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Статті в журналах з теми "Precast tunnel linings"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Copsey, J. P., and S. R. Doran. "Design of precast concrete segmental tunnel linings." Construction and Building Materials 1, no. 3 (September 1987): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(87)90014-6.

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2

BRACHER, Gustav. "Durability Design of Precast Concrete Segments for Tunnel Linings." IABSE Congress Report 16, no. 16 (January 1, 2000): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137900796313573.

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3

Abbas, Hajer Satih, Maadh Imad Salman Al-Rubaye, Sarra’a Dhiya’a Jaafer, Bassam farman bassam, and Abdelmajeed Alkasassbeh. "Three-dimensional numerical study of the reactive powder concrete segments in tunnel lining." Curved and Layered Structures 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cls-2022-0022.

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Abstract The tunnel lining systems act as lines of defence against the forces and geotechnical situations. The use of precast concrete tunnel linings (PCTLs) has been escalating due to its effective and economical installation process. The tunnels usually suffer from the premature deterioration due to corrosion of the reinforcement and thus need maintenance. Corrosion leads to the distress in PCTL leading to the cracking and finally the scaling of concrete. This study aims to assess the structural durability performance of reactive powder concrete (RPC) as the material of tunnel lining segments compared to reinforced concrete (RC) and high performance concrete (HPC). The numerical findings indicated that the maximum load capacity of PRC-PCTL segments was greater than that of the corresponding RC and HPC segments. Regarding the findings, PRC is a very significant option for conventional segments. The high strength of PRC can decrease the thickness of the PCTL segments, resulting in the decreased material cost. Also, PRC-PCTL segments can eliminate the laborious and costly production of RC segments and mitigate the corrosion damage and thus enhance the service life of lining segments.

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4

Gong, Chenjie, Wenqi Ding, Kenichi Soga, and Khalid M. Mosalam. "Failure mechanism of joint waterproofing in precast segmental tunnel linings." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 84 (February 2019): 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.003.

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5

Shayanfar, Mohsen Ali, Payman Mahyar, Ahmad Jafari, and Mohammad Mohtadinia. "Classification of Precast Concrete Segments Damages during Production and Transportation in Mechanized Shield Tunnels of Iran." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 6 (June 30, 2017): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000101.

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Precast concrete segments used in shield tunnel linings are prone to damage in many situations. These damages can occur at different stages such as fabrication in segment factory, transportation to tunneling site, during tunneling process, and at serviceability stage. The aim of the present article is to study the damages inflicted on concrete segments during production and transportation, and to present a new classification of these damages throughout the two stages. The developed classification is based on field observations and examinations of major subway and water conveyance mechanized shield tunnels of Iran, located in Tehran, Tabriz, Mashhad, Kermanshah (Nosood) and Isfahan (Golab). The quality of tunnel lining suffers from what, as a direct consequence of any damage to concrete segments, during production and transportation, which will be also discussed in this article. For further investigation, more than 250 concrete segments from Tehran subway line 3 and 350 segments of concrete segments from Tehran subway line 7 were selected and studied for a statistical analysis of chipping and crack, consecutively. Absence of preventive measures to limit segment damages in precast segment factories is one of the main reasons for increased number of damaged concrete segments, and as a result, increased costs of tunnel construction at later stages. In this paper, production phase damages and factors contributing to these damages are studied. According to the findings of the study, the human (operator) error was the most important cause for chipping, and, time-dependent behavior of concrete was the essential reason in crack of precast segments. Eventually, final section of the article presents practical solutions for reduction of damages during fabrication and transportation of concrete segments.

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6

Cugat, V., S. H. P. Cavalaro, J. M. Bairán, and Albert de la Fuente. "Safety format for the flexural design of tunnel fibre reinforced concrete precast segmental linings." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 103 (September 2020): 103500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103500.

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7

Serafini, Ramoel, Sérgio R. A. Dantas, Ronney R. Agra, Albert de la Fuente, Antonio F. Berto, and Antonio D. de Figueiredo. "Design-oriented assessment of the residual post-fire bearing capacity of precast fiber reinforced concrete tunnel linings." Fire Safety Journal 127 (January 2022): 103503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103503.

