Дисертації з теми "Powder or granular activated carbon"
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1
Kårelid, Victor. "Towards application of activated carbon treatment for pharmaceutical removal in municipal wastewater." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-196862.
Анотація:
Many pharmaceuticals are found in municipal wastewater effluents due to their persistence in the human body as well as in conventional wastewater treatment processes. This discharge to the environment can lead to adverse effects in aquatic species, such as feminization of male fish. During the past decade, these findings have spawned investigations and research into suitable treatment technologies that could severely limit the discharge. Adsorption onto activated carbon has been identified as one of the two main technologies for implementation of (future) full-scale treatment. Recent research has put a closer focus on adsorption with powdered activated carbon (PAC) than on granular activated carbon (GAC). Studies where both methods are compared in parallel operation are thus still scarce and such evaluation in pilot-scale was therefore a primary objective of this thesis. Furthermore, recirculation of PAC can be used to optimize the treatment regarding the carbon consumption. Such a setup was evaluated as a separate treatment stage to comply with Swedish wastewater convention. Additionally, variation of a set of process parameters was evaluated. During successive operation at three different wastewater treatment plants an overall pharmaceutical removal of 95% could consistently be achieved with both methods. Furthermore, treatment with GAC was sensitive to a degraded effluent quality, which severely reduced the hydraulic capacity. Both treatment methods showed efficient removal of previously highlighted substances, such as carbamazepine and diclofenac, however in general a lower adsorption capacity was observed for GAC. By varying the input of process parameters, such as the continuously added dose or the contact time, during PAC treatment, a responsive change of the pharmaceutical removal could be achieved. The work in this thesis contributes some valuable field experience towards wider application of these treatment technologies in full-scale.QC 20161124
MistraPharma
2
DIAS, Albiane Carvalho. "Lodos ativados com adi??o de carv?o ativado no tratamento combinado de lixiviado de aterro sanit?rio e esgoto dom?stico." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2017. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1919.
Анотація:
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CAPES
The inappropriate management of leachate can cause negative environmental impacts, in order to compromise the availability and quality of natural resources, reason of to their complex composition and high polluter potential. One of the alternatives for the treatment of landfill leachate is its combined treatment with domestic sewage in sewage treatment plants, although higher proportions of the leachate in the sewage could compromise the efficiency of the process. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the combined treatment of landfill leachate and domestic sewage in biomass and activated carbon systems. For this, were used sequential batch reactors in lab-scale and two types of activated carbon - granular (GAC) and pulverized (PAC). The work consisted of two stages, among them they are: the tests where the reactors were fed with different mixtures of leachate/synthetic sewage (0, 2, 5 e 10%) and concentrations of GAC (0, 2, 4 e 6 g/L) operating with residence times 23h and sludge ages 28 days; and tests where the reactors were fed with a mixture of 5% leachate/sewage; fixed a PAC concentration of 6 g/L and were operated on with differents HRT of 23, 16 and 8 hours and sludge ages of 28, 28, and 17 days, respectively. It has been evaluated, the difference between the two types of carbon regarding COD removal efficiency, in the following configurations: fixing the concentration of carbono (6 g/L) and the percentage of leachate in the feed (5% v/v), for the batch time of 23 h and sludge age of 28 d. For the first step, it was possible to verify that the COD removal efficiency was higher in the reactors containing GAC and biomass when comparedes to the reactor containing only biomass. And along this stage of the experiment it was possible to observe that after the increase of leachate concentration in the feed there was a significant drop in COD removal efficiency. In the evaluation of the PACT? process, it was verified that the reactor with HRT of 23 h was the one that presented the best COD and color removal efficiencies the process, 79 and 44%, respectively. In the comparative tests between the two types of carbon, the PAC system proved to be much more efficient in the removal of COD, presenting an average efficiency of 79% when compared to the GAC system (63%).
O gerenciamento inadequado do lixiviado pode causar impactos ambientais negativos, de forma a comprometer a disponibilidade e qualidade dos recursos naturais, devido sua composi??o complexa e seu elevado potencial poluidor. Uma das alternativas para o tratamento de lixiviado de aterros sanit?rios ? o seu tratamento combinado com esgoto dom?stico em esta??es de tratamento de esgoto, embora propor??es mais elevadas do lixiviado no esgoto possam comprometer a efici?ncia do processo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia do tratamento combinado de lixiviado de aterro sanit?rio e esgoto dom?stico em sistemas com biomassa e carv?o ativado. Para isto, foram utilizados reatores em batelada sequencial em escala de laborat?rio e dois tipos de carv?o ativado- granular (CAG) e pulverizado (CAP). O trabalho foi constitu?do de duas etapas, dentre elas est?o: os ensaios onde os reatores foram alimentados com diferentes misturas de lixiviado/esgoto sint?tico (0, 2, 5 e 10%) e concentra??es de CAG (0, 2, 4 e 6 g/L) operando com tempos de resid?ncia de 23 h e idades do lodo de 28 dias; e ensaios onde os reatores foram alimentados com uma mistura de 5% de lixiviado/esgoto, fixado uma concentra??o de CAP de 6 g/L e foram operados com diferentes tempos de resid?ncia de 23, 16 e 8 horas e idades de lodo de 28, 28, e 17 dias, respectivamente. Avaliou-se, ainda, a diferen?a entre os dois tipos de carv?o quanto ? efici?ncia de remo??o de DQO, nas seguintes configura??es: fixando a concentra??o de carv?o (6 g/L) e o percentual de lixiviado na alimenta??o (5% v/v), para o tempo de batelada de 23 h e idade do lodo de 28 d. Para a primeira etapa, foi poss?vel verificar que a efici?ncia de remo??o de DQO foi superior nos reatores contendo CAG e biomassa quando comparados ao reator contendo apenas biomassa. E ao longo desta etapa do experimento foi poss?vel observar que ap?s o aumento da concentra??o de lixiviado na alimenta??o houve queda significativa na efici?ncia de remo??o de DQO. Na avalia??o do processo PACT?, verificou-se que o reator com tempo de resid?ncia de 23 h foi o que apresentou as melhores efici?ncias de remo??o de DQO e cor do processo, 79 e 44%, respectivamente. Nos testes comparativos entre os dois tipos de carv?o, o sistema com CAP mostrou-se muito mais eficiente na remo??o de DQO, apresentando efici?ncia m?dia de 79%, quando comparado ao sistema com CAG (63%).
3
Hatt, Juliette W. "Pretreatment options for municipal wastewater reuse using membrane technology." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10200.
Анотація:
Increasing freshwater scarcity across the world means that wastewater reclamation is being considered as a key method in which to meet the growing demand. Evolution of water reuse schemes where high quality product is required such as for indirect potable reuse has led to the adoption in recent years of the integrated membrane scheme using a combination of microfiltration or ultrafiltration with reverse osmosis membrane. However, despite technological advancements, these membranes are still prone to fouling resulting in increased costs through cleaning or replacement. This thesis aims to look at pretreatment to reduce the fouling propensity of the microfiltration membranes via a 600m3 /d pilot plant which was commissioned to investigate indirect potable reuse. A range of pretreatments including pre-screening, pre-coagulation, powdered activated carbon and granular activated carbon were assessed based on fouling amelioration, water quality improvement and cost analysis. Results showed that ferric sulphate dosing was the most effective in terms of reducing the reversible fouling rate especially at high turbidity loads enabling higher flux to be realised leading to a small cost benefit. Activated carbon proved the most effective pretreatment in terms of organic removal and a significant reduction in the irreversible fouling rate. However, the cost involved in using this as a pretreatment is significant compared to possible cost savings through reduced requirement for chemical cleaning. This pretreatment is only viable if it obviates the need for a separate organic removal process.
4
Karimi-Jashni, Ayoub. "Electrochemical reactivation of granular activated carbon." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6200.
