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Статті в журналах з теми "Powder or granular activated carbon"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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1

Hassan, Suhad Majed, and Bushra Suhale Albusoda. "Mitigation of collapse characteristics of gypseous soils by activated carbon, sodium metasilicate, and cement dust: An experimental study." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0065.

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Abstract This study includes adding chemicals to gypseous soil to improve its collapse characteristics. The collapse behavior of gypseous soil brought from the north of Iraq (Salah El-Deen governorate) with a gypsum content of 59% was investigated using five types of additions (cement dust, powder sodium meta-silicate, powder activated carbon, sodium silicate solution, and granular activated carbon). The soil was mixed by weight with cement dust (10, 20, and 30%), powder sodium meta-silicate (6%), powder activated carbon (10%), sodium silicate solution (3, 6, and 9%), and granular activated carbon (5, 10, and 15%). The collapse potential is reduced by 86, 71, 43, 37, and 35% when 30% cement dust, 6% powder sodium meta-silicate, 10% powder activated carbon, 6% sodium silicate solution, and 10% granular activated carbon are used, respectively.

2

Guergazi, Saâdia, and Mohamed Mahdi Missaoui. "Incidence of the Presence of Lead on the Elimination of Humic Substances." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.645.

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The main objective of our work is to test the performance of powder activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) in the retention of humic substances in the presence of lead. The adsorption tests conducted in synthetic solutions of distilled water. The results showed that, the removal efficiency of humic substances varies with the agitation time was obtained maximum efficiency after 180 minutes for PAC and 300 for the GAC. However, on granular activated carbon (GAC) recorded an improvement in the removal of humic substances in the order of 1.60%. The reaction rate is the same for the activated carbon powder (PAC). By against, for the GAC the removal rate of humic substances in the presence of lead is slower. A comparison between our results with the absorption of humic substances without the presence of lead showed that the elimination of humic substances (10 mg/l) in the presence of lead (5mg/l) on powder activated carbon (1 g/L) is disturbed. The removal efficiencies decrease with the increase on the pH of medium in an interval ranging from 2 to 12.The variation of the mass of lead has recorded an inhibiting role in the adsorption of humic substances for both activated carbons.

3

Yang, Kun, and John T. Fox. "Adsorption of Humic Acid by Acid-Modified Granular Activated Carbon and Powder Activated Carbon." Journal of Environmental Engineering 144, no. 10 (October 2018): 04018104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001390.

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4

Khalaf Erabee, Iqbal, and Saleem M. Ethaib. "Performane of Activated Carbon Adsorption in Removing of Organic Pollutants from River Water." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.26134.

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This study presents a water treatment process by using a down-flow fixed bed activated carbon contractor model. Two types of activated carbon (AC) used, powder and granular activated carbon from date pits as a raw material, the parameters tested are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS) and pH. The column diameter and bed depths are made constant, whereas the size of activated carbon is varies. The obtained removal efficiencies for sample of river water are 39.8% of BOD, 41.8% of COD, 81.8% of TSS and 67.7% of TDS for granular AC. For powdered AC the removal efficiencies of parameters are 34.7% of BOD, 17.6% of COD, 72.7% of TSS and 50% of TDS. The granular AC made from date pits is the best activated carbon because of low cost of raw material and it is widely applied for usage in the water or wastewater treatment, as it is very effective in terms of cost and performance to cater the increasing demand of clean water.

5

Song, Yang, Fang Wang, Fredrick Orori Kengara, Yongrong Bian, Xinglun Yang, Chenggang Gu, Mao Ye, and Xin Jiang. "Does powder and granular activated carbon perform equally in immobilizing chlorobenzenes in soil?" Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 1 (2015): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4em00486h.

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The objective of this study is to compare the efficacies of powder activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) as amendments for the immobilization of volatile compounds in soil. Soil artificially-spiked with chlorobenzenes (CBs) was amended with either PAC or GAC to obtain an application rate of 1%.

6

Aktaş, Ö., and F. Çeçen. "Adsorption reversibility and bioregeneration of activated carbon in the treatment of phenol." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.327.

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This study aims to clarify the effect of adsorbability, desorbability, biodegradability and activated carbon type on the extent of bioregeneration in the treatment of phenol. For this purpose, four different activated carbon types; one thermally activated and one chemically activated powdered carbon (PAC), and their granular countertypes (GAC) with similar physical characteristics were used. Adsorption isotherms showed that the thermally activated carbons, either in powdered or granular form, were better adsorbers for phenol than the chemically activated ones. However, adsorption was more irreversible in the case of thermally activated carbons. Bioregeneration of chemically activated carbons were found to be higher in accordance with their higher reversibility of adsorption showing that bioregeneration was controlled by the reversibility of adsorption. Bioregeneration efficiencies for the thermally activated carbons were much higher than their efficiencies of total desorbability. This indicated that some exoenzymatic reactions might have occurred so that phenol was bioregenerated more than expected.

7

Vu, Kim Long, Vitaly N. Klushin, Alexey V. Nistratov, Hoang Thi Tho, and Tran Thi Bich Ngoc. "Improving the properties of activated carbons based on organoplastics by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH)." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-10-99.

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The possibility of processing wastes based on organoplastics generated at aviation enterprises into activated carbons by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide has been investigated. Powdered and granular activated carbons with a porous structure, characterized by the predominance of micropores or mesopores, are obtained that are superior in many respects to both adsorbents based on organoplastics and most industrial active carbons. The specific surface area of micropores of the obtained granular activated carbons is 1716 m2/g, the absorption capacity is 365 mg/g for methylene blue and 1180 mg/g for iodine. The obtained granular activated carbons are characterized by a stable adsorption value of n-butanol (about 400 mg/g) during three successive adsorption-regeneration cycles. Desorption at 120±5 °C provides an almost complete restoration of the activity of this absorber, fundamentally allowing its multiple use in this technology. It is shown in the work that granular activated carbons of very high quality can be obtained by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide based on organoplastics wastes, the only drawback of which is, in essence, the relatively low (at 60%) abrasion resistance. The possibility of improving the quality properties of granular activated carbons by adding a small amount of carbon fiber (1% of the mass) as a reinforcing component in the process of granulation to raw paste was investigated. The specified method can significantly increase the strength of the granules in compression (about 3 times), while the adsorption properties of activated carbon are practically unchanged. The properties described above allow us to conclude that the obtained granular activated carbon is effective and highly competitive.

