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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Brandl, Ron, Mihai Calin, and Thomas Degner. "Power hardware-in-the-loop setup for power system stability analyses." CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.1100.

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2

Kikusato, Hiroshi, Taha Selim Ustun, Masaichi Suzuki, Shuichi Sugahara, Jun Hashimoto, Kenji Otani, Kenji Shirakawa, Rina Yabuki, Ken Watanabe, and Tatsuaki Shimizu. "Microgrid Controller Testing Using Power Hardware-in-the-Loop." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082044.

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Анотація:

Required functions of a microgrid become divers because there are many possible configurations that depend on the location. In order to effectively implement the microgrid system, which consists of a microgrid controller and components with distributed energy resources (DERs), thorough tests should be run to validate controller operation for possible operating conditions. Power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) simulation is a validation method that allows different configurations and yields reliable results. However, PHIL configuration for testing the microgrid controller that can evaluate the communication between a microgrid controller and components as well as the power interaction among microgrid components has not been discussed. Additionally, the difference of the power rating of microgrid components between the deployment site and the test lab needs to be adjusted. In this paper, we configured the PHIL environment, which integrates various equipment in the laboratory with a digital real-time simulation (DRTS), to address these two issues of microgrid controller testing. The test in the configured PHIL environment validated two main functions of the microgrid controller, which supports the diesel generator set operations by controlling the DER, regarding single function and simultaneously activated multiple functions.

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3

Puschmann, Frank. "Sicheres Testen durch Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop-Systeme." ATZelektronik 16, no. 7-8 (July 2021): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35658-021-0645-4.

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4

Puschmann, Frank. "Safe Testing through Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems." ATZelectronics worldwide 16, no. 7-8 (July 2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38314-021-0649-0.

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5

Ojaghloo, B., and G. B. Gharehpetian. "Power Hardware In The Loop Realization, Control and Simulation." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, no. 15 (April 2017): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj15.235.

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6

Jha, Kapil, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi. "Boost-Amplifier-Based Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulator." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 62, no. 12 (December 2015): 7479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2015.2454489.

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7

García-Martínez, Eduardo, José Francisco Sanz, Jesús Muñoz-Cruzado, and Juan Manuel Perié. "Online database of Power Hardware In-the-Loop tests." Data in Brief 29 (April 2020): 105128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105128.

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8

Racewicz, Szymon, Filip Kutt, and Łukasz Sienkiewicz. "Power Hardware-In-the-Loop Approach for Autonomous Power Generation System Analysis." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051720.

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Анотація:

The article presents the Power Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) dynamic model of a synchronous generator of 125 kVA for autonomous power generation system analysis. This type of system is typically composed of electrical energy sources in the form of several diesel generator units with synchronous machines, the main distribution switchboard and different loads. In modern power distribution systems, the proposed power management strategies are typically aimed at the minimization of fuel consumption by maintaining the operation of diesel generator units at peak efficiency. In order to design and test such a system in conditions as close as possible to the real operating conditions, without constructing an actual power distribution system, a PHIL model in the form of a power inverter that emulates the behaviour of a real synchronous generator is proposed. The PHIL model was prepared in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, compiled to the C language and fed into a 150 kVA bidirectional DC/AC commercial-grade converter driven by a HIL real-time simulation control unit. Experimental research was performed in the LINTE2 laboratory of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), where the PHIL emulator was developed. The proposed model was validated by comparing the output voltages and currents as well as an excitation current with the measurements performed on the 125 kVA synchronous generator. The obtained results proved satisfactory compliance of the PHIL model with its real counterpart.

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9

Yu, Jungkyum, Kwangil Kim, and Kyongsu Yi. "Development of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system for power seat and power trunk electronic control unit validation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 636–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017751951.

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This paper describes a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system for the validation of a vehicle body electronic control unit. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation system consists of three parts: a real-time target machine, an electronic control unit, and a signal conditioning unit, which regulates the voltage levels between the real-time target and the electronic control unit. The real-time target machine generates switch and feedback signals to the electronic control unit. The software model, representing body electronics hardware, such as a power seat and power trunk, runs inside a real-time target machine. The software model is composed of a mechanical part that represents the dynamic behaviors and an electronic part to calculate the motor speeds, current, and electronic loads under various conditions. The hardware-in-the-loop test was carried out for two different large passenger vehicle electronic control units, since the purpose of this research is to validate the various electronic control units by just simply modifying the corresponding vehicle model, the power seat, and the power trunk. Test results indicate that the developed software model can effectively replace the real hardware, and that this virtual model can be used to validate the signal logic between the electronic control unit and the model. In addition, the electrical robustness of the electronic control unit was validated by applying surge currents to the electronic control unit.