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8

Kim, Yun Yong. "Fire Resistance Performance of Precast Segmental Concrete Lining for Shield Tunnel." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, no. 1 (2014): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.1.0095.

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9

Du, Shaoshuai, and Jinhua Tang. "State-of-the-Art Review on Failure Mechanism and Waterproofing Performance of Linings for Shield Tunnels." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (March 8, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6104725.

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Анотація:

The introduction and development of shield tunnels have led to the innovation of precast segmental linings, which has significant advantages in improving the construction speed compared with in-situ cast concrete linings. However, damage of the linings and water leakage at the lining joints highlight defects in the design and construction of the linings. In this regard, it is necessary to investigate the failure mechanism of linings for shield tunnels and evaluate the waterproofing performance and repercussions of lining joints. The relevant research results published in recent years are reviewed in this paper, focusing on the failure mechanisms of linings and the waterproofing performance of lining joints. Progressive failure and instability of linings are introduced. Progressive failure has three stages: initial elastic stage, local damage stage, and overall failure stage. The performance-based design of joint waterproofing is described in seven steps. Further opportunities for the investigation of this topic are discussed.

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10

Duan, Yawei, Mi Zhao, Jingqi Huang, Huifang Li, and Xiuli Du. "Analytical Solution for Circular Tunnel under Obliquely Incident P Waves considering Different Contact Conditions." Shock and Vibration 2021 (December 22, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1946184.

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An analytical solution for the seismic-induced thrust and moment of the circular tunnel in half-space under obliquely incident P waves is developed in this study, which is the superposition of the solution for deep tunnels under incident and reflected P waves and the reflected SV waves. To consider tangential contact stiffness at the ground-tunnel interface, a spring-type stiffness coefficient is introduced into the force-displacement relationship. Moreover, the tunnel lining is treated as the thick-wall cylinder, providing more precise forecasts than beam or shell models used in previous analytical solution, especially for tunnels with thick lining. The reliability of the proposed analytical solution is assessed by comparing with the dynamic numerical results. Based on the proposed analytical solution, parametrical studies are conducted to investigate the effect of some critical factors on the tunnel’s seismic response, including the incident angles, the tangential contact stiffness at the ground-tunnel interface, and the relative stiffness between the ground and the tunnel. The results demonstrate that the proposed analytical solution performs well and can be adopted to predict the internal forces of circular tunnels under obliquely incident P waves in seismic design.

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11

Zhang, Weiping, Junli Qiu, Chunlei Zhao, Xian Liu, and Qinghua Huang. "Structural performance of corroded precast concrete tunnel lining." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 128 (October 2022): 104658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104658.

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12

Ahmadi, Mohammad Hossein, Ali Mortazavi, Seyed Morteza Davarpanah, and Hamid Zarei. "A Numerical Investigation of Segmental Lining Joints Interactions in Tunnels-Qomrud Water Conveyance Tunnel." Civil Engineering Journal 2, no. 7 (July 30, 2016): 334–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000038.

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A comprehensive analysis of segmental lining joints can assist to guarantee a safe construction during tunnelling and serviceably stages. This paper has thoroughly investigated the interaction mechanism of precast concrete lining joints in tunnels. The Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC), a two-dimensional numerical program based on the distinct element method (DEM) for discontinuum modelling, was implemented to simulated a typical segmental lining model consisting of six segment rings. In the analyses, the typical segmental lining design parameters of Qomrud water conveyance tunnel, aimed to transfer 100 million cu. m. water from the origins of Dez River to central Iranian desert, were employed to fulfil the purpose of the research. In the conducted analyses, the worst-case scenario of the loading faced during the boring of Qomrud tunnel was considered. This was highly associated with the existence of the crushed zone dipping at 75 degree at the location of the key segment. The worst scenario based on the condition that concerns the crushed zone intersect segmental lining at the location of key segment has been taken into consideration. In this study, the load acting on the joints of the segments includes the gravity load from the tunnel overburden and the crushed zone stratum force that intersects tunnel with 75 slopes at the location of the key segment, the gravity force of the segments and the earth pressure. The numerical investigation has been used for the different coefficients of stress concentration of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and also different geological conditions of the saturated crushed zone under critical scenario.