8

Liu, Wei, and Sabit Adanur. "Desulfurization Properties of Activated Carbon Fibers." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 2 (June 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900208.

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Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) are one of the most promising adsorbents due to their outstanding properties, such as more exposed adsorption surface, narrower pore size distribution, fast adsorption rate and flexibility, in comparison with granular activated carbon and activated carbon powder. In this work, ACFs manufactured from various raw materials were studied and their pore structures and sulfur dioxide removal performance under dry and humid conditions were investigated. From the ACFs studied in this paper, larger surface area was found correspond to higher total pore volume and larger DA micropore diameter. In dry air, breakthrough capacity of ACFs with sulfur dioxide was found to be proportionately dependent on micropore ratio and pore size distribution. Although powdered activated carbon (PAC) showed higher breakthrough capacity, its adsorption rate was slower than ACFs due to the difference of the pore structure. The presence of water vapor in the air stream greatly increased SO2 adsorption capacities of ACFs but affected their utilization differently.

9

binti Jamion, Nurul’ Ain, and Siti Mazleena binti Mohamed. "Characterization of Activated Carbon from Sugar Cane Husk." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.1006.

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Interface adsorption of gases and liquid on a clean solid surface could be due to the physical or chemical adsorption. In this study, the activated carbon was prepared from sugar cane husk (powder and granular form) using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as activating agent. Sample was activated at 500°C for two hours in the furnace and washed using vacuum method. Besides, surface area of activated carbon was defined using Single Point Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Nitrogen Gas. The physico-chemical characteristics of the prepared activated carbon were characterized by Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), gravimetric method, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The adsorption study by surfactants, namely CTAB (cationic) and TX-100 (non-ionic) were investigated. The experimental results showed that a good activated carbon was prepared from sugar cane husk granular (SCH-G) gave the highest BET surface area of 860.18 m2/g and the adsorption capacity of SCH-G activated carbon at 25°C using TX-100 (205.81 mg g-1) was greater compared to the CTAB (108.20 mg g-1). This study has shown that the sugar cane husk was a good activated carbon and has potential to be used as adsorbent for the removal of surfactants from aqueous solutions.

10

Gül, Ş., O. Eren, Ş. Kır, and Y. Önal. "A comparison of different activated carbon performances on catalytic ozonation of a model azo reactive dye." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.103.

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The objective of this study is to compare the performances of catalytic ozonation processes of two activated carbons prepared from olive stone (ACOS) and apricot stone (ACAS) with commercial ones (granular activated carbon-GAC and powder activated carbon-PAC) in degradation of reactive azo dye (Reactive Red 195). The optimum conditions (solution pH and amount of catalyst) were investigated by using absorbencies at 532, 220 and 280 nm wavelengths. Pore properties of the activated carbon (AC) such as BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter were characterized by N2 adsorption. The highest BET surface area carbon (1,275 m2/g) was obtained from ACOS with a particle size of 2.29 nm. After 2 min of catalytic ozonation, decolorization performances of ACOS and ACAS (90.4 and 91.3%, respectively) were better than that of GAC and PAC (84.6 and 81.2%, respectively). Experimental results showed that production of porous ACs with high surface area from olive and apricot stones is feasible in Turkey.

11

Moreno-Castilla, Carlos, and José Rivera-Utrilla. "Carbon Materials as Adsorbents for the Removal of Pollutants from the Aqueous Phase." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 11 (November 2001): 890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.230.

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Activated carbons are the most important carbon materials used in water treatment. Their known world production is around 500,000 tons per year, of which about 80% is used for liquid-phase applications. These solids are manufactured in powder or granular form from a large variety of raw materials and are unique and versatile adsorbents due to their highly developed porosity, their large surface area (which in some cases can be up to 3000 m2/g), and their variable surface chemistry.

12

Seyedein Ghannad, S. M. R., та M. N. Lotfollahi. "Preparation of granular activated carbons from composite of powder activated carbon and modified β-zeolite and application to heavy metals removal". Water Science and Technology 77, № 6 (29 січня 2018): 1591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.036.

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Abstract Heavy metals are continuously contaminating the surface and subsurface water. The adsorption process is an attractive alternative for removing the heavy metals because of its low cost, simple operation, high efficiency, and ﬂexible design. In this study, influences of β-zeolite and Cu-modified β-zeolite on preparation of granular activated carbons (GACs) from a composite of powder activated carbon (PAC), methylcellulose as organic binder, bentonite as inorganic binder, and water were investigated. A number of granular samples were prepared by controlling the weight percentage of binder materials, PAC and zeolites as a reinforcing adsorbent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to characterize zeolite, modified zeolite and produced GAC. The produced GACs were used as the adsorbent for removal of Zn+2, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The results indicated that the adsorption of metals ions depended on the pH (5.5) and contact time (30 min). Maximum adsorption of 97.6% for Pb2+, 95.9% for Cd2+ and 91.1% for Zn+2 occurred with a new kind of GAC made of Cu-modified β-zeolite. The Zn+2, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions sorption kinetics data were well described by a pseudo-second order model for all sorbents. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to analyze the experimental equilibrium data.

13

Suryawan, I. Wayan Koko, Anshah Silmi Afifah, and Gita Prajati. "Adsorbsi Warna Metylen Blue Menggunakan Powder dan Granular Activated Carbon Biji Binjai (Mangifera Caesia)." JTERA (Jurnal Teknologi Rekayasa) 3, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.31544/jtera.v3.i2.2018.211-218.

