Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pre-pregnancy body size"

Few studies have explored the associations between body satisfaction and physical activity and weight gain during pregnancy, and none have been conducted in Scandinavia. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in body satisfaction from pre-pregnancy to late pregnancy and investigate whether this differed according to parity. We also wanted to explore the association between body satisfaction and physical activity and weight gain among pregnant women in Norway. This cross-sectional survey used an electronic questionnaire to assess physical activity level, weight gain and women’s satisfaction with body weight and size. In total, 150 pregnant women answered the questionnaire. Related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Mann–Whitney U tests and chi-square tests were used to answer our research questions. The proportion of women who were dissatisfied with their body weight and shape increased from pre-pregnancy to late gestation (body weight p = 0.030 and body shape p = 0.040). Body dissatisfaction before and during pregnancy was linked to weight gain above recommendations. Characterising oneself as physically active prior to pregnancy was associated with satisfaction with body shape pre-pregnancy. Given that mothers strongly influence how a child will judge their body later in life, the results of this study underline the importance of addressing these issues during pregnancy.

Aims A growing body of evidence suggests that a higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index results in higher offspring’s blood pressure, but there is inconsistency about the impact of father’s body mass index. Furthermore, evidence is limited with regard to low and middle income countries. We aimed to determine the association between parental pre-pregnancy body mass index and offspring’s blood pressure during the first year of life. Methods In 587 infants of the BReastfeeding Attitude and Volume Optimization (BRAVO) trial systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured twice at the right leg in a supine position, using an automatic oscillometric device at day 7, month 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12. Parental pre-pregnancy body mass index was based on self-reported weight and height. Linear mixed models were performed to investigate the associations between parental pre-pregnancy body mass index and offspring blood pressure patterns. Results Each unit increase in maternal body mass index was associated with 0.24 mmHg (95% confidence interval 0.05; 0.44) and 0.13 mmHg (0.01; 0.25) higher offspring’s mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, during the first year of life. A higher offspring blood pressure with increased maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index was seen at birth and remained higher during the first year of life. The association with systolic blood pressure remained similar after including birth size and offspring’s weight and height over time. The association with diastolic blood pressure attenuated slightly to a non-significant result after including these variables. Paternal body mass index was not associated with offspring’s blood pressure. Conclusion Higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, but not paternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, is associated with higher offspring blood pressure already from birth onwards.

Abstract Objectives This study analyzed the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (PPBMI), dietary intake status, and birth size outcomes in the VDPM cohort study in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods The VDPM study is a prospective longitudinal study including 239 healthy pregnant women of Indonesian women with singleton pregnancies. Data on maternal dietary intake including energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake, and anthropometry were collected during pregnancy. New-born anthropometry for 195 new-born babies was measured immediately after delivery. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were constructed to determine the association between PPBMI, dietary intake status, and birth size outcomes. Results The mean birth weight was 3195 ± 463 g. Dietary intake of pregnant mothers had a significant correlation with newborn birth weight, length of birth, head circumference, and placental weight as pregnancy outcome indicators (p ≤ 0.05). This study showed that no association between pre-pregnancy BMI status and birth size outcomes (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusions Our studies have not shown a statistically significant difference between PPBMI and birth size outcomes. However, maternal dietary intake associated with birth size outcomes, more research is warranted to confirm these findings. Funding Sources Indonesian Danone Institute Foundation.

Background: Maternal and neonatal morbidity is still high in developing countries like in Indonesia. There are several factors may affect maternal health during pregnancy such as physical activity level (PAL) and pre-pregnancy nutritional status. Aim: To analyze the association between maternal physical activity status (PAL) and pre-pregnancy body mass index (PP BMI) with birth size outcomes. Methods: A prospective birth cohort study, Vitamin D Pregnant Mothers (VDPM) Study, to 183 healthy singleton pregnant women. Pre-pregnancy body mass index was classified according to WHO guidelines for Asian Population. Women PAL was measured at the first trimester (T1) and third trimester (T3) during pregnancy using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Birth size outcomes were measured immediately after birth such as birth weight, birth length, and head circumference. Results: Pregnant women at T3 had two times lower physical activity than T1 of pregnancy (OR, 2.18; CI, 1.044-4.57; p = 0.045). Maternal PAL at T1 and T3 were mostly in sedentary level (74.3% and 77.1%, respectively). There was no association between PP BMI, PAL, and birth size outcomes (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). However, the physical activity at T1 had a significant association with birth weight outcomes [MD (95%CI): 155.3 (13.8 – 296.8), p = 0.032]. There was a significant interaction between maternal PAL and PP BMI on birth weight (p interaction = 0.011) and head circumference (p interaction = 0.034). Conclusions: Our study reveals that pre-maternal nutritional status and physical activity behavior during the pregnancy associated with the head circumference and birth weight outcomes. Further large studies are needed to confirm our findings.

