Дисертації з теми "Poverty wars"
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1
Goncharenko, A. R. "The food problem and ways of its solution." Thesis, Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені В. Лазаряна, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10832.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Eliminating hunger and malnutrition, and achieving wider global food security are among the most intractable problems humanity faces. Efforts to reduce food waste through technology and better food policies should be combined with agricultural development to overcome a food problem.
2
Chard, Rose. "The struggle to afford adequate energy : different ways of knowing fuel poverty." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/80040/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the co-existence of three ways of knowing fuel poverty – statistical, procedural and experiential – how they interrelate and interact and the implications that follow for the opportunities and challenges of tackling what has proved a persistent inequality and injustice in UK society. There has been significant policy attention and practical action taken over the last two decades which has involved the development of definitions, categories, processes and procedures through which action can be directed and enacted. All of this has been an attempt to know and act upon the struggles that are experienced by ‘fuel poor’ households. The focus of this thesis will be on different ways in which the phenomenon of fuel poverty can be, and is being, known – through the immediate everyday experiences of households, through the procedures developed and followed by local organisations working to provide help to those ‘in need’ and through the statistical definition and modelling that provides the foundation of government policy. These three ways of knowing are investigated through a research design taking a qualitative approach involving interviews with older householders, ethnographic-style observations with three local organisations in England during the winter of 2012 – 2013, and analysis of policy and related documents on statistical modelling. The thesis found that the statistical and experiential ways of knowing are characterised and understood by fundamentally different forms of knowledge and processes of knowledge production, with the procedural way of knowing needing to directly interact with both the statistical and experiential understandings of fuel poverty. Flows of resources and knowledge show how three different ways of knowing fuel poverty interrelate and interact through policy and action on the ground. These findings have implications for future action against fuel poverty, especially where partnership working and direct interaction with households is concerned.
3
Rose, Harriett DeAnn. "Dallas, Poverty, and Race: Community Action Programs in the War on Poverty." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9042/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dallas is a unique city whose history has been overshadowed by its elite. The War on Poverty in Dallas, Texas, has been largely overlooked in the historical collective. This thesis examines the War on Poverty, more specifically, Community Action Programs (Dallas County Community Action Committee) and its origin and decline. It also exams race within the federal program and the push for federal funding among the African American and Mexican American communities. The thesis concludes with findings of the politicization of the Mexican American community and the struggle with African Americans for political equality.
4
Christman, Benjamin David Gliori. "Moving from cold laws to warm homes : energy justice and the law on fuel poverty in the UK." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.725594.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis asks three research questions: (a) How does energy justice relate to fuel poverty and what would constitute an energy just approach to fuel poverty? The thesis uses Benjamin Sovacool and Michael Dworkin’s 'energy justice framework' (EJF) to analyse the problem of fuel poverty in the UK. The EJF requires energy systems to adhere to eight principles: availability, affordability, due process, information, sustainability, intragenerational equity, intergenerational equity and responsibility. It provides a set of principles for designing an energy system which meets human needs for energy services while limiting the injustices linked to energy systems in relation to environmental degradation and human rights violations. The thesis critiques the EJF - identifying a number of problematic features of the individual principles of the EJF, and some overarching difficulties. (b) How can the UK’s legal system be utilised to tackle fuel poverty in a way which is consistent with energy justice? The EJF provides a theory which challenges the fuel poverty status quo and guides the design of a more just energy system. Using the EJF, a set of criteria are made to analyse the existing legal response to fuel poverty and guide new legislation. It proposes three objectives for designing laws to tackle fuel poverty in a way which is consistent with energy justice: (a) promote energy efficiency improvements in housing; (b) facilitate the enjoyment of free, prior and informed consent for communities subject to energy efficiency improvements, and; (c) avoid increasing the consumption of fossil fuels. (c) How is the law currently being used to tackle fuel poverty in the UK, and is it promoting energy justice? EU law recognises that fuel poverty exists across the Member States, yet it has taken little action to address it. There is no consensus as to how to define fuel poverty in the EU and the substantive obligations on Member States to tackle the problem are weak. UK law has been used in a number of different ways to tackle fuel poverty. UK law lacks ambitious energy efficiency goals, strong oversight arrangements, contains limited provisions on funding the implementation of energy efficiency goals and promotes increased fossil fuel consumption. The analysis of EU and UK fuel poverty laws shows that a number of areas require attention if the law is to be made more consistent with energy justice. It raises serious doubts about the ability of existing legal regimes to effectively address fuel poverty, and highlights their impacts on connected issues of energy justice such as public participation and the link between policies, climate change and human rights abuses. Overall, the analysis of the legal response to fuel poverty at the EU and UK levels demonstrates the need for significant reforms to drive a more robust, energy just approach to fuel poverty.
5
Aksamit, Daniel Victor. "“Absolutely sort of normal”: the common origins of the war on poverty at home and abroad, 1961-1965." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18671.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of History
Donald Mrozek
Scholars identify the early 1960s as the moment when Americans rediscovered poverty – as the time when Presidents, policymakers, and the public shifted their attention away from celebrating the affluence of the 1950s and toward directly helping poor people within the culture of poverty through major federal programs such as the Peace Corps and Job Corps. This dissertation argues that this moment should not be viewed as a rediscovery of poverty by Americans. Rather, it should be viewed as a paradigm shift that conceptually unified the understanding of both foreign and domestic privation within the concept of a culture of poverty. A culture of poverty equally hindered poor people all around the world, resulting in widespread illiteracy in India and juvenile delinquency in Indianapolis. Policymakers defined poverty less by employment rate or location (rural poverty in Ghana versus inner-city poverty in New York) and more by the cultural values of the poor people (apathy toward change, disdain for education, lack of planning for the future, and desire for immediate gratification). In a sense, the poor person who lived in the Philippines and the one who lived in Philadelphia became one. They suffered from the same cultural limitations and could be helped through the same remedy. There were not just similarities between programs to alleviate poverty in either the Third World or America; the two became one in the mid-1960s. Makers of policy in the War on Poverty understood all poverty around the world as identical and approached it with the same remedy. President John Kennedy inspired the paradigm shift. After reading about the culture of poverty in Dwight Macdonald’s review of Michael Harrington’s book The Other America: Poverty in the United States, Kennedy began to bring together experts within a new mentality to discuss a program to end poverty. The experts had been working for separate programs that focused on seemingly disparate issues—juvenile delinquency, poverty in New England, and Third World development—but they now realized that they were all working on the same problem, namely, the culture of poverty. The understanding that cultural values created poverty led them to unify their programs and approaches as they created the War on Poverty in 1964. The discovery was not the beginning of national attention on poverty but a culmination that brought together prominent people, ideas, and programs already in existence within a new paradigm.
6
Crooke, Andrew. "In praise of peasants : ways of seeing the rural poor in the work of James Agee, Walker Evans, John Berger, and Jean Mohr." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1576.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Praise of Peasants focuses on two sets of collaborators whose photo-textual depictions of the rural poor have been widely hailed on either side of the Atlantic but rarely discussed together. The British writer John Berger has acknowledged that the key inspiration for his projects with Swiss photographer Jean Mohr was Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941/1960) by James Agee and Walker Evans. As in that encomium to Alabama tenant farmers, Berger and Mohr straddle a line between social documentation and artistic expression in their own unclassifiable books: A Fortunate Man (1967), about a doctor's relationship with his patients in an English forest; A Seventh Man (1975), about the experience of migrant workers across Europe; and Another Way of Telling (1982), about the lives of Alpine peasants. All four of these cooperative endeavors brim with unresolved conflicts between ethics and esthetics, as well as authorial ambivalences toward rusticity and poverty. Manifold affinities in the two creative partnerships demand a transatlantic assessment that might view Agee and Evans as "unpaid agitators" for other artists and witnesses beyond an American ambit.
From among the many sensitive portrayals, including Berger's Into Their Labours trilogy, that constitute a rich literature of rural poverty, these collaborative enterprises are set apart not only by their interdisciplinary nature and fierce solidarities but by the equal weight they accord to images and words. Both pairs of authors develop innovative means for conjoining photography and writing. Both worry over the effects of their pictures and text on their subjects in addition to pondering how their distinct yet coordinated mediums might affect their viewers and readers. The enduring relevance of their representational techniques and motifs emerges from a productive dialectic between witness and artistry. Agee, Evans, Berger, and Mohr ingeniously explore how an ethical responsibility to bear witness for the exploited without inflicting further exploitation is enhanced or subverted by an esthetic impulse to translate, verbally and visually, such marginalized lives into art. Their multifaceted ways of seeing the rural poor ultimately engender a means of praising their protagonists, transforming moments of witness into monuments of artistry.
Following a comparative analysis of these authors' attitudes, consistencies, and contradictions over the span of their careers, I offer chapters on their likeminded works. "Abashed Ambition" scrutinizes the contest deliberately staged between intentions and performance in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men , while "A Continuous Center" examines how Agee's effusive text and Evans's austere photographs suspend instead of synthesize a pivotal tension between centripetal and centrifugal forces. "A Sense of Measure" looks at why Berger and Mohr increasingly empathize with the rural poor, and how their three ventures generate "imaginative documentaries" or "narrative dialogues" between images and words. My epilogue knits together Agee, Evans, Berger, and Mohr by concentrating on a handful of their creative peers or heirs who have been inspired or agitated by their collaborations and whose own books similarly probe the ethical jeopardies and esthetic challenges of representing rural life or poverty through both prose and pictures.