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Zat warna metylen blue adalah zat warna yang mudah didapat dan sering digunakan dalam berbagai bidang. Pewarna metylen blue yang digunakan harus diolah agar tidak terjadi pencemaran air, salah satu cara adalah dengan menggunakan adsorbsi. Proses adsorbsi membutuhkan adsorbet untuk media pengolahan. Binjai (Mangafera Caesia) adalah buah yang sering ditemui di daerah Bali dan Kalimantan Selatan. Biji buah Binjai dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai salah satu bahan adsorbet dalam proses adsorbsi. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengetahui proses adsorbsi oleh Powder Activated Carbon (PAC) dan Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) dari bahan biji Binjai. Proses pembuatan arang dilakukan secara fisika pada suhu 660oC. Setelah terbentuk arang ukuran adsorbet dibagi menjadi dua jenis media berdasarkan ukuran yaitu PAC dan GAC. Langkah selanjutnya adalah pencucian adsorbet kemudian aktivasi pada suhu 105oC dan aktivasi secara kimiawi dengan KMnO4. Penyisihan zat warna metylen blue untuk inisial konsentrasi 1, 5, 10, 20, dan 30 ppm adalah 57,06%, 90,05%, 91,33%, 94,81%, dan 95,21% (PAC) serta 75,30%, 93,78%, 96,13%, 97,23%, dan 96,86% (GAC). Isoterm yang memiliki nilai R2 paling tinggi adalah Temkin yaitu diatas 0,9. Hasil perhitungan isoterm Temkin menunjukkan nilai koefiesien Temkin (kT) adalah 62,87 L/g (PAC) dan 61,968 L/g (GAC).

14

Dong, Wei Fang, Li Hua Zang, Qing Chao Gong, Cun Cun Chen, Cai Hong Zheng, Xiang Sen Meng, and Tuan Tuan Liu. "Application of Carbonaceous Materials to Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 164 (April 2012): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.297.

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Low cost carbonaceous materials were evaluated for their ability to remove phenol from wastewater. The effects of adsorbents dosage, contact time and maximum adsorption capacity were investigated for granular activated carbon, powdered activated carbon, petroleum coke and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT). Equilibrium studies were conducted in 50mg/L initial phenol concentration, solution pH of 5 and at temperature of 23°C. The results showed the adsorption process was fast and it reached equilibrium in 3 h. Petroleum coke and MWNT had poor adsorption which could reach the removal efficiency of phenol with 43.18% and 36.64% respectively. The granular activated carbon possessed good adsorption ability to phenol with 96.40% at the optimum dosage 5g and optimum time 90min.The powdered activated carbon was an effective adsorbent with a maximum adsorption capacity of 42.32 mg/g.

15

San-Pedro, Liliana, Roger Méndez-Novelo, Emanuel Hernández-Núñez, Manuel Flota-Bañuelos, Jorge Medina, and Germán Giacomán-Vallejos. "Selection of the Activated Carbon Type for the Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Fenton-Adsorption Process." Molecules 25, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133023.

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Sanitary landfill leachates usually have characteristics that depend on the region where they are generated and according to the age of the landfill, which is why a unique treatment for their sanitation has not been found. However, the adsorption preceded by the Fenton process has been proven to be highly efficient at removing contaminants. In this study, the adsorptive capacity of two types of activated carbon, granular and powdered, was analyzed to determine which was more efficient in the adsorption stage in the Fenton-adsorption process. Likewise, its behavior was analyzed using three isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin), testing the raw leachate and the Fenton-treated one with both carbons. The adsorption that is carried out on the carbons is better adjusted to the Freundlich and Temkin models. It concludes that multilayers, through the physical adsorption, carry out the adsorption of pollutants on the surface of the carbons. The results show that, statistically, granular activated carbon is more efficient at removing chemical oxygen demand (COD), and powdered activated carbon removes color better. Finally, an adsorption column was designed for the Fenton-adsorption process that was able to remove 21.68 kgCOD/kg carbon. Removal efficiencies for color and COD were >99%.

16

Wasewar, Kailas L., Basheshwar Prasad, and Sekhararao Gulipalli. "Removal of Selenium by Adsorption onto Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 37, no. 11 (November 2009): 872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.200900188.

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17

Karabacakoğlu, Belgin, and Öznur Savlak. "Electrochemical Regeneration of Cr(VI) Saturated Granular and Powder Activated Carbon: Comparison of Regeneration Efficiency." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 33 (August 7, 2014): 13171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie500161d.

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18

Musthofa, Akhmad Masykur Hadi, Mindriany Syafila, and Qomarudin Helmy. "Effect of Activated Carbon Particle Size on Methylene Blue Adsorption Process in Textile Wastewater." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 23, no. 2 (April 4, 2023): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.79784.

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Up to 60–70% of the total textile dyes produced are azo dyes. An example of azo dye is methylene blue, which is commonly used in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton. This substance possessed harmful effects on the environment. Therefore, the removal process is mandatory. The adsorption process is a common method for dye removal in wastewater. One innovation to increase adsorption efficiency even further is by reducing adsorbent particle size. To understand the effect of adsorbent particle size on the adsorption process, in this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) was pulverized into powder (PAC) and superfine powder (SPAC). Adsorbent characterizations, isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics tests were conducted. Based on this study, surface area, pore volume, and adsorption capacity were increased for smaller adsorbent particle sizes. Isotherm and kinetic analysis showed that there was no difference in the isotherm and kinetic models that applied to each activated carbon, but there was an increase in the isotherm and kinetic coefficient values at smaller particle sizes. Meanwhile, based on the thermodynamic test, there were differences in the dominant adsorption mechanism for each activated carbon. In GAC and SPAC, the dominant adsorption mechanism was electrostatic interactions, while in PAC was van der Waals forces.

19

Hanigan, David, Jinwei Zhang, Pierre Herckes, Stuart W. Krasner, Chao Chen, and Paul Westerhoff. "Adsorption ofN-Nitrosodimethylamine Precursors by Powdered and Granular Activated Carbon." Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 22 (November 9, 2012): 12630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es302922w.

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20

Shmidt, J. L., A. V. Pimenov, A. I. Lieberman, and H. Y. Cheh. "Kinetics of Adsorption with Granular, Powdered, and Fibrous Activated Carbon." Separation Science and Technology 32, no. 13 (August 1997): 2105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399708000758.

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21

Xiao, Leilei, Jian Liu, P. Senthil Kumar, Meng Zhou, Jiafeng Yu, and Eric Lichtfouse. "Enhanced methane production by granular activated carbon: A review." Fuel 320 (July 2022): 123903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123903.

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22

Obón, José M., José A. Fernández-López, Mercedes Alacid, and José M. Angosto. "Spinning Submerged Filter Adsorber versus Packed Bed Adsorber for the Continuous Removal of Antibiotics from Wastewater with Activated Carbon." Water 15, no. 9 (April 29, 2023): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15091726.

