fast estimation and simulation procedures, facilitating end-user applications
Delaygue, Gilles. "Relations entre surface océanique et composition isotopique des précipitations antarctiques : simulation pour différents climats." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002821.
Повний текст джерелаFavre, Alice. "L'activité dépressionnaire et anticyclonique hivernale des moyennes latitudes du Pacifique Nord." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454118.
Повний текст джерелаFerreira, David. "Couplage océan-atmosphère dans les moyennes latitudes." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066521.
Повний текст джерелаChen, Sheng. "Stochastic simulation of near-surface atmospheric forcings for distributed hydrology." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU005/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD work proposes new concepts and tools for stochastic weather simulation activities targeting the specific needs of hydrology. We used, as a demonstration, a climatically contrasted area in the South-East of France, Cévennes-Vivarais, which is highly attractive to hydrological hazards and climate change.Our perspective is that physical features (soil moisture, discharge) relevant to everyday concerns (water resources assessment and/or hydrological hazard) are directly linked to the atmospheric variability at the basins scale, meaning firstly that relevant time and space scales ranges must be respected in the rainfall simulation technique. Since hydrological purposes are the target, other near-surface variates must be also considered. They may exhibit a less striking variability, but it does exist. To build the multi-variable modeling, co-variability with rainfall is first considered.The first step of the PhD work is dedicated to take into account the heterogeneity of the precipitation within the rainfall simulator SAMPO [Leblois and Creutin, 2013]. We cluster time steps into rainfall types organized in time. Two approaches are tested for simulation: a semi-Markov simulation and a resampling of the historical rainfall types sequence. Thanks to clustering, all kind of rainfall is served by some specific rainfall type. In a larger area, where the assumption of climatic homogeneity is not considered valid, a coordination must be introduced between the rainfall type sequences over delineated sub-areas, forming rainy patterns at the larger scale.We first investigated a coordination of Markov models, enforcing observed lengths-of-stay by a greedy algorithm. This approach respects long duration aggregates and inter-annual variability, but the high values of rainfall are too low. As contrast, the joint resampling of historically observed sequences is easier to implement and gives a satisfactory behavior for short term variability. However it lacks inter-annual variability.Both approaches suffer from the strict delineation of homogeneous zones and homogeneous rainfall types.For these reasons, a completely different approach is also considered, where the areal rainfall totals are jointly modeled using a spatio-temporal copula approach, then disaggregated to the user grid using a non-deterministic, geostatistically-based conditional simulation technique. In the copula approach, the well-known problem of rainfall having atom at zero is handled in replacing historical rainfall by an appropriated atmospheric based rainfall index having a continuous distribution. Simulated values of this index can be turned to rainfall by quantile-quantile mapping.Finally, the copula technique is used to link other meteorological variables (i.e. temperature, solar radiation, humidity, wind speed) to rainfall. Since the multivariate simulation aims to be driven by the rainfall simulation, the copula needs to be run in conditional mode. The achieved toolbox has already been used in scientific explorations, it is now available for testing in real-size application. As a data-driven approach, it is also adaptable to other climatic conditions. The presence of atmospheric precursors a large scale values in some key steps may enable the simulation tools to be converted into a climate simulation disaggregation
Thériault, Nathalie. "Analyse de sensibilité et amélioration des simulations d’albédo de surfaces enneigées dans les zones subarctiques et continentales humides à l’est du Canada avec le schéma de surface CLASS." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6946.