7
Lee, Grace. "The Politics of Head Start, the Most Popular Survivor of the War on Poverty." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Head Start began in 1965 as a part of the War on Poverty led by President Lyndon B. Johnson. After more than 50 years, it has remained as one of the most popular government social programs with support from across the political spectrum. However, there have been mixed results regarding the effectiveness of Head Start in participants' educational gains. Despite the mixed research, Head Start has continued to receive support by the public and both political parties throughout the decades. While there are disagreements on reforms to be made to Head Start, there has been increasing agreement around making providers more accountable for program quality through an evidence-based approach. The 2007 reauthorization of Head Start captures the spirit of Head Start as a “national laboratory” of what creates the best outcomes for children.
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Holland, John Michael. "Successful Emergent Literacy Head Start Teachers of Urban African American Boys Living in Poverty." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This integrated methods study used a sequential explanatory design to explore the culturally relevant teaching beliefs of successful emergent literacy Head Start teachers of urban African American boys living in poverty. The study utilized emergent literacy gain scores as a measure of success, a survey of culturally relevant teaching beliefs to describe variation in beliefs within the sample, and two rounds of interviews to explore the context of teacher agency with urban African American boys living in poverty. The four teachers interviewed expressed culturally relevant beliefs integral to their teaching practices. These beliefs were conveyed through descriptions of relationships with parents in and out of the classroom, through of the conditions and challenges of poverty in students' and parents' lives, and through close relationships with parents. The effect of conducting home visits on teachers' identities and the influence of the setting of Head Start on teachers' beliefs and agency were emergent themes in the interviews. The participants used language that seemed to indicate culturally relevant and warm demander approaches to understanding the relationship between student behavior and student engagement and in descriptions of the relationships with parents. The value of teachers' relationships with their students' parents was the most pronounced aspect of successful teaching in Head Start as expressed by the participants. The process of communication among parents, students, and teachers was described as important to student learning. The participants' expressed a variety of approaches to how they understood student behavior, boys' social emotional development, and classroom practices. These Head Start teachers described boys as more active than girls, as more aggressive than girls, and sometimes more challenged to express strong emotions with language than girls. This study provides some insight into the role that culturally relevant teaching beliefs play in Head Start teachers' successful
9
Hatla, Boitumelo Reneilwe. "The impact of government grants on poverty in Sharpeville / Boitumelo Reneilwe Hatla." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8514.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
South Africa, like international countries, has been experiencing an increase in the levels of poverty over the years. Poverty affects vulnerable groups of society more intensely and these groups include children, the old, disabled people and women, especially those who are single parents. This dissertation studies the role social grants have on the level of poverty in households of Sharpeville. This study focuses on two areas namely the theoretical background of poverty and social grants; and what the impact is of income from social grants. The South African government provides its citizens with eight different social grants to help those in need and/or vulnerable. From these social grants only six are investigated for the purpose of this study. These grants include the old age grant, child dependency grant, foster care grant, child support grant, disability grant and the war veteran grant. Poverty is defined as the inability to attain a minimal material standard of living by the World Bank. The different indicators used in this study to profile poor households in Sharpeville include the Household Subsistence Level (HSL) as the poverty line, the poverty gap ratio, the headcount index and the dependency ratio. This dissertation shows that poverty within the township has increased over the five years. And to do this the results from the data survey conducted in 2009 are compared to the results from Sekatane‘s 2004 data. The poverty gap ratio and the headcount index for the township in 2009 were estimated at 0.86 and 0.654 respectively. In the year 2004 the headcount index was estimated at 0.431 indicating a 22.3 percent increase in the number of people living in poverty. This means that an estimated 5 477 households in Sharpeville, in 2009, were regarded to be poor When government grants are excluded from the household‘s income within the township both the poverty gap ratio and the headcount index decrease to 0.93 and 0.705 respectively. This means that when government grants are excluded from households‘ income within Sharpeville, the depth of poverty within household‘s increases. The income from government grants might be regarded as minimal, however it assists in moving households further from the poverty line. This study recommends that activities within the informal sector should be encouraged as this will increase employment opportunities for those unemployed in the township. As the vast majority of the unemployed people have skills from trading/retail sector; employment creation should be focused in this sector. Lastly, the income threshold used in the means test equation to check affordability of social grant applicant should be decreased as people meeting the current criteria are already living in dire poverty.Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
10
Mogg, Laura. "The"War on Poverty" and "Welfare Reform": A Comparative Discourse Analysis of Elite Newspaper Editorial Coverage in 1964 and 1996." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/685.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From the time of the "war on poverty" of 1964, to the era of "welfare reform" in 1990s, the federal welfare system underwent a change from a model that acted to protect citizens from the vagaries of the market economy to one that mandated their participation in the paid labor force. For a shift in policy of this magnitude to occur and be unquestioningly accepted by the public, a significant change also had to occur in how poverty and welfare issues were discussed and perceived over the intervening years. Using discourse analysis, this study examines how editorials in elite newspapers framed the issues of poverty and welfare in the months prior to the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act (1964) and the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996). It also addresses how newspaper editorials influenced public perception about the nature and causes of poverty and welfare reliance.
11
Bacharach, Marc N. "War Metaphors: How President’s Use the Language of War to Sell Policy." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1154105266.
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Bacharach, Marc N. "War metaphors how president's use the language of war to sell policy /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1154105266.
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Matsumaru, Takashi Michael. "Defending Desire: Resident Activists in New Orleans‟ Desire Housing Project, 1956-1980." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/449.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Desire Housing Project opened in 1956 as a segregated public housing development in New Orleans‟ Upper Ninth Ward. The Desire neighborhood, one of the few neighborhoods in the city where black homeownership had been encouraged, was transformed by the project. Hundreds of former Desire residents were displaced by the mammoth project, which became home to more than 13,000 residents by 1958. Built on what had once been a landfill, the Desire Housing Project came to epitomize the worst in public housing, before it was torn down by 2001. Although the project was isolated from the rest of the city and lacked basic services, residents worked to create a viable community, in spite of the pitfalls of segregation. Within the context of the civil rights movement, Desire residents fought to bring in basic services, pushing local government to more fully develop their neighborhood.
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Cidade, ElÃvia CamurÃa. "Juventude em CondiÃÃes de Pobreza: modos de vida e fatalismo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7395.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorOs jovens pobres, costumeiramente associados à vitimizaÃÃo pelo envolvimento com drogas, prÃticas ilÃcitas e atos violentos, experienciam no cotidiano inÃmeros desafios como a necessidade de superaÃÃo das adversidades e privaÃÃes cotidianas e a busca pelo alcance dos ideais a eles destinados de obtenÃÃo de realizaÃÃes pessoais e profissionais. A pobreza, considerada sobre o ponto de vista multidimensional da Abordagem das Capacidades (SEN, 2000), impÃe limitaÃÃes que reforÃam as experiÃncias de constante inseguranÃa. Diante dos investimentos frustrados em mudar a realidade, a atribuiÃÃo da responsabilizaÃÃo dos fenÃmenos cotidianos a uma entidade superior aparece como alternativa para lidar com o clima de tensÃo social e tem no fatalismo, enquanto fenÃmeno psicossocial relacionado ao aparente conformismo dos grupos e indivÃduos com condiÃÃes deplorÃveis de existÃncia e com um regime de vida opressor (MARTÃN-BARÃ, 1998), a expressÃo das conseqÃÃncias danosas de viver em uma cultura da pobreza. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa se questiona como o fatalismo se manifesta em jovens que vivem em condiÃÃes de pobreza? A metodologia utilizada, de natureza qualitativa, orienta-se segundo o objetivo geral âanalisar a relaÃÃo existente entre as manifestaÃÃes do fatalismo e os modos de vida da juventude em condiÃÃes de pobrezaâ. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida junto ao Projeto Jovem Aprendiz, realizado pelo Movimento de SaÃde Mental ComunitÃria do Bom Jardim, localizado na periferia da cidade de Fortaleza (Ce). O processo de construÃÃo de dados compreendeu a realizaÃÃo de observaÃÃo participante entre os meses de marÃo e junho de 2012, realizaÃÃo de dois grupos focais, estando presentes 6 sujeitos em cada ocasiÃo, e de autofotografia aliada à entrevista em profundidade com duas jovens que haviam participado dos grupos. Os dados gerados foram analisados a partir da proposta da AnÃlise de ConteÃdo TemÃtica de Laurence Bardin com auxÃlio do software de anÃlise qualitativa Atlas TI 5.2. Foram obtidas 41 categorias de anÃlise, organizadas segundo grandes categorias ou famÃlias intituladas de âmodos de vida da juventude pobreâ, âvida em condiÃÃes de pobrezaâ e âmanifestaÃÃes do fatalismoâ. Ao final, percebe-se que a inseguranÃa decorrente da vida em condiÃÃes pobreza faz com que os sujeitos construam lÃgicas randÃmicas e dissonantes dos reais fatores, fazendo com que a atribuiÃÃo da responsabilidade dos fatos a uma entidade divina se constitua como elemento apaziguador das tensÃes sociais e do sofrimento psÃquico oriundo da inseguranÃa de viver na pobreza. Instaura-se um processo progressivo de individualizaÃÃo do social, que auxilia na instalaÃÃo da culpabilizaÃÃo psicolÃgica dos indivÃduos e na perpetuaÃÃo do fatalismo. O desenvolvimento de prÃticas pautadas na prÃxis de libertaÃÃo aparece como possibilidade de trazer os jovens à reflexÃo e ao diÃlogo sobre os reais fatores impulsionadores das manifestaÃÃes fatalistas. Agradecimentos à CAPES
15
Boehm, Melissa L. H. ""From Harlem to Harlan County:" Print Media's Framing of Poverty in the Congressional Record between 1960 and 1964." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1320958705.