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13

Fiore, P. V., D. B. Maghous, and A. Campos Filho. "A tridimensional finite element approach to model a tunnel with shotcrete and precast concrete." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 3 (June 2016): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000300005.

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ABSTRACT This paper describes a numerical simulation with 3D finite elements of a tunnel. The viscoplastic law of Perzyna represents the rockmass behavior. The concrete, shotcrete or precast, is modeled as a viscoelastic material through the Maxwell and Kelvin chain models. Finite element simulations are performed by incorporating subroutines for viscoelastic concrete models in the ANSYS code. The method to simulate tunnel excavations is by activating and deactivating elements in sequential steps. In the first part of the paper two validations are performed. The analytical solution and the deformation achieved on the stabilization in the ANSYS code are compared with an unlined tunnel. A lined tunnel, with an elastic and viscoplastic rockmass combined with an elastic lining, is compared with the results of the GEOMEC91 code. In the second part, it is compared the same tunnel with two different concrete lining for two chain models. Finally, it is modeled the Kielder experimental tunnel, which in situ measured data is available.

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14

Caratelli, Angelo, Alberto Meda, Zila Rinaldi, Simone Spagnuolo, and Giona Maddaluno. "Optimization of GFRP reinforcement in precast segments for metro tunnel lining." Composite Structures 181 (December 2017): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.083.

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15

Conforti, Antonio, Ivan Trabucchi, Giuseppe Tiberti, Giovanni A. Plizzari, Angelo Caratelli, and Alberto Meda. "Precast tunnel segments for metro tunnel lining: A hybrid reinforcement solution using macro-synthetic fibers." Engineering Structures 199 (November 2019): 109628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109628.

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16

Di Carlo, Fabio, Alberto Meda, and Zila Rinaldi. "Design procedure for precast fibre-reinforced concrete segments in tunnel lining construction." Structural Concrete 17, no. 5 (December 2016): 747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.201500194.

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17

Schotte, Ken, Hans de Backer, Timothy Nuttens, Alain de Wulf, and Philippe van Bogaert. "Verification of the Performance of the Precast Concrete Lining in the Diabolo Tunnel and Liefkenshoek Rail Tunnel." IABSE Symposium Report 99, no. 20 (May 6, 2013): 804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137813806478981.

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18

Schotte, K., H. De Backer, T. Nuttens, A. De Wulf, and P. Van Bogaert. "Strain gauge measurements of the precast concrete lining of a shield-driven tunnel." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 55, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2012.55.2.88.

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19

Abbas, Safeer, and Moncef L. Nehdi. "Mechanical Behavior of Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Tunnel Lining Segments." Materials 14, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092378.

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Ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) is a novel material demonstrating superior mechanical, durability and sustainability performance. However, its implementation in massive structures is hampered by its high initial cost and the lack of stakeholders’ confidence, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the present study explores, for the first time, a novel application of UHPC, incorporating hybrid steel fibers in precast tunnel lining segments. Reduced scale curved tunnel lining segments were cast using UHPC incorporating hybrid 8 mm and 16 mm steel fibers at dosages of 1%, 2% and 3% by mixture volume. Flexural and thrust load tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behavior of UHPC tunnel lining segments thus produced. It was observed that the flow of UHPC mixtures decreased due to steel fibers addition, yet steel fibers increased the mechanical and durability properties. Flexural tests on lining segments showed that both the strain hardening (multiple cracking) and strain softening (post-peak behavior) phases were enhanced due to hybrid addition of steel fibers in comparison with the control segments without fibers. Specimens incorporating 3% of hybrid steel fibers achieved 57% increase in ultimate load carrying capacity and exhibited multiple cracking patterns compared to that of identical UHPC segments with 1% fibers. Moreover, segments without fibers incurred excessive cracking and spalling of concrete at the base under the thrust load test. However, more stable behavior was observed for segments incorporating steel fibers under the thrust load, indicating its capability to resist typical thrust loads during tunnel lining field installation. This study highlights the potential use of UHPC with hybrid steel fibers for improved structural behavior. Moreover, the use of UHPC allows producing structural members with reduced cross-sectional dimensions, leading to reduced overall structural weight and increased clear space.