Повний текст джерелаAbstract : The surface energy balance of northern regions is closely linked to surface albedo (fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface) variations. These variations are strongly influenced by the presence, depth and physical properties of the snowpack. Climate change affects significantly snow cover evolution, and decreases surface albedo and snow albedo with positive feedback to climate. Despite the importance of the albedo, many models empirically compute it, which can induce significant biases with albedo observations depending on studied surfaces. The Canadian Land Surface Scheme, CLASS (used in Canada into the Canadian Regional Climate Model, and the Global Climate Model), simulates the spatial and temporal evolution of snow state variables including the albedo. The albedo is computed according to the depth of snow on the ground as well as the accumulation of snow in trees. The albedo seasonal evolution for snow on ground is estimated in CLASS from an empirical aging expression with time and temperature and a “refresh” based on a threshold of snowfall depth. The seasonal evolution of snow on canopy is estimated from an interception expression with trees type and snowfall density and an empirical expression for unloading rate with time. The objectives of this project are to analyse albedo behavior (simulated and measured) and to improve CLASS simulations in winter for Eastern Canada. To do so, sensitivity test were performed on prescribed parameters (parameters that are used in CLASS computation, their values are fixed, and determined empirically). Also, albedo evolution with time and meteorological conditions were analysed for grass and coniferous terrain. Finally, we tried to improve simulations by optimizing sensitive prescribed parameters for grass and coniferous terrain, and by modifying the refresh albedo value for grass terrain. First, we analysed albedo evolution and modelling biases. Grass terrain showed strong sensitivity to the precipitation rate threshold (for the albedo to refresh to its maximum value), and to the value of the albedo refresh. Both are affected by input data of precipitation rate and phase. The modification of precipitation threshold rate generates daily surface albedo to vary mainly (75 % of data in winter) between 0.62 and 0.8, which is a greater fluctuation than for a normal simulation over winter. The modification of the albedo refresh value generates surface albedo to vary mainly (75 %) between 0.66 and 0.79, but with extreme values, 25 % of data, from 0.48 to 0.9. Coniferous areas showed small sensitivity to studied prescribed parameters. Also, comparisons were made between simulated and measured mean albedo during winter. CLASS underestimates the albedo by -0.032 (4.3 %) at SIRENE (grass in Southern Quebec), by -0.027 (3.4 %) at Goose Bay (grass in arctic site) and by -0.075 (27.1 %) at James Bay (boreal forest) (or -0.011 (5.2 %) compared to MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data). A modelling issue in grass terrain is the small and steady maximum albedo value (0.84) compared to measured data in arctic condition (0.896 with variation of an order of 0.09 at Goose Bay, or 0.826 at SIRENE with warmer temperatures). In forested areas, a modelling issue is the small albedo increase (+0.17 in the visible range, +0.04 in NIR) for the part of the vegetation that is covered by snow (total surface albedo gets to a maximum of 0.22) compared to events of high surface albedo (0.4). Another bias comes from the albedo value of the snow trapped on canopy which does not decrease with time in opposition to observed surface albedo which is lower at the end of winter and which suggests snow metamorphism occurred. Secondly, we tried to improve simulations by optimizing prescribed parameters and by modifying the albedo’s maximum value computation. Optimisations were made on sensitive prescribed parameters or on those that seemed unsuited. No significant RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) improvements were obtained from optimisations in both grass and coniferous area. Improvements of albedo simulations were tried by adjusting the maximum value (normally fixed) with temperature and precipitation rate, in grass terrain. Results show that these modifications did not significantly improved simulations’ RMSE. Nevertheless, the latter modification improved the correlation between simulated and measured albedo. These statistics were made with the whole dataset which can reduce the impact of modifications (they were mainly affecting albedo during a precipitation event), but it allows to overview the new model performance. Modifications also added variability to maximum values (closer to observed albedo) and they increased our knowledge on surface albedo behavior (simulated and measured). The methodology is also replicable for other studies that would aim to analyse and improve simulations of a surface model.
Thauvin, Valérie. "Etude de la répartition spatiale des précipitations en milieu sahélien à l'aide du réseau dense de pluviographes de l'expérience EPSAT-Niger : application à la détermination de la précision des moyennes surfaciques au pas de temps de l'évènement pluvieux." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20220.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Tao. "Développement et évaluation du modèle de surface ORCHIDEE : apport pour la simulation des cycles de l'eau et du carbone aux hautes latitudes." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0045.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is to evaluate and develop a land surface model ORCHIDEE (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic EcosystEms). In the first part, ORCHIDEE on multiple timescales is evaluated by a novel methodology linking Artificial Neural Networks to Singular System Analysis. The joint analysis of observations and simulations uncovers the characteristics of model bias at and across timescales in different plant function types and climate groups, which provide references for future ORCHIDEE developments. To have a throughout understanding of snow effects on present and future carbon fluxes, ORCHIDEE with a decent snow model should be developed. In the second part, a site-synthesis analysis of winter ecosystem respiration and its controls across eddy covariance sites in mid- and high-latitude regions has been conducted. The result corroborates the role of winter respiration in annual carbon budget, and snow effects on winter respiration could be indirectly observed by its insulating effect on soil. The standard ORCHIDEE snow model is a simple bucket model and has been shown to bias snow simulations. In the third part, internal snow processes (e. G. Snow melting/refreezing; water infiltration between snow layers) were thus developed in ORCHIDEE. Moreover, a new forest albedo parameterization was also implemented. In the third and final parts, this newly developed snow model has been validated based on both site and continental levels, and a significant improvement has been seen in terms of snow pack properties examined. This new snow model coupled with permafrost will be used to explore high-latitude water and carbon dynamics in the future
Tanguy, Manuel. "Impact de la température de surface sur les précipitations au nord du Golf de Guinée durant le printemps boréal aux échelles saisonnières à diurnes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03331652.