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16
Österlind, Christian. "Blast from the past: A case study of how UXO affects Human Security in Lao PDR." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) contamination presents a considerable level of danger in almost all post-conflict environments. Globally there are a vast amount of casualties every year. However, accurate numbers of casualties is hard to obtain both globally and locally. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how UXO affects Human Security in Lao PDR. The methodology used is a theory consuming empirical and heuristic method. The thesis is a case study that does not attempt to generalize but to understand and analyze the relation between UXO and Human Security in the context of Lao PDR. The theory used in the thesis is Human Security based on the concept of the 1994 UNDP Human Development Report. The findings of the thesis make clear the connection between UXO contamination and lack of Human Security in Lao PDR. The direct and indirect consequences of UXO contamination are explored. Finally, the thesis works at a broader societal level where the links to poverty and development are illustrated.
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Bovenzi, Andrew John. "Unmaking Problems: A History of the Model Cities Program in Toledo and Columbus, Ohio." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1619191205111828.
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Lynch, Tristam W. "The Evolution of Modern Central American Street Gangs and The Political Violence They Present: Case Studies of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002642.
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Gonçalves, Melissa Ribeiro. "Uma investigação sobre o impacto da globalização na escola secundária EB 2,3 de Sande e promoção a uma educação mais consciente à globalização." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4844.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em CriminologiaTratada como um efeito de um fenómeno natural, a globalização, advém do resultado do desenvolvimento tecnológico e económico. O século XXI vem acompanhado do legado e desafio de sociedades modernas do século anterior: a globalização. Sendo multifacetado, diversificado, este fenómeno manifesta se nos diferentes aspectos do quotidiano, a nível social, politico, económico, cultural, religioso e jurídico. Por um lado elimina fronteiras, por outro cria desigualdades entre países pobres e ricos. Esta dissertação pretende explorar o sentimento em relação a diferentes temas da globalização e o pensamento do mesmo, através da Programação Neurolinguística (PNL), na Escola Secundária de EB 2,3 de Sande. Sendo uma ideia inovadora, uma investigação experimental, pode servir como objecto de investimento na educação e formação sobre uma globalização mais consciente. Esta dissertação contém o estudo empírico sobre os diversos temas utilizados na investigação e a analise de dados e discussão das diferenças, pontos comuns, interesse, curiosidade, desinteresse, os sentimentos e palavras usadas como descrição do sentimento dos participantes. Este estudo revelou uma necessidade mais aprofundada de informação em relação à cultura e à liberdade de expressão como também um sentimento de protecção elevada por parte dos géneros masculinos e sensibilidade por parte do género feminino. De mesmo, identificou se uma revolta contra a poluição, a pobreza e a guerra que esta investigação procurou analisar com o impacto que os temas da globalização têm sobre os participantes.
Treated as an effect of a natural phenomenon, globalization, comes from the result of technological and economic development. The XXI century has been accompanied by the legacy and challenge of modern societies of the previous century: globalization. Being multifaceted, diverse, this phenomenon manifests itself in different areas of life, social, political, economic, cultural, religious and legal. On the one hand eliminates borders, on the other creates inequalities between rich and poor countries. This thesis aims to explore the feeling for different themes of globalization and the thought of it, with Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP), in the Secondary School EB 2,3 Sande. Being an innovative idea, an experimental investigation, it can serve as object of investment in education and training on a more conscious globalization. This dissertation contains the empirical study on the various themes used in research and the data analysis and discussion of the differences, commonalities, interest, curiosity, lack of interest, feelings and words used as description of the feeling of the participants. This study revealed a further need of information in regard to culture and freedom of expression but also a sense of high protection by male genres and sensitivity by the female gender. Even identified, a revolt against pollution, poverty and war in this research andused to analyze the impact that the issues of globalization have on the participants.
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McLochlin, Dustin. "Whom We Shall Welcome: Immigration Reform During the Great Society." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1404673565.
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Goan, Bradley L. "Missed Opportunities in the Mountains: The University of Kentucky's Action Program in Eastern Kentucky in the 1960s." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/epe_etds/29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation explores the University of Kentucky’s efforts to develop and implement an “action program” in eastern Kentucky in the 1960s. By the late 1950s, Kentucky’s political, business, and academic leaders had identified eastern Kentucky as the state’s problem area, and they sought strategies to bring the region into the economic and cultural mainstream. This generation of post-war leaders had an uncompromising faith in the power of knowledge, technology, and planning, and University leaders saw their action program as a university-wide effort to address what most would argue was Kentucky’s ugliest problem. This study begins with an examination of the rushed and disorganized Kellogg Foundation-funded Eastern Kentucky Resource Development Project (EKRDP) in 1960. With the national “rediscovery” of Appalachia in the early 1960s and the passage of the Equal Opportunity Act (EOA) and the Appalachian Regional Development Act (ARDA) in 1964 and 1965, University leaders reframed their thinking about how to engage eastern Kentucky in the midst of a War on Poverty. Institutional support for the EKRDP dwindled, and administrators tried to shift the responsibility of the eastern Kentucky program to the newly developed Center for Developmental Change (CDC). However, the leadership of the CDC lacked stability, the faculty who had been the driving force behind the Center did not want to be tied down to Appalachian projects, and the changing expectations for faculty ushered in by the “Oswald Revolution” did not reward interdisciplinary work.
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TANZILLI, FRANCESCO. "POVERI, POLITICI E PROFESSORI: IL DIBATTITO SULLO STATO SOCIALE AMERICANO DA KENNEDY A BUSH." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/382.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Il presente lavoro intende esaminare il processo di decision making relativo alla politica sociale statunitense sviluppatosi a partire dalla fine degli anni Sessanta, fornendo un’analisi di carattere «istituzionalista» che ponga in rilievo gli snodi cruciali del dibattito relativo al welfare system federale svoltosi sia all’interno del Congresso, sia presso i think tank, i centri universitari, le organizzazioni culturali e religiose, le lobby e le altre realtà associative emerse dalla società civile. In particolare, la ricerca si concentra sull’intreccio tra ideologia politica, mentalità tradizionale, opinione pubblica e interessi specifici, e sull’influsso esercitato dalla dimensione culturale e istituzionale sul processo legislativo.
Sono stati individuati quattro principali indirizzi socio-politici, ciascuno dei quali ha avuto un particolare influsso su altrettante ‘fasi’ del processo di riforma del welfare system statunitense svoltosi tra il 1968 e il 2006. L’analisi del dibattito culturale e politico è stata suddivisa pertanto in quattro diversi capitoli (capp. 2-5) che consentono di delineare percorsi distinti per le diverse ipotesi socio-culturali individuate, ai quali viene anteposta una premessa storica relativa alle origini del sistema assistenziale e previdenziale statunitense e alle politiche riformiste degli anni Sessanta (cap. 1).The dissertation examines the process of decision making that determined the development of U.S. social policy from the end of the Sixties. It analyzes the institutional character of the debate that took place inside the Congress and inside the think tanks, the academic centers, the cultural and religious foundations and other associations. In particular, the research is focused on the tangle between political ideologies, traditional culture, public opinion and legislative process. The dissertation identifies four different socio-political streams: each of them influenced a particular “phase” of the reform of the U.S. welfare system from 1968 up to 2006. The analysis of the cultural and political debate has been divided in four chapters (chapters 2-5) that allow to delineate different developments for the four streams, after an historical premise (chapter 1) that presents the origins of American welfare system, from the colonial times to the Sixties.
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Mendonça, António Sérgio Correia. "Distribuição do rendimento, pobreza e a eclosão de conflitos no contexto dos Países em Desenvolvimento : os casos do Sri Lanka e da R.D. Congo." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalA ocorrência de conflitos internos nos países em desenvolvimento ocorre num contexto fértil na incidência de fenómenos como a pobreza e a desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento, colocando a hipótese de associação entre os fenómenos. E nos continentes asiático e africano que se verifica a grande maioria dos conflitos mundialmente, apresentando também esses continentes das maiores incidências de pobreza. O estudo do caso do Sri Lanka permite-nos verificar que a existência de boas condições iniciais após a independência e de uma distribuição do rendimento relativamente equitativa, não se constituem como condições suficientes para a estabilidade social num ambiente livre de conflitos e guerras civis. No Sri Lanka a desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento e a pobreza constituem-se como possíveis factores de eclosão da guerra civil ocorrida, dado ter apresentado uma dinâmica crescente nos anos que antecederam a sua iniciação. A análise do caso da República Democrática do Congo revela que a existência de abundantes e valiosos recursos naturais não constitui uma condição suficiente para o estabelecimento de um processo de desenvolvimento económico e social estável. Apesar da coexistência de diversos factores explicativos dos conflitos na República Democrática do Congo, é na altura em que os indicadores de pobreza apresentam os piores níveis de sempre que a guerra civil deflagra no país.
The internai conflicts occur in developing countries in a context deeply characterized with poverty and inequality phenomena, asserting the possibility of association between these phenomena. The vast majority of internai conflicts occur in Africa and Asia that show the highest poverty incidence. The case of Sri Lanka allows us to notice that an initial good development standing after the independence and a relative equal income distribution, will not necessarily imply social stability in an environment clear of conflicts. In Sri Lanka, inequality and poverty constitute two possible causes of the civil war occurred in the country, since it has shown a growing pattem in the years previous to its initiation. The analysis of the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reveals that the existence of abundant and valuable natural resources will not imply the creation of a stable economic and social development process. We can consider the coexistence of different causes of the conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but we can also observe that the civil war starts in the country when the poverty indicators show the worst ever performance.