Анотація:
The main objectives of this dissertation were to refine electrochemical GAC reactivation technology, a promising alternative technology, and to investigate its technical feasibility. The specific objectives of the study were: (1) to evaluate alternative reactor designs; (2) to assess the effect of contaminant and GAC types on the regeneration efficiency; (3) to study the electrolyte post-treatment; and (4) to investigate reactivation mechanisms and model them. To achieve these objectives many interrelated topics were investigated using phenol, 2-nitrophenol (2NP) and naturally occurring background organic matter (NOM) as adsorbates and Filtrasorb 400 (F-400), Westvaco Carbon (WV-B), Darco Norit, and Filtrasorb 300 (F-300) as adsorbents. The impact of reactor operation conditions (reactivation time, current density, pH) on the reactivation efficiency showed that the reactivation efficiency (RE%) could be increased to a maximum by increasing the current and/or time. It was concluded that electrochemical reactivation of GAC is contaminant-type dependent. The reactivation efficiencies of F-400 loaded with 2NP and phenol at different reactivation currents and times showed similar patterns. A comparison of the percent reactivation of GACs showed that F-400 and WV-B performed essentially the same for the tested conditions. Total destruction of desorbed contaminants and their by-products were possible. Desorbed phenol and 2NP from loaded GAC react to form a number of reaction by-products that are eventually oxidized to CO2 and H 2O. The main mechanism responsible for electrochemical reactivation is high-pH induced desorption at the cathode. It accounts for approximately 50--60% of the total reactivation of a single layer of GAC. It is recommended that the GAC electrochemical reactivation should be a three step process. First, the GAC is reactivated with a relatively low current to minimize potential alterations of the GAC surface. Second, the GAC is drained and rinsed with a buffered solution. Finally, the electrolyte is treated electrochemically for an extended time at a much higher current (and possibly a different electrode) to reduce the electrolyte's TOC so that it may be reused or discharged. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
5
Cen, Jianqi. "Electrochemical regeneration of granular activated carbon." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6754.
Анотація:
Laboratory experiments have investigated the feasibility of granular activated carbon (GAC) regeneration via an electrochemical technique. GAC was loaded with phenol by batch adsorption tests, electrochemically regenerated and finally reloaded with phenol. Regeneration was conducted by placing GAC on a platinum elecotrode within a batch reactor filled with electrolyte (generally a 1% NaCl solution), and applying a current to the reactor. Limited experiments show that cathodic regeneration is more efficient than anodic regeneration; the investigation concentrates on the former. Although anodic regeneration is more efficient in destroying residual phenol in the electrolyte, cathodic regeneration can also eliminate these residuals by using longer regeneration times and/or higher currents. Increasing the regeneration current and time could increase the regeneration efficiency (RE) up to 94 percent. Lower currents applied for longer regeneration times yield similar results with slightly lower energy consumption. REs are also significantly affected by the electrolyte type, electrolyte concentration, and GAC particle size, but not by the carbon loading. Multiple regenerations only reduced the REs by an additional 2 percent per cycle. Preliminary analysis indicates that electrochemical regeneration is less expensive than thermal regeneration as it has no obvious carbon losses. Since this electrochemical regeneration process is technologically feasible and probably more economical than thermal regeneration, it merits further investigation.
6
Leyva-Ramos, Roberto, Raul Ocampo-Perez, Oliva L. Torres-Rivera, Maria S. Berber-Mendoza, and Nahum A. Medellin-Castillo. "Kinetics of pyridine adsorption onto granular activated carbon." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-191056.
7
Leyva-Ramos, Roberto, Raul Ocampo-Perez, Oliva L. Torres-Rivera, Maria S. Berber-Mendoza, and Nahum A. Medellin-Castillo. "Kinetics of pyridine adsorption onto granular activated carbon." Diffusion fundamentals 11 (2009) 83, S. 1-2, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14054.
8
Lissaneddine, Amina. "Formulation d’adsorbant à base de matériaux naturels et leurs combinaisons au procédé électrochimique pour traiter des effluents industriels." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0296.
Анотація:
Les procédés d’extraction d’huile d’olive génèrent d’énormes quantités de déchets solides (grignons d’olive) et liquides (margines) pendant la saison de l’extraction de l’huile d’olives, généralement entre novembre et mars. Ces déchets représentent un grand défi pour les producteurs d'huile d'olive car ils doivent trouver des solutions techniques, environnementales et économiques pour gérer ces sous-produits. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'explorer et de proposer un cycle complet de traitement des déchets de l’extraction de l’huile d’olives. Cette démarche s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une approche zéro rejet liquide et déchets et promeut le concept d'économie circulaire. Deux adsorbants basés sur l'activation chimique des grignons d'olive, c'est-à-dire du charbon actif en poudre incorporé au sein de billes d'alginate composite et du charbon actif en grains (CAG), ont été synthétisés avec succès. Les deux matériaux avaient une structure et une morphologie poreuse qui ont révélé leur faisabilité en tant que bio-adsorbants potentiels et peu coûteux. Ils ont été utilisés en adsorption ou électrosorption pour la récupération des composés phénoliques (CPs) des margines. L'adsorption des CPs correspond à la cinétique de second ordre (R2 = 0.997) et aux isothermes de Langmuir (R2 = 0.995). Les paramètres thermodynamiques pour l'adsorption des CPs sur le bio-adsorbant suggèrent une nature spontanée de l'adsorption, une réaction endothermique et une modification de la surface du bio-adsorbant pendant le processus d'adsorption. Le modèle de Thomas a mieux prédit l'adsorption sur colonne de CPs (R2 =0.97). Enfin, l'étude de la régénération du bio-adsorbant a montré que la récupération des phénols à partir des margines peut être effectuée avec de l'éthanol (43% des CPs récupérés) ou de l'acide chlorhydrique (90% des CPs récupérés). Les résultats de la caractérisation électrochimique des deux électrodes de bio-adsorbant ont montré que la surface électro-active élevée, la valeur élevée de l'intensité du courant d'échange (I0) et la faible valeur de la résistance de transfert de charge (RCT) pourraient être des propriétés prometteuses pour les études d'électrosorption. L'électrosorption a amélioré la capacité d'adsorption des billes composites de 123 à 170 mg g-1 et le taux d'élimination des CPs de 66 à 74% pour le CAG. De plus, l'électrosorption de composés organiques a été démontrée pour la première fois avec des eaux usées réelles. De nouveaux modèles ont été développés pour mieux comprendre et prédire la cinétique d'électrosorption des CPs, y compris le transport de masse transitoire. Les composés organiques restants dans les margines ont ensuite été éliminés (91 % de la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) éliminée) par un traitement d'électro-oxydation avancé, tandis que le bio-adsorbant a été régénéré (34,5 % des CPs récupérés) par une méthode électrochimiqueOlive mill technology generates a considerable amount of solid (olive pomace) and liquid (olive mill wastewater) by-products during olives milling season, usually between November and March. These wastes represent a great challenge for olive oil producers since they must find technical, environmental and economical solutions to manage these by-products. The main objective of this thesis was to explore and propose a complete cycle of olive mill wastes treatment. This is in the framework of a zero liquid and waste discharge approach and promotes the circular economy concept. Two sorbents based on olive pomace chemical activation, i.e., powdered activated carbon within composite alginate beads and granular activated carbon (GAC), were successfully synthetized. Both materials had a structure and a porous morphology that revealed their feasibilities as potential and low-cost bio-sorbents. They were employed in either adsorption or electrosorption for phenolic compounds (PCs) recovery from olive mill wastewater (OMWW). The adsorption of PCs fitted second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.997) and Langmuir isotherms (R2 = 0.995). The thermodynamic parameters for the PCs adsorption onto the bio-adsorbent suggested a spontaneous nature of adsorption, an endothermic reaction and a modification of bio-adsorbent surface during the adsorption process. Thomas's model was better at predicting PCs column adsorption (R2 =0.97). Finally, the investigation of bio-adsorbent regeneration showed that the recovery of phenols from OMWW could be carried out with ethanol (43% of PCs recovered) or hydrochloric acid (90% of PCs recovered). The results of electrochemical characterization of the two bio-adsorbent electrodes showed that the high electroactive surface area, the high value of exchange current intensity (I0) and the low value of charge transfer resistance (RCT) could be promising properties for electrosorption studies. Electrosorption improved the adsorption capacity of the composite beads from 123 to 170 mg g-1 and the removal rate of PCs from 66 to 74% for GAC. Furthermore, the electrosorption of organic compounds was shown for the first time with real wastewater. New models were developed to better understand and predict PCs electrosorption kinetics, including transient mass transport. The remaining organic compounds in OMWW were then eliminated (91 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed) by advanced electro-oxidation treatment, while the bio-adsorbent was regenerated (34.5% of PCs recovered) by an electrochemical method
9
Reddy, Reddy Pratyusha. "Comparative Study of Adsorption of Dyes onto Activated Carbon and Modified Activated Carbon by Chitosan Impregnation." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1525171939645615.
10
Carbo, Patricia. "Colour and manganese removal in primary granular activated carbon filtration." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392574.
