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Статті в журналах з теми "POWER MISMATCH"
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Niazi, Kamran Ali Khan, Tamas Kerekes, Alberto Dolara, Yongheng Yang, and Sonia Leva. "Performance Assessment of Mismatch Mitigation Methodologies Using Field Data in Solar Photovoltaic Systems." Electronics 11, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11131938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Partial shading and other non-ideal conditions cause electrical mismatches that reduce the output power generated by a photovoltaic (PV) system. It affects the overall performance and efficiency of PV systems. Therefore, a model is developed in MATLAB, which analyses the performance of the PV systems under real irradiance profiles and temperatures for various available mismatch mitigation methodologies, i.e., bypass diode, DC power optimizer, and differential power processing (DPP). More specifically, this study will help to understand the best mismatch reduction methodologies for a solar PV system under different scenarios. The results also are validated by comparing them with a similar PV system installed in SolarTechLAB, which also operates under the same irradiance and temperature conditions under which these models are tested. This study also presents novel results, covering discussions on the reverse voltage distribution under mismatch scenarios among bypass diode, DC power optimizer, and DPP techniques.
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Lorente, Daniel Gómez, Simone Pedrazzi, Gabriele Zini, Alberto Dalla Rosa, and Paolo Tartarini. "Mismatch losses in PV power plants." Solar Energy 100 (February 2014): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.11.026.
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Parks, G. T. "Fuel cycle transients under power mismatch." Annals of Nuclear Energy 14, no. 9 (January 1987): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4549(87)90069-7.
Повний текст джерела
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Niazi, Kamran Ali Khan, Yongheng Yang, Tamas Kerekes, and Dezso Sera. "A Simple Mismatch Mitigating Partial Power Processing Converter for Solar PV Modules." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082308.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Partial shading affects the energy harvested from photovoltaic (PV) modules, leading to a mismatch in PV systems and causing energy losses. For this purpose, differential power processing (DPP) converters are the emerging power electronic-based topologies used to address the mismatch issues. Normally, PV modules are connected in series and DPP converters are used to extract the power from these PV modules by only processing the fraction of power called mismatched power. In this work, a switched-capacitor-inductor (SCL)-based DPP converter is presented, which mitigates the non-ideal conditions in solar PV systems. A proposed SCL-based DPP technique utilizes a simple control strategy to extract the maximum power from the partially shaded PV modules by only processing a fraction of the power. Furthermore, an operational principle and loss analysis for the proposed converter is presented. The proposed topology is examined and compared with the traditional bypass diode technique through simulations and experimental tests. The efficiency of the proposed DPP is validated by the experiment and simulation. The results demonstrate the performance in terms of higher energy yield without bypassing the low-producing PV module by using a simple control. The results indicate that achieved efficiency is higher than 98% under severe mismatch (higher than 50%).
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Lee, Yongho, Soyeon Kim, and Hyunchol Shin. "A 24 GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion RF Receiver with I/Q Mismatch Calibration for Radar Sensor Applications." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 8246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218246.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A 24 GHz millimeter-wave direct-conversion radio-frequency (RF) receiver with wide-range and precise I/Q mismatch calibration is designed in 65 nm CMOS technology for radar sensor applications. The CMOS RF receiver is based on a quadrature direct-conversion architecture. Analytic relations are derived to clearly exhibit the individual contributions of the I/Q amplitude and phase mismatches to the image-rejection ratio (IRR) degradation, which provides a useful design guide for determining the range and resolution of the I/Q mismatch calibration circuit. The designed CMOS RF receiver comprises a low-noise amplifier, quadrature down-conversion mixer, baseband amplifier, and quadrature LO generator. Controlling the individual gate bias voltages of the switching FETs in the down-conversion mixer having a resistive load is found to induce significant changes at the amplitude and phase of the output signal. In the calibration process, the mixer gate bias tuning is first performed for the amplitude mismatch calibration, and the remaining phase mismatch is then calibrated out by the varactor capacitance tuning at the LO buffer’s LC load. Implemented in 65 nm CMOS process, the RF receiver achieves 31.5 dB power gain, −35.2 dBm input-referred 1 dB compression power, and 4.8–7.1 dB noise figure across 22.5–26.1 GHz band, while dissipating 106.2 mA from a 1.2 V supply. The effectiveness of the proposed I/Q mismatch calibration is successfully verified by observing that the amplitude and phase mismatches are improved from 1.0–1.5 dB to 0.02–0.19 dB, and from 10.8–23.8 to 1.1–3.2 degrees, respectively.
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Sinha, Shruti, Ch V. N. Rao, and Dhaval Pujara. "Balanced Power Amplifier Protection Against Load Mismatch." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 28, no. 2 (February 2018): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2018.2792692.
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Liu, Lianxi, Shaopu Gao, Junchao Mu, and Zhangming Zhu. "A Low Power and Low Current-Mismatch Charge Pump with Dynamic Current Compensation." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 12 (November 2019): 1920007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661920007x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A novel low power charge pump (CP) that minimizes the mismatch between the charging and the discharging currents is proposed in this paper. The switching circuit with dynamic current compensation is used to reduce the power consumption of the proposed CP. In addition, precise current replication which makes use of the resistors and the low offset operational amplifiers (OTA) can enable a reduction in current mismatch caused by process mismatch. Meanwhile, the high output impedance can reduce the current mismatch caused by the channel length modulation effect. Based on the 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m deep-Nwell CMOS process, the proposed CP can reduce the overall power consumption by 56% compared with the CP without current compensation, reduce the current mismatch caused by process mismatch to less than 0.9% and reduce the current mismatch caused by the channel length modulation effect to less than 0.01% over the output voltage ranging from 0.3 to 1.5[Formula: see text]V with 1.8[Formula: see text]V supply.