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Weyant, Thomas Bradley. ""Your Years Here Have Been Most Unreal": Political and Social Activism during the Vietnam War Era at Northern Appalachian Universities." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1459955464.
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Samba, Simão João. "Significados do trabalho informal em Luanda: luta, coragem e persistência nas vozes dos jovens migrantes." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17565.
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-07Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work was carried out in Luanda, capital of the Republic of Angola, from the experience of work and life of young migrants involved in informal work in Luanda, specifically the street vendors. The objective was to analyze the meanings that young migrants involved in informal work in Luanda, attach to their experiences as well as the reasons that led then to the involvement of such activities. Understand these informal activities and understand as well how it contribute to overcame their poor working conditions and the survival of this young vendors, since they live mostly in a context marked by extreme poverty, vulnerability, exclusion and social inequality. It is understood that the knowledge and analysis of the meanings of these young people attribute to their stories and experiences, as well as the reasons for their involvement in informal activities, current issues are social important, given the few or almost no studies that address this reality from the view of who is involved in it. It is a qualitative study, based on Marx's social theory, specifically in the analytical perspective of dialectical materialism critical. The study included 16 young migrants, informal workers in Luanda, of both sex, aged between 18 and 35 years. We used as data collection technique of participant observation and systematic interviews and group oriented script prepared in advance, both complemented by bibliographic and documentary research. A field diary was used to record the necessary information, which later contributed to the analysis of information obtained and presented in this paper. The testimonies of this young people pointed out the alternative of the informal work as a mean of survival strategy, which cater to the lack of jobs that could absorb them. On the other hand, showed that there is a crackdown on this type of work, by the state, without the state providing alternatives to enable them to survive. It also pointed out that those young people do not have the informal work as a project of their life; many of them are doing this informal work and studying at the same time, which they believe could open employment opportunities for then. The migration of these young people to the capital in search of a better living conditions, work, security, protection and opportunity, was mainly due to the war and lack of investment in rural areas. It is concluded that informal work is an alternative and strategy of those young people to overcome the lack of jobs and the multiple losses and miseries that they go through their life stories and trajectories, including the lack of conditions to keep up with dignity and provide the essential to their children and dependents. These situations highlight the need to think in social and public policies capable of achieving the desires, aspirations and expectations of these individuals and ensure their protection, while construction of new spaces of possibilities and ways of life of those who are deprived of their fundamental rights
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na província de Luanda, capital da República de Angola, a partir das experiências de trabalho e de vida dos jovens migrantes envolvidos com o trabalho informal, mais especificamente a venda ambulante. O objetivo foi analisar os significados que os jovens migrantes, trabalhadores informais em Luanda, atribuem às suas experiências, bem como os motivos que os levaram ao envolvimento com tais atividades. A compreensão dessas atividades informais contribui para a superação das condições precárias de trabalho e sobrevivência dos jovens, uma vez que vivem, em sua maioria, em contexto marcado por extrema pobreza, vulnerabilidade, exclusão e desigualdade social. Entende-se que o conhecimento e a análise dos significados atribuídos por esses jovens às suas histórias e vivências, assim como os motivos do envolvimento deles nas atividades informais, constituem temas atuais e socialmente importantes, atendendo aos poucos ou à quase inexistência de estudos que abordem essa realidade a partir da visão de quem nela esteja envolvido. É um estudo qualitativo, fundamentado na teoria social de Marx, mais concretamente na perspectiva analítica do materialismo dialético crítico. Participaram do estudo 16 jovens migrantes, trabalhadores informais em Luanda, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 35 anos. Foram utilizadas como técnicas de coleta de informações a observação participante e sistemática e entrevistas grupais orientadas por roteiro previamente elaborado, ambas complementadas por pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Um diário de campo serviu para registrar as informações necessárias, as quais, posteriormente, contribuíram para a análise das informações obtidas e apresentadas neste trabalho. Os depoimentos dos jovens apontaram o trabalho informal como alternativa e estratégia de sobrevivência, que atendem à falta de postos de trabalho que pudessem absorvê-los. Por outro lado, mostraram que há uma repressão a esse tipo de trabalho, por parte do Estado, sem que este ofereça alternativas que lhes possibilitem a sobrevivência. Apontaram também que os jovens não têm o trabalho informal como projeto de vida, tanto é que muitos deles estão se empenhando em estudos que, acreditam, poderão abrir-lhes outras e novas oportunidades de emprego. A migração desses jovens para as capitais das províncias em busca de melhores condições de vida, de trabalho, de segurança, de proteção e de novas oportunidades, ocorreu principalmente em decorrência da guerra e da falta de investimentos nas zonas rurais. Conclui-se, que o trabalho informal é alternativa e estratégia dos jovens para superarem a falta de emprego e as múltiplas perdas e misérias que atravessam suas histórias e trajetórias de vida, incluindo a falta de condições para manter-se com dignidade e oferecer o essencial aos seus filhos e dependentes. Essas situações evidenciam a necessidade de pensar-se em políticas sociais e públicas capazes de alcançar os anseios, as aspirações e as expectativas desses sujeitos e garantir sua proteção, enquanto espaços de construção de novas formas e possibilidades de vida de quem se encontra destituído de seus direitos fundamentais
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Monteiro, Indira Lazarine Catoto. "Modos de vida e de trabalho das mulheres que zungam em Luanda." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17590.
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Previous issue date: 2012-06-03Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This dissertation analysis the modes of living and of working of the zungueira woman or street vendor in Luanda, capital of Angola. Since period before the independence (1975), the country lives situations of extreme poverty and socioeconomic precariousness, that manifests by informal work activities and so much precarious street trading situated in the limits of the violation of rights. Angola has passed by a long armed conflict (1975-2002), with agglomeration of populations displaced by the war in the cities, making greater the social question and the resettlement of part of this population that is interested in return (2002) to your origin areas. This situation has worsened still more the social condition of the population in situation of poverty, making bigger the socioeconomic inequality, the insufficiency in the public policies, the precarious access to the basic social services as water, health, habitation, education and citizen participation. This process has triggered the development of survival strategies and made greater the number of people that have done the informal work, with expressive presence of the zungueira woman. This study wants to know and analyze the reality of this woman and provide visibility of the situation of extreme precariousness, like subsidy for the elaboration of public policies directed to the improvement of your conditions of life. By the realized interviews with zungueira women that resides in suburban neighborhoods of Luanda, the qualitative research analyzed the daily practices of those women in your link with the zunga, while the necessary survival strategy to the creation of life conditions and the significance of the street trading in your lives
Esta dissertação analisa os modos de vida e de trabalho da zungueira ou vendedora ambulante em Luanda, capital de Angola. Desde o período anterior à Independência (1975), o país vive em situação de extrema pobreza e precariedade socioeconômica, que se manifestam por meio de atividades de trabalho informal e comércio ambulante muito precarizado, situado nos limites da violação de direitos. Angola vivenciou um longo conflito armado (1975-2002), com aglomeração de populações deslocadas de guerra nas cidades, agudizando a questão social e o reassentamento de parcela desta população interessada em regressar (2002) às suas áreas de origem. Essa situação agravou ainda mais a condição social da população em situação de pobreza, aprofundando a desigualdade socioeconômica, a insuficiência das políticas públicas, o precário acesso aos serviços sociais básicos como água, saúde, habitação, educação e à participação cidadã. Esses processos desencadearam o desenvolvimento de estratégias de sobrevivência e o aumento do número de pessoas, que exerciam trabalho informal, com a presença expressiva da mulher que zunga. Este estudo pretende conhecer e analisar a realidade desta mulher e conferir visibilidade da situação de extrema precariedade, como subsídio para a elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas à melhoria de suas condições de vida. Por meio das entrevistas realizadas com zungueiras residentes em bairros suburbanos de Luanda, a pesquisa qualitativa analisou as práticas cotidianas dessas mulheres em seu vínculo com a zunga, enquanto estratégia de sobrevivência necessária à criação de condições de vida e o significado do comércio ambulante em suas vidas
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Fernandez, Delia M. "From Spanish-Speaking to Latino: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in West Michigan, 1924-1978." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437439370.
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CIDADE, Elívia Camurça. "Juventude em condições de pobreza: modos de vida e fatalismo." www.teses.ufc.br, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6812.