11
Van, Dyk Lizelle Doreen. "The production of granular activated carbon from agricultural waste products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52003.
Анотація:
Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Peach and apricot shells are agricultural waste products. These waste products accumulate around canneries and food-processing plants in South Africa. No effort is being made to utilise these waste products. This study is the first part of the product development from these products i.e. peach shell activated carbon and apricot shell activated carbon. By producing activated carbon from peach and apricot shells the solid waste problem is addressed, but most of all a profit can be made. But why activated carbon? Activated carbons are unique and versatile adsorbent with a vast amount of adsorption applications. It can be produced via a simple oxidation reaction with steam and the nature of peach and apricot shells are such that it is expected that activated carbons with good adsorption properties can be produced from it. The single largest consumer of activated carbon in South Africa is the gold mining industry that uses imported coconut shell activated carbon for gold adsorption in the gold recovery process. Activated carbon is also used as water purification adsorbents. During this study activated carbons were produced in a fluidized bed reactor at various activation conditions: 700 - 900°C, 0.0425 - 0.0629 g steamlg char.min and 30 - 60 min. This was done in order to find the optimum activation conditions within the activation parameter range. The optimal activated carbons were defined as peach and apricot shell activated carbons that showed good microporous as well as mesoporous character. The optimal activated carbons produced are: peach shell activated at 875°C, 0.0533 g stearnlg char. min, 60 min and apricot shell activated carbon at 850°C, 0.0533 g steamlg char.min, 60min. The possible use of these optimal activated carbons and two other activated carbons produced (Peach shell activated carbon 900°C, 0.0425 g steamlg char. min, 60 min and apricot shell activated carbon 900°C, 0.0425 g steamlg char.min, 60min) were tested in gold recovery and water purification. The gold adsorption properties of peach and apricot shell activated carbons were found to be better than two commercial coconut shell activated carbons (Chemquest 650 and GRC 22). No definite conclusions could, however, be drawn about the replacement of coconut shell activated carbon with peach or apricot shell activated carbon, because abrasion test work and thermal regeneration of the experimental carbons still have to be performed. The experimental activated carbons displayed good phenol adsorption characteristic, although further test work is required.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Perske- en appelkoospitte is landbouafvalprodukte. Hierdie afvalprodukte versamel rondom inmaakfabrieke en voedselververkingsaanlegte. Tans word daar geen poging in Suid-Afrika aangewend om hierdie afvalprodukte te benut nie. Hierdie studie is die eerste deel van die ontwikkeling van die produkte: Perskepitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof. Deur geaktiveerde koolstof van die perske- en appelkoospitdoppe te maak, word nie net 'n antwoord op die vastestofafvalsprobleem gevind nie, maar daar kan ook geld gemaak word. Hoekom geaktiveerde koolstof? Aktiveerde koolstowwe is veelsydige en unieke adsorbente met 'n groot verskeidenheid adsorpsie toepassings. Dit kan vervaardig word via 'n eenvoudige oksidasie reaksie met stoom en die aard van die perske- en appelkoospitdoppe is sodanig, dat verwag kan word om geaktiveerde koolstowwe met goeie adsorpsie eienskappe daarvan te kry. Die grootste enkelverbruiker van geaktiveerde koolstof in Suid-Afrika is die goudmynbedryf, wat kokosneutdop geaktiveerde koolstof invoer om goud te herwin. Geaktiveerde koolstof word ook gebruik vir watersuiwering. Tydens hierdie studie IS geaktiveerde koolstowwe by verskillende aktiveeringskondisies in 'n gevloeïdiseerde bed vervaardig: 700 - 900oe, 0.0425 - 0.0629g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min en 30 - 60 mm. Die aktiveringskondisies is gevarieer om sodoende die optimale aktiveringskondisies binne die aktiveringsparameterreeks te kry. 'n Geaktiveerde koolstof is as optimaal geklassifiseer as dit 'n goeie mikro- sowel as mesostruktuur getoon het. Die optimaal geaktiveerde koolstowwe is: geaktiveerde koolstof vervaardig van perskepitdoppe by 875°e, 0.0533 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60 mm en geaktiveerde koolstof vervaardig van appelkoospitdoppe by 850oe, 0.0533 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60min. Die gebruik van die twee optimale geaktiveerde koolstowwe sowel as twee ander geaktiveerde koolstowwe (perskepitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof, 900oe, 0.0425 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60 min en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof, 850°C, 0.0533 g stoom/g gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60min) is VIr goudadsorpsie en watersuiwering ondersoek. Die goudadsorpsie eienskappe van die perske-en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstowwe was beter as die van twee kommersiële kokosneutdop-geaktiveerde koolstowwe (Chemquest 650 and GRC 22). Daar kan egter geen definitiewe gevolgtrekkings gemaak word oor die vervanging van kokosneutdop geaktiveerde koolstowwe met dié van perske of appelkoospitdoppe nie, aangesien daar nog toetsresultate oor die slytweerstand en reaktiverings eienskappe van die eksperimentele geaktiveerde koolstowwe uitstaande is. Die eksperimentele geaktiveerde koolstowwe toon goeie adsorpie ten opsigte van fenol, maar verdere toetswerk is egter nodig.
12
Orlandini, Ervin. "Pesticide removal by combined ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration /." Rotterdam ; Brookfield : Balkema, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37738501t.
13
McEwen, Jeff. "Electrochemical regeneration of natural organic matter (NOM) loaded granular activated carbon." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26714.
Анотація:
Granular activated carbon (GAC) is used in municipal drinking water treatment plants for the removal of organic compounds (natural and synthetic), taste and odour compounds, as well as for the removal of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Many alternative technologies for GAC regeneration, such as bioregeneration, chemical regeneration, chemical desorption regeneration, and steam regeneration, have been tested in attempts to overcome the shortcomings of thermal regeneration. In this study, the suitability of electrochemical regeneration for municipal drinking water systems was investigated. Three different sample types were obtained; virgin, field spent and field-thermally reactivated GAC. The field spent samples were electrochemically regenerated at 10, 50, 100 and 200mA in a divided cell electrochemical reactor for 5 h. The virgin, the thermal and the electrochemical regenerated samples were analysed for aqueous NOM adsorption, iodine number, surface chemistry, pore size distribution and surface area to evaluate the regeneration efficiency and to characterize the regeneration. The electrochemical reactor was able to regenerate 8--15% of the adsorption capacity of the field spent GAC compared to approximately 100% regeneration efficiency for the thermally regenerated samples. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
14
Villars, Kathryn E. Villars. "Removal of Microcystin-LR from Drinking Water Using Granular Activated Carbon." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1532007603377473.
15
De, Las Casas Carla. "In-Situ Regeneration of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Using Fenton's Reagents." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195619.
Анотація:
Fenton-dependent recovery of carbon initially saturated with one of several chlorinated aliphatic contaminants was studied in batch and continuous-flow reactors. A specialty carbon, URV-MOD 1 (Calgon) was employed to minimize non-productive H2O2 demand - that which does not yield hydroxyl or superoxide radicals.Enhancement of PCE degradation kinetics by ferric iron addition is limited by iron solubility, even at relatively low pH. Quinone addition increased the pseudo-first-order rate constant for PCE loss temporarily. Only copper addition sustainably enhanced the specific rate of PCE loss. For copper-to-iron molar ratios of 0.25 to 5, the pseudo-first-order rate constant for PCE transformation was increased by a factor of 3.5. It is apparent that the effect of copper addition on Fenton-dependent reaction rates is complex, and involves a shift in chemical mechanism, as indicated by the differing slopes in the Arrhenius plot (with and without copper).A mathematical model was developed to evaluate the effect of operational parameters ([Fe(III)]T:[H2O2]o ratio and pH) on degradation kinetics and optimize the PCE degradation process in homogeneous reaction mixtures. The model simulated experimental degradation of the organic target in a homogeneous Fenton-reaction system. The model requires further refinement to simulate Fenton's systems in which ions in solution (such as sulfate and chloride) play significant roles.In continuous-flow reactors, Fenton's reagents were cycled through spent GAC in columns to degrade one of seven chlorinated compounds tested. The contaminant with the weakest adsorption characteristics, methylene chloride, was 99% lost from the carbon surface during a 14-hour regeneration period. At the field site, the GAC was saturated with gases containing TCE and PCE from a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system. In the field, up to 95% of the sorbed TCE was removed from GAC during regeneration periods of 50-60 hours. Recovery of PCE-loaded GAC was significantly slower. Column experiments show that there is minimal loss of carbon adsorption capacity during Fenton treatment and that the rate of GAC regeneration is compound specific. Scoping-level cost estimates indicated that field use of Fenton regeneration is not cost effective without optimization and/or iron surface amendments, except in the case of the most soluble VOCs.