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The removal of antibiotics from wastewater is receiving considerable attention to fulfill water quality parameters required for reuse. This study compares a spinning submerged filter adsorber with a fixed bed adsorber for continuous antibiotic removal. Adsorbers were evaluated with micro granular activated carbon (μGAC: 508 μm), coarse powder activated carbon (cPAC: 197 μm), powder activated carbon (PAC: 77 μm), and a domestic wastewater effluent spiked with a mixture of amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin with concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg/L. The fixed bed adsorber packed with cPAC was the most efficient adsorber running with wastewater spiked with 50 mg/L of each antibiotic and an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 4.5 min. The spinning submerged filter adsorber configuration also provided high removal effectiveness using a 15 g/L concentration of PAC but with a lower hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 40 min. This adsorption unit can be filled with small PAC particles, unlike packed beds, and PAC concentrations can be increased up to 150 g/L if necessary. It combines adsorption and filtration with a completely mixed mode of operation in which the PAC concentration can be adapted to effluent micropollutant concentrations, making it an interesting alternative for adsorption processes.

23

Guarino, C. F., B. P. Da-Rin, A. Gazen, and E. P. Goettems. "Activated Carbon as an Advanced Treatment for Petrochemical Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0131.

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This paper presents the results of a study conducted with the purpose of establishing the feasibility of using activated carbon as an advanced treatment process for petrochemical wastewaters. Two pilot plants using Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), respectively, were operated for a period of 15 weeks, fed with the effluent of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. The study was made using all available Brazilian carbons at the time. Isotherm tests and other carbon properties were used to select the carbons for GAC and PAC plants. The two pilot plants were operated between 8 April and 24 June 1981 at CETREL's wastewater treatment plant located at Camacari, BA, Brazil. The plant treats organic wastewaters from a petrochemical complex. During the first two GAC runs, low COD removal efficiencies were evident, and the effluent of all columns contained color due to the presence of organic colloids which were not adsorbed by the carbon. For this reason the feed to the system was pretreated to remove organic colloids. During the study period six GAC test runs were conducted using carbon GM and one using carbon HIDRO-G. Comparison of the two carbons showed that GM was the superior of the two. At all times, the GAC pilot plant using GM produced a colorless effluent from the amber-colored influent. At the same time, the PAC system, with a carbon dosage of 100 mg/l, was not capable of removing the color. One sample of carbon was regenerated to study its performance after regeneration. The analysis of the obtained data suggests that the adsorptive properties of the virgin and regenerated carbon may differ by as much as 12%. Several tests were made to determine the removal efficiency of priority pollutants in the GAC and PAC systems. These tests indicated that the GAC system is capable of reducing organic priority pollutants to below detectable limits. Metal analyses were made on several occasions on the GAC systems in addition to those conducted on priority pollutants samples. These tests indicated that metal concentrations in the GAC effluent were at or below the proposed effluent standards. The authors concluded that granular activated carbon is a sound advanced treatment process for petrochemical wastes to reduce organic priority pollutants to below detectable limits, producing an effluent with less than 150 mg/l COD.

24

Brasquet, C., J. Roussy, E. Subrenat, and P. Le Cloirec. "Adsorption of micropollutants onto fibrous activated carbon: association of ultrafiltration and fibers." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 9 (November 1, 1996): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0215.

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The adsorption of polluted solutions is performed by different kinds of activated carbon: grains, powder and fibers (cloth or felt). The adsorption is carried out in a batch reactor. Classic models are applied and kinetic constants are calculated. Results showed that the performance of fiber activated carbon (FAC) is significantly higher than that of granular activated carbon (GAC). Moreover, FAC's adsorption capacities of phenol are greater than GAC's. Therefore the application of FAC adsorbers may lead to smaller adsorption reactors. The breakthrough curves obtained with FAC adsorbers are particularly steep, suggesting a smaller mass transfer resistance than GAC. The adsorption zone in the FAC bed is about 3.4 mm and is not dependent on the flow rate within the range 0.67 - 2.07 m.h−1. The selectivity of the FAC between different size of soluble molecules is shown. Then, an Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is coupled with FAC to remove successively macromolecules (humic substances) and phenols present together in an aqueous solution. This new and original approach to a water treatment compact process successfully put to use. Industrial developments are put forward.

25

Feng, Quan Li, Ming Lei Lian, Xue Qian Wang, and Ping Ning. "Study on Desorption of Ethanol-Loaded Activated Carbon by Microwave Irradiation under N₂ Condition." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1819.

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Granular activated carbon is used in adsorption of low concentration ethanol in water, and the saturated carbon is desorbed by microwave irradiation under N2 condition for recovery of the ethanol and regeneration of the activated carbon. Through the study on microwave desorption of ethanol-loaded activated carbon under N2 condition, the following conclusions can be drawn. The highest value of the ethanol concentration appears quicker and higher when the microwave power is stronger. For example, the highest value appears before 80s when the microwave power is 320W; the ethanol-loaded activated carbon can be desorbed nearly completely after 120s when the microwave power is not weaker than 320W; the microwave power has an important effect on the outlet concentration curve of ethanol, and it is an important factor that affects the results of microwave desorption; After three processes of activated carbon adsorption and microwave desorption under N2 condition, the concentration of ethanol can come up to over than 94%～95% from 4%～8%. This paper sets forth the process and principle for microwave desorption of ethanol-loaded activated carbon under N2 condition.

26

Yadav, Nirbhay Narayan, Saravanamuthu Maheswaran, Vaithiyalingam Shutthanandan, Suntharampillai Thevuthasan, Todd R. Hart, Huu Hao Ngo, and Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran. "Comparison of Analytical Techniques for Analysis of Arsenic Adsorbed on Carbon." Water Quality Research Journal 41, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2006.021.