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CIDADE, Elívia Camurça. Juventude em condições de pobreza: modos de vida e fatalismo. 2012. 165f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2012.Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-25T14:55:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ECCIDADE.pdf: 2313957 bytes, checksum: 7d88d3fe54a499156d66adc71aa4d303 (MD5)
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Os jovens pobres, costumeiramente associados à vitimização pelo envolvimento com drogas, práticas ilícitas e atos violentos, experienciam no cotidiano inúmeros desafios como a necessidade de superação das adversidades e privações cotidianas e a busca pelo alcance dos ideais a eles destinados de obtenção de realizações pessoais e profissionais. A pobreza, considerada sobre o ponto de vista multidimensional da Abordagem das Capacidades (SEN, 2000), impõe limitações que reforçam as experiências de constante insegurança. Diante dos investimentos frustrados em mudar a realidade, a atribuição da responsabilização dos fenômenos cotidianos a uma entidade superior aparece como alternativa para lidar com o clima de tensão social e tem no fatalismo, enquanto fenômeno psicossocial relacionado ao aparente conformismo dos grupos e indivíduos com condições deploráveis de existência e com um regime de vida opressor (MARTÍN-BARÓ, 1998), a expressão das conseqüências danosas de viver em uma cultura da pobreza. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa se questiona como o fatalismo se manifesta em jovens que vivem em condições de pobreza? A metodologia utilizada, de natureza qualitativa, orienta-se segundo o objetivo geral ‘analisar a relação existente entre as manifestações do fatalismo e os modos de vida da juventude em condições de pobreza’. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida junto ao Projeto Jovem Aprendiz, realizado pelo Movimento de Saúde Mental Comunitária do Bom Jardim, localizado na periferia da cidade de Fortaleza (Ce). O processo de construção de dados compreendeu a realização de observação participante entre os meses de março e junho de 2012, realização de dois grupos focais, estando presentes 6 sujeitos em cada ocasião, e de autofotografia aliada à entrevista em profundidade com duas jovens que haviam participado dos grupos. Os dados gerados foram analisados a partir da proposta da Análise de Conteúdo Temática de Laurence Bardin com auxílio do software de análise qualitativa Atlas TI 5.2. Foram obtidas 41 categorias de análise, organizadas segundo grandes categorias ou famílias intituladas de ‘modos de vida da juventude pobre’, ‘vida em condições de pobreza’ e ‘manifestações do fatalismo’. Ao final, percebe-se que a insegurança decorrente da vida em condições pobreza faz com que os sujeitos construam lógicas randômicas e dissonantes dos reais fatores, fazendo com que a atribuição da responsabilidade dos fatos a uma entidade divina se constitua como elemento apaziguador das tensões sociais e do sofrimento psíquico oriundo da insegurança de viver na pobreza. Instaura-se um processo progressivo de individualização do social, que auxilia na instalação da culpabilização psicológica dos indivíduos e na perpetuação do fatalismo. O desenvolvimento de práticas pautadas na práxis de libertação aparece como possibilidade de trazer os jovens à reflexão e ao diálogo sobre os reais fatores impulsionadores das manifestações fatalistas. Agradecimentos à CAPES.
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Ngenzebuke, Rama Lionel. "Essays on Intra-household Decision-making, Gender and Socio-Economic Development." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/246695.
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This dissertation comprises four chapters, which mainly deal with female's participation in household decision-making, a very important aspect of female's bargaining power within the household and closely linked to female's empowerment. The first three chapters, which all deal with female's participation in household decision-making, are two sides of the same coin, in that while the first one delves into the determinants of female's participation in household decision-making, the second and third chapters deal with its beneficial consequences. The fourth chapter is linked with Chapter 1. As a matter of fact, the data used in Chapter 1 has been collected in Rural Burundi, in the framework of the FNRS/FRFC-funded project “Microfinance Services, Intra-household Behavior and Welfare in Developing Countries: A Longitudinal and Experimental Approach”, which funded my PhD scholarship. In 2012, the project funded data collection in Rural Burundi. In respect to the experimental component of the project, these are baseline data. The 2012 household survey targeted a sample of rural households that have been interviewed in 1998 and 2007. This is where the longitudinal design of the project comes into play. Independently from the experimental research, the longitudinal nature of the data, that is to say three waves of data (1998, 2007 and 2012), had the advantage of allowing panel analysis of interesting and relevant issues in development, including for example the long-term welfare effects of shocks at either individual or household levels.In Chapter 1, entitled “The Power of The Family: kinship and Intra-household Decision-making in Rural Burundi” and co-authored with Bram De Rock and Philip Verwimp, we delve into the determinants of female's participation in household decision-making, by laying a particular emphasis on the role of female's kinship. We show that in rural Burundi the characteristics of the female's kinship are highly correlated with her decision-making power. First, a female whose own immediate family is at least as rich as her husband's counterpart enjoys a greater say over children- and asset-related decision-making. Second, the size, relative wealth and proximity of the extended family also matter. Third, kinship characteristics prove to be more important than (standard) individual and household characteristics. Finally, we also show that the female's say over asset-related decision-making is positively associated with males' education, more than with female's education per se. All these correlation patterns can inform policies aiming at empowering women or targeting children through women's empowerment.In Chapter 2, entitled “The Returns of I Do: Multifaceted Female Decision-making and Agricultural Yields in Tanzania?”, I use the third round of the Tanzanian National Panel Survey to investigate the effect of multifaceted female's empowerment in agriculture on agricultural yields. The classic approach in the empirical literature on gender gap in agriculture includes the gender of the plot's owner/manager as the covariate of interest and interprets the associated coefficient estimate as the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Unlike this classic approach in the analysis of productivity differentials, my approach lays emphasis on the overlapping and interaction effects of manifold aspects of female's empowerment in agriculture, including female plot's ownership, female plot's management and female output's control. I find significant productivity gaps, which the classic empirical approach does not bring out in the same context. As compared to plots (solely) owned, managed and controlled by male, (i) plots merely owned by female and (ii) those owned & managed (but not controlled) by female are less productive, but those owned, managed & controlled by female are not. Furthermore, the latter are the more productive among plots at least owned by female. All these productivity gaps are predominantly explained by the structural effect, that is differences in productivity returns to observable production factors. Our findings are robust along a number of dimensions and suggest that female's management and control rights are of prime importance. Therefore, female plot's owners should be entitled the rights to manage their plot and, subsequently and most importantly, the rights to control the (agricultural) output of their work, for their productivity to be enhanced and the gender gap in agriculture to be closed. In Chapter 3, entitled “Say On Income and Children's Outcomes: Evidence from Nigeria”, I delve into the effect of female bargaining power on child education and labor outcomes in Nigeria. Female bargaining power is proxied by “female say on labor income”, rather than by her income per se. This is motivated by the fact the female labor force participation might be low in some contexts, while control over income is by all means what matters the most. The empirical methodology accounts for a number of empirical issues, including endogeneity and sample selection issues of female say on labor income, the multi-equation and mixed process features of the child outcomes, as well as the fact that hours of work are left-censored. My findings are consistent with the overall idea that female say on income leads to better child outcomes, rather than female income earning per se. Nevertheless, the type of income under female control, child gender and child outcome matter. Chapter 4, entitled “Violence Exposure and Welfare Over Time: Evidence From The Burundi Civil War” and co-authored with Marion Mercier and Philip Verwimp, investigates the relationship between exposure to conflict and poverty dynamics over time. We use a three-wave panel data from Burundi, which tracked individuals and reported local-level violence exposure in 1998, 2007 and 2012. Firstly, the data reveal that headcount poverty has not changed since 1998 while we observe multiple transitions into and out of poverty. Moreover, households exposed to the war exhibit a lower level of welfare than non-exposed households, with the difference between the two groups predicted to remain significant at least until 2017, i.e. twelve years after the conflict termination. The correlation between violence exposure and deprivation over time is confirmed in a household-level panel setting. Secondly, our empirical investigation shows how violence exposure over different time spans interacts with households' subsequent welfare. Our analysis of the determinants of households' likelihood to switch poverty status (i.e. to fall into poverty or escape poverty) combined with quintile regressions suggest that, (i) exposure during the first phase of the conflict has affected the entire distribution, and (ii) exposure during the second phase of the conflict has mostly affected the upper tail of the distribution: initially non-poor households have a higher propensity to fall into poverty while initially poor households see their propensity to pull through only slightly decrease with recent exposure to violence. Although not directly testable with the data at hand, these results are consistent with the changing nature of violence in the course of the Burundi civil war, from relatively more labor-destructive to relatively more capital-destructive.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Martin, Daniel E. "Institutional Innovator: Sargent Shriver's Life as an Engaged Catholic and as an Active Liberal." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1461580896.
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Rodling, Emma, and Maria Ekman. ""En skål för andras lidande" : Bildanalys av vinnarbilderna i World Press Photo of the Year mellan 1999-2008." Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Information Technology and Media, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11142.
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En undersökning av vinnarbilderna i World Press Photo of the Year mellan 1999-2008. World Press Photo är världens största fototävling och är prestigefylld att vinna för pressfotografer. Syftet var att undersöka vad de senaste årens bildjournalistik förmedlar till sina betraktare genom nyhetsbilderna som vunnit World Press Photo of the Year under 2000-talet. Syftet har förgrenat sig i frågeställningarna:
Vilka teman har vinnarbilderna i World Press Photo of the Year mellan 1999-2008?
Vad förmedlar innehållet i bilderna?
Vad finns det för likheter och skillnader mellan bilderna?
Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning där vi gjort bildanalyser av vinnarbilderna i World Press Photo of the Year mellan 1999-2008. Vi har använt oss av semiotisk och retorisk bildanalys. Resultaten visar att vinnarbilderna som representerar det bästa inom bildjournalistiken visar ett begränsat antal teman, krig, sociala problem och fattigdom samt naturkatastrofer. De flesta bilderna är från Asien och framförallt Mellanöstern. Bilderna är negativt laddade och människorna på bilderna visar oftast sorg och lidande.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Bletsas, Angelique. "Poverty in the 'age of affluence': a governmental approach." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/97861.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis addresses the growing tendency to treat poverty in Australia as an individualised problem. Analysis is situated in relation to the restructuring of welfare in western liberal states in the post-war period, highlighting the way that the welfare state ‘crisis’ appears to correspond with a new ‘consensus’ on poverty as individualised. Examining the way that poverty is formulated in recent welfare policy and governmental texts it is shown that this positioning of poverty comes increasingly to be premised upon the idea that a state of ‘affluence’ has been achieved. Importantly this trend in understanding poverty as an individualised problem is argued to occur across the ideological spectrum. It is demonstrated that, through reference to a ‘paradigm of affluence’, contemporary representative authors from both the right and the left constitute poverty today as ‘residual’ and thus as primarily individualised and behavioural.