16
Ribeiro, Enrique. "Composites Charbon-Actif/TiO2 pour des applications solaires Activated-Carbon/TiO2 composites preparation: An original grafting by milling approach for solar water treatment applications TiO2 grafted Activated Carbon elaboration by milling: composition effect on sorption and photocatalytic properties Experimental and theoretical coupled approaches for the analysis of radiative transfer in photoreactors containing particulate media : case study of TiO2 powders for photocatalytic reactions AC/TiO2 granular photocatalysts optical properties : material composition effect on the radiative transfer in a photoreactor." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0016.
Анотація:
L'utilisation de composites possédant une double fonctionnalité adsorption/photo-oxydation est une solution d'intérêt majeur pour traiter les polluants bio-récalcitrants contenus dans les eaux usées, par voie à partir d’énergie solaire. Cette étude propose la mise en œuvre de composites associant charbon actif (CA) et dioxyde de titane (TiO2) par une méthode originale de préparation, la mécanosynthèse. La faisabilité de la préparation de composites CA/TiO2 par mécanosynthèse a d'abord fait l'objet d'un travail d'investigation permettant sa validation. Cette première étape a permis de montrer la pertinence de la méthode pour l'élaboration de composites CA/TiO2 sous forme pulvérulente qui ont des propriétés structurales homogènes et maîtrisées et possèdent les propriétés fonctionnelles de photo-oxydation et de sorption recherchées. Dans un second temps, ces travaux montrent l'adaptabilité de la méthode pour la fabrication de composites CA/TiO2 de composition et donc de propriétés modulables en fonction de l'application de traitement de l'eau ciblée. Les propriétés radiatives de ces matériaux – qu'il est primordial de connaître pour envisager leur intégration au sein d'un photoréacteur – ont été déterminées par une approche théorique couplée à des mesures expérimentales. Il a ainsi pu être possible dans un dernier temps de modéliser et de simuler le transfert radiatif au sein d'un photoréacteur de géométrie simple contenant ces matériauxThe use of bifunctional adsorbent/photocatalyst composite is a solution of great interest for the solar removal of persistent pollutants from wastewaters. This work investigates the mechanosynthesis as an original approach for the preparation of Activated-Carbon/TiO2 composites . First, the feasibility of the preparation approach was validated. The method appeared relevant to produce homogeneous AC/TiO2 granular composites with controlled structural properties. The control of the preparation parameters led to both AC and TiO2 sorption and photo-oxidation functional properties preservation within the composite structure. Secondly, the preparation method ability in creating compositionally-varied AC/TiO2 composites, exhibiting different functional properties. This second part allowed us to show the adaptability of the AC/TiO2 preparation for a wide range of water treatment applications. The radiative properties of these materials - which are essential to know in order to consider their integration within a photoreactor - have been determined by a theoretical approach coupled with experimental measurements. It was thus possible to model and simulate the radiative transfer within a simple geometry photoreactor containing these materials
17
Nguyen, Thu K. T. "Modelling of the adsorption kinetics of flavour esters on granular activated carbon /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17690.pdf.
18
Zachman, Bradley A. "Understanding and predicting natural organic matter adsorption by granular activated carbon columns." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p1430179.
19
Morley, Matthew Christopher. "Enhanced desorption : a method for off-line bioregeneration of granular activated carbon loaded with high explosives /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
20
Chu, Holly Marie. "Effects of background organic matter on granular activated carbon adsorption isotherms for TCP." Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21912.
Анотація:
Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1992.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-48).
Microfiche. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Library, 1992. 2 microfiches: negative.
Master negative: Microfiche MS32123.
UHM: Library has: Both book and microform.
Board of Water Supply, City and County of Honolulu; contract no. C09012
21
Perry, Lynsey. "Acid washing of granular activated carbon and its impact on drinking water quality." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288935.
22
Al-Mashhadani, Suhaib Abdulsattar. "Adsorption of Bisphenol-s (BPS) from Water Using Activated Carbon." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1493427194405108.
23
Ebune, Guilbert Ebune. "Carbon Dioxide Capture from Power Plant Flue Gas using Regenerable Activated Carbon Powder Impregnated with Potassium Carbonate." Connect to resource online, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1221227267.
24
Al-Attas, Omar. "Competitive Adsorption of Iron and Natural Organic Matter in Groundwater Using Granular Activated Carbon." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23349.
Анотація:
The treatment of potable water in Vars, ON is accomplished by filtering the colored, iron-laden groundwater through granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. When first installed, these filters unexpectedly experienced chromatographic displacements of iron into the produced water which resulted in orange-brown water at consumers’ taps. The treatment plant was later modified by adding potassium permanganate oxidation and a greensand filter prior to the GAC adsorption columns. Consequently, iron was almost completely removed and no longer caused operational problems. The main objective of this dissertation is to study the interactions between natural organic matter (NOM) and iron that caused the observed chromatographic effect. This study was divided into three main stages: a) characterization study on Vars groundwater and its treatment system; b) study of the competitive adsorption of iron with NOM in Vars groundwater; and c) evaluation of the rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) for predicting the full-scale GAC column breakthroughs. The characterization of Vars groundwater showed that ferrous iron was found to be the dominant iron species, representing 90% of the total iron, and that 15 - 35% of the iron was complexed with NOM. It was hypothesized that the chromatographic displacement of iron from the GAC columns was caused by NOM-iron complexes; however, field mini-column experiments showed this was not the case. Thus, competitive adsorption between iron and NOM was seen as the more likely cause of the chromatographic effect. The adsorption capacity of ferrous iron in Vars raw water was less than that in organic-free water by a factor of 7 due to the competition with NOM over the GAC adsorbing sites. However, the NOM adsorption capacity was not reduced due to the presence of ferrous iron. It was hypothesized that ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST) models, which have been successful in describing competitive adsorption between target organic compounds and NOM, could model the competition between an inorganic compound such as ferrous iron and NOM. The hypothesis was proved to be correct, and the adsorption isotherm of iron in competition with NOM in Vars groundwater was simulated very well by several versions of the IAST model. However, none of the models were capable of simulating the competitive adsorption of NOM and ferrous iron simultaneously. Since the presence of iron did not significantly reduce the adsorption capacity of NOM, a simplified approach of using the single-solute NOM isotherm to represent the competitive NOM isotherm was recommended. The performance of the rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) was evaluated in order to simulate the iron chromatographic effect observed at Vars’ full-scale GAC column. The RSSCT was not capable of predicting the iron phenomenon and the test proved to be problematic due to the oxidation and precipitation of iron within the small voids between the small-scale column’s GAC particles. The RSSCT, using constant and linear diffusivities, were applied to simulate the NOM adsorption after greensand treatment. Integrating both diffusivities, the tests predicted the onset and slope of the NOM breakthrough up to 10-L water treated/g GAC, which is equivalent to 250 days of operation time for the full-scale column. However, the NOM breakthroughs deviated beyond that point and the RSSCT using constant diffusivity underestimated the column performance greatly. On the other hand, the linear diffusivity RSSCT underestimated the performance to a lesser degree and its NOM breakthrough was quite parallel to the full-scale performance with lower NOM removals of 15%. The higher long-term NOM removal in the full-scale system may be explained by biodegradation, a phenomenon that was not considered by the short duration of RSSCT.
25
Ngoie, Mpinga Cleophace. "The extraction of precious metals from an alkaline cyanided medium by granular activated carbon." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71787.