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10

Li, Junhong. "Practice of power electronic hardware loop simulation based on fpga." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 452 (December 13, 2018): 042069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/452/4/042069.

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11

Kim, Dae-Jin, Byungki Kim, Kung-Sang Ryu, Gwang-Se Lee, Moon-Seok Jang, and Hee-Sang Ko. "Development of PV-Power-Hardware-In-Loop Simulator with Realtime to Improve the Performance of the Distributed PV Inverter." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 37, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2017.37.3.047.

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12

Moore, R. M., K. H. Hauer, G. Randolf, and M. Virji. "Fuel cell hardware-in-loop." Journal of Power Sources 162, no. 1 (November 2006): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.066.

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13

García Martínez, E., J. F. Sanz Osorio, J. Muñoz Cruzado Alba, and J. M. Perié. "Massive Parallel Current Power Amplifier Concept for Power Hardware in the Loop Applications." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.316.

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Анотація:

The development of the smartgrid increases the complexity of the current electric grid. To verify and validate the operation of the systems involved in it, Power Hardware-In-theLoop (PHIL) technique allows to test the complete system in an exhaustive way. But the reduced bandwidth of the overall test system can cause inaccuracies and instabilities, which can be harmful for the Hardware Under Test (HUT) or the people who are performing the test. To increase PHIL performance and tackle these problems, this paper proposes a new concept of high bandwidth current amplifier. It is based on a topology of massive parallel interleaved buck-boost converter, which distribute in an equal manner the total current in all the branches. This current reduction allows to use transistors with better switching behaviour, which increase the bandwidth of the converter. Furthermore, a Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) is used, obtaining the nominal output current in only one switching cycle. Description of the concept and the design parameters are provided. Finally, the behaviour of the proposed Power Amplifier (PA) at high frequency setpoint currents is shown in a Matlab/Simulink simulation.

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14

Badar, Jahangir, Saddaqat Ali, Hafiz Mudassir Munir, Veer Bhan, Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari, and Jong-Suk Ro. "Reconfigurable Power Quality Analyzer Applied to Hardware-in-Loop Test Bench." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165134.

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Integration of renewable energy resources and conventional grids leads to an increase in power quality issues. These power quality issues require different standards to be followed for accurate measurement and monitoring of various parameters of the power system. Conventional power quality analyzers (PQAs) are programmed to a particular standard and cannot be reconfigured by the end user. Therefore, conventional PQAs cannot meet the challenges of a rapidly changing grid. In this regard, a Compact RIO-based (CRIO-based) PQA was proposed, that can be easily reprogrammed and cope with the challenges faced by conventional PQAs. The salient features of the proposed PQA are a high processing speed, interactive interface, and high-quality data-storage capacity. Moreover, unlike conventional PQAs, the proposed PQA can be monitored remotely via the internet. In this research, a hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulation is used for performing the power-quality assessment in a systematic manner. Power quality indices such as apparent power, power factor, harmonics, frequency disturbance, inrush current, voltage sag and voltage swell are considered for validating the performance of the proposed PQA against the Fluke’s PQA 43-B.

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15

Muhammad, Moiz, Holger Behrends, Stefan Geißendörfer, Karsten von Maydell, and Carsten Agert. "Power Hardware-in-the-Loop: Response of Power Components in Real-Time Grid Simulation Environment." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030593.

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Анотація:

With increasing changes in the contemporary energy system, it becomes essential to test the autonomous control strategies for distributed energy resources in a controlled environment to investigate power grid stability. Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) concept is an efficient approach for such evaluations in which a virtually simulated power grid is interfaced to a real hardware device. This strongly coupled software-hardware system introduces obstacles that need attention for smooth operation of the laboratory setup to validate robust control algorithms for decentralized grids. This paper presents a novel methodology and its implementation to develop a test-bench for a real-time PHIL simulation of a typical power distribution grid to study the dynamic behavior of the real power components in connection with the simulated grid. The application of hybrid simulation in a single software environment is realized to model the power grid which obviates the need to simulate the complete grid with a lower discretized sample-time. As an outcome, an environment is established interconnecting the virtual model to the real-world devices. The inaccuracies linked to the power components are examined at length and consequently a suitable compensation strategy is devised to improve the performance of the hardware under test (HUT). Finally, the compensation strategy is also validated through a simulation scenario.