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20

MASHIMO, Hideto, Yuuki INO, Kenji YOSHITAKE, Ryunosuke KASHIMA, and Takehiro NATSUME. "STUDY ON THE LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF PRECAST TUNNEL LINING BY MOUNTAIN TUNNELING METHOD." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. F1 (Tunnel Engineering) 77, no. 2 (2021): I_1—I_18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejte.77.2_i_1.

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21

Abbas, Safeer, and Moncef L. Nehdi. "Mechanical Behavior of RC and SFRC Precast Tunnel Lining Segments under Chloride Ions Exposure." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 4 (April 2018): 04018047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002217.

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22

Crespo, María D., Climent Molins, and Antonio R. Marí. "Effect of variations in thermal-curing cycle on the cracking risk of precast segmental tunnel lining." Construction and Building Materials 49 (December 2013): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.078.

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23

Winkler, B., G. Hofstetter, and H. Lehar. "Application of a constitutive model for concrete to the analysis of a precast segmental tunnel lining." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 28, no. 78 (June 2004): 797–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.362.

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24

Broucek, Miroslav, Michal Sejnoha, and Pavel Reiterman. "Fiber Reinforced Fly Ash Concrete and Extreme Fires." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.12.

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The paper presents results from two large scale experiments on six concrete panels reinforced with steel fibers or bars obtained during an extensive experimental program aimed at possible application of cement reduced (fly ash replaced) concrete in the production of precast segmental linings for tunnels created by TBM. In particular, this paper focuses on the comparison of fire resistance of enhanced mixtures loaded by the modified RWS fire curve. The results from the experiments include spalling, overall damage of the surface, deformations during the fire exposure, temperature distribution and residual strength of the tested panels.

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25

Abbas, Safeer, Ahmed M. Soliman, and Moncef L. Nehdi. "Experimental study on settlement and punching behavior of full-scale RC and SFRC precast tunnel lining segments." Engineering Structures 72 (August 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.024.

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26

Petersen, Claus Germann. "Practical cases in the application of the pullout method (LOK-TEST and CAPO-TEST) for in-place compressive strength." MATEC Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236107006.

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The pullout methods LOK- TEST and CAPO-TEST for in-place compressive strength are presented with their theoretical analysis’ background and correlations from 30 major studies, made worldwide, showing robust general correlations between pullout force and strength by cylinders or cubes/ cores. The coefficient of variation of the systems are shown, reported in 1984. Practical cases using the systems are described: Case 1. In-Situ compressive strength testing of quarantined precast concrete tunnel lining segments using CAPO-TEST, UK; Case 2. Strength testing with CAPO-TEST on old bridges for further loading, Poland; Case 3. Safe and early form stripping with LOK-TEST, Canada; Case 4. Curing of the cover layer evaluated by pullout and bulk resistivity, Denmark.

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27

Ledyaev, A. P., V. N. Kavkazsky, T. V. Ivanes, and A. V. Benin. "Study in the Structural Behavior of Precast Lining of a Large Diameter Multifunctional Tunnel Performed by Means of Finite Elements Analysis with Respect to Saint-Petersburg Geological Conditions." Civil and Environmental Engineering 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2019-0012.

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AbstractThe tunneling technologies are constantly evolving, with the large diameter multifunctional city tunnels becoming more and more common. By building tunnels of large diameters in urban areas one can rationally distribute traffic flows within the unified space and combine various modes of transport. However, such scalable transport construction projects imply a serious pressure both on social aspects of the big cities life and on the city environment. So, in order to make a decision one needs to perform a comprehensive analysis. The authors have analyzed the foreign experience in large diameter tunneling to assess whether it is viable to use these kinds of structures under the geological conditions of St. Petersburg.

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28

Feng, Xuemao, Dongxiang Hou, and Zhen Huang. "The Influence of Shield Tunneling Characteristics on the Safety of Buildings Above-Case Study for Shanghai Zone." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 13391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013391.