Анотація:
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A 2 stage heap leach process to extract base and precious metals from the Platreef ore is currently being investigated industrially. A first stage bioleach is used to extract the base metals. In the 2nd stage, cyanide is used as the lixiviant at high pH to extract the platinum group metals and gold. By analogy with current gold recovery practices, the present study investigates the preferential and quantitative adsorption of precious metals (Pt, Pd, Rh and Au) over base metals (Cu, Ni and Fe) from an alkaline cyanide medium, by means of granular activated carbon. Experiments were designed statistically to optimise the process parameters using synthetic alkaline cyanide solutions close in composition to those expected from plant leach solutions. The statistical approach allowed the development of a reliable quantitative approach to express adsorption as a response variable on the basis of a number of experiments. A 2IV(7-2) fractional factorial design approach was carried out in a batch adsorption study to identify significant experimental variables along with their combined effects for the simultaneous adsorption of Pt(II), Pd(II), Rh(III) and Au(I). The adsorbent was characterized using SEM-EDX, and XRF. Precious metals adsorption efficiency was studied in terms of process recovery as a function of different adsorption parameters such as solution pH, copper, nickel, free cyanide ion, thiocyanate, initial precious metal (Pt, Pd, Rh and Au) ion and activated carbon concentrations. It was shown that adsorption rates within the first 60 minutes were very high (giving more than 90% extraction of precious metals) and thereafter the adsorption proceeds at a slower rate until pseudo-equilibrium was reached. Among the different adsorption parameters, at 95% confidence interval, nickel concentration had the most influential effect on the adsorption process followed by the adsorbent concentration. Adsorption of Ni was found to proceed at approximately the same rate and with the same recovery as the precious metals, showing a recovery of approximately 90% in two hours. The kinetics of Cu adsorption were slower, with less than 30% being recovered at the 120 minute period. This suggests that the co-adsorption of Cu can be minimised by shortening the residence time. Adsorption of Fe was found to be less than 5%, while the recovery of Rh was negligibly small. The effect of thiocyanate ion concentration was not as important as the effect of free cyanide ion concentration but still had some influence. The correlation among different adsorption parameters was studied using multivariate analysis. The optimum experimental conditions resulted in a solution with pH of 9.5, [Cu(I)] of 10 ppm, [Ni(II)] of 10 ppm, [CN ] of 132.44 ppm, [SCN ] of 98.95 ppm, [PMs] of 2.03 ppm and [AC] of 10 g/L. Under these conditions, predicted adsorption percentages of Pt, Pd and Au were approximately 98, 92 and 100%, at the level of 95% probability within two hours as an effective loading time. The negative values of ΔG° for all ions under optimum conditions indicate the feasibility and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Chemisorption was found to be the predominant mechanism in the adsorption process of Pt(II), Pd(II) and Au(I). Based on their distribution coefficients, the affinity of activated carbon for metal ions follows the selectivity sequence expressed below. Au(CN) > Pt(CN) > Pd(CN) > Ni(CN) > Cu(CN) Finally, it is important that additional research and development activities in the future should prove the economic viability of the process. Future work is also needed to investigate the adsorption of precious metals (PMs) by comparing the efficiencies and kinetics of adsorption when using sodium hydroxide (in this study) or lime, respectively, in order to control the pH.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ʼn Tweefasige hooploogproses vir die ontginning van basis- en edelmetale van die Platrif-erts word tans industrieel ondersoek. ʼn Eerstefase-bioloog word gebruik om die basismetale te ontgin. In die 2de fase word sianied gebruik as die uitloog by hoë pH om die platinum-groepmetale en goud te ontgin. Na analogie van hedendaagse goudherwinningspraktyke het die huidige studie die voorkeur- en kwantitatiewe adsorpsie van edelmetale (Pt, Pd, Rh en Au) bo basismetale (Cu, Ni en Fe) vanuit ʼn alkaliese sianiedmedium met behulp van korrelrige geaktiveerde koolstof ondersoek. Eksperimente is op statistiese wyse ontwerp om die parameters van die proses te optimaliseer deur van sintetiese alkaliese sianiedoplossings wat in hulle samestelling nou ooreenstem met dié wat van oplossings van plant-loog verwag word, gebruik te maak. Die statistiese benadering het die ontwikkeling van ʼn betroubare kwantitatiewe benadering om adsorpsie as ʼn responsveranderlike op grond van ʼn aantal eksperimente uit te druk, moontlik gemaak. ʼn 2IV(7-2) -Fraksionele faktoriale ontwerp-benadering is tydens ʼn lot-adsorpsiestudie gevolg om beduidende eksperimentele veranderlikes tesame met hulle gekombineerde uitwerkings vir die gelyktydige adsorpsie van Pt(II), Pd(II), Rh(III) en Au(I) te identifiseer. Die adsorbeermiddel is met behulp van SEM-EDX en XRF gekenmerk. Adsorpsiedoeltreffendheid van edelmetale is bestudeer ten opsigte van proseskinetika en herwinning as ʼn funksie van verskillende adsorpsieparameters soos oplossing-pH, koper, nikkel, vry sianiedioon, tiosianaat, aanvanklike edelmetaal (Pt, Pd, Rh en Au)-ioon en geaktiveerde koolstofkonsentrasies. Daar is aangetoon dat adsorpsietempo‟s binne die eerste 60 minute baie hoog was (het meer as 90% ekstraksie van edelmetale opgelewer) en daarna het die adsorpsie teen ʼn stadiger tempo voortgegaan totdat pseudo-ekwilibrium bereik is. Onder die verskillende adsorpsieparameters, by 95%-vertroubaarheidsinterval, het nikkel-konsentrasie die grootste invloed op die adsorpsieproses gehad, gevolg deur konsentrasie van die adsorbeermiddel. Daar is bevind dat die adsorpsie van Ni teen nagenoeg dieselfde tempo en met dieselfde herwinning as die edelmetale voortgegaan het, wat ná twee uur ʼn herwinning van nagenoeg 90% getoon het. Die kinetika van Cu-adsorpsie was stadiger, met minder as 30% wat teen die 120-minute-tydperk herwin is. Dit dui daarop dat die ko-adsorpsie van Cu tot die minimum beperk kan word deur verkorting van die verblyftyd. Daar is bevind dat die adsorpsie van Fe minder as 5% is, terwyl die herwinning van Rh onbeduidend klein was. Die uitwerking van die konsentrasie van die tiosianaatione was nie so belangrik as die uitwerking van die konsentrasie van vry sianiedione nie maar het steeds ʼn mate van invloed gehad. Die korrelasie tussen verskillende adsorpsieparameters is met behulp van meerveranderlike analise bestudeer. Die optimale eksperimentele toestande het gelei tot ʼn oplossing met ʼn pH van 9.5, [Cu(I)] van 10 dpm, [Ni(II)] van 10 dpm, [CN] van 132.44 dpm, [SCN] van 98.95 dpm, [EM‟e] van 2.03 dpm en [AC] van 10 g/L. Onder hierdie toestande was die voorspelde adsorpsiepersentasies van Pt, Pd en Au nagenoeg 98, 92 en 100%, op die vlak van 95%-waarskynlikheid binne twee uur as ʼn doeltreffende laaityd. Die negatiewe waardes van ΔG° vir alle ione onder optimale toestande dui op die uitvoerbaarheid en spontane aard van die adsorpsieproses. Daar is bevind dat chemiesorpsie die deurslaggewende meganisme by die adsorpsieproses van Pt(II), Pd(II) en Au(I) is. Gebaseer op hulle distribusiekoeffisiënte volg die affiniteit van geaktiveerde koolstof vir metaalione die selektiwiteitsvolgorde soos hieronder voorgestel. Au(CN) > Pt(CN) > Pd(CN) > Ni(CN) > Cu(CN) Laastens, dit is belangrik dat addisionele navorsing en ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite in die toekoms die ekonomiese haalbaarheid van die proses bewys. Werk in die toekoms is nodig om die adsorpsie van edelmetale (EM‟e) te ondersoek deur vergelyking van die doeltreffendhede en kinetika van adsorpsie wanneer natriumhidroksied (in hierdie studie) of kalk, onderskeidelik, gebruik word ten einde die pH te beheer
26
Liu, X. "Removal of humic substances from water using solar irradiation and granular activated carbon adsorption." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20232/.
Анотація:
For the existing water treatment processes, difficulties in removing humic substances (HS) to improve drinking water quality, and safety, have created the demand for exploring novel options to enhance HS removal. Here a combination of solar irradiation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is proposed. It aims to make use of the most freely available and abundant energy source, sunlight, to improve the performance of GAC adsorption process. An investigation into how characteristics of HS vary under natural sunlight and how this influences the subsequent removal of HS by GAC adsorption was carried out. Bulk water parameters, and more specifically, UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were used in conjunction with molecular weight (MW) to evaluate the performance of the solar-GAC method. The observation was made that solar irradiation led to a decrease in DOC, UV254 and MW of HS. The high MW components were photodegraded into smaller molecules, even with very low solar intensity in winter. Significant photodegradation of small molecules was also achievable by exposure to natural sunlight alone. Pre-treatment using solar irradiation was shown to successfully improve the GAC adsorption performance on HS removal, increasing the DOC removal from 69 % to 95 %. An up to three-fold increase in the adsorption capacity of GAC for the irradiated HS was observed. Solar collectors were found to effectively enhance the photodegradation of HS, and consequently enhance the removal of HS by GAC adsorption. The application of solar collectors could be a viable option for humic water treatment. The proposed solar irradiation-GAC adsorption method provides a new approach for the treatment of humic rich waters. The utilization of solar irradiation in water treatment processes is considered a sustainable and promising field.