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Li, Shouping, Jianjun Chen, Bin Liang, and Yang Guo. "Low Power SAR ADC Design with Digital Background Calibration Algorithm." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111757.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposed a digital background calibration algorithm with positive and negative symmetry error tolerance to remedy the capacitor mismatch for successive approximation register analog-to-digital converters (SAR ADCs). Compensate for the errors caused by capacitor mismatches and improve the ADC performance. Combination with a tri-level switching scheme based on the common-mode voltage Vcm to achieve capacitor reduction and high switching energy efficiency. The proposed calibration algorithm significantly improves capacitor mismatch without resorting to extensive computation or dedicated circuits. The active area is 0.046 mm2 in 40 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The post-simulation results show the effective number of bits (ENOB) improves from 8.23 bits to 11.36 bits, signal-to-noise-and distortion ratio (SNDR) improves from 51.33 dB to 70.15 dB, respectively, before and after calibration. This improves the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) by 24.13 dB, from 61.50 dB up to 85.63 dB. The whole ADC’s power consumption is only 0.3564 mW at sampling rate fs =2 MS/s and Nyquist input frequency, with a figure-of-merit (FOM) 67.8 fJ/conv.-step.
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Niazi, Kamran Ali Khan, Yongheng Yang, Tamas Kerekes, and Dezso Sera. "Reconfigurable Distributed Power Electronics Technique for Solar PV Systems." Electronics 10, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A reconfiguration technique using a switched-capacitor (SC)-based voltage equalizer differential power processing (DPP) concept is proposed in this paper for photovoltaic (PV) systems at a cell/subpanel/panel-level. The proposed active diffusion charge redistribution (ADCR) architecture increases the energy yield during mismatch and adds a voltage boosting capability to the PV system under no mismatch by connected the available PV cells/panels in series. The technique performs a reconfiguration by measuring the PV cell/panel voltages and their irradiances. The power balancing is achieved by charge redistribution through SC under mismatch conditions, e.g., partial shading. Moreover, PV cells/panels remain in series under no mismatch. Overall, this paper analyzes, simulates, and evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed DPP architecture through a simulation-based model prepared in PSIM. Additionally, the effectiveness is also demonstrated by comparing it with existing conventional DPP and traditional bypass diode architecture.
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FLYNN, MICHAEL P., SUNGHYUN PARK, and CHUN C. LEE. "ACHIEVING ANALOG ACCURACY IN NANOMETER CMOS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2005): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reviews causes of and trends in MOS transistor mismatch, and assesses the implications for analog circuit design in the nanometer régime. The current understanding of MOS transistor mismatch is reviewed. In most cases, transistor mismatch is dominated by threshold voltage mismatch. Although, there is strong evidence that VT matching is improving as CMOS technology evolves, these improvements are countered by reductions in power supply that also accompany process scaling. In fact, the power consumption of analog circuits based on current design styles will increase with scaling to finer processes. It has long been known that thermal noise causes the power consumption of analog circuits to increase with scaling. However, unlike the case with thermal noise, new circuit techniques can break the accuracy-power constraints related to mismatch. These techniques are based on analog circuit redundancy, and take advantage of the tremendous transistor density offered by nanometer CMOS. This paper is primarily concerned with comparators, and in particular, with the use of comparators in flash ADCs; however, the analysis is also applicable to other circuits and applications.
Дисертації з теми "POWER MISMATCH"
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Christensen, Morgan. "Mentor Modeling Mismatch: Power Dynamics in Cooperating Teacher's Modeling for Preservice Teachers." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8781.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Through the use of interview and observation data, collected over two years, this qualitative study describes the perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of two Cooperating Teachers (CTs) and their assigned Pre Service Teachers (PST; n = 12) who were mentored over the course of two Special Education practicum experiences and five CT professional development trainings. Special attention was focused on the ways that CTs and PSTs describe modeling and how CTs’ modeling seemed to affect the CT/PST relationship. Participant responses were analyzed using a qualitative narrative method and indicated that CT’s use of modeling served primarily as a socializing process in which PSTs learn the role of a professional teacher through their interactions with the CT. Also, different types of modeling (e.g., simple vs. cognitive) seemed to affect this socialization process. The outcomes of simple and cognitive modeling were highly varied and affected the CT/PST relationship development differently. Additional findings indicated that professional development that focused on cognitive modeling may be related to CTs’ mentoring role development and the way they implement mentoring processes. It is hoped that the findings in this study will help to initiate conversations between CTs and PSTs and teacher educators concerning the use of modeling and the potential effects modeling may have on the mentoring relationship.
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Lindeberg, Johan. "Design and Implementation of a Low-Power SAR-ADC with Flexible Sample-Rate and Internal Calibration." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniksystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103229.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this Master's thesis was to design and implement a low power Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) used for sensor measurements. In the complete measurement unit, in which the ADC is part of, different sensors will be measured. One set of these sensors are three strain gauges with weak output signals which are to be pre-amplified before being converted. The focus of the application for the ADC has been these sensors as they were considered a limiting factor. The report describes theory for the algorithmic and incremental converter as well as a hybrid converter utilizing both of the two converter structures. All converters are based on one operational amplifier and they operate in repetitive fashions to obtain power efficient designs on a small chip area although at low conversion rates. Two converters have been designed and implemented to different degrees of completeness. One is a 13 bit algorithmic (or cyclic) converter which uses a switching scheme to reduce the problem of capacitor mismatch. This converter was implemented at transistor level and evaluated separately and to some extent also with sub-components. The second converter is a hybrid converter using both the operation of the algorithmic and incremental converter to obtain 16 bits of resolution while still having a fairly high sample rate.
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Yoon, Youngchang. "Reconfigurable CMOS RF power amplifiers for advanced mobile terminals." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48987.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, tremendous growth of the wireless market can be defined through the following words: smartphone and high-data rate wireless communication. This situation gives new challenges to RF power amplifier design, which includes high-efficiency, multi-band operation, and robustness to antenna mismatch conditions. In addition to these issues, the industry and consumers demand a low-cost small-sized wireless device. A fully integrated single-chip CMOS transceiver is the best solution in terms of cost and level of integration with other functional blocks. Therefore, the effective approaches in a CMOS process for the abovementioned hurdles are highly desirable. In this dissertation, the new challenges are overcome by introducing adaptability to a CMOS power amplifier. Meaningful achievements are summarized as follows. First, a new CMOS switched capacitor structure for high power applications is proposed. Second, a dual-mode CMOS PA with an integrated tunable matching network is proposed to extend battery lifetime. Third, a switchless dual-band matching structure is proposed, and the effectiveness of dual-band matching is demonstrated with a fully-integrated CMOS PA. Lastly, a reconfigurable CMOS PA with an automatic antenna mismatch recovery system is presented, which can maintain its original designed performance even under various antenna mismatch conditions. Conclusively, the research in this dissertation provides various solutions for new challenges of advanced mobile terminals.