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The disturbance effect of the shield tunneling process in the soft soil layer on the buildings above the subway tunnel is evident. Studying the spatial position effect of shield tunneling on the buildings above it is crucial for the safety of buildings and for the formulation of reasonable protection measures. Based on the typical soft soil layer in Shanghai, China, this study used Plaxis 3D for the precise simulation of the process of a shield tunnel passing through different spatial positions underneath the buildings above it. Considering the influence of the tunnel position (L), the buried depth (H), and the horizontal distance (D), the law of variation of surface settlement and the internal force and deformation law of overlying buildings during shield tunneling were discussed. The change of the building’s axial force was mainly reflected in the building slab structure, and the change of the shear force and the bending moment was mainly reflected in the building column structure. The box foundation of the buildings played an important role in resisting the influence of shield tunneling. Based on the composite criterion and the strength reduction method, the influence range of the shield tunneling on buildings in the soft soil layer was studied. The variation law of the safety factor of surrounding concrete lining, with or without the building load, was obtained. The influence of the building load on the tunnel construction was reflected by the relative ratio ξ of the safety factor in this case. The inflection point of the ξ curve and ξ = 95% was taken as the boundary of the affected areas that were divided into strong affected areas, weak affected areas, and areas which were not affected.

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29

Wong, Henry, Didier Subrin, and Daniel Dias. "Convergenceconfinement analysis of a bolt-supported tunnel using the homogenization method." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 462–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-016.

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The behaviour of tunnels reinforced with radially disposed fully grouted bolts is investigated in this paper. Perfect bonding and ideal diffusion of bolt tension are assumed, so that the bolt tension can be assimilated to an equivalent uniaxial stress tensor. An analytical model of the convergenceconfinement type is proposed that accounts for the delayed action of bolts due to ground decompression prior to bolt installation. This factor leads to nonsimultaneous yielding, and more generally, a different stress history for each constituent, requiring special treatments in the incremental elastoplasticity calculations. Nonetheless, the resulting model remains sufficiently simple, and an analytical solution is still accessible. Charts are provided to allow for parametric studies and quick preliminary designs. Comparisons with 3D numerical calculations show that the model gives precise results if the correct convergence at the moment of bolt installation is used as an "external" input parameter, validating the homogenization approach. An approximate methodology based on previous works is proposed to determine this parameter to render the proposed model "self-sufficient." Its predictions are again compared to 3D numerical computations, and the results are found to be sufficiently accurate for practical applications.Key words: reinforcement, anisotropy, analytical, lining, yield, elastoplasticity.

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30

Pukl, Radomír, Tereza Sajdlová, Jan Červenka, and Vladimir Červenka. "Performance of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Structures - Modelling of Damage and Reliability." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.690.

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Steel fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has higher ductility, it can save amount of convention reinforcement, labour and in consequence costs of the structure. However, broader use of SFRC as construction material is limited among others by lack of design codes. According to the previous study, reliability and safety of ordinary reinforced engineering can be verified using non-linear finite element analysis and several safety formats that are proposed in fib Model Code 2010. In the presented paper, safety formats are applied for fibre reinforced structures such as tunnel lining precast segment and individual approaches are compared. As tensile and shear cracks or compressive crushing can develop in the fibre reinforced concrete under severe conditions, the design combining numerical and experimental investigations together with safety formats is appropriate method how to obtain safe and reliable structure. Finite element method and advanced material models taking into account FRC properties such as shape of tensile softening branch, high toughness and ductility are described in the paper. Since the variability of FRC material properties is rather high, full probabilistic analysis seems to be the most appropriate format for evaluation of structural performance, reliability and safety.

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31

"Development and use of precast concrete tunnel linings." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 29, no. 2 (March 1992): A129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(92)92571-s.

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32

"Channel Tunnel: design, fabrication and erection of precast concrete linings." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 29, no. 3 (May 1992): A197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(92)94123-9.

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33

Zhang, Hao, Alessandro P. Fantilli, Bernardino Chiaia, Lumin Wang, and Zhenqing Wang. "STEEL FIBER-REINFORCED SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO CONCENTRATED LOADS." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 2, no. 1 (November 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2015.71.