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16

Vogel, Steffen, Ha Thi Nguyen, Marija Stevic, Tue Vissing Jensen, Kai Heussen, Vetrivel Subramaniam Rajkumar, and Antonello Monti. "Distributed Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing Using a Grid-Forming Converter as Power Interface." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 3770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153770.

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This paper presents an approach to extend the capabilities of smart grid laboratories through the concept of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) testing by re-purposing existing grid-forming converters. A simple and cost-effective power interface, paired with a remotely located Digital Real-time Simulator (DRTS), facilitates Geographically Distributed Power Hardware Loop (GD-PHiL) in a quasi-static operating regime. In this study, a DRTS simulator was interfaced via the public internet with a grid-forming ship-to-shore converter located in a smart-grid testing laboratory, approximately 40 km away from the simulator. A case study based on the IEEE 13-bus distribution network, an on-load-tap-changer (OLTC) controller and a controllable load in the laboratory demonstrated the feasibility of such a setup. A simple compensation method applicable to this multi-rate setup is proposed and evaluated. Experimental results indicate that this compensation method significantly enhances the voltage response, whereas the conservation of energy at the coupling point still poses a challenge. Findings also show that, due to inherent limitations of the converter’s Modbus interface, a separate measurement setup is preferable. This can help achieve higher measurement fidelity, while simultaneously increasing the loop rate of the PHiL setup.

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17

Montoya, Juan, Ron Brandl, Keerthi Vishwanath, Jay Johnson, Rachid Darbali-Zamora, Adam Summers, Jun Hashimoto, et al. "Advanced Laboratory Testing Methods Using Real-Time Simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop Techniques: A Survey of Smart Grid International Research Facility Network Activities." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 3267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123267.

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Анотація:

The integration of smart grid technologies in interconnected power system networks presents multiple challenges for the power industry and the scientific community. To address these challenges, researchers are creating new methods for the validation of: control, interoperability, reliability of Internet of Things systems, distributed energy resources, modern power equipment for applications covering power system stability, operation, control, and cybersecurity. Novel methods for laboratory testing of electrical power systems incorporate novel simulation techniques spanning real-time simulation, Power Hardware-in-the-Loop, Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop, Power System-in-the-Loop, and co-simulation technologies. These methods directly support the acceleration of electrical systems and power electronics component research by validating technological solutions in high-fidelity environments. In this paper, members of the Survey of Smart Grid International Research Facility Network task on Advanced Laboratory Testing Methods present a review of methods, test procedures, studies, and experiences employing advanced laboratory techniques for validation of range of research and development prototypes and novel power system solutions.

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18

Ren, W., H. Chen, and J. Song. "Model-based development for an electric power steering system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 1265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes925.

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A model-based development method for electric power steering (EPS) system has been explored. A practicable model for the EPS system has been established in a full vehicle mechanical system environment. The performance of the electric control system of the EPS system has been evaluated in this static analysis environment. The model has then been used in a dynamic test environment based on dSPACE hardware and software, including Software-in-the-Loop and Hardware-in-the-Loop. The test result validates the simulation model, and shows that this development method can be used to evaluate the conceptual design of the EPS system as well as the control software design and testing.

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19

Liang, Jian Wei, Ling Liang, and Shu Ren Han. "Design of Dual-PWM VVVF System Based on ARM." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.569.

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The article, three-phase squirrel cage induction motor as the research object, introduces the design of a new dual-PWM VVVF system based on ARM. The rectifier link design control strategies based on the power of the inner power loop and outer voltage square loop control system. The inverter link design a double infinite loop vector control speed regulation system of torque, flux linkage to the inner ring, rotational speed to the outer ring a double infinite loop vector control . And then, to combine rectifier link and inverter link to build dual-PWM VVVF system. Focuses on realization of the control system software and hardware-based LPC2132 and μ C/OS-II. Gives the hardware design of the overall program, as well as software realization based on the hardware μC/OS-IIoperating system . Introduce some of the specific features of the program as well as hardware and software anti-jamming technology . Conduct simulation verification to the dual-PWM VVVF system. The results show that: The dual-PWM control system can realize better control effect.