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Patašius, Irmantas. "Traktoriaus ir priekabos su varančiaisiais ratais kinematinio suderinamumo tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120528_130120-43497.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Darbo tikslas: ištirti transporto priemonės sudarytos iš traktoriaus ir priekabos su varančiaisiais ratais kinematinį suderinamumą, dinaminius bei ekonominius rodiklius ir nustatyti racionalios eksploatacijos sąlygas. Darbe nagrinėjami transporto priemonės sudarytos iš traktoriaus ir priekabos su varančiaisiais ratais kinematinis suderinamumas, dinaminiai bei ekonominiai rodikliai, esant išjungtiems priekabos varantiesiems tiltams bei įjungtiems vienam ir dviem priekabos varantiesiems tiltams. Nustatyta, kad transporto priemonei, važiuojant suartu lauku, kurio drėgnis 5 cm gylyje - 19,8 %, kietis - 0.85 MPa, o kietis 15 cm gylyje - 1,08 MPa, racionalu įjungti tik vieną priekabos varantįjį tiltą (kartu su traktoriaus užpakaliniu varančiuoju tiltu). Čia vieno priekabos varančiojo tilto įjungimas duoda teigiamus rezultatus važiuojant tiek su 4500 kg kroviniu, tiek ir be krovinio. Važiuojant vėžėmis per suarta dirvą be krovinio yra racionalu abu priekabos varančiuosius tiltus išjungti, o vežant krovinį įjungti vieną priekabos varantįjį tiltą.Work aim: To investigate a vehicle consisting of a tractor-trailer-wheel drive with the compatibility of kinematic, dynamic and economic indicators and the rational exploitation conditions. The work deals with a vehicle consisting of a tractor and trailer with wheel drive . Kinematic compatibility, dynamic and economic indicators ,when the trailer driwing axles is off and on. It was found that a motor vehicle while driving convergence field, the moisture content at a depth of 5 cm - 19.8%, hardness - 0.85 MPa, and hardness at a depth of 15 cm - 1.08 MPa, it is reasonable to activate only one trailer driving axle the drive (with drive to the rear axle). This single drive axle trailers activation produce positive results in driving the 4500 kg load or without load. Going through the tracks plowed soil without load is reasonable to both drive axles off the trailer and cargo transport trailers for the drive to activate a axle.
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Gardner, Robert Matthew. "A Wide-Area Perspective on Power System Operation and Dynamics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26779.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Classically, wide-area synchronized power system monitoring has been an expensive task requiring significant investment in utility communications infrastructures for the service of relatively few costly sensors. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the viability of power system monitoring from very low voltage levels (120 V). Challenging the accepted norms in power system monitoring, the document will present the use of inexpensive GPS time synchronized sensors in mass numbers at the distribution level. In the past, such low level monitoring has been overlooked due to a perceived imbalance between the required investment and the usefulness of the resulting deluge of information. However, distribution level monitoring offers several advantages over bulk transmission system monitoring. First, practically everyone with access to electricity also has a measurement port into the electric power system. Second, internet access and GPS availability have become pedestrian commodities providing a communications and synchronization infrastructure for the transmission of low-voltage measurements. Third, these ubiquitous measurement points exist in an interconnected fashion irrespective of utility boundaries. This work offers insight into which parameters are meaningful to monitor at the distribution level and provides applications that add unprecedented value to the data extracted from this level. System models comprising the entire Eastern Interconnection are exploited in conjunction with a bounty of distribution level measurement data for the development of wide-area disturbance detection, classification, analysis, and location routines.
The main contributions of this work are fivefold: the introduction of a novel power system disturbance detection algorithm; the development of a power system oscillation damping analysis methodology; the development of several parametric and non-parametric power system disturbance location methods, new methods of power system phenomena visualization, and the proposal and mapping of an online power system event reporting scheme.Ph. D.
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Felicetti, Roberto. "Voltage Transients in the Field Winding of Salient Pole Wound Synchronous Machines : Implications from fast switching power electronics." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-434652.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wound Field Synchronous Generators provide more than 95% of the electricity need worldwide. Their primacy in electricity production is due to ease of voltage regulation, performed by simply adjusting the direct current intensity in their rotor winding. Nevertheless, the rapid progress of power electronics devices enables new possibilities for alternating current add-ins in a more than a century long DC dominated technology. Damping the rotor oscillations with less energy loss than before, reducing the wear of the bearings by actively compensating for the mechanic unbalance of the rotating parts, speeding up the generator with no need for additional means, these are just few of the new applications which imply partial or total alternated current supplying of the rotor winding. This thesis explores what happens in a winding traditionally designed for the direct current supply when an alternated current is injected into it by an inverter. The research focuses on wound field salient pole synchronous machines and investigates the changes in the field winding parameters under AC conditions. Particular attention is dedicated to the potentially harmful voltage surges and voltage gradients triggered by voltage-edges with large slew rate. For this study a wide frequency band simplified electromagnetic model of the field winding has been carried out, experimentally determined and validated. Within the specific application of the fast field current control, the research provides some references for the design of the rotor magnetic circuit and of the field winding. Finally the coordination between the power electronics and the field winding properties is addressed, when the current control is done by means of a long cable or busbars, in order to prevent or reduce the ringing.