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Abstract Activated carbon (AC) has been used extensively to treat arsenic-contaminated groundwater for a number of years. To date, attempts to quantify directly the amount of arsenic removed by the activated carbon using nondestructive methods has been limited. High-energy ion beam based proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) is ideally suited to investigate the issues regarding the quantification of trace metals in solids. In this study, after the adsorption of arsenic on activated carbon, arsenic concentration in granular activated carbon (GAC) and powder activated carbon (PAC) were quantified using PIXE. The PIXE results were compared with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements. Some differences are observed between these measurements. The differences are greater in the case of GAC compared to PAC. These differences are mainly due to the inhomogeneous structure of GAC and PAC, which includes the variable surface properties such as surface area and pore sizes in each granule or particle. The larger differences are mainly due to the increased particle dimensions of GAC compared to PAC and the nature of the internal pore structure of GAC, which results in different amounts of arsenic adsorbed on different granules of GAC or even in different regions of one granule. This inhomogeneity of arsenic concentration is clearly visible in the arsenic concentration map generated for a single GAC particle using microbeam PIXE.

27

Fu, Yi, Luo Chun Wang, and Zhen Zhou. "Microwave Regeneration of Field-Spent Granular Activated Carbon from Power Plants." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 2065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2065.

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Granular activated carbon (GAC) is extensively used to remove natural organic matter and residential chlorine in water treatment process of power plant. After being used, the spent GAC needs to be regenerated in order to save on operation costs and reduce solid waste disposal. In this study, microwave technique was tried to regenerate the field-spent GAC from a power plant. The effect of microwave power, irradiation time and hydrochloric acid pretreatment were investigated, it was found that microwave could recover the adsorption capacity of GAC within a short time and the tannic acid adsorption efficiency of regenerated GAC was 9 times greater than spent GAC; hydrochloric acid pretreatment could improve the regeneration process, it showed the highest removal efficiency and iodine number, 99.6% and 859 mg/g respectively. The results obtained from SEM-EDX showed that hydrochloric acid pretreatment could remove inorganic matter and other impurities of GAC. All these indicate that microwave technique can effectively regenerate field-spent GAC, and hydrochloric acid pretreatment is an important process before regeneration.

28

Liyan, Song, Zhao Youcai, Sun Weimin, and Lou Ziyang. "Hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) removal from biologically treated landfill leachate by powder-activated carbon (PAC), granular-activated carbon (GAC) and biomimetic fat cell (BFC)." Journal of Hazardous Materials 163, no. 2-3 (April 2009): 1084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.075.

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29

Abu-Daabes, Malyuba A., Edrees Abu Zeitoun, and Wafa Mazi. "Competitive Adsorption of Quaternary Metal Ions, Ni2+, Mn2+, Cr6+, and Cd2+, on Acid-Treated Activated Carbon." Water 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061070.

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This paper examined the competitive removal of metal ions from quaternary aqueous solutions containing Ni2+, Mn2+, Cr6+, and Cd2+ using adsorption on both acid-modified and unmodified activated carbon. Activated carbon (AC) was oxidized with nitric acid, both in granular (AGC) and powder (APC) forms, and tested for the competitive adsorption of Ni2+, Mn2+, Cr6+, and Cd2+ from an aqueous solution. Surface oxidation led to a reduction in BET surface area and HK pore width and an increase in the intensities of hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups for both AGC and APC compared to unmodified activated carbon, AC, as indicated with BET and FTIR analyses. The adsorption capacity of all four metal ions on AC was in the order Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Cr6+ > Mn2+, while it was altered for the two oxidized AGC and APC carbons to be Cr6+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Mn2+. Acid treatment resulted in high selectivity for Cr6+ over all other available ions with a 100% removal efficiency, while it decreased for Ni2+, Cd2+, and Mn2+ compared to AC. This improvement in Cr6+ adsorption is due to its higher ionic potential and smaller size, which results in a faster diffusion and stronger adsorption to the acidic groups located at the pore edges. Therefore, it will repel and hinder other ions from accessing the activated carbon pores. Modeling of the adsorption isotherms with DKR was better than both Freundlich and Langmuir for the competitive ions. DKR showed strong attraction for both Ni2+ and Cd2+ by ion exchange on the AC surface, as indicated by their apparent adsorption energy (E) values. Cr6+ adsorption was found to be by physical adsorption on AC and by ion exchange on both AGC and APC. Mn2+ ions had a very weak attraction to all types of tested activated carbons in the presence of other ions.

30

Mohammed, Shatha D., Hadeel K. Awad, and Rawaa K. Aboud. "Compressive Strength Performance of Reactive Powder Concrete Using Different Types of Materials as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate." Key Engineering Materials 857 (August 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.857.39.

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Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) can be incorporate as a one of the most important and progressive concrete technology. It is a special type of ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) that’s exclude the coarse aggregate from its constitutive materials. In this research an experimental study had been carried out to investigate the effect of using three types of materials (porcelain aggregate) and others sustainable materials (glass waste and granular activated carbon) as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. Four percentages had considered (0, 10, 15 and 20) % to achieve better understanding for the influence of these materials upon the compressive strength of RPC. Four curing ages had included in this study, these are; 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. The outcomes of the experimental works improved that using porcelain aggregate as a partial replacement had an advanced effect on the compressive strength for all the adopted percentages and for all the studied curing ages. The maximum modification that’s obtained in case of porcelain aggregate was (24.14) % at age (90) days for 20% replacement. Using glass waste caused an increase in the overall values of the compressive strength for all the adopted replacements with less efficient than porcelain to reached (20.69) % at age (90) days for 20% replacement. Regarding the granular activated carbon, only (10%) replacement had a positive influence on the compressive strength to reached (13.16) % while the others caused a reduction in the compressive strength reached to (29.13)% for 20% replacement.

31

Woo, Heesoo, Ilho Kim, and Saerom Park. "Estimating the Reducing Power of Carbon Nanotubes and Granular Activated Carbon Using Various Compounds." Water 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141959.

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Determining the degree of the reducing power of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and granular activated carbon (GAC) enables their effective application in various fields. In this study, we estimate the reducing power of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and GAC by measuring the reduction degree of various compounds with different reduction potentials. MWCNTs and GAC materials can reduce Cr(VI), Fe(III) and PMo12O403−, where the reduction potentials range from +1.33 V to +0.65 V. However, no reduced forms of PW12O403− and SiW12O404− compounds were detected, indicating that the reducing power of MWCNTs and GAC is insufficient for reduction potentials in the range +0.218 V to +0.054 V. MWCNTs exhibit a short reduction time (5 min), whereas GAC exhibits a gradually increasing reduction degree of all the compounds assessed until the end of the reaction. This indicates a higher reduction degree than that of MWCNTs systems. Acidic initial pH values favor reduction, and the reduction degree increases as the pH becomes lower than 4.0. Moreover, large quantities of MWCNTs and GAC increase the concentrations of the reduced compounds.