Applying tools of analysis from post-structuralism and governmentality studies it is argued that both poverty and affluence constitute historic ‘events’ – interventions in the way social life is thought and organised – and not simply demographic phenomena. Therefore, in contrast to existing writing on affluence, within which affluence is seen to have replaced poverty as an evolutionary stage of development, the argument advanced in this thesis is that the relevance of poverty and affluence to particular rationalities of government is not premised upon their level of incidence. Instead it is argued that both poverty and affluence have functioned as ‘problematics’ of government – sites through which the project of government is made meaningful. In this way an emergent governmentality of affluence is posited.
In its premise of a governmental rationality of affluence the thesis provides a framework for analysing the on-going restructuring of the Australian welfare state, and liberal states more broadly. Treating conceptions of poverty and of affluence not simply as ‘natural’ phenomena, but as interpretative events and motifs of government, the thesis also provides a counter-point through which to resist individualised conceptions of poverty and the punitive policies to which they often lead.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2010
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Del, Sol Marina. "Solitary girls : longing among wards of the state." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3406.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
I am researching the experience of foster care drift. This term refers to children who are considered homeless because it is not clear where they are going next. Research shows that the majority of children who have experienced foster care drift lead unstable lives after reaching the age of eighteen. They have high levels of poverty, homelessness, and incarceration, lack the most basic literacy and life skills, do not sustain employment, and lack health care and mental health care.
The research is centered in a residential treatment center for girls. I conducted ethnographic research while working with about two dozen girls, aged seven to seventeen, on service-learning projects. The girls designed projects in which they developed a sense of helping someone else. Frequently these projects involved the making and exchange of material objects. Unfortunately, the institutional structure isn’t set up to provide such activities on a regular basis.
My analysis focuses on how the girls use objects to gain social status and form bonds with others. I seek to understand the nature of their sense of ownership and belonging in a group, which differ markedly from those valued outside the system. The skills the girls are practicing in the residential treatment center will serve them well in total institutions such as prisons and mental hospitals, but they will have a hard time succeeding in a job or educational setting.text
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Schulz, Kari. "Warm homes, greener living: reducing energy poverty in Daniel McIntyre and St. Matthews through energy retrofits." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/5050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research examines energy poverty in the Daniel McIntyre and St. Matthews (DMSM) neighbourhoods in the city of Winnipeg. Energy poverty, defined as households spending more than 6% of their income on energy expenditures, affects as many as 50% of households in DMSM. Energy poverty can be alleviated through energy retrofits for dwellings such as weather stripping; increasing insulation in exterior walls, the attic and basement; and installing a high-efficiency furnace. The recommendations include: establishing consistent housing and energy efficiency policies; increasing the flexibility of utility on-bill financing; levying the necessary capital for energy retrofits through municipal financing mechanisms; increasing the knowledge and capacity of local residents; increasing the knowledge and capacity of local contractors for sustainable design and construction; creating a provincial strategy to increase the energy efficiency of social housing; developing low-income energy efficiency programs for rental properties; and increasing access to renewable energy sources.
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Lubaale, Grace Nyonyintono Kawomera. "The challenges of planning for poverty reduction in urban Kenya: the case of Nairobi's local authorities service delivery action plans (LASDAP) (2005-2007) planning approach in the Viwandani ward." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyThis study explores the challenges of urban planning for poverty reduction that are faced by public institutions in urban Kenya. The existing studies in urban planning show that very little is known about these challenges. However, it is well acknowledged that globally urban poverty has increased at rates much higher than rural poverty. Indeed, poverty presents a dilemma for policy makers and citizens in Sub-Saharan African cities such as Nairobi and raises questions as to why poverty continues to grow despite the implementation of urban plans, policies and poverty reduction programmes. As a largely uncharted research area, it was necessary to explore the problem in significant depth; thus a qualitative research methodology was adopted to explore the case study of the Local Authorities Service Delivery Action Plans (LASDAP) in Nairobi’s Viwandani ward. Data were gathered and triangulated by means of focus groups and in-depth and semi-structured interviews. These were supplemented by key informant data, document reviews and an extensive review of urban planning and political science literature. A total of ninety-nine people including sixty-six men and thirty-three women participated in this study. The respondents were drawn from communities in Viwandani, city planners and other staff from the City of Nairobi, central government, and politicians. To analyse these data, a range of analytical techniques, namely a hybrid of categorisations, data displays, pattern matching and in some cases theoretical propositions were applied. These generated a set of themes for discussing the challenges of urban planning from the case study. The results were cross-checked with interview respondents and key informants and then validated in key feedback consultations in the study communities. This study shows that a long tradition of “power over the constitution”, embodied by the notion of an imperial presidency not only imposes one’s will over the people, but also can virtually destroy institutions. This study also finds that the legal framework for urban planning in Kenya is anchored in stakeholders’ involvement that only pays lip service to citizen’s participation and to accountability. Since the old Constitution was not supportive of participation and accountability, the planning predictably restricted space for citizen participation and did not provide for significant accountability by public officers. Therefore, the participation in the LASDAP in Viwandani was simply a sophisticated form of manipulation of citizens that is conceptualised as facipulation in the study. Facipulation here refers to the facilitation of a project to give the impression that citizens have the power to influence decisions of the state while at the same time being manipulated to ensure that the covert interests of powerful actors in the state are not undermined. The study reveals that challenges which public institutions face in urban planning for poverty reduction are both multi-layered and complex. The results show that the institutional framework for implementing the LASDAP in Kenya was by design defective in planning for poverty reduction. The study further reflects that the processes of constitutional development affect the form and types of political institutions established for urban planning. To achieve an urban planning framework for poverty reduction, therefore, institutional reform processes should be cognisant of and address the insidious power represented by the reluctance to shift the current institutional framework away from the status quo. The framework should also be aligned to the aspirations as expressed in the recently promulgated Constitution. In this Constitution citizens of Kenya are vested with all sovereign power and power is to be exercised only in accordance with the Constitution.
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Hughes, Caroline. "The Political Economy of Cambodia's Transition." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6273.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cambodia underwent a triple transition in the 1990s: from war to peace, from communism to electoral democracy, and from command economy to free market. This book addresses the political economy of these transitions, examining how the much publicised international intervention to bring peace and democracy to Cambodia was subverted by the poverty of the Cambodian economy and by the state's manipulation of the move to the free market. This analysis of the material basis of obstacles to Cambodia's democratisation suggests that the long-established theoretical link between economy and democracy stands, even in the face of new strategies of international democracy promotion.
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Mirza, Mumtaz. "Paradise On Earth: Designing A Socially Sustainable Landscape In Northwest Pakistan." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Landscape architecture is about creating a sense of place. A worthwhile investigation lies in how to reinforce and/or improve that sense of place where one already exists, be it good or bad. The purpose of this practicum is to investigate the sabotaged landscapes in and around Landi Kotal, a city that lies near the border of Pakistan and Afghanistan, and determine how the quality of the exterior environment can be enhanced to improve the already tumultuous sense of place that exists in the city.
People within this disrupted landscape are optimistic about the future. This optimism is the reason why I am inspired to focus on this place and understand how current methods of design can aid to improve the futures of this distinct region. The influence of subjective beauty was taken into consideration. This can be achieved through the study of people within environments, those who ultimately contribute to the perception of particular landscapes, and eventually, societies. In this project it is pertinent to reveal the effects environments have on the children that occupy them. The approach taken to this
practicum is to consider the measures to be taken in order to encourage a socially sustainable environment in the region through a designed exterior environment surrounding an orphanage.The ways in which people interact with their environments can be understood through a phenomenological interpretation.
Phenomenology will be used in this practicum as a lens by which exterior environments and their individual perception are understood. The Islamic paradise garden has influenced the research and design approach used throughout this practicum; the centrifugal/centripetal qualities of symmetrically designed outdoor environments are a useful platform for this design intervention.
The proposition of an orphanage situated in the city of Landi Kotal will focus on the shelter and education of the less privileged communities that reside on the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan. As previous efforts to establish a peaceful settlement in these regions have achieved little to no results, this project proposes mechanisms for regional stability by applying design techniques to demonstrate how landscape architecture can contribute to education and experience for children of all ages,
specifically in a war-torn area through the creation of appropriate environments. The research and subsequent design offer an example for future socially sustainable projects which aim to enhance individual and communal territories of regions negatively affected by war and violence.