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Mbaye, Amadou. "Linéarisation des amplificateurs de puissance large-bande pour des applications de communications tactiques et de diffusion audio ou vidéo numérique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1021/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'amplificateur de puissance est le module le plus critique dans les équipements de communication radio. Il détermine la qualité de la liaison par sa linéarité et a une contribution conséquente dans la consommation de l'émetteur ; environ 60% de l'énergie consommée est consacré à l'amplification. Il est donc crucial de le faire fonctionner avec un rendement énergétique élevé. Cependant, ces deux spécifications principales de l'amplificateur que sont la linéarité et le rendement énergétique sont antagoniques. Par conséquent, la conception d'un module d'amplification de puissance suppose de trouver un compromis entre la linéarité et le rendement. L'optimisation de ce compromis est la raison d'être des techniques de linéarisation d'amplificateurs et d'amélioration du rendement, parmi lesquelles la prédistorsion numérique (DPD) et les techniques de réduction du PAPR du signal (CFR).Le cœur de cette thèse est la linéarisation d'amplificateurs RF haute-puissance et large-bande par prédistorsion numérique (DPD). Dans ces travaux, nous abordons trois problématiques liées à la prédistorsion et qui constituent des verrous technologiques importants. Le premier aspect concerne l'implémentation de la prédistorsion numérique dans un contexte multi-bande où le signal à linéariser comporte plusieurs formes d'ondes, situées à des fréquences différentes. La seconde problématique est l'utilisation conjointe de la prédistorsion avec une technique de CFR. Dans la majorité des applications haute-puissance, les techniques de DPD et de CFR sont présentes de manière complémentaire, cependant elles sont utilisées de façon autonome et disjointe. Celles-ci gagneraient en performances de linéarisation en étant implémentées de manière plus concertée. . Le dernier thème abordé par cette thèse est l'effet des désadaptations d'impédance de l'antenne sur le mode de fonctionnement de l'amplificateur. La variation de l'impédance d'antenne entraine des réflexions de signal vers l'amplificateur qui modifient ses spécifications de linéarité et de rendement. Nous améliorons la linéarité du système DPD + AP, lorsque l'amplificateur est soumis à des variations de l'impédance à sa charge, grâce à une correction adaptative de gainPower amplifier is one of the most critical element within radiocommunications systems. The PA is their main source of nonlinearities and it has a great contribution on the emitter's power consumption. Running the PA with highest power efficiency is thus as crucial as having it linear for a good communication quality. However these two specifications of the PA are antagonistic and PA manifacturers need to find a compromise between linearity and power efficiency. Digital Predistortion (DPD) and Crest factor Reduction techniques are intended to improve power efficiency while preserving linearity or inversely. Linearization of wideband RF power amplifiers using Digital Predistortion is the focus of this thesis. Three DPD issues are investigated in these works. The first issue deals with multiband linearization where signals with various waveforms located at different frequency bands are amplified. The second objective of this thesis is to study a concurrent DPD/CFR systems based on an automatic estimation of the necessary CFR gain. The last part of this dissertation deals with PA linearization under antenna load variations. Indeed, the impedance of antenna may vary because of electromagnetic objects that are present in its vicinity. Those impedance variations may instigate signal reflections toward the PA, that modify some of its main specifications (linearity, delivered power and efficiency). Our goal in this field is to preserve DPD linearization performances under antenna load mismatch
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Alsafran, Ahmed Sulaiman. "Consensus Control for Power Sharing in an Islanded Microgrid Using an Adaptive Virtual Impedance Approach." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1607607802396011.
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Huang, Hao-Wei, and 黃皓瑋. "Research of Down-Converter on Low-Power Optimization and IQ Mismatch-Eliminated Technique." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09328142711711192061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣大學
電信工程學研究所
99
In this thesis, the first is introduction to millimeter-wave mixers in the wireless transceiver application and discussed several important parameters that observed in mixers. The mixers are essential component in the millimeter wave systems, therefore, considerations on the system, the mixer performance must be considered carefully. The basic mixer, and introduce a variety of mixers and their advantages or disadvantages of the structure, and then extended to the quadrature demodulator that composed of the mixers. Furthermore, focus on non-ideal effects of the demodulator and implemented the compensation work. For Airwave Corporation released a 60GHz transceiver project. A brief described system plan, the selection of architecture, and each important parameter. The process provided by WIN Development of 0.15um low noise pHEMT. A sub-harmonic mixer has been designed. The detail of the selection of the transistor size, the equivalent miniaturized filter, and impedance matching are investigated interestingly. A V-band anti-parallel pair diode sub-harmonic mixer in 0.15um pHEMT was designed and measured, which appears 10-dB of the conversion loss and owns 4 GHz intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth at 60 GHz radio frequency(RF). The 2LO-to-RF isolation is more than 45-dB, and the linearity of the output power 1-dB compression point is -8dBm, as well no DC power required. As complementally metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process provided from TSMC was designed in monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC). The mixer required a local oscillator signal to converse up or down the carrier frequency. Among the mixer several specifications, the local oscillator power is valuable in the millimeter-wave integrated circuit. The desire for greater output power will be directly related in the larger DC power consumption. As operating to higher frequency, the process limited the output power is too precious to difficulty drive the mixers while still maintains the performance such as conversion gain properties. To overcome the limit, implemented the low-LO power mixers. A Ka-band of the differentially bulk-source driven mixer in 0.18um CMOS was implemented. The measurement of the mixer required only -11-dBm of the local oscillator power while achieved 2-dB of the conversion gain at the 24 GHz frequency as well as 1.5mW of the DC power consumption. Furthermore, due to the narrow IF frequency bandwidth, operation frequency shifted, and unstable IF buffer in above work. A redesign Ka-band bulk-source driven mixer in 0.18-um CMOS was designed, which improves the IF bandwidth to 600MHz, center operation frequency to 22 GHz and IF buffer stabilized. The third part describes the quadrature demodulator which composed of two the unit down-conversion mixers. The quadrature demodulators play an important role in microwave systems. It is also one of the core components in the pursuit of high-speed wireless transmission system on recently wireless communication development. It often in the form of the orthogonal demodulator to increase the data bit transfer rate, which has a high added worth in transceiver architecture. However, there are non-ideal effects in the quadrature demodulators, which are the amplitude and the phase mismatch. The mismatch occurs from I/Q amplitude and phase balance can directly cause the error signal at baseband. In reality, observes the error vector magnitude (EVM) or constellation has been regarded as demodulation good or bad. In order to solve the mismatch problem, many papers has been published to provide several calibration methods. To simplify the complexity of the premise, this experiment has a lower complexity to accomplish amplitude and phase controlled technique so that adjust the mismatch effects. A 24 GHz down-converter with Tunable Amplitude and Phase Compensated in 0.18 um CMOS Process was designed. The down-converter achieves 5-dB of the conversion at 24 GHz frequency. Before amplitude and phase compensated the sideband-suppression is 24-dBc. After compensation, the sideband-suppression is improved to more than 45dBc, enhanced above 20dBc. The DC power of the compensation technique consumes 15mW at most. The last part is attenuator in appendix, for the 802.11.ad planning, each channel bandwidth is 2.16GHz. To use in low-IF front-end circuits for wireless communications, design a low phase error of the attenuator. A 0.05 ~ 4GHz low-phase error attenuator in 90nm CMOS was designed. The measurement of the maximum attenuation is 37-dB all under the 3o of the phase error, and the bandwidth is from 50-MHz to 4 GHz. The good input and output return loss are more than 10-dB under the channel bandwidth 2.16 GHz.