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20

Upamanyu, Kapil, and G. Narayanan. "Improved Accuracy, Modeling, and Stability Analysis of Power-Hardware-in-Loop Simulation With Open-Loop Inverter as Power Amplifier." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 1 (January 2020): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2019.2896093.

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21

Lauss, Georg, M. Omar Faruque, Karl Schoder, Christian Dufour, Alexander Viehweider, and James Langston. "Characteristics and Design of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations for Electrical Power Systems." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 63, no. 1 (January 2016): 406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2015.2464308.

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22

Marks, Nathan D., Wang Y. Kong, and Daniel S. Birt. "Stability of a Switched Mode Power Amplifier Interface for Power Hardware-in-the-Loop." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 65, no. 11 (November 2018): 8445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2018.2814011.

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23

Jiaqun, Xu, Xing Meili, and Zhang Hongqiang. "Universal Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulator for BLDCM and PMSM." Journal of Magnetics 24, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4283/jmag.2019.24.3.454.

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24

Petrochenkov, A. B., T. Frank, A. V. Romodin, and A. V. Kychkin. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of an active-adaptive power grid." Russian Electrical Engineering 84, no. 11 (November 2013): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371213110102.

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25

Kim, Jin-Geun, Sung-Kyu Kim, Minwon Park, and In-Keun Yu. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation for Superconducting DC Power Transmission System." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 25, no. 3 (June 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2015.2406293.

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26

Tremblay, Olivier, Handy Fortin-Blanchette, Richard Gagnon, and Yves Brissette. "Contribution to stability analysis of power hardware-in-the-loop simulators." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 11, no. 12 (August 24, 2017): 3073–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1574.

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27

Ruuskanen, Vesa, Joonas Koponen, Kimmo Huoman, Antti Kosonen, Markku Niemelä, and Jero Ahola. "PEM water electrolyzer model for a power-hardware-in-loop simulator." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 16 (April 2017): 10775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.046.

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28

Castaings, A., A. Bouscayrol, W. Lhomme, and R. Trigui. "Power Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation for testing multi-source vehicles." IFAC-PapersOnLine 50, no. 1 (July 2017): 10971–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.2469.

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29

Guillo-Sansano, Efren, Mazheruddin H. Syed, Andrew J. Roscoe, Graeme M. Burt, and Federico Coffele. "Characterization of Time Delay in Power Hardware in the Loop Setups." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 68, no. 3 (March 2021): 2703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.2972454.

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30

Lentijo, S., S. D'Arco, and A. Monti. "Comparing the Dynamic Performances of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Interfaces." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 57, no. 4 (April 2010): 1195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2027246.

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31

Yue, Bonnie, and Amir Khajepour. "Hardware-in-the-loop for power level estimation of planetary rovers." International Journal of Vehicle Autonomous Systems 10, no. 4 (2012): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvas.2012.051272.

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32

Alessandri, Giacomo, Federico Gallorini, Luca Castellini, Dan El Montoya, Erick Fernando Alves, and Elisabetta Tedeschi. "An innovative Hardware-In-the-Loop rig for linear PTO testing." International Marine Energy Journal 5, no. 3 (December 19, 2022): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36688/imej.5.305-314.

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Анотація:

This paper describes the activities related to the design, manufacturing and commissioning of an innovative Hardware-In-the-Loop test rig for linear Power Take-Off testing. The rig is characterised by a fully coupled architecture in which three electro-mechanical units integrating a ballscrew and an electrical machine can actuate on a linear axis, either as motor or generator. A preliminary mechanical design of the test rig was carried out by identifying the most demanding conditions. The electrical and mechanical designs were assessed through a de-risking simulation of the overall test rig set-up, considering faults between the motors and respective power converters. The resulting rig setup includes a structure that embeds the three units, an electrical control panel and a control system. The use of electro-mechanical units increases the flexibility of the setup and simplifies the test of extreme conditions such as maximum output power or actuation force. Moreover, it allows reusing the power produced by the generating devices, thus reducing operational costs of the tests. The control system integrates a real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform, a supervisory control and data acquisition systems. Those offer not only the possibility of easily tuning parameters but also testing new control strategies, operational situations, and failures of a power-take-off system in very realistic conditions.

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33

Soomro, Jahangir Badar, Faheem Akhtar Chachar, Hafiz Mudassir Munir, Jamshed Ahmed Ansari, Amr S. Zalhaf, Mohammed Alqarni, and Basem Alamri. "Efficient Hardware-in-the-Loop and Digital Control Techniques for Power Electronics Teaching." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063504.