27
Storrar, Megan Denise. "Adsorption and desorption characteristics of natural organic matter in natural waters on granular activated carbon." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27183.
Анотація:
The objective of this thesis was to study the adsorption and desorption characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) adsorbed on granular activated carbon (GAC). Five different natural waters (Ottawa River, ON; St. Lawrence River, ON; Vars Ground Water, ON; Buffalo Pound Lake, SK; Ohio River, OH) were studied to see if the characteristic of irreversible adsorption was a universal phenomenon. This was studied by comparing desorption isotherms to adsorption isotherms. Preliminary long-term kinetic studies were used to ensure that the contact time was sufficient for equilibrium. The waters were also fractionated to further study the differences in adsorption and desorption properties of various surface waters. The fractionation techniques used were; ultrafiltration by membrane separation, extraction of humic acids using a methylmethacrylate resin (XAD8) and size exclusion chromatography using a sephadex gel in a glass column. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
28
McCrea, Michael V. "Peroxone groundwater treatment of explosive contaminants demonstration and evaluation." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8821.
Анотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the performance and cost effectiveness of a Peroxone Groundwater Treatment Plant (PGTP) designed and operated by Montgomery Watson, in support of the Defense Evaluation Support Agency's independent analysis for the United States Army Environmental Center (USAEC). Many Department of Defense installations have sites that contain groundwater contaminated with explosive materials. Primary methods for the removal of explosive materials involve the use of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). This process, however, requires additional waste disposal and treatment of explosive laden GAC, thereby incurring additional costs. An alternate method for the treatment of contaminated groundwater involves the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in conjunction with ozone (03). This method is referred to as the Peroxone oxidation process. A demonstration of the PGTP was conducted from 19 August to 8 November, 1996, at Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant (CAAP), Grand Island, Nebraska using a small scale version with a maximum flow rate of 25 gallons per minute. The explosive contaminants analyzed during the demonstration include 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (TNB), 1,3,5-Triazine (RDX), and Total Nitrobodies. Peroxone cost effectiveness was evaluated using a 30 year life cycle cost comparison to GAC and Ultraviolet/Ozone processes
29
Olsen, Anthony. "Biology and management of chironomid species within granular activated carbon adsorbers used in potable water treatment." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727749.
30
Bach, Morgana T. "The role of calcium in and methodologies for overcoming pH excursions for reactivated granular activated carbon." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008967.
31
Helfrich, James. "Cost estimates for removal of total organic carbon and disinfection by-products using packed tower aeration and granular activated carbon adsorption /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594490391&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
32
Knutson, Kristofer James. "Utilization of Granular Activated Carbon Media to Improve Biofiltration for the Purpose of Taste and Odor Removal." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31801.
Анотація:
To determine the role biofiltration in organic removal and taste and odor compound removal within the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant, a comparative two-year pilot scale study was initiated to determine the feasibility of replacing anthracite with granular activated carbon (GAC). To determine the biomass associated with the pilot system and the different media types, ATP tests and qPCR measurements for the 16S rRNA bacteria gene were made over the course of the study to evaluate the potential impact of biomass for organics removal. The data suggests that the ATP method may have resulted in under estimation of amount of attached biomass on GACs due to their adsorptive properties and was not effective for biomass monitoring. In addition, ATP was unable to correlate with organics removal within the system during summer months. In addition, analysis was conducted to determine the impact of Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) on removal of geosmin.
33
Kelley, Thomas M. "Using Rapid Small Scale Column Testing to Evaluate Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption of Cyanotoxins from Drinking Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin150514901618082.
34
Teixeira, Marina Bergamaschi. "Remoção de carbono orgânico dissolvido de águas de abastecimento por adsorção em carvão ativado granular." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/119392.
Анотація:
A crescente contaminação dos sistemas de água doce com milhares de compostos químicos naturais e industriais é um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pela humanidade. Embora a maioria destes compostos esteja presente em baixas concentrações, muitos deles podem causar efeitos danosos à saúde. Adicionalmente ao aumento da poluição, com a descarga de fertilizantes, pesticidas, fármacos, detergentes, derivados de petróleo, entre outros, grande parte das instalações para tratamento de água no Brasil opera com sistema convencional, não atuando de forma eficiente na remoção desses microcontaminates. Carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e granular (CAG) tem sido utilizados em muitos países para remoção de microcontaminantes e substâncias que causam gosto e odor na água. No Brasil já foram desenvolvidas diversas pesquisas com o emprego de CAP para remoção de gosto e odor e alguns contaminantes específicos de águas de abastecimento. Neste trabalho foi testado um CAG produzido a partir de cascas de coco para remoção por adsorção de microcontaminates orgânicos de águas de abastecimento. A água utilizada nos experimentos foi coletada no ponto de captação da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) Lomba do Sabão. Para a caracterização da capacidade adsortiva do carvão foram realizados seis ensaios de isotermas de adsorção e quatro ensaios em colunas de leito fixo, projetada com base na norma ASTM D 3922. Os microcontaminantes orgânicos foram quantificados pela concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), medido em analisador de carbono orgânico e por absorbância em espectofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 254nm. Os resultados indicam que o carvão utilizado tem baixa capacidade de adsorver a mistura de microcontaminantes presentes na água de abastecimento, quantificados como COD. Isto se deve, provavelmente, a falta de afinidade entre muitos destes compostos e o carvão.Pollution growth in water bodies brought by daily discharge of thousands of chemicals from anthropogenic sources is one of the main environmental issues confronting humankind. Although most of these chemicals are present in very low concentrations, they can still be hazardous.to health. Additionally to the increasing levels of pollution brought by discharges of fertilizers, pesticides, prescription drugs and pharmaceuticals, detergents, and petroleum derivatives, among others, the standard processes that are used in drinking water treatment plants in Brazil are not effective to remove these micropollutants. Powdered (PAC) and granular (GAC) activated carbon have been used in many countries to remove micropollutants and taste and odor-causing substances from water. In Brazil, research has been made using PAC to remove taste and odor substances and specific micropollutants from water. In this research, GAC produced from coconut shells was used to test the removal of organic micropollutants present in source water by adsorption. Water used in this research was collected at the intake of Lomba do Sabão drinking water treatment plant in Porto Alegre. In order to assess the GAC adsorption capacity, six isotherm (batch) and four column (continuous flow) assays were performed according to ASTM D 3922 standard. Organic micropollutants were quantified by the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm wavelength. The results suggest that the tested GAC have limited capability in adsorb the complex mixture of micropollutants that are present in source water, as measured by DOC. This is probably caused by lack of affinity between many micropollutants present in the mixture and the carbon.
35
Tillman, Donald E. (Donald Edward). "Combination of zero-valent iron and granular activated carbon for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37034.
36
Weeks, Michael Andrew. "Biology and management of the hydrobiid snail Potamopyrgus jenkinsi within granular activated carbon adsorbers used in potable water treatment." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441550.
37
Saffarian, Saman. "A LCA Study of Activated Carbon Adsorption and Incineration in Air Pollution Control." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19680.
Анотація:
The main purpose of this thesis was to compare GAC adsorption method, VOCs incinerationmethod and Non-treatment alternative by using LCA to find which method or alternative isenvironmentally preferable. The LCA framework proposed by ISO 14040 (1997) has beenconsidered in this research. The comparison was made by considering a flue gas contaminatedby toluene (with three different concentration 100, 1000, 2000 mg/m3). The plant locationwhere the polluted flue gas is emitted has been assumed to be located in Borås, Sweden. Theflow rate of emitted flue gas was 10000m3/hr. The present thesis report contains two mainparts.The results of LCA showed that when the toluene concentration is low (< 100 mg/m3), GACadsorption method, Non-treatment alternative and VOCs incineration method are respectivelypreferable from environmental point of view. On the other side, when the tolueneconcentration of inlet stream is high (>1000 mg/m3), the order of GAC adsorption method,incineration and Non-treatment alternative is more desirable. Furthermore, the resultsillustrated that as toluene plays the role of fuel as a hydrocarbon, VOCs incineration methodis much more suitable when toluene concentration is high due to lower demand on additionalfuel. In the other words, high toluene concentration of influent leads to less environmentalimpact when VOCs incineration method is exploited. Conversely, the environmental impactof GAC adsorption method is increased when the inlet concentration of toluene is escalated.In overall, the weighted result showed that GAC adsorption method is the most preferablemethod while Non-treatment alternative is the worst.