32

Roebers, A., Th Roncken, R. Hopman, CL de Ligny, B. G. Dekker, J. van der Laan, and J. C. Kruithof. "Activated Carbon as an Adsorbent for the Separation of Low-Molecular Alkyl Halides from Ground Water in the Production of Drinking-Water." Adsorption Science & Technology 5, no. 1 (March 1988): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361748800500103.

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An accurate method has been developed for the determination of the adsorption isotherm of trichloroethene on activated carbon over the concentration range 1 – 100 μg/1. This method has been applied to 18 samples of activated carbon of different types, both virgin and regenerated. All samples of activated carbon were characterized by determining the apparent density of the granular and the powdered carbon, and the Fe, Mn, Ca and Mg contents were determined for eight samples. The best way to describe the results mathematically has been investigated, and an improvement to the well-known Freundlich equation established.

33

Kumagai, Seiji, Hirotaka Ishizawa, and Yasuhiro Toida. "Influence of solvent type on dibenzothiophene adsorption onto activated carbon fiber and granular coconut-shell activated carbon." Fuel 89, no. 2 (February 2010): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.013.

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34

Kim, S. H., H. K. Shon, and H. H. Ngo. "Adsorption characteristics of antibiotics trimethoprim on powdered and granular activated carbon." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 16, no. 3 (May 2010): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2009.09.061.

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35

Shrestha, Lok Kumar, Rekha Goswami Shrestha, Subrata Maji, Bhadra P. Pokharel, Rinita Rajbhandari, Ram Lal Shrestha, Raja Ram Pradhananga, Jonathan P. Hill, and Katsuhiko Ariga. "High Surface Area Nanoporous Graphitic Carbon Materials Derived from Lapsi Seed with Enhanced Supercapacitance." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040728.

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Nanoporous activated carbon materials derived from agro-wastes could be suitable low-cost electrode materials for high-rate performance electrochemical supercapacitors. Here we report high surface area nanoporous carbon materials derived from Lapsi seed agro-waste prepared by zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activation at 700 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) and Raman scattering confirmed the amorphous structure of the resulting carboniferous materials, which also incorporate oxygen-containing functional groups as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) analyses revealed the granular, nanoporous structures of the materials. High-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) confirmed a graphitic carbon structure containing interconnected mesopores. Surface areas and pore volumes of the materials were found, respectively, in the ranges from 931 to 2272 m2 g−1 and 0.998 to 2.845 cm3 g−1, and are thus superior to commercially available activated carbons. High surface areas, large pore volumes and interconnected mesopore structures of these Lapsi seed-derived nanoporous carbon materials lead to their excellent electrochemical supercapacitance performance in aqueous electrolyte (1 M H2SO4) with a maximum specific capacitance of 284 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the electrodes showed high-rate capability sustaining 67.7% capacity retention even at high current density of 20 A g−1 with excellent cycle stability achieving 99% capacitance retention even after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles demonstrating the potential of Lapsi seed derived nanoporous carbons as suitable electrode materials in high-performance supercapacitor devices.

36

Sulaymon, Abbas H., and Ziad T. Abd Ali. "REMOVAL OF KEROSENE FROM WASTE WATER USING IRAQI BENTONITE." Journal of Engineering 16, no. 03 (September 1, 2010): 5422–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2010.03.11.

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The aim of the present research is to study the potentiality of Iraqi bentonite as adsorbent for removing of kerosene from wastewater. Also the capacity of bentonite for kerosene removal was compared to the activated carbon capacity. The sorption of kerosene onto bentonite and AC. were described by two well – known adsorption isotherm models namely Langmuir and Freundlich models. It was found that the Freundlich model can fit very well the equilibrium isotherm adsorption of kerosene onto bentonite and AC. Batch experiments were carried out to study the effect of adsorption of kerosene onto bentonite using various conditions such as initial concentrations of kerosene ( 100-500 ) mg/L, agitation speeds (125, 250, 500, 800) RPM, and weights of bentonite ( 0.05, 0.5,1.1 ) gm, particle sizes (0.5- 0.6) mm, and temperature 303 k . It was found that the best results for removing kerosene onto bentonite were obtained at Co=500 mg/L, RPM =800. Activated carbon was used as powder and granular of particle sizes ranged (1-1.18) mm and (0.5-0.6) mm. The results indicated that the activated carbon was more active than bentonite for removing of kerosene from wastewater

37

Cukierman, Ana Lea. "Development and Environmental Applications of Activated Carbon Cloths." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2013 (March 14, 2013): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/261523.

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Activated carbon cloths have received growing attention because they offer comparative advantages over the traditional powdered or granular forms of this well-known adsorbent, providing further potential uses for technological innovations in several fields. The present article provides an overview of research studies and advances concerned with the development of activated carbon cloths and their use as adsorbent in environmental applications, mostly reported in the last years. The influence of some fabrics and textile wastes used as precursors, and of main activation process variables on the development and physicochemical, mechanical and/or electrical properties of the resulting activated carbon cloths are first reviewed. Then, investigations dealing with the removal of water and air pollutants by adsorption onto activated carbon cloths, including advances toward optimizing their regeneration after organic vapors saturation, are presented.

38

Kaleta, Jadwiga, Małgorzata Kida, Piotr Koszelnik, Dorota Papciak, Alicja Puszkarewicz, and Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak. "The use of activated carbons for removing organic matter from groundwater." Archives of Environmental Protection 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0031.

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AbstractThe article presents research results of the introduction of powdery activated carbon to the existing technological system of the groundwater treatment stations in a laboratory, pilot plant and technical scale. The aim of the research was to reduce the content of organic compounds found in the treated water, which create toxic organic chlorine compounds (THM) after disinfection with chlorine. Nine types of powdery active carbons were tested in laboratory scale. The top two were selected for further study. Pilot plant scale research was carried out for the filter model using CWZ-30 and Norit Sa Super carbon. Reduction of the organic matter in relation to the existing content in the treated water reached about 30%. Research in technical scale using CWZ-30 carbon showed a lesser efficiency with respect to laboratory and pilot-plant scale studies. The organic matter decreased by 15%. Since filtration is the last process before the individual disinfection, an alternative solution is proposed, i.e. the second stage of filtration with a granular activated carbon bed, operating in combined sorption and biodegradation processes. The results of tests carried out in pilot scale were fully satisfactory with the effectiveness of 70–100%.