Повний текст джерелаThis work, concerning the West African monsoon, studies the role of surface temperature, mainly over the ocean, during the Spring Guinean coast rainfall season (north of the Gulf of Guinea), from May to July. The data used are mainly ECMWF ERA5 reanalyses, but also satellite observation data : ocean surface temperature, precipitation, cover of different types of clouds, and ocean surface wind.The first part describes the methods developed and the seasonal context in which this coastal phase of the monsoon occurs, before the migration of precipitation towards the Sahel latitude in summer.A climatological study taking into account the inter-annual variability is then carried out over the period 2008-2015. It evidences the determining role of the cold tongue (equatorial upwelling, which appears in May) on the beginning of the coastal rainy season. In addition, highlight is put on the probable role of coastal upwelling, which occurs in July along the Guinean coast between 8W and 5E. This occurence coincides with the end of this coastal precipitation, through the decrease of moisture transport coastal convergence. Then we study the diurnal cycle. Near the coast, it mainly consists in the modulation of the low layer convergence by the sea breeze / land breeze alternation. Again, the coastal upwelling seems to strengthen the sea breeze and decrease the intensity of the land breeze, thus reducing precipitation on the ocean side (which constitutes the major part of coastal precipitation).This work is completed by a study of intra-seasonal variability over the period 2000-2018. Main results are that the oceanic influence on coastal precipitation latitude gradually decreases towards the end of the coastal monsoon season, leaving then the regime of easterly waves around 700 hPa take control of precipitation. Our statistical results, nevertheless, suggest that these two synoptic « modes » interact with each other. Moreover, we find, at the intra-seasonal scale, a signal corresponding to what is found at the seasonal scale: an intensification (decrease) of coastal upwelling would indeed have the effect of reducing (increasing) coastal precipitation
Ardilouze, Constantin. "Impact de l'humidité du sol sur la prévisibilité du climat estival aux moyennes latitudes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0048/document.
Повний текст джерелаSevere heat waves and droughts that episodically hit temperate regions have detrimental consequences on health, economy and society. The design and deployment of efficient preparedness strategies foster high expectations for the prediction of such events a few weeks or months ahead. Their likely increased frequency throughout the 21st century, as envisaged by climate projections, further emphasizes these expectations. Nevertheless, the summer season is the most difficult to predict over mid-latitudes. Well-known sources of predictability are weaker than in winter and current climate prediction systems struggle to adequately represent associated teleconnection mechanisms. An increasing number of studies have shown a statistical link over some regions between spring soil moisture and subsequent summer temperature and precipitation. This link has been partly confirmed in climate numerical models, but many questions remain. The purpose of this PhD thesis is to better understand the role played by soil moisture onthe characteristics and predictability of the summer climate in temperate regions. By means of the CNRM-CM coupled general circulation model, we have designed a range of numerical simulations which help us evaluate the persistence level of spring soil moisture anomalies. Indeed, a long persistence is a necessary condition for these anomalies to influence the climate at the seasonal scale, through the process of evapotranspiration. By imposing in our model idealized initial and boundary soil moisture conditions, we have highlighted areas of the globe for which the average state and the variability of temperatures and precipitation in summer is particularly sensitive to these conditions. This is the case in particular for Europe and North America, including over high latitudes. Soil moisture is therefore a promising source of potential seasonal climate predictability for these regions, although the persistence of soil moisture anomalies remains locally very uncertain. An effective predictability coordinated experiment, bringing together several prediction systems, shows that a realistic soil moisture initialization improves the forecast skill of summer temperatures mainly over southeast Europe. In other regions, such as Northern Europe, the disagreement between models comes from uncertainty about the persistence of soil moisture anomalies. On the other hand, over the American Great Plains, even the forecasts with improved soil moisture initialization remain unsuccessful. Yet, the literature as well as our assessment of climate sensitivity to soil moisture have identified this region as a "hotspot" of soil moisture - atmosphere coupling. We assume that the failure of these predictions relates to the strong hot and dry bias present in all models over this region in summer, which leads to excessive soil drying. To verify this assumption, we developed a method that corrects these biases during the forecast integration based on the CNRM-CM6 model. The resulting forecasts are significantly improved over the Great Plains. Understanding the origin of continental biases in the summer and reducing them in future generations of climate models are essential steps to making the most of soil moisture as a source of seasonal predictability in temperate regions