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Jen, Po-Chang, and 任柏璋. "High Speed Low Power Time-Domain Smart Temperature Sensor with Random Mismatch Reduction and Process Calibration." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78547714920268461440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
103
With the advance of science and technology, the process technology becomes better than before. As the VLSI chips pursue high integration density and more functionalities, thermal effect becomes very important problems for chip design nowadays. Without proper supervision, the heat built up by undue power consumption may seriously damage the device robustness or even burn out the chip. To reduce the risk of overheating, VLSI chips gradually integrate temperature sensors for thermal monitoring to enhance their reliability and life span. But the process variation is still a big trouble for VLSI temperature sensor. This paper presents a CMOS time-domain smart temperature sensor with low power consumption and the capability to reduce the impact caused by both process variation and random mismatch for mass production cost saving. A differential ring oscillator designed as the temperature sensing core generates a thermally sensitive output pulse with a width linearly proportional to the test temperature. A calibration circuit is utilized to eliminate the inaccuracy caused by process variation. A succeeding TDC is used for output coding. The Monte Carlo analysis is adopted to allocate areas for critical devices to fit the maximum random mismatch to the required accuracy. Furthermore, the systematic mismatch is carefully taken care of by precision layout. Fabricated in a TSMC 0.18-μm standard CMOS process, the proposed sensor is able to operate at a high speed of 431k Samples/sec. Moreover, each sample consumes only 301pJ at 1.8V/0.9V operation voltage for analog/digital circuit. The core area is merely 0.285mm2, the resolution is 0.48°C, and the inaccuracy is measured to be ±0.6C by one-point calibration and ±1.5C by batch-calibration in a wide temperature range of 0C to 120C. This proposed sensor functions well and is currently licensed by Actron Technology Corporation through an academia and industry cooperation. The commercial value and the competitiveness of the proposed sensor is thus convinced.
Книги з теми "POWER MISMATCH"
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1943-, Kretzmer David, Benish Avishai та Makhon ha-Yiśreʾeli le-demoḳraṭyah, ред. Ḥuḳe-ha-yesod ke-tashtit la-ḥuḳah: Irgun me-ḥadash shel ḥuḳe-ha-yesod ba-derekh le-mismakh ḥuḳati kolel. Yerushalayim: Makhon ha-Yiśreʾeli le-demoḳraṭyah, 2002.
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Gursoy, Yaprak. Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0009.
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Since 1991, the Turkish armed forces (TAF) have experienced major transformations in the spheres of civil–military relations, military operations, and military capabilities; yet there have also been elements of continuity. While the military has come under the control of civilians, the 2016 coup attempt showed that old patterns of behaviour continue and reflect conflict among various groups and issues, including political Islam. In the sphere of military operations, TAF has participated in international peacekeeping missions, but has also become embroiled in the Syrian war and carried out unilateral operations in Iraq against Kurdish groups. Finally, Turkey has increased its military capabilities, but it is still dependent on Western powers for technological expertise. Overall, there is a mismatch between Turkey’s power aspirations and the domestic and regional circumstances it faces, leading to continuities despite the changes.
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Russell, Meg, and Daniel Gover. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753827.003.0010.
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This chapter summarizes the book’s findings, and provides a substantive analysis of the way policy influence operates at Westminster. It concludes that parliament has significant power that takes several distinct forms. The chapter summarizes the changes made to the 12 case study bills, and draws on interview evidence from insiders about parliament’s overall influence in the process. It identifies six ‘faces’ of parliamentary power over legislation—including visible change through amendments, but also ‘anticipated reactions’, more subtle internalization by government of parliament’s desires, setting the policy agenda (‘issue politicization’), exposure and accountability, and, finally, supporting the government. The chapter explores how these different forms of influence are exercised by different actors at Westminster—particularly including the opposition and government backbenchers. It concludes that Westminster can, despite common perceptions, be viewed as a ‘legislator’ in an important sense, and discusses why there may be a mismatch between common perceptions and reality.
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Illingworth, Patricia. Giving Now. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907044.001.0001.
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Abstract Despite the abundance of great wealth and an ever-growing number of billionaires, deep poverty and inequality persist worldwide. Nonetheless, donors often favor religion and education in their giving. Social injustice is exacerbated by the mismatch between need and giving. This book looks at the human rights responsibilities of non-state actors. This book argues that philanthropists and the nonprofit sector should be guided by their human rights responsibilities. Grounding philanthropy on human rights has explanatory power with respect to the social consensus about tainted donations, tainted donors, the pornography of poverty, donor-advised funds, and manipulative fundraising. By practicing human rights due diligence, this book maintains that philanthropy can promote social justice, protect human rights, and mitigate philanthropy’s complicity in the violation of human rights. Ultimately philanthropy stands to regain social trust.
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Goldie, Mark. Absolutism. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0017.