38
McParland, Terra L. "Aeration as a pretreatment alternative to extend the life of granular activated carbon at the Mililani plant : a laboratory study." Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21913.
Анотація:
Since actual carbon usage is much greater than predicted at the Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) plant in Mililani, operational costs are higher than estimated. Therefore, diffused aeration and mechanical mixing were examined as possible pretreatment alternatives for removing TCP and DBCP from Mililani groundwater before it enters the GAC plant. Various batch and continuous flow aeration configurations were examined by altering the water heights, air flows, and water flows. The amounts of TCP and DBCP in the Mililani water decreased after aeration pretreatment. Minicolumn experimental results show that the throughput volume before the breakthrough was increased and carbon usage rates were decreased. Therefore, the effective life of the GAC increased. The carbon capacity, i.e. the amount of pesticide adsorbed by the GAC, did not increase after aeration. Therefore, unknown background material not affected by aeration may be utilizing adsorption sites.Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-133).
University of Hawaii at Manoa: Has both book and microform.
Board of Water Supply, City and County of Honolulu; contract no. C09012
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Kim, Soo Myung. "Understanding and predicting 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) adsorption by granular activated carbon and process selection approaches for controlling taste and odor." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256447.
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Mitterhofer, Cordula 1967. "Evaluation of granular activated carbon adsorption to remediate ethylene dibromide contamination at Fuel Spill 28 at the Massachusetts Military Reservation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88819.
Анотація:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-96).
by Cordula Mitterhofer.
M.Eng.
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Andre, Cecile M. "Adsorption treatment for the removal of humic substances from drinking water supply, using granular activated carbon and iron-containing adsorbents." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446296/.
Анотація:
This thesis investigates the removal by adsorption of potentially harmful natural organic matter, humic substances (HS), from the water supply using three different media granular activated carbon (GAC), iron-coated alumina (AAFS) and ferric oxihydroxide (akaganeite P-FeOOH). The adsorbents were characterised using Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, pH of zero point of charge and surface area analysis. While GAC is microporous, the two iron-containing adsorbents are mesoporous with low microporosity. Further work is required to investigate media attrition. The HS solutions were fractionated into three ranges of molecular weights (from 0 to 50 kDa) and were characterised by UV absorbance at 254 nm, DOC and the SUVA (ratio UV254/DOC). Results from the kinetics study indicated that different mechanisms control the adsorption rate at defined stages throughout the process. Five kinetic adsorption models were assessed to describe the adsorbent-adsorbate systems behaviour pseudo-first and second order models, the Elovich equation, intraparticle diffusion and external diffusion models. Adsorption in batch systems showed that low molecular weight HS preferentially adsorbed onto GAC whereas heavy molecular weight HS would adsorb better onto AAFS and p-FeOOH. Adsorption capacities were estimated using the Freundlich isotherm. Large residual DOCs were required before adsorption would commence, caused by a non-adsorbable fraction with very low molecular weights. This also led to a minimum residual DOC concentration in the column effluent during continuous flow experiments. Furthermore, significant HS removal was only observed in the columns once a concentration gradient had built up. The Thomas equation accurately predicted the adsorption and the bed depth service time model indicated that contact time is a more important criterion than bed depth. Finally, simulations of adsorption in the columns were carried out using the computer model GACMan. These were only successful over a narrow range of molecular weights.
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Ferreira, Carolina Alves de Souza. "Remoção de compostos orgânicos causadores de gosto e odor em águas de abastecimento em sistemas pós-filtros adsorvedores de carvão ativado granular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-08092010-115015/.
Анотація:
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de estudar o desempenho de pós-filtros adsorvedores de carvão ativado granular de origem mineral e de origem vegetal, com relação a, principalmente, remoção de 2-metilisoborneol e trans-1,10-dimetiltrans- 9-decalol. Os ensaios experimentais foram conduzidos na estação de tratamento de água Alto da Boa Vista, empregando-se quatro filtros piloto em acrílico com diâmetro interno de 14,2 cm e 1,5 m de profundidade de meio filtrante cada, sendo dois deles preenchidos com o carvão ativado granular Filtrasorb 300 da CALGON (filtros 1 e 3) e os outros dois, com o carvão ativado granular 119 12x25 da CARBOMAFRA (filtros 2 e 4). Os filtros operaram em paralelo, 24 h por dia, 7 dias por semana, sendo o 3 e 4 abastecidos com água filtrada da estação; e o 1 e 2, com água filtrada ozonizada. A taxa média de aplicação nos filtros durante os ensaios foi de 143 m3m2.d, o que gerou um tempo de contato no leito vazio médio de 15 min. O tempo médio total de detenção nas colunas de ozonização ficou em 21 min e a dosagem média total de ozônio aplicada na água filtrada da estação em 1,11 mgL. Os valores de 2-metilisoborneol na água filtrada da estação de tratamento foram superiores aos da água ozonizada, indicando que a ozonização contribuiu para a redução (média de 53,4 %) deste composto. O filtro que apresentou os menores valores de 2-metilisoborneol foi o do carvão betuminoso, alimentado com água ozonizada (filtro 1), com uma remoção média de 50,6 %. Além disso, foi o único filtro que apresentou valores médios de 2-metilisoborneol abaixo da concentração limiar de odor ( 9,0 ngL). O filtro que apresentou os maiores valores de 2-metilisoborneol foi o 4 (carvão vegetal alimentado com água filtrada da estação).The main purpose of this research was to study the performance of granular activated carbon post filter adsorbers made of bituminous coal and vegetal coal (coconut), regarding, mainly, removal of 2-methylisoborneol and trans-1,10-dimethyltrans- 9-decalol. The experimental researches were conducted in the water treatment plant Alto da Boa Vista, using four pilot filters, made in acrylic, with an internal diameter of 14.2 cm and a filter media depth of 1.5 m, each. Two of them (named 1 and 3) were filled with the carbon Filtrasorb 300 (CALGON) and the other two (named 2 and 4), with the carbon 119 12x25 (CARBOMAFRA). The filters operated in parallel, 24 h per day, 7 days per week. The filters 3 and 4 were fed with filtered water from the plant and the filters 1 and 2, with filtered plus ozonated water. The average hydraulic loading rate in the filters was 143 m3m2.d and the empty bed contact time, 15 min. The average detention time in the ozone contact columns was 21 min and the average ozone dosage, 1.11 mgL. The 2-methylisoborneol values in the filtered water of the plant were higher than in the ozonated water, which indicates that the ozonation reduced (average of 53.4 %) this substance. The filter that showed the lower values of 2-methylisoborneol was the bituminous one, fed with ozonated water (filter 1), with an average removal of 50.6 %. Moreover, was the only one that presented average values of 2-methylisoborneol lower than the odor threshold concentration ( 9,0 ngL). The filter that presented the higher values of 2- methylisoborneol was the vegetal one, fed with filtered water (filter 4).
43
Rosenzweig, Shirley Ferreira. "Adsorption of Copper (II) on Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNT): A study of adsorption mechanisms and comparative analysis with Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) F-400." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1368026548.
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Dlugolecka, Maja. "Pharmaceutical compounds : a new challenge for wastewater treatment plants /." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4348.