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Correia, Fernando Augusto dos Santos. "Turismo retrospectivo: o potencial da Cidade Velha, Ilha de Santiago/Cabo Verde." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/8984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientação: Eduardo
Sarmento FerreiraA Ribeira Grande de Santiago, pelo coração chamada Cidade Velha, foi a primeira cidade de origem portuguesa a ser construída em África, desempenhando um papel relevante no apoio à expansão portuguesa e ao desenvolvimento do comércio internacional e da navegação de longo curso. Ali aportavam navios das rotas mais variadas, dando oportunidade ao estabelecimento de relações entre vários povos, fazendo da Cidade Velha o berço da mestiçagem, que lhe confere romantismo, mas não supera as dificuldades de desenvolvimento que, de um modo geral, atormentam o terceiro mundo. Numa afirmação do Banco Mundial (2002), é referido que a pobreza é, ela própria, uma barreira à sua própria redução. No mesmo documento e sobre a implementação das necessárias e desejáveis estratégias de combate à pobreza é defendido que estas - devem ter como base a promoção do desenvolvimento económico sustentado da comunidade a que respeitam. Na interpretação deste conceito depreende-se que dificilmente a pobreza resolve sozinha o seu problema. É necessário que existam apoios estruturais e políticos que proporcionem o desenvolvimento económico e social, melhorando a qualidade de vida e mobilizando a população para um objetivo comum. O Turismo pode constituir a charneira entre estas duas premissas: 'relações entre vários povos' e 'desenvolvimento e redução da pobreza'. Nesta dissertação procuramos verificar se existem condições, políticas, sociais, económicas e motivacionais, para que este local de referência - Património Mundial da Humanidade, desde 2009 - possa, servindo-se do turismo, empreender o seu próprio processo de desenvolvimento, em sustentabilidade, assumindo com verdadeiro pragmatismo e de uma forma original a melhoria da sua condição económica e social, restaurando-se e exibindo quadros vivos do seu passado, com a sua própria população. Foram para isso iniciados os trabalhos, fazendo diligências para encontrar informação documental que permitisse reconhecer os objectivos e estratégias que marcam a vontade política do país - Cabo Verde - e a sua identificação com iniciativas desta natureza. Seguiram-se entrevistas exploratórias estruturadas, fundamentando a escolha do método de análise qualitativa que, de forma implícita, foi convertido em quantitativo. Nos quatro grupos, bem identificados - Adm. Central, Adm. Local, Instituições Privadas e População Local - foi procurado detectar anseios, vontades e motivações para o envolvimento num projecto deste tipo. Da análise dos dados recolhidos, conclui-se existirem as condições prévias necessárias para o recurso a formas de turismo sustentável como potenciador de desenvolvimento, norteando ainda propostas para trabalhos complementares subsequentes.
Ribeira Grande de Santiago, now Cidade Velha, was the first city of Portuguese origin to be built in Africa, playing a relevant role in supporting Portuguese expansion and the development of international trade and long-distance shipping. There they supplied ships of the most varied routes, giving the opportunity to establish relations between various peoples, making the Old City the cradle of mestizaje, which gives it romanticism, but does not overcome the difficulties of development that, in general, torment the third world. In a World Bank statement (2002), it is said that poverty itself is a barrier to its own reduction. In the same document and on the implementation of the necessary and desirable strategies to combat poverty, it is argued that these should be based on promoting the sustained economic development of the community to which they respect. In interpreting this concept one can deduce that poverty alone hardly solves its problem. There must be structural and political support for economic and social development by improving the quality of life and mobilizing the population for a common goal. Tourism can be the link between these two premises: "relations between various peoples" and "development and reduction of poverty". In this dissertation we try to verify if there are conditions, political, social, economic and motivational, so that this place of reference - World Heritage of Humanity since 2009 - can, using tourism, undertake its own development process, assumed with true pragmatism and in an original way its economic and social development, restoring itself and showing living pictures of its past with its own population. This was the beginning of the work, making efforts to find documentary information that would recognize the objectives and strategies that mark the country's political will - Cape Verde - and its identification with initiatives of this nature. Structured exploratory interviews followed, based on the choice of the method of qualitative analysis that, implicitly, was converted into quantitative. In the four well-identified groups - Central Adm., Local Adm., Private Institutions and Local Population - we sought to detect wishes, wishes and motivations for involvement in such a project. From the analysis of the collected data, it is concluded that there are the necessary preconditions for the use of forms of sustainable tourism as a development enhancer, and also guide proposals for subsequent complementary work.
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Miguel, Nengudi Gomes Campos. "A pobreza dos idosos em Portugal : a perceção da pobreza dos idosos na união das freguesias do Laranjeiro e Feijó." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/7897.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientação: Aida Lopes Bento Esteves FerreiraEste trabalho intitulado A pobreza dos Idosos em Portugal. A perceção da Pobreza dos Idosos na União das Freguesias do Laranjeiro e Feijó visa compreender a perceção que os idosos têm da sua situação de pobreza, como gerem a sua situação, bem como a perceção dos profissionais que prestam os apoios sociais a nível local para o debate a esse fenómeno. Segue-se o método indutivo, discritivo e interpretativo consistindo a metodologia numa abordagem essencialmente qualitativa socorrendo-se fundamentalmente em termos de técnicas de recolha de dados, da pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevista semi-estruturada e semi- diretiva tendo como sujeitos participantes do estudo, idosos em situação de pobreza e profissionais que intervêm com os idosos a nível local. A recolha de dados realizou-se em três instituições da União das freguesias do Laranjeiro e Feijó nos dias 10, 12 e 16 de Maio de 2016 e 1 de Junho do ano referido. Sendo que os idosos foram entrevistados apenas numa das instituições pela facilidade de acesso aos mesmos. Deste modo, parece-nos legítimo afirmar que a pobreza implica sempre a ideia de precariedade das condições de vida na medida em que tal como eles próprios sublinharam vivem com muito poucos recursos. Deixam em evidência que a maioria dos utentes do centro de dia da instituição em estudo, vivem com os rendimentos, das pensões de velhice muito baixas. Dos cinco utentes entrevistados apenas uma demostrou ter rendimento suficiente para viver com o filho. Os restantes utentes sentem-se remediados, referindo que vivem com poucos rendimentos. Quanto à satisfação demostrada pelos serviços prestados pela instituição que os apoia, na sua generalidade os utentes entrevistados classificaram como positivo, evidenciando as medidas de combate a pobreza dos idosos nas freguesias do Laranjeiro e Feijó, enunciadas pelos profissionais entrevistados as mesmas consubstanciam-se fundamentalmente em trabalho em rede, parcerias, articulação, coordenação em ordem à obtenção de respostas complementares. Algumas dessas respostas incluem a prestação de bens alimentares, prestações pecuniárias eventuais para vários fins. Também o centro de dia, apoio domiciliário, a ação social, e intervenção comunitária direta, assim como a cantina social, constituem-se como respostas a população idosa em situação de pobreza a nível local.
This work entitled Poverty of the Elderly in Portugal. The perception of the Poverty of the Elderly in the Union Parishes of Laranjeiro and Feijo aims to understand the perception that the elderly have of their poverty situation, how to manage their situation, as well as the perception of the professionals that lend social support the local level to the debate to this phenomenon. The inductive, discretionary and interpretive method follows the methodology in an essentially qualitative approach resorting fundamentally in terms of techniques of data collection, bibliographical research and semi-structured and semi-directive interview with subjects of the study, elderly in the situation of poverty and professionals who intervene with the elderly at the local level. Data collection was carried out in three institutions of the Parish Union of Laranjeiro and Feijó on 10, 12 and 16 May 2016 and 1 June of the referred year. Being that the elderly were interviewed only in one of the institutions by the facilitie of access to them. In this way, it seems legitimate to say that poverty always implies the idea of precarious living conditions to the extent that, as they themselves have pointed out, they live with very few resources. They make it clear that the majority of users of the day care center of the study institution live on the income from very low old age pensions. Of the five users interviewed, only one person showed sufficient income to live with the child. The remaining users feel remediated, saying that they live on low incomes. As for the satisfaction shown by the services provided by the institution that supports them, in general the users interviewed classified as positive, evidencing the measures to combat poverty of the elderly in the parishes of Laranjeiro and Feijó, enunciated by the professio1nals interviewed, are essentially based on networking, partnerships, coordination and coordination in order to obtain complementary responses. Some of these responses include the provision of food, occasional cash benefits for various purposes. Day center, home support, social action, and direct community intervention, as well as the social canteen, constitute responses to the elderly population living in poverty at the local level.
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Nyakurimwa, Marvis. "Analysis of the local understanding of food insecurity and the socio-economic causes of food insecurity in Ward three of the Jozini Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8457.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although food insecurity is a major problem in South African society, there is limited community level information on what constitutes it and related causative socio-economic factors. This study fills this information gap by analysing food insecurity in Ward 3 of Jozini Local Municipality in uMkhanyakude district in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Specifically, the study explored the local understanding of food security and its socio-economic causes. A qualitative study was conducted using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques through a four-day workshop, supplemented with stakeholder interviews. The techniques used were historical timeline, seasonal calendar, focus group discussions, transect walk, problem tree analysis, social and resource mapping and semi-structured interviews. A four-day workshop was conducted with 44 participants that included traditional leadership, adult men and women, and young members of the community.
The people of Ward 3 of Jozini Municipality regarded food insecurity as hunger that resulted in many socio-economic effects such as collapse of household unity and stability that enhanced erosion of dignity among household members. Hunger was commonly associated with “not eating enough”. Other effects of hunger included household heads, especially men resorting to alcohol and drug abuse as a way of escaping from indignity. The youth were said to be involved in crime, prostitution and alcohol abuse. As result of hunger, sick people defaulted from taking treatment against tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Indicators of food secure households were access to funds, ownership of cattle, possession of arable land and access to water. Very irregular emissions of smoke from kitchens of food insecure households indicated that they had nothing to cook and eat. The people of Ward 3, Jozini revealed the choices made in the context of limited income to buy food. The choices included migration to urban areas in search of employment, women resorting to sex work, livelihoods activities such as gardening and craftwork. In the absence of an adult, many child headed households were said to be food insecure.
The socio-economic factors causing food insecurity were poverty, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and AIDS pandemic, unemployment, illiteracy, low household food production, limited access to resources such as water and land. The HIV and AIDS pandemic exacerbated food insecurity at household level. Furthermore, poverty forced women into sex work which places them at high risk of contracting HIV and spreading it to
their multiple partners. In addition, as a coping mechanism men committed crime such as poaching of animals from game reserves which further expose them to loss of livelihoods and food security options.