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Absolutism is a nineteenth-century term designed precisely to address the mismatch between doctrine and power. The intellectual resources of absolutism were far older than the Renaissance and Reformation. The absolutism of monarchs was a contingent and temporary corollary of the principal juridical development of the early modern period: the emergence of the concept of sovereignty. Absolute monarchy was a free rider on a concept that would later unseat it. Theorists of absolute sovereignty drew heavily on Roman law, and often invoked the idea of the translatio imperii, the inheritance by modern monarchies of Roman imperial authority. The sovereignty of kings, seeking to trump the divine imperium of the papacy, masqueraded its jurisprudence as the divinity of kings. The “divine right of kings” was a theological meditation on a juridical concept, not a species of mysticism, and rarely did absolutists endow monarchs with magical or sacerdotal attributes. Absolutism conspicuously appropriated religious form when expressed as a theory of obedience. Absolutist theory offered an account of the origins of civil authority.
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Liu, Mingwei, and David Finegold. Emerging Economic Powers. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.25.
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This chapter aims to provide a review and analysis of skill development in China and India that do not neatly fit any skill formation model found in the literature. Although both China and India have made some impressive achievements in skill formation in the past two decades, great challenges remain on their way toward high-skill equilibrium including providing a strong educational foundation for vulnerable groups, corruption and rising inequality, skills mismatch, and raising employer skill demands. Despite many similar goals and challenges, the trajectories of skill development of the two countries are shaped by different sets of political, socioeconomic, institutional, cultural, demographic, and organizational factors, leading to two different skill formation and demand models with some complementary strengths and weaknesses.
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Tellis, Ashley J. US–India Relations. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.35.
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Throughout the Cold War, relations between the United States and India were defined by the two countries’ often mismatched worldviews, national priorities, and capabilities. These three factors prevented Washington and New Delhi from realizing the full potential of their relationship, despite the natural kinship bestowed by their shared identity as liberal democracies. Today, although Cold War-era non-alignment politics and the irritant of India’s exclusion from the international nuclear non-proliferation regime have largely abated, vestiges of these structural constraints persist even as India opens itself to global markets and undertakes economic reforms. To make good on the strategic partnership to which they have committed themselves and which is especially important given China’s rising power, both countries must define a minimally acceptable notion of reciprocity in their interactions by reconciling the American expectations of exchange-based relations with the Indian desire for a no-obligations partnership that preserves its strategic autonomy.
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Perillán, José G. Science Between Myth and History. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864967.001.0001.
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Scientists regularly employ historical narrative as a rhetorical tool in their communication of science, yet there’s been little reflection on its effects within scientific communities and beyond. Science Between Myth and History begins to unravel these threads of influence. The stories scientists tell are not just poorly researched scholarly histories, they are myth-histories, a chimeric genre that bridges distinct narrative modes. This study goes beyond polarizing questions about who owns the history of science and establishes a common ground from which to better understand the messy and lasting legacy of the stories scientists tell. It aims to stimulate vigorous conversation among science practitioners, scholars, and communicators. Scientific myth-histories undoubtedly deliver value, coherence, and inspiration to their communities. They are tools used to broker scientific consensus, resolve controversies, and navigate power dynamics. Yet beyond the explicit intent and rationale behind their use, these narratives tend to have great rhetorical power and social agency that bear unintended consequences. This book unpacks the concept of myth-history and explores four case studies in which scientist storytellers use their narratives to teach, build consensus, and inform the broader public. From geo-politically informed quantum interpretation debates to high-stakes gene-editing patent disputes, these case studies illustrate the implications of storytelling in science. Science Between Myth and History calls on scientists not to eschew writing about their history, but to take more account of the stories they tell and the image of science they project. In this time of eroding common ground, when many find themselves dependent on, yet distrustful of scientific research, this book interrogates the effects of mismatched, dissonant portraits of science.
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Raydugin, Yuri G. Modern Risk Quantification in Complex Projects. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844334.001.0001.
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There are multiple complaints that existing project risk quantification methods—both parametric and Monte Carlo—fail to produce accurate project duration and cost-risk contingencies in a majority of cases. It is shown that major components of project risk exposure—non-linear risk interactions—pertaining to complex projects are not taken into account. It is argued that a project system consists of two interacting subsystems: a project structure subsystem (PSS) and a project delivery subsystem (PDS). Any misalignments or imbalances between these two subsystems (PSS–PDS mismatches) are associated with the non-linear risk interactions. Principles of risk quantification are developed to take into account three types of non-linear risk interactions in complex projects: internal risk amplifications due to existing ‘chronic’ project system issues, knock-on interactions, and risk compounding. Modified bowtie diagrams for the three types of risk interactions are developed to identify and address interacting risks. A framework to visualize dynamic risk patterns in affinities of interacting risks is proposed. Required mathematical expressions and templates to factor relevant risk interactions to Monte Carlo models are developed. Business cases are discussed to demonstrate the power of the newly-developed non-linear Monte Carlo methodology (non-linear integrated schedule and cost risk analysis (N-SCRA)). A project system dynamics methodology based on rework cycles is adopted as a supporting risk quantification tool. Comparison of results yielded by the non-linear Monte Carlo and system dynamics models demonstrates a good alignment of the two methodologies. All developed Monte Carlo and system dynamics models are available on the book’s companion website.
Частини книг з теми "POWER MISMATCH"
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Fang, Hui, Yongtao Chen, Jingsen Zhou, Te Zhu, He Peng, and Cheng Wang. "A Switched-Capacitor-Based Multilevel Converter for Photovoltaic Systems Suffering from Power Mismatch." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 445–53. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1870-4_47.
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Jeyaprabha, S. Berclin. "Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking for Mismatched Modules of Photovoltaic Array." In Advanced Technologies for Solar Photovoltaics Energy Systems, 231–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64565-6_8.
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Bhardwaj, Varun, and Prerna Gaur. "A Fuzzy-Based Buck-Boost Photovoltaic Inverter for Voltage Stabilization During Mismatched Environmental Conditions." In Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Drives, 451–66. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9239-0_34.
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Seibel, Wolfgang. "Evaporated Responsibility: The Collapse of the West Gate Bridge in Melbourne on 15 October 1970." In Collapsing Structures and Public Mismanagement, 13–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67818-0_2.