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To model the behavior of precast segmental tunnel linings under thrust jack loading, cylindrical concrete columns, subjected to concentrated loads, are investigated. Specifically, uniaxial compressive tests have been performed on specimens made with self-compacting concrete and reinforced with two different amounts of steel fibers (0, 30 kg/m3, respectively). In addition, to measure concrete properties, three point bending tests have been carried out in accordance with code rules. As a result, not only the fracture toughness of concrete in compression is improved, but also the ultimate and the maximum splitting loads are remarkably increased by the presence of long fibers. Accordingly, a new formulation of the classical Leonhardt’s approach is eventually proposed. Finally, based on the results of the present research, it seems reasonable to replace reinforced concrete with SFRSCC in structures subjected to high concentrated loads.

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34

"Comparisons, experiences and development of the use of precast concrete tunnel linings in Europe, North America and the Far East." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 26, no. 6 (December 1989): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)91903-7.

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35

Fantilli, Alessandro P., Andrea Gorino, and Bernardino Chiaia. "BRITTLE/DUCTILE ASSESSMENT OF HYBRID REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS CONTAINING STEEL REBAR AND FIBERS." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 4, no. 1 (July 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2017.136.

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Many structures, such as precast and cast-in-situ tunnel linings, are nowadays realized with Hybrid Reinforced Concrete (HRC), where a combination of continuous steel rebar and discrete fibers is used to reinforce the cementitious matrix. Hence, the definition of a minimum amount of hybrid reinforcement (i.e., rebar and fibers), which prevents the brittle failure, is of practical interest. For predicting the brittle/ductile response of HRC beams in bending, a theoretical model is introduced and presented in this paper. It is based on the flexural response of both Lightly Reinforced Concrete (LRC) and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) beams, separately analyzed. The numerical results of the model, and some experimental data as well, show that the minimum reinforcement of HRC beams can be determined with a new design procedure. It requires the definition of the ductility index (DI), which is proportional to the difference between ultimate and effective cracking load. As DI linearly increases with the amount of rebar and fibers, the minimum reinforcement in HRC members can be found when DI is equal to zero. In addition, the minimum hybrid reinforcement can be defined with a suitable linear combination of the minimum area of rebar and the minimum fiber volume fraction, related to LRC and FRC beams, respectively.

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36

Jusoh, Siti Norafida, Hisham Mohamad, Aminaton Marto, Nor Zurairahetty Mohd Yunus, and Fauziah Kasim. "SEGMENT’S JOINT IN PRECAST TUNNEL LINING DESIGN." Jurnal Teknologi 77, no. 11 (November 23, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6426.

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Tunnel lining design requires an interactive approach as the design is not merely about the strength, but how much the tunnel allows to flexure to overcome the ground movement. When tunnel interacts with soil, stress from the ground is distributed into the structure. In the case of precast segmental bolted tunnel lining, it is critical to investigate the lining joints reaction, as this affects the overall flexural behaviour of tunnel lining. The objective of this paper is to present a discussion on the mechanics response of segmental tunnel lining affected by the segment’s joint. A short review on research works conducted in recent day on joint effect in segment’s joint in tunnel lining is also presented.

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Jusoh, Siti Norafida, Hisham Mohamad, Aminaton Marto, Nor Eliza Alias, Muhammad Azril Hezmi, Rini Asnida Abdullah, and Nor Zurairahetty Mohd. Yunus. "INVESTIGATION ON THE MECHANICS OF PRECAST SEGMENT TUNNEL LINING." Jurnal Teknologi 78, no. 8-6 (August 30, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.9640.

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Tunnel lining design is an interactive problem, which is not merely about the strength, but how much the lining could deform to accommodate the ground movement. When tunnel interacts with soil, stress from the ground is distributed onto the structure. In precast segmental tunnel lining, it is critical to investigate the lining reaction when applied with load, as this affects the overall flexural behaviour of tunnel lining. The objective of this paper is to understand the basis of tunnel lining mechanical behaviour response. A series of conducted flexural bending laboratory testing and developed numerical models presented here in order to discuss on the mechanics of segmental tunnel lining. By having two different support mechanisms, variation trend in load-deflection and moment bending curve depicted. Mirror trend of pin-pin support can easily be spotted in the results indicated segment lining affected by the load and support design.