The socio-economic factors contributing to food insecurity were so intertwined such that an integrated approach is recommended as the best approach for solving the compounded problems. Further local population should be engaged to define solutions to the problems. To enhance self-reliance and self-drive among communities, adult basic education training should be incorporated to reduce the high illiteracy rate. The local leaders should be engaged to bring the large tracts of land owned by old people into full utilisation. The non-government, government and institutions working in the area should strengthen and diversify livelihoods to promote livelihoods sustainability and enable communities to survive shocks by reducing asset poverty.Thesis (M.Agric)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermarizburg, 2011.
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Rodrigues, Mariana Correia da Fonseca. "The resurgence of the conflict in Mozambique between Frelimo - Led Government and Renamo : 2013 to the present day." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/29625.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
26 years have passed since RENAMO and FRELIMO signed a General Peace Agreement putting an
end to a bloody civil war that devastated Mozambique, causing enormous suffering to Mozambican
people.
Mozambique was considered one of the most successful cases of post-conflict transition in the
world. However, after more than 20 years of a relative Peace a new conflict emerged in Mozambique in
2013 between the same actors of the past Civil War: FRELIMO and RENAMO. Although the current
low-intensity conflict does not have the brutal dimension of the Civil War, this conflict does represent an
important threat for Peace, therefore deserving consideration and analysis. Thus, the present dissertation
focus on its political context, rooted in the evolution of the three major parties in Mozambique and also in
the socioeconomic dimension, with a special attention to the regional asymmetries existing in
Mozambique. In coincidence with the resurgence of the conflict, Mozambique became also known all
over the world by the boom of the natural resources that were discovered in the northern part of the
country. Despite the boom of the natural resources, Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the
world, with 60% of the population living in extremely poverty. Thus, our main purpose it is to identify
the causes of the resurgence of this low-intensity conflict and to demonstrate that unless the conflict
between FRELIMO and RENAMO is correctly solved on the basis of a truly and genuine reconciliation,
the conflict can persist for more years in an even more violent scale.
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Seyoum, Adugnaw Dessie. "A critical socio-historical analysis of the evolution of freedom of expression in the three most recent government of Ethiopia (1930-2014)." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26747.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This historical study analyses the holistic dynamics of Ethiopia, taking into account political, social, economic, cultural, religious, and media development aspects, with a focus on the three most recent governments (1930–2014), in relation to freedom of expression. The analysis indicates that the Feudalist-Imperial system was clearly the extension of centuries-old imperial hegemony which had used religious, cultural and patriotic hegemony to stifle freedom of expression. During the Socialist-Military regime every sphere of society, including acts of expression, were oriented towards the revolution and socialist political ideology. During the current ethnically based so-called Revolutionary-Democratic regime, freedom of expression has been stifled by means of legislation, government and party structures, complex surveillance, and social networks. While the instruments of repression have differed, relatively speaking, from government to government, the extent of repression has remained similar over a number of centuries. Threats to freedom of expression derive from rulers or governments, in which instances they are entrenched through policies, laws and bureaucracies, from religious and cultural hegemonies, from poverty and a related lack of education and access to information, and from conflicts, rivalry and wars. These threats have their origins in three main interrelated causal or determining factors, namely the Certainty–Uncertainty Dilemma, Ethno-Luminary Thought and Narcissism, which together form a pyramid beneath which freedom of expression in Ethiopia has been trapped. This pyramid is identified in the study as the Social Pyramid, or the Pyramid of Repression Instruments, and it in turn gives rise to an overall web of suppression, that is, the Pyramid Trap of Repression. The study concludes that the repression of freedom of expression in Ethiopia is likely to remain intact, insofar as the threats to freedom of expression and the factors giving rise to those threats persist. While limited gains concerning the right to freedom of expression are achieved periodically, these are routinely undone and rolled back, since the Pyramid Trap of Repression is not dismantled.In hierdie historiese studie word die holistiese dinamika van Etiopië ontleed, met inagneming van politieke, sosiale, ekonomiese, kulturele, religieuse, en media-ontwikkelingsaspekte. Daar word op die drie mees onlangse regerings (1930–2014) gefokus, ten opsigte van vrye meningsuiting. Die ontleding dui daarop dat die feodalisties-imperialistiese stelsel duidelik die uitbreiding van eeue-oue imperialistiese hegemonie was wat religieuse, kulturele en patriotiese hegemonie gebruik het om vrye meningsuiting te onderdruk. Gedurende die sosialisties-militêre regime was elke sfeer van die samelewing, insluitende dade van uitdrukking, georiënteer tot die revolusie en sosialisties-politieke ideologie. Tydens die huidige, etnies gebaseerde sogenaamde revolusionêr-demokratiese regime, is vrye meningsuiting onderdruk deur wetgewing, regering- en partystrukture, komplekse bewaking, en sosiale netwerke. Hoewel die instrumente van onderdrukking relatief gesproke verskil het van regering tot regering, het die mate van onderdrukking oor ʼn aantal eeue heen soortgelyk gebly. Bedreigings vir vrye meningsuiting is afkomstig van heersers of regerings (en in sulke gevalle word hulle beveilig deur beleide, wette en burokrasieë), van religieuse en kulturele hegemonieë, van armoede en ʼn verwante gebrek aan opvoeding en toegang tot inligting, en van konflikte, mededinging en oorloë. Hierdie bedreigings het ontstaan vanweë drie vernaamste kousale of bepalende faktore wat onderling verwant is, naamlik die sekerheid-onsekerheid-dilemma, etno-voorligter-denke en narsisme, wat gesamentlik ʼn piramide vorm waaronder vrye meningsuiting in Etiopië vasgevang is. Hierdie piramide word in die studie as die sosiale piramide, of die piramide van onderdrukkingsinstrumente, geïdentifiseer, en dit lei op sy beurt tot ʼn algehele web van onderdrukking – die piramidelokval van onderdrukking. Die gevolgtrekking van die studie is dat die onderdrukking van vrye meningsuiting in Etiopië waarskynlik onaangeroer gaan bly, so lank as wat die bedreigings vir vrye meningsuiting en die faktore wat tot daardie bedreigings aanleiding gee, onveranderd bly. Hoewel beperkte suksesse van tyd tot tyd behaal word rakende die reg tot vrye meningsuiting, word sulke prestasies dikwels ongedaan gemaak, omdat die piramidelokval van onderdrukking nie afgebreek word nie.
Communication Science
D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)
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Mantler, Gordon K. "Black, Brown, and Poor: Martin Luther King Jr., the Poor People's Campaign, and Its Legacies." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/587.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Envisioned by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1967, the Poor People's Campaign (PPC) represented a bold attempt to revitalize the black freedom struggle as a movement explicitly based on class, not race. Incorporating African Americans, ethnic Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, American Indians, and poor whites, the PPC sought a broad coalition to travel to Washington, D.C., and pressure the government to fulfill the promise of the War on Poverty. Because of King's death and the campaign's subsequent premature end amid rain-driven, ankle-deep mud and just a few, isolated policy achievements, observers then and scholars since have dismissed the campaign as not only a colossal failure, but also the death knell of the modern freedom struggle.
Using a wide range of sources - from little-used archives and Federal Bureau of Investigation files to periodicals and oral histories - this project recovers the broader significance of the campaign. Rejecting the paradigm of success and failure and placing the PPC in the broader context of the era's other social movements, my analysis opens the door to the larger complexity of this pivotal moment of the 1960s. By highlighting the often daunting obstacles to building an alliance of the poor, particularly among blacks and ethnic Mexicans, this study prompts new questions. How do poor people emancipate themselves? And why do we as scholars routinely expect poor people to have solidarity across racial and ethnic lines? In fact, the campaign did spark a tentative but serious conversation on how to organize effectively across these barriers. But the PPC also assisted other burgeoning social movements, such as the Chicano movement, find their own voices on the national scene, build activist networks, and deepen the sophistication of their own power analyses, especially after returning home. Not only does this project challenge the continued dominance of a black-white racial framework in historical scholarship, it also undermines the civil rights master narrative by exploring activism after 1968. In addition, it recognizes the often-competing, ethnic-driven social constructions of poverty, and situates this discussion at the intersection of the local and the national.Dissertation
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Sawimbo, Zenaida Beatriz Kanjala. "O microcrédito como instrumento para a erradicação da pobreza e exclusão social." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/6778.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientação: Carlos Eduardo Capelo Ramos do RosárioO presente trabalho, que tem como tema O Microcrédito como Instrumento para a Erradicação da Pobreza e Exclusão Social, procura compreender a problemática da pobreza e exclusão social, analisar a funcionalidade, os efeitos económicos e sociais do instrumento financeiro “microcrédito”. A investigação é orientada para o tratamento da seguinte questão: Será que o microcrédito contribui para erradicar a pobreza e a exclusão social? Como resposta à questão de investigação, aplicamos uma metodologia de propósito descritivo e exploratório, baseada no estudo de caso, cujo campo de investigação incidiu sobre uma instituição de microcrédito e respetivos clientes. Os resultados obtidos sugerem as seguintes conclusões: o microcrédito pode ser utilizado como instrumento para o combate à exclusão social numa determinada região em estudo, pois grande parte dos clientes financiados pela instituição estudada estão satisfeitos com a oportunidade de terem tido acesso a empréstimos, dos quais resultaram mudanças favoráveis nas suas condições de vida.
This work, whose theme is The Microcredit as a Vehicle for Eradication of Poverty and Social Exclusion, seeks to understand the problems of poverty and social exclusion, analyze the functionality, economic and social effects of the financial instrument "microcredit". The research is