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AbstractOn 15 October 1970, at 11:50AM, part of the West Gate Bridge in Melbourne, span 10-11 of 367 feet length, disintegrated and triggered the collapse of the bridge. Thirty-five men were killed in the disaster. The bridge was still under construction, all those killed were workers or engineers employed on the construction site. The investigation of a Royal Commission revealed a mismatch between an ambitious structural design of the bridge plus an unconventional method of erection and a fragmented, conflict-ridden construction management whose detrimental effects remained unchecked by public authorities. Regulatory powers and enforcement competence had been delegated to a QUANGO—a quasi-non-governmental organization—which diluted responsibility structures and decisively weakened the coordination and control capacity of the agency.
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Alok, V. N. "Republic of India." In The Forum of Federations Handbook of Fiscal Federalism, 213–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97258-5_6.
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AbstractThe chapter deals with the salient features of India’s federal fiscal architecture which is regarded, by many, as unitary in nature. Like other federations, India’s multi-level fiscal system is characterized by two kinds of imbalances, i.e. vertical (due to mismatch in expenditure responsibilities and taxation powers to union, state and local governments) and horizontal (due to high degree of disparities among sub-national governments in their fiscal capacities and fiscal needs). The chapter narrates the structure, process and interplay of institutions including successive union and state finance commissions and their treatments to correct various fiscal asymmetries. It also summarizes the recent reforms in intergovernmental fiscal relations including the system of fiscal transfers, equity and efficiency concerns, role of political institutions and public debts to understand India’s federal finance.
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Cordray, Richard. "An Ominous Mismatch." In Watchdog, 27–39. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502990.003.0003.
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Congress created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, sparking a bitter partisan battle. The bureau’s mission—to help individual consumers cope with their financial problems and to ward off future crises like the 2008 financial collapse—posed a direct challenge to the financial industry. As the industry has grown, it has also greatly expanded its power in Washington through extensive political contributions and lobbying efforts. Its support for the Tea Party movement shifted the political balance in the 2010 elections. Using its political might, the industry opposed the bureau and then sought to block confirmation of anyone as its director, hoping to hobble efforts to operationalize it. On Elizabeth Warren’s recommendation, President Obama nominated Richard Cordray to be the first director, starting a fight over his confirmation that would last two years.
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Mitchell, George E., Hans Peter Schmitz, and Tosca Bruno-van Vijfeijken. "Strategy." In Between Power and Irrelevance, 44–61. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084714.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 describes major shifts in the strategic orientations of TNGOs that represent a concerted movement from their historical roots as charitable conduits to social and political change agents seeking sustainable impact and long-term transformations. Three illustrative strategic shifts—from direct service delivery to championing rights and supporting entrepreneurship; from reactive advocacy to proactive global campaigning; and from capacity-building to systems thinking—underscore the growing mismatch between the inherited institutional and normative features of the architecture and the sector’s contemporary ambitions and strategies. The evolution in TNGO strategies over the past several decades suggests new future roles for TNGOs, but future-oriented change is complicated by the need to overcome architectural challenges and confront past legacies.
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A. Rmila, Salahaldein. "Automatic Current Sharing Mechanism in Two-phase Series Capacitor Buck DC-DC Converter (2-pscB)." In Power Electronics, RF, and Microwave Engineering [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107975.
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In this chapter, we introduce the concept of the Inherited Automatic Current Sharing Mechanism (ACSM) in a two-phase series capacitor buck topology (2-pscB). This topology was introduced to power laptops as low-voltage and high-current Voltage Regulator Modules as well as non-isolated Point-of-Load converters (Vin < 12 V). To satisfy the converter stability, a state-space modeling technique of switching intervals coupled with parasitic component linearization is developed. Due to the series capacitor charging period miscalculation, the applicability of the ACSM of 2-pscB switching topology for high-power electronic applications is still very limited. Inserting a series capacitor between power switches of phase A increases loop parasitic inductance, introduces a time delay mismatch between the gate voltages of the two switches, and causes interference with the synchronization of the dead time between both phases of 2-pscB converters since the phase B has no series capacitor. This mismatch reduces the heat distribution efficiency and lifetime. As such, a complete model study delivered by the converter is required to design a robust controller. Driven to explore the series capacitor voltage feedback mechanism, frequency analysis of transfer functions, and filter behavior with experimental prototype examples (Vin < 120 V) have been presented for the first time to demonstrate the theoretical analysis. Obtained efficiency was up to 94.9% at full load.
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Howell, David R., Ellen Houston, and William Milberg. "Skill Mismatch, Bureaucratic Burden, and Rising Earnings Inequality in the U.S.: What Do Hours and Earnings Trends by Occupation Show?" In Power, Employment and Accumulation, 37–79. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315701578-10.
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Wen, Aijun, Zesan Liu, Di Liu, Chenghua Fu, and Ziting Gao. "Research on Security Sharing Model System of Power Digital Spatial Data." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220533.
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Digital transformation will promote the rapid progress of power digital space construction led by power data. Through the use of new digital information technology, we will give full play to the function of data integration and effectively support the construction of new power system. Data interconnection is the key link to release the value of data, but at present, there are still many urgent problems to be solved in the power digital spatial data sharing, such as the mismatch between data demand and data supply, weak security guarantee and so on. In order to study the security protection of power digital spatial information data sharing, according to the concept of privacy computing, a power digital spatial data security sharing model system based on privacy computing is designed. This model system has strong research and practical significance for realizing the secure circulation and sharing of new power system data.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "POWER MISMATCH"
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Faisal, Shah, Salman Ahmed, and Salim ur Rehman. "Distributed power mismatch estimation in smart grid." In 2016 International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icet.2016.7813280.
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Youngchang Yoon, Hyungwook Kim, Kwanyeob Chae, Jeongwon Cha, Hyoungsoo Kim, and Chang-Ho Lee. "An antenna mismatch immuned CMOS power amplifier." In 2010 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asscc.2010.5716554.
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Viveka, K. R., Abhilasha Kawle, and Bharadwaj Amrutur. "Low Power Pipelined TCAM Employing Mismatch Dependent Power Allocation Technique." In 20th International Conference on VLSI Design held jointly with 6th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsid.2007.99.