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38

"Yielding precast reinforced concrete tunnel lining in Oligocene clay." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 26, no. 3-4 (July 1989): A157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)92393-0.

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39

Beňo, Jaroslav, and Matouš Hilar. "Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Tunnel Lining – Verification by Extensive Laboratory Testing and Numerical Modelling." Acta Polytechnica 53, no. 4 (January 4, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/1823.

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The use of precast steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) for tunnel segments is a relatively new application of this material. It was first applied in Italy in the 1980s. However, it did not begin to be widely applied until after 2000. The Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), together with Metrostav, carried out a study to evaluate the use of this new technology for tunnels in the Czech Republic. The first tests were carried out on small samples (beams and cubes) produced from SFRC to find an appropriate type and an appropriate dosage of fibres. The tests were also used to verify other factors affecting the final product (e.g. production technology). Afterwards, SFRC segments were produced and then tested at the Klokner Institute of CTU. Successful test results confirmed that it was possible to use SFRC segments for Czech transport tunnels. Consequently a 15 m-long section of segmental lining generated from SFRC without steel rebars was constructed as part of line A of the Prague metro.

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40

Abbas, Safeer, Ahmed M. Soliman, and Moncef L. Nehdi. "Chloride Ion Penetration in RC and SFRC Precast Tunnel Lining Segments." ACI Materials Journal 111, no. 6 (December 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51686991.

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41

Pethrung, Sirichai, Supot Teachavorasinskun, and Suraparb Keawsawasvong. "Preliminary Design for Segmental Joint of Precast Tunnel Liner." Civil and Environmental Engineering, May 8, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2021-0010.

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Abstract Responses of the segmental tunnel liner to external forces are primarily dependent on complicated interactions among construction process, soil structural interactions, segmental (longitudinal) joint characteristic etc. However, most proposed liner’s design procedures and recommendations are basically empirical and experience based, especially when the roles of tunnel joint are concerned. In the present study, a preliminary design calculation for the segmental joint with consideration of three practical conditions was proposed. The method adopts two main assumptions; the stiffness reduction factor and simplified pre-stressed concrete blocks, so that the flexural capacity of the segmental joint and its interactions to the main reinforced concrete segment body can be designated. Calculation examples are given for three most probable cases, namely, 1) the unbolted joint without joint opening, 2) the bolted joint without joint opening and 3) the unbolted segmental joint with allowing joint opening. Based on these calculations, the required compressive strength of concrete, thickness of liner, steel reinforcement, bolts and number of segments of the liner could be specified. The proposed method could well provide an engineer a tool to determine the initial joint configuration and its interaction to the overall tunnel lining.

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42

"Experiences with the precast segmental lining for the Mohale Tunnel in Lesotho." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 19, no. 4-5 (July 2004): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2004.02.043.

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43

Murugesan, Kumaresan, Sindhu Nachiar Siva Subramanian, Anandh Sekar, and Panruti Thangaraj Ravichandran. "Energy consumption analysis of different geometries of precast tunnel lining segment numerically." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, January 31, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25472-0.

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44

Abbas, Safeer, Ahmed M. Soliman, and Moncef L. Nehdi. "Mechanical Performance of RC and SFRC Precast Tunnel Lining Segments: A Case Study." ACI Materials Journal 111, no. 5 (October 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51687101.

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45

"Large scale mechanized repair work of a railway tunnel using precast concrete lining segments." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 32, no. 3 (April 1995): 139A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)90272-7.

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46

Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad, Salaheldin Mousa, Hamdy M. Mohamed, Abolfazl Eslami, and Brahim Benmokrane. "Experimental and Analytical Study on Precast High-Strength Concrete Tunnel Lining Segments Reinforced with GFRP Bars." Journal of Composites for Construction 26, no. 5 (October 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0001257.

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47

"Structure and construction technology of a single-shell tunnel lining of precast reinforced concrete elements, sealed against groundwater pressure." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 27, no. 4 (August 1990): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(90)90940-4.

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