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Loureiro, Lorena Frasson. "Avaliação da adsorção do herbicida 2,4-D em carvão ativado em pó e granular por meio de análises de isotermas de adsorção utilizando diferentes qualidades de água." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6168.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2012-06-11Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas do carvão ativado (CA) gerado a partir da casca de coco e do pinus e tentar associá-las à capacidade de adsorção do herbicida 2,4-D pelos carvões ativados estudados por meio de ensaios de isotermas de adsorção em água destilada e deionizada (ADD) e em água filtrada (AF) a partir dos modelos de Freundlich e de Langmuir, assim como verificar se a redução da granulometria do carvão interfere na capacidade de adsorção do 2,4-D. O motivo pelo qual inicialmente se utilizou ADD foi avaliar a eficiência do CA em adsorver o herbicida sem que houvesse qualquer outro interferente que pudesse competir com o 2,4-D e para comparar os resultados obtidos em ADD com os obtidos na AF. O pH da solução de 2,4-D (6,86) foi ajustado para valores/condições reais de operação da ETA Carapina - ES, que forneceu a AF utilizada nesse trabalho. A pesquisa utilizou carvões ativados vegetais fornecidos por dois fabricantes brasileiros. Uma das empresas forneceu o CAG e o CAP derivados da casca de coco. O CAG foi utilizado na sua granulometria original (08x30 mesh), onde foi denominado de CA-1, e na granulometria menor que 325 mesh, denominado de CA-2. Já o CAP, fornecido por esta mesma empresa, foi denominado de CA-3. O outro fabricante forneceu o CAP derivado do pinus e este carvão foi denominado de CA-4. Dentre os carvões estudados, o CA-3 apresentou maior capacidade adsortiva máxima (qA,máx). As análises fisíco-químicas não contribuíram para a escolha do carvão mais eficiente e, estatisticamente, não houve diferença entre os ensaios realizados em ADD e AF
This research aims to evaluate the activated carbon (AC) physical-chemicals characteristics generated from coconut´s peel and pinus and associate them to 2,4-D herbicide adsorption capacity of studied activated carbons by adsorption isotherms assay in destilated and deionized water (DDW) and filtered water (FW) from Freundlich and Langmuir models, as well as verifying the carbon granulometry reduction interference on the 2,4-D adsorption capacity. Firstly, the DDW was used to evaluate the AC herbicide adsorption efficiency without any interferent which might compete with 2,4-D and to compare the results obtained from DDW with FW results. 2,4-D pH solution (6,86) was fitted to real operational values/conditions of Carapina Water Treatment Plant (WTP) ES, which provide the FW used in this study. The research used vegetable AC provided by two Brazilian producers. One company provided GAC and PAC derivated from coconut peel. The GAC used with the normal granulometry (08x30 mesh) was named CA-1, and with a granulometry lower than 325 mesh was named CA-2. CAP was named CA-3. The another company provided PAC derivated from pinus, which was named CA-4. CA-3 showed higher maximum adsorption capacity (qAmax). The physical-chemicals analysis did not contributed to the most efficient coal selection and, statistically, there were not differences between DDW and FW assays
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Mendes, Ricardo Lazzari. "Controle de compostos orgânicos precursores e subprodutos da desinfecção em mananciais eutrofizados mediante combinação de interozonização e sistemas pós-filtros adsorvedores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-23082010-090555/.
Анотація:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da combinação dos processos de interozonização e sistemas pós-filtros adsorvedores na remoção de compostos orgânicos precursores e na formação de subprodutos da desinfecção, em particular os trialometanos (THM). Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos com a água filtrada proveniente da estação de tratamento de água do Alto da Boa Vista, localizada no município de São Paulo, tipo convencional, com água bruta oriunda de reservatório com elevado estado de eutrofização. O aparato experimental é constituído de um sistema de ozonização com quatro colunas em série e tempo de detenção hidráulica total de 16 minutos; e, por um sistema de quatro pós-filtros adsorvedores com diferentes tipos de carvão ativado granular, filtros F1 e F3 dotados de carvão mineral (CAG1, betuminoso) e filtros F2 e F4 compostos por carvão vegetal (CAG2, casca de coco) sendo todos operados em paralelo com valores de Tempo de Contato de Leito Vazio (TCLV) entre 15 e 20 minutos. Duas colunas receberam como afluente água filtrada pré-ozonizada (F1 e F2) e as demais colunas apenas água filtrada (F3 e F4). Os resultados indicaram que a ozonização não alterou de forma significativa os parâmetros utilizados para avaliação dos precursores, COT e UV-254 nm, e nem o THM. Inicialmente, os resultados de remoção de COT permaneceram elevados, próximos de 80% caracterizando a saturação dos leitos em torno de 240 dias para os filtros F1 e F3 (CAG1) e apenas 30 dias, com eficiências baixas para os filtros F2 e F4 (CAG2). Para THM a saturação foi próxima de 65 dias para ambos os carvões e as eficiências iniciais foram de 90% e 75%, para os filtros com CAG1 e CAG2, respectivamente. Com todos os leitos saturados, os resultados ainda indicaram boa remoção de compostos causadores de gosto e odor. Neste trabalho, os sistemas de pós-filtros adsorvedores de CAG foram efetivos para o controle das substâncias precursoras e a redução da formação de THMs, com melhores resultados para o carvão mineral CAG1 (betuminoso) independentemente do sistema de interozonização.The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the performance of a combination of processes - inter-ozonization and post-filter GAC adsorbers systems, on the control of organic precursors and disinfection byproducts, especially trihalomethanes (THM). The experience was conducted with filtered water produced at Alto da Boa Vista conventional WTP, located at São Paulo city, where raw water comes from a high eutrofic lake. The experimental setup consists of an ozonation system with four column shaped contactors arranged in series with 16 minutes total hydraulic detention time; and, a system of four pilot scale adsorbers with different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) media, F1 and F3 filters with mineral GAC media (GAC1, bituminous) and F2 and F4 filters with vegetal GAC media (GAC2, coconut shell), all operated in parallel with empty bed contact time (EBCT) between 15 and 20 minutes. Two columns were fed with filtered and pre-ozonated water (F1 and F2) and the other two were fed with filtered water only (F3 and F4). It was observed that ozonation did not affect significantly results of precursors parameters, TOC and UV-254, and neither THM. Initially, TOC removal remained high, near 80% delineating the bed saturation around 240 days to F1 and F3 filters (GAC1) and only 30 days with low efficiency for filters F2 and F4 (GAC2). The THM bed saturation time was nearly 65 days for both media and initial efficiencies were 90% and 75% to GAC1 and GAC2, respectively. With all beds saturated, still there was a good taste and odor producing substances removal. In this work, the systems of GAC adsorbents post-filters were effective for the control of precursors and to reduce the formation of THM\'s, with better results for the CAG1 (bituminous) regardless of the use of inter-ozonization.
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Martins, Fernanda Lisboa. "Remoção de 17α-etinilestradiol por meio de fotocatálise em reator de leito fluidizado". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8011.
Анотація:
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
This work compared the efficiency of removing the 17-α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) through advanced oxidative processes (POA) and granular activated carbon adsorption (CAG). EE2 is a synthetic female hormone common in domestic sewage and effluent from pharmaceutical industries. This hormone is a type of emerging pollutant that causes endocrine disruption in living beings even in concentrations of nanograms order. The EE2 removal was analyzed in a prototype of a 10 L reactor, with upward flow CAG fluidized bed, using four lamps emitting ultraviolet radiation, with batch time of 2 hours in each process. Photolysis showed 5% of efficiency, while photocatalysis removed 87% of EE2. The adsorption processes in CAG and titanium dioxide immobilized at CAG removed 82 and 89%, respectively.
Este trabalho comparou a eficiência de remoção de 17-α-etinilestradiol (EE2) por meio de processos oxidativos avançados (POA) e adsorção em carvão ativado granular (CAG). O EE2 é um hormônio feminino sintético comum no esgoto doméstico e no efluente de indústrias farmacêuticas. Esse hormônio é um tipo de poluente emergente que causa desregulação endócrina nos seres vivos mesmo em concentrações da ordem de nanogramas. Então foi analisada a remoção do EE2 em um protótipo de reator de 10 L, com leito fluidizado de CAG, de fluxo ascendente, utilizando quatro lâmpadas que emitem radiação ultravioleta, com tempo de batelada de 2 horas, cada processo. A fotólise apresentou 5% de eficiência, enquanto a fotocatálise removeu 87% de EE2, e os processos de adsorção em CAG e em dióxido de titânio imobilizado em CAG removera, 82 e 89%, respectivamente.
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Yang, Maoyu. "Absorption of chlorophenols on granular activated carbon /." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9650.
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Wu, Hui-Ching, and 吳惠菁. "Cadmium removal by D2EHPA-impregnated granular activated carbon." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74583915101393572969.
Анотація:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
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GAC was impregnate with D2EHPA (di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid) dissolved in acetone to enhance its metal adsorption capacity for cadmium removal from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under different D2EHPA dosages, temperature, equilibrium time, and pH. According to the experiments results, the equilibrium time, optimum D2EHPA dosages, and optimum pH were found to be 12 hr, 10 g, and 7, respectively. Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation at two different initial concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/g. Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of impregnated GAC for cadmium is 21.93 mg/g.
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Pradhan, Bhabendra Kumar. "Studies on surface properties of activated granular carbon and activated charcol cloth." Thesis, 1997. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/3560.