AbstractAlthough maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) are related to fetal growth, there is a paucity of data regarding how offspring sex affects the relationship between maternal BMI in underweight mothers (pre-pregnancy BMI <18.5 kg/m2) and size for gestational age at birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of offspring sex on the relationships among maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and size for gestational age at birth in Japanese underweight mothers. Records of women with full-term pregnancies who underwent perinatal care at Kawasaki Municipal Hospital (Kawasaki, Japan) between January 2013 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The study cohort included underweight (n=566) and normal-weight women (18.5 kg/m2⩽pre-pregnancy BMI<25 kg/m2; n=2671). The incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) births in the underweight group was significantly higher than that in the normal-weight group (P<0.01). Additionally, SGA incidence in the underweight group was significantly higher than that in the normal-weight group (P<0.01) in female, but not male (P=0.30) neonates. In the women with female neonates, pre-pregnancy underweight was associated with a significantly increased probability of SGA (odds ratio [OR]: 1.80; P<0.01), but inadequate GWG was not (OR: 1.38; P=0.11). In contrast, in women with male neonates, inadequate GWG was associated with a significantly increased probability of SGA (OR: 1.53; P=0.03), but not with pre-pregnancy underweight (OR: 1.30; P=0.10). In conclusion, the present results suggest that pre-pregnancy underweight is associated with SGA in female offspring but not in male offspring.

Within the paradigm of developmental origins of health and disease, an intrauterine environment that stimulates fetal overnutrition has been found to contribute to the risk of subsequent obesity in the offspring. There is compelling epidemiological evidence for a positive association between maternal obesity prior to pregnancy, gestational diabetes (GD) or excessive gestational weight gain, and the development of childhood obesity (as measured by body mass index, BMI). However, the evidence is limited and inconsistent with respect to more specific measures of adiposity (body composition or fat pattern) and insulin resistance in children. Furthermore, the long-term effects of maternal borderline gestational glucose intolerance (BGGI) on the offspring have not been considered. Therefore, I sought to examine whether maternal obesity prior to pregnancy, gestational glucose intolerance across the entire spectrum, and gestational weight gain have deleterious effects on the development of obesity (both global and specific measures of adiposity) and insulin resistance in pre-pubertal children. These associations are particularly important from a public health perspective as, once identified, they may point towards potential windows for prevention of childhood obesity and related metabolic disorders. This project entailed a follow-up of an existing representative, prospective birth cohort study (Generation 1 Study, n=557) in Adelaide, South Australia, recruited during 1998-2000. At the 9-10 year follow-up, rigorous anthropometric measurements were conducted in 443 children (80% of the original cohort), of whom 163 consented to provide a fasting blood sample for the estimation of insulin resistance based on homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Information on intrauterine exposures and confounders was collected from the antenatal interviews and hospital records. Maternal age, parity, smoking, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and education at the time of pregnancy were considered as potential confounders for all the associations of interest, and child current BMI z-score as a potential mediator on the pathway between the intrauterine exposures and child insulin resistance. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression and generalized linear models. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with all three obesity-related measures considered in the 9-10 year-old children (BMI z-score, percentage body fat estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and waist-to-height ratio); these relationships were robust to adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted coefficients for each one kg/m2 increase in maternal pre-pregnancy BMI were 0.08 (95% confidence interval 0.06, 0.10) for child BMI z-score, 0.44 (95% CI 0.31, 0.58) for percentage body fat and 0.002 (95% CI 0.002, 0.003) for waist-to-height ratio). There was no association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and HOMA-IR in children (with or without adjustment); however, when child current BMI z-score was included as a mediating variable, the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and child HOMA-IR was inverse and significant (adjusted change in child HOMA-IR for each one kg/m2 increase in maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was -0.83% (95% CI 1.63, -0.02)). Intrauterine exposure to glucose intolerance during pregnancy (either BGGI or GD) was not associated with any of the three obesity-related measures in children at 9-10 years. Children of mothers who developed GD during the index pregnancy had a higher HOMA-IR; this relationship was robust to adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted change in child HOMA-IR if exposed to maternal GD was 42.9% (95% CI 20.9, 68.9)) and partly mediated by child current BMI z-score. No association was found between exposure to maternal BGGI and child HOMA-IR (with or without confounder adjustment); however, when child current BMI z-score was added as a potential mediator, exposure to BGGI was associated with a reduction in child HOMA-IR (adjusted change in child HOMA-IR if exposed to maternal BGGI was -17.9% (95% CI -29.9, -3.96)). There were no significant associations between maternal gestational weight gain and any of the outcome measures of interest in unadjusted models. However, adjustment for pre-pregnancy BMI led to a positive association between gestational weight gain and child BMI z-score (adjusted changes in child BMI z-score for each one kg increase in maternal gestational weight gain was 0.032 (95% CI 0.007, 0.057)). Gestational weight gain was not associated with child insulin resistance, and this did not change when child current BMI z-score was included as a potential mediator on the pathway between gestational weight gain and child insulin resistance. Potential two-way interactions between the main exposures were investigated in relation to all outcomes of interest. Two significant interactions were identified: maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and glucose tolerance status, and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain, with a synergistic effect on child waist-to-height ratio. These results suggest that childhood obesity and insulin resistance have origins, at least in part, in intrauterine life, particularly in relation to maternal obesity at the time of pregnancy and GD. Further research to differentiate between genetic, environmental and intrauterine programming is recommended. That said, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was the strongest predictor of child BMI zscore, while GD appeared to have an independent effect on child insulin resistance, and both clinical and public health actions to address these maternal factors are warranted for a range of reasons.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, 2012