39

Feng, Quan Li, Xue Qian Wang, Yu Jia, and Ping Ning. "Study on Microwave Combined with Active Carbon for the COD Remove of Amoxicillin Wastewater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1348.

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This paper makes the amoxicillin production wastewater as the research target and uses the microwave-activated carbon to treat this kind of wastewater. The results show that 6g of the 60 purpose granular activated carbon mixed with 50ml of the wastewater that diluted 10 times and the pH value is 9 under the condition that irradiated power up to 480W and the irradiation time for 7min, the COD removal rates is up to 96.38% and the effluent COD value is 48.28mg/L.

40

Cansado, Isabel Pestana da Paixão, Paulo Alexandre Mira Mourão, and José Eduardo dos Santos Félix Castanheiro. "Performance of Regenerated Activated Carbons on Pesticides Removal from the Aqueous Phase." Processes 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2023): 2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082496.

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Adsorbents presenting high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption rate, easy regeneration, and a good possibility for reusability are ideal for removing 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) or other pesticides from wastewater. Here, the effects of regeneration treatments on adsorption–desorption cycles are examined using two commercial activated carbons (ACs) (Merck and Norit 1240 X). MCPA adsorption was fast on Merck and Norit ACs in powder form (6 h) but on Norit AC, in granular form, adsorption was too slow, and the equilibrium time was reached only after 288 h. MCPA adsorption kinetic data were analyzed by applying pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Weber–Morris models. The pseudo-second-order model fit better to all data, and the Weber–Morris representation allows confirming that on Norit 1240 X, in granular form, the pore diffusion was the limiting factor concerning the MCPA adsorption. Merck and Norit 1240 X (in powder and granular form) ACs loaded with MCPA were submitted to different regeneration process by washing with distilled water, ethanol, HNO3, and NaOH solutions and washed with NaOH solutions or ethanol followed by a thermal treatment. The ACs regenerated with ethanol performed well in the subsequent adsorption–desorption cycles. All ACs had more than 99% desorbed MCPA after the first cycle of washing with ethanol. The washing with NaOH solution was less efficient. The regeneration process, consisting of washing the sample with a solution of NaOH and subsequent heating at 573 K, was very effective. After this regeneration procedure, the amount of MCPA adsorbed on Norit 1240 X AC was even higher than the amount adsorbed in the first adsorption cycle. At present, washing methods for adsorbent regeneration are not used at an industrial level. However, research for environmentally friendly regeneration methods is necessary to achieve the objectives of the circular economy.

41

Borysenko, M. V., Ya M. Chubenko, I. I. Voitko, and T. S. Chorna. "Thermal analysis as a method for evaluating the quality of regeneration of activated carbon used for purification of glycerin." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.137.

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In this work, we investigated granular and powder activated carbons (AC) – initial and waste with adsorbed impurities after purification of technical glycerin and subsequent washing with water. The aim of this work was to quantify the adsorbed impurities in the spent AC using thermal analysis (TA) and to work out the conditions for thermal regeneration of AC. TA of AC samples was carried out in an atmosphere of helium and air; the specific surface area of AC was measured by the method of low-temperature desorption of argon (SAr). It was established by the TA method that water is released in the temperature range of 20 – 170 °C, and glycerin – 170 – 400 °C. Spent AC contains up to 22.8 wt. % H2O and up to 44.6 wt. % C3H5(OH)3. Based on these data, it was proposed to regenerate spent coal by heating at 400 °C in air. In the case of a granular AC sample, the regeneration proceeds completely, while for a powder AC sample, the specific surface area with respect to argon is restored only by 22 %, from the initial 2170 m2/g. The adsorption isotherms of methylene blue (MB) of the initial samples are located higher than for the spent ones, since in the spent ones part of the surface is occupied by adsorbed glycerin. The SMB values calculated from the adsorption of methylene blue in the spent AC samples are strongly overestimated in comparison with SAr. Probably, MB displaces glycerin from the surface or interacts with it to form complexes.

42

Mišković, D., B. Dalmacija, Z. Hain, E. Karlović, S. Marić, and N. Uzelac. "Investigation of an Innovative Technology for Oil-Field Brine Treatment." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0185.

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Various aspects of an innovative technology for oil field brine treatment were investigated on a laboratory scale. The both free and dispersed oily matter were separated by gravitation and sedimentation. Apart from the physico-chemical oil removal process, special attention was paid to different variants of improved microbiological treatment: dilution with fresh water and application of powdered activated carbon (PAC). Advanced treatment was carried out on granular biological activated carbon (GBAC). A technological scheme for complete treatment was proposed.

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Calabrò, Paolo S., Filippo Fazzino, Carlo Limonti, and Alessio Siciliano. "Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion of Waste-Activated Sludge by Conductive Materials under High Volatile Fatty Acids-to-Alkalinity Ratios." Water 13, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040391.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) represents a suitable option for the management of the waste-activated sludge (WAS) produced in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Nevertheless, due to its complex characteristics, WAS is often barely degradable under conventional anaerobic processes. The use of conductive materials during AD provides a promising route for enhancing WAS digestion, through the effects of direct inter-species electron transfer (DIET). The present paper aims to evaluate the effects of the addition of four different materials—granular activated carbon (GAC), granular iron, and aluminium and steel scrap powders—in semi-continuous lab-scale reactors under very high volatile fatty acids-to-alkalinity ratios. In particular, the use of metallic aluminium in WAS digestion was investigated for the first time and compared to the other materials. The AD of WAS without the addition of conductive materials was impossible, while the use of steel powder and zero-valent iron is shown not to improve the digestion process in a satisfactory way. On the contrary, both GAC and Al allow for effective WAS degradation. At stable conditions, methane yields of about 230 NmLCH4/gVS and 212 NmLCH4/gVS are recorded for GAC- and Al-amended reactors, respectively. These two materials are the most promising in sustaining WAS AD through DIET also in case of unbalanced volatile fatty acids-to-alkalinity ratios.