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Carobbi, Carlo F. M. "An investigation on oscilloscope input mismatch." In 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility & Signal/Power Integrity (EMCSI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isemc.2017.8077890.
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Suarez, Almudena, Franco Ramirez, and Sergio Sancho. "Stability criteria for power amplifiers under mismatch effects." In 2015 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS2015). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2015.7166988.
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Kulikowski, Konrad J., Vyas Venkataraman, Zhen Wang, and Alexander Taubin. "Power Balanced Gates Insensitive to Routing Capacitance Mismatch." In 2008 Design, Automation and Test in Europe. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/date.2008.4484855.
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Khorami, Ata, M. S. Eslampanah Sendi, A. Nikoofard, and M. Sharifkhani. "Zero-power mismatch-independent Digital to Analog converter." In 2015 IEEE 13th International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/newcas.2015.7182106.
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Kulikowski, Konrad J., Vyas Venkataraman, Zhen Wang, and Alexander Taubin. "Power balanced gates insensitive to routing capacitance mismatch." In the conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1403375.1403685.
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Silva, H., G. Monasterios, and A. Henze. "Mismatch uncertainty in RF & microwave power measurements." In 2017 89th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference (ARFTG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/arftg.2017.8000847.
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Petrov, Viktor P., and Igor Yu Yakushev. "Impact of Mismatch on Microwave Power Dividers Parameters." In 2018 XIV International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apeie.2018.8545638.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "POWER MISMATCH"
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Jargon, Jeffrey A., Dazhen Gu, Christian J. Long, Aaron M. Hagerstrom, Angela C. Stelson, and Ann F. Monke. Theoretical basis of the direct-comparison system for power calibration including equivalent source mismatch. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2079.
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Zwetsloot, Remco, and Jack Corrigan. AI Faculty Shortages: Are U.S. Universities Meeting the Growing Demand for AI Skills? Center for Security and Emerging Technology, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190049.
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Universities are the engines that power the AI talent pipeline, but mounting evidence suggests that U.S. computer science departments do not have enough faculty to meet growing student interest. This paper explores the potential mismatch between supply and demand in AI education, discusses possible causes and consequences, and offers recommendations for increasing teaching capacity at U.S. universities.
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Smalley, Vinyard, and Evans. L51511 Deactivating Power Cylinders under Reduced Load on Two-Cycle Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010517.
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Investigates potential and procedures for selective deactivation of one or more power cylinders in two-cycle engines under reduced load to effect fuel savings while avoiding possible engine derangement. The objectives were to identify any major problems with cylinder deactivation, to quantify likely benefits, to determine potential increases in load or stress, and to generate guidelines from the project results. This study showed that economic benefits are possible with the careful use of cylinder deactivation; however, several operational problems were encountered, such as spark plug fouling, oil pumping, increased noise due to a mismatched muffler cutoff frequency, and increased wear in the deactivated cylinders.
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Hynd, David, Caroline Wallbank, Jonathan Kent, Ciaran Ellis, Arun Kalaiyarasan, Robert Hunt, and Matthias Seidl. Costs and Benefits of Electronic Stability Control in Selected G20 Countries. TRL, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/lsrg3377.
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This report, commissioned by Bloomberg Philanthropies, finds that 42,000 lives could be saved and 150,000 serious injuries prevented by 2030 if all new cars in seven G20 countries were required to be equipped with an inexpensive crash avoidance technology starting in 2020. Thirteen G20 counties currently adhere to United Nations regulations on electronic stability control (ESC). If the seven remaining countries—Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa—also mandated ESC in 2020, the report estimates $21.5 billion in economic benefit to those countries from the prevention of deaths and serious injuries. Argentina and Brazil are due to start applying ESC regulations in 2020. The UK-based Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) conducted the independent study of costs and benefits of applying ESC regulation in G20 countries, which are responsible for 98% of the world’s passenger car production. This report comes before the 3rd Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in Stockholm, which is the largest gathering of governments and is a key opportunity for adoption of this UN-recommended standard. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Road Safety Report, the number of road traffic deaths reached 1.35 million in 2016. Of all vehicle safety features, electronic stability control is regarded as the most important one for crash avoidance since it is 38% effective in reducing the number of deaths in loss-of-control collisions. ESC tries to prevent skidding and loss of control in cases of over-steering and under-steering. The technology continuously monitors a vehicle’s direction of travel, steering wheel angle and the speed at which the individual wheels are rotating. If there is a mismatch between the intended direction of travel and the actual direction of travel, as indicated by the steering wheel position, ESC will selectively apply the brakes and modulate the engine power to keep the vehicle traveling along the intended path. The cost of implementing ESC on vehicles that already contain anti-lock braking systems is thought to be as little as $50 per car. And the report finds the benefits are significant: For every dollar spent by consumers in purchasing vehicles with these technologies, there is a US$2.80 return in economic benefit to society because of the deaths and serious injuries avoided. The analysis warns that without regulation of ESC, the seven remaining G20 countries will only reach 44% installation of ESC by 2030. However, if all seven countries implemented ESC regulations this year, 85% of the total car fleet in G20 countries will have ESC by 2030, a figure still below the United Nations target of 100% ESC fleet coverage by 2030.
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L51777 Automation of Fast Ultrasonic Technique for Pipeline Weld Examinations. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010165.
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This project has taken a newly developed ultrasonic examination technique that is capable of detecting, characterizing, and sizing flaws with fewer errors and less time than ever before and applying the automated data recording and imaging technologies for a more economical and more desirable pipeline ultrasonic examination process. FAST TM (Flaw Analysis and Sizing Technique) is a conceptually simple but extremely innovative and highly effective ultrasonic weld examination technique. The development of this technique was accomplished to reduce weld examination time while improving examination quality for manual examiners in radiation areas in the nuclear power industry. Testing the technique was performed on controlled samples with flaws of varying positions, orientations, and sizes. The materials ranged in thickness from .237 inches to 4.0 inches and included stainless steel, carbon steel, and clad carbon steel. The geometrics of the butt welds included excess root, heavy counterbores, mismatch and generally any condition field welds might contain.