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Анотація:

Power electronics is a core subject in electrical and electronics engineering at the undergraduate level. The rapid growth in the field of power electronics requires necessary changes in the curricula and practica for power electronics. The proposed next-generation power electronics teaching laboratory changes the learning paradigm for this subject and is for the first time used for teaching purposes in Pakistan. The proposed controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) laboratory enabled students to design, control, and test power converters without the fear of component failure. CHIL setup allowed students to directly validate the physical controller without the need for any real power converter. This allowed students to obtain more repeatable results and perform extreme digital controller testing of power converters that are otherwise not possible on real hardware. Furthermore, students could start learning power electronics concepts with hardware from the beginning on a safe, versatile, fully interactive, and reconfigurable platform. The proposed laboratory meets the accreditation board for engineering and technology (ABET) student outcome criterion K such that students can continue with the same hardware and software toolset for graduate and research purposes. The knowledge and skills acquired during undergraduate years can help students create new solutions for power electronics systems and develop their expertise in the field of power electronics. The results obtained from the survey indicated that the majority of the students were satisfied with the laboratory setup. They also expressed appreciation over the provision of a high-level graphical language “LabVIEW” for the digital controllers compared to conventional low-level text-based languages such as VHDL, Verilog, C, or C++.

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34

Zhang,, Huisheng, Ming Su, and, and Shilie Weng. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Study on the Fuel Control Strategy of a Gas Turbine Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 3 (June 24, 2005): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1805012.

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Анотація:

A hardware-in-the-loop simulation of a three-shaft gas turbine engine for ship propulsion was established. This system is composed of computers, actual hardware, measuring instruments, interfaces between actual hardware and computers, and a network for communication, as well as the relevant software, including mathematical models of the gas turbine engine. “Hardware-in-the-loop” and “volume inertia effects” are the two innovative features of this simulation system. In comparison to traditional methods for gas turbine simulation, the new simulation platform can be implemented in real time and also can test the physical hardware’s performance through their integration with the mathematical simulation model. A fuel control strategy for a three-shaft gas turbine engine, which can meet the requirement to the acceleration time and not exceeding surge line, was developed using this platform.

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35

Ihrens, Jana, Stefan Möws, Lennard Wilkening, Thorsten A. Kern, and Christian Becker. "The Impact of Time Delays for Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Investigations." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113154.

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Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHiL) simulations provide a powerful environment in the critical process of testing new components and controllers. In this work, we aim to explain the impact of time delays in a PHiL setup and recommend how to consider them in different investigations. The general concept of PHiL, with its necessary components, is explained and the benefits compared to pure simulation and implemented field tests are presented. An example for a flexible PHiL environment is shown in form of the Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Laboratory (PHiLsLab) at TU Hamburg. In the PHiLsLab, different hardware components are used as the simulator to provide a grid interface via an amplifier system, a real-time simulator by OPAL-RT, a programmable logic controller by Bachmann, and an M-DUINO microcontroller. Benefits and limitations of the different simulators are shown using case examples of conducted investigations. Essentially, all platforms prove to be appropriate and sufficiently powerful simulators, if the time constants and complexity of the investigated case fit the simulator performance. The communication interfaces used between simulator and amplifier system differ in communication speed and delay; therefore, they have to be considered to determine the level of dynamic interactions between the simulated rest of system and the hardware under test.

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36

Cabeza, Luisa F., David Verez, and Mercè Teixidó. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Techniques for Complex Systems Analysis: Bibliometric Analysis of Available Literature." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2023): 8108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148108.

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Simulating complex systems in real time presents both significant advantages and challenges. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation has emerged as an interesting technique for addressing these challenges. While HIL has gained attention in the scientific literature, its application in energy studies and power systems remains scattered and challenging to locate. This paper aims to provide an assessment of the penetration of the HIL technique in energy studies and power systems. The analysis of the literature reveals that HIL is predominantly employed in evaluating electrical systems (smart grids, microgrids, wind systems), with limited application in thermal energy systems (energy storage). Notably, the combination of electrical hardware-in-the-loop (EHIL) and thermal hardware-in-the-loop (THIL) techniques has found application in the assessment of vehicle thermal management systems and smart cities and, recently, has also been adopted in building systems. The findings highlight the potential for further exploration and expansion of the HIL technique in diverse energy domains, emphasizing the need for addressing challenges such as hardware–software compatibility, real-time data acquisition, and system complexity.

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37

Zhou, Yu, Jin Lin, Yonghua Song, Yu Cai, and Hao Liu. "A power hardware-in-loop based testing bed for auxiliary active power control of wind power plants." Electric Power Systems Research 124 (July 2015): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.02.018.

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38

Resch, Simon, Juliane Friedrich, Timo Wagner, Gert Mehlmann, and Matthias Luther. "Stability Analysis of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations for Grid Applications." Electronics 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010007.

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Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) simulation is an emerging testing methodology of real hardware equipment within an emulated virtual environment. The closed loop interfacing between the Hardware under Test (HuT) and the Real Time Simulation (RTS) enables a realistic simulation but can also result in an unstable system. In addition to fundamentals in PHiL simulation and interfacing, this paper therefore provides a consistent and comprehensive study of PHiL stability. An analytic analysis is compared with a simulative approach and is supplemented by practical validations of the stability limits in PHiL simulation. Special focus is given on the differences between a switching and a linear amplifier as power interface (PI). Stability limits and the respective factors of influence (e.g., Feedback Current Filtering) are elaborated with a minimal example circuit with voltage-type Ideal Transformer Model (ITM) PHiL interface algorithm (IA). Finally, the findings are transferred to a real low-voltage grid PHiL application with residential load and photovoltaic system.

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39

Reveillere, Adrien, Martin Longeon, and Iacopo Rossi. "Dynamic simulation of a combined cycle for power plant flexibility enhancement." E3S Web of Conferences 113 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911301005.

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System simulation is used in many fields to help design, control or troubleshoot various industrial systems. Within the PUMP-HEAT H2020 project, it is applied to a combined cycles power plant, with innovative layouts that include heat pumps and thermal storage to un-tap combined cycle potential flexibility through low-CAPEX balance of plant innovations. Simcenter Amesim software is used to create dynamic models of all subsystems and their interactions and validate them from real life data for various purpose. Simple models of the Gas Turbine (GT), the Steam loop, the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), the Heat Pump and the Thermal Energy storage with Phase Change material are created for Pre-Design and concept validation and then scaled to more precise design. Control software and hardware is validated by interfacing them with detailed models of the virtual plant by Model in the Loop (MiL), Software in the Loop (SiL) and Hardware in the Loop (HiL) technologies. Unforeseen steady state and transient behaviours of the powerplant can be virtually captured, analysed, understood and solved. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the associated methodologies applied in the PUMP-HEAT H2020 project and their respective results.

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40

Kiesbye, Jonis, David Messmann, Maximilian Preisinger, Gonzalo Reina, Daniel Nagy, Florian Schummer, Martin Mostad, Tejas Kale, and Martin Langer. "Hardware-In-The-Loop and Software-In-The-Loop Testing of the MOVE-II CubeSat." Aerospace 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6120130.

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This article reports the ongoing work on an environment for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) and software-in-the-loop (SIL) tests of CubeSats and the benefits gained from using such an environment for low-cost satellite development. The satellite tested for these reported efforts was the MOVE-II CubeSat, developed at the Technical University of Munich since April 2015. The HIL environment has supported the development and verification of MOVE-II’s flight software and continues to aid the MOVE-II mission after its launch on 3 December 2018. The HIL environment allows the satellite to interact with a simulated space environment in real-time during on-ground tests. Simulated models are used to replace the satellite’s sensors and actuators, providing the interaction between the satellite and the HIL simulation. This approach allows for high hardware coverage and requires relatively low development effort and equipment cost compared to other simulation approaches. One key distinction from other simulation environments is the inclusion of the electrical domain of the satellite, which enables accurate power budget verification. The presented results include the verification of MOVE-II’s attitude determination and control algorithms, the verification of the power budget, and the training of the operator team with realistic simulated failures prior to launch. This report additionally presents how the simulation environment was used to analyze issues detected after launch and to verify the performance of new software developed to address the in-flight anomalies prior to software deployment.

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41

Potashov, I. S., and A. I. Bokarev. "Hardware in the loop simulation technology evaluation method for power steering systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2061, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012137.

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Abstract In the paper, the method of measuring and assessing of steering systems with the help of test benches with HILS technology implementation is justified in part of the adaptive algorithms of the regulation of the assistant steering torque. In the article, overall principal of creating virtual – physical system using as a physical part the rack and pinion steering system with electromechanical assistant is described. Interaction of the physical and virtual parts and fields of usage are described. Development, calibration and tweaking of the newly designed ECU and adaptive algorithms suppose a lot of testing. Time consumption and difficultness can be reduced only by the way of carrying out bench tests with usage of HILS technology.

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42

Tong, Heqin, Ming Ni, Lili Zhao, and Manli Li. "Flexible hardware-in-the-loop testbed for cyber physical power system simulation." IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cps.2019.0001.

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43

Palmintier, Bryan, Blake Lundstrom, Sudipta Chakraborty, Tess Williams, Kevin Schneider, and David Chassin. "A Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Platform With Remote Distribution Circuit Cosimulation." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 62, no. 4 (April 2015): 2236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2014.2367462.

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44

Viehweider, Alexander, Georg Lauss, and Lehfuss Felix. "Stabilization of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations of electric energy systems." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 19, no. 7 (August 2011): 1699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2011.04.001.

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45

Paran, Sanaz, Tuyen V. Vu, Fernand Diaz Franco, and Chris S. Edrington. "Evaluation of the Interface Accuracy for Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Experiments." Electric Power Components and Systems 45, no. 7 (April 12, 2017): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2017.1294634.

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46

Allegre, A. L., A. Bouscayrol, J. N. Verhille, P. Delarue, E. Chattot, and S. El-Fassi. "Reduced-Scale-Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of an Innovative Subway." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 57, no. 4 (April 2010): 1175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2029519.

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47

Faruque, M. O. O., and V. Dinavahi. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of Power Electronic Systems Using Adaptive Discretization." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 57, no. 4 (April 2010): 1146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2036647.

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48

Liu, Chen, Rui Ma, Hao Bai, Zhongliang Li, Franck Gechter, and Fei Gao. "Hybrid modeling of power electronic system for hardware-in-the-loop application." Electric Power Systems Research 163 (October 2018): 502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2018.06.018.

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49

Ostadrahimi, Amir, and Stefano Bifaretti. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Implementation of ROMAtrix, a Smart Transformer for Future Power Grids." Machines 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2023): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11020308.

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The evolution of power generation brings about extensive changes in other parts of the grid, especially in the transmission and distribution components. Within the scope of the Internet of Energy (IoE), electric power flows more flexibly between different parts of the grid. DC power will play an essential role in IoE. Decentralized photovoltaic panels, energy storage, electric vehicle charging stations, and data centers are some of the significant components of future grids dealing with DC power. As a result, power transformers must be appropriately modified to manage power among the different parts of the grid. A power electronic transformer (PET), also known as a solid-state transformer (SST) or smart transformer (ST), is a solution enabling a power grid to deal with this growing complexity. ROMAtrix, as a matrix-converter-based ST, is a developing project targeting future power grids. ROMAtrix realizes the application of a medium voltage (MV) transformer using commercially available power electronic semiconductors. Due to the distinctive features of ROMAtrix and a high number of switches, the implementation of the control system using a single control board is highly demanding. This paper aims to illustrate the implementation, on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), of pulse width modulation (SVMPWM) applied to the ROMAtrix, considering specific switching patterns. The proposed switching procedure was simulated with PLECS and validated with the hardware-in-the-loop using the OPAL-RT solver.

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Schaarschmidt, Marco, Michael Uelschen, and Elke Pulvermüller. "Hunting Energy Bugs in Embedded Systems: A Software-Model-In-The-Loop Approach." Electronics 11, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11131937.

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Power consumption has become a major design constraint, especially for battery-powered embedded systems. However, the impact of software applications is typically considered in later phases, where both software and hardware parts are close to their finalization. Power-related issues must be detected in early stages to keep the development costs low, satisfy time-to-market, and avoid cost-intensive redesign loops. Moreover, the variety of hardware components, architectures, and communication interfaces make the development of embedded software more challenging. To manage the complexity of software applications, approaches such as model-driven development (MDD) may be used. This article proposes a power-estimation approach in MDD for software application models in early development phases. A unified modeling language (UML) profile is introduced to model power-related properties of hardware components. To determine the impact of software applications, we defined two analysis methods using simulation data and a novel in-the-loop concept. Both methods may be applied at different development stages to determine an energy trace, describing the energy-related behavior of the system. A novel definition of energy bugs is provided to describe power-related misbehavior. We apply our approach to a sensor node example, demonstrate an energy bug detection, and compare the runtime and accuracy of the analysis methods.

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