44

Kamińska, Gabriela. "Removal of Organic Micropollutants by Grainy Bentonite-Activated Carbon Adsorbent in a Fixed Bed Column." Water 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121791.

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Organic micropollutants enter effluent streams and then flow into receiving waters. The volume adversely affects aquatic biota substantially. Therefore, many efforts have been made to develop methods for their elimination. The aim of this study was the removal of organic micropollutants with different properties from WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) effluent in fixed bed columns packed with several combinations of sand, granular activated carbon (GAC), and granular clay-carbonaceous composite. Two types of bentonite-powder activated carbon-based granules (Ben-AC) were prepared within this work, with different calcination temperature. It was found that higher calcination temperature enhanced the surface porosity and adsorption potential versus studied micropollutants due to dihydroxylation resulting in higher chemical activity. Introduction of these granules in the place of GAC in a fixed bed column enhances the removal degree of micropollutants and typical water quality parameters. For example, the reduction degree of color, phosphate, and nitrate concentrations increased from 83%, 69%, and 4% to 95%, 83%, and 24% for column I and II, respectively. The concentration of carbamazepine, octylphenol, nononylphenol, and anthracene was reduced by 75%, 83%, 72%, 99% in column I, while using column II or III their removal was: 86%, 97%, 99%, 99%, respectively. Independent of the column filling, the removal of carbamazepine was the lowest (75–86%), while the highest retention was obtained for anthracene (99%). The study of column performance in the treatment of effluent in time showed that column filled with Ben-AC-400 guaranteed high removal degree in the operating time. The batch adsorption data were better described by both the Langmuir model.

45

Toh, Run-Hong, Poh-Eng Lim, Chye-Eng Seng, and Rohana Adnan. "Immobilized acclimated biomass-powdered activated carbon for the bioregeneration of granular activated carbon loaded with phenol and o-cresol." Bioresource Technology 143 (September 2013): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.126.

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46

Bae, Jiyeol, Suho Kim, Kwangsoo Kim, and Soyoung Baek. "Impregnation of Activated Carbon with Organic Phase-Change Material." Materials 17, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010067.

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In this study, we developed a thermal storage medium comprising porous activated carbon filled with organic phase-change materials (PCMs) that utilizes the latent heat of phase-change to absorb heat during heating and release heat during cooling. For the activated carbon, we used both charcoal-based powdered activated carbon (250–350 mesh) and granular activated carbon. The organic phase-change materials used in the experiments were dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, and pentadecane. Material properties such as thermal conductivity, latent heat, and melting temperature range were evaluated experimentally and theoretically, with the results observed to be consistent. The cyclic thermal performance of the proposed medium was also evaluated. Notably, filling the activated carbon with a mixture of organic PCMs resulted in the highest temperature-moderating effect. The procedure and results presented in this study are expected to aid in further improvement in the performance of thermal storage media containing PCM where stable temperatures are required, including building heating and cooling.

47

Kanchanapiya, Premrudee, Supachai Songngam, and Thanapol Tantisattayakul. "The Adsorption of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on Coconut Shell Activated Carbons." AIMS Environmental Science 9, no. 2 (2022): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2022010.

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<abstract> <p>Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that have increasingly attracted concerns due to their global distribution in environment, persistence, high bioaccumulation and toxicity. It is important to study the effective treatment to remove PFOA from contaminated water. The feasibility of using commercial coconut shell activated carbon produced in Thailand to remove PFOA from water was investigated with regard to their adsorption kinetics and isotherms of powder activated carbon (PAC-325) and granular activated carbon (GAC-20x50). Adsorption kinetic results show that the adsorbent size significantly affected the adsorption rate of PFOA, and GAC-20x50 required at least 100 h to achieve the equilibrium, much longer than 3 h for PAC-325. Two kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data, and the pseudo-second-order model well described the adsorption of PFOA on both PAC-325 and GAC-20x50. PAC-325 trended to adsorb PFOA faster than GAC-20x50 and testing with the shortest adsorption times (5 min) still yielded substantial PFOA removal (~80% for PAC-325). The adsorption isotherms show that the adsorption capacity of PAC-325 was 0.80 mmol/g, which is 83 % higher than that for GAC-20x50 (0.13 mmol/g), according to the Langmuir fitting.</p> </abstract>

48

Kanchanapiya, Premrudee, Supachai Songngam, and Thanapol Tantisattayakul. "The Adsorption of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on Coconut Shell Activated Carbons." AIMS Environmental Science 9, no. 2 (2022): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.20220010.

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Анотація:

<abstract> <p>Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that have increasingly attracted concerns due to their global distribution in environment, persistence, high bioaccumulation and toxicity. It is important to study the effective treatment to remove PFOA from contaminated water. The feasibility of using commercial coconut shell activated carbon produced in Thailand to remove PFOA from water was investigated with regard to their adsorption kinetics and isotherms of powder activated carbon (PAC-325) and granular activated carbon (GAC-20x50). Adsorption kinetic results show that the adsorbent size significantly affected the adsorption rate of PFOA, and GAC-20x50 required at least 100 h to achieve the equilibrium, much longer than 3 h for PAC-325. Two kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data, and the pseudo-second-order model well described the adsorption of PFOA on both PAC-325 and GAC-20x50. PAC-325 trended to adsorb PFOA faster than GAC-20x50 and testing with the shortest adsorption times (5 min) still yielded substantial PFOA removal (~80% for PAC-325). The adsorption isotherms show that the adsorption capacity of PAC-325 was 0.80 mmol/g, which is 83 % higher than that for GAC-20x50 (0.13 mmol/g), according to the Langmuir fitting.</p> </abstract>

49

Lee, Sang-Hoon, Hyun-Jin Kang, Tae-Guen Lim, and Hee-Deung Park. "Magnetite and granular activated carbon improve methanogenesis via different metabolic routes." Fuel 281 (December 2020): 118768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118768.

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50

Tancredi, Nestor, Natalia Medero, Fabiana Möller, Javier Píriz, Carina Plada, and Tomás Cordero. "Phenol adsorption onto powdered and granular activated carbon, prepared from Eucalyptus wood." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 279, no. 2 (November 2004): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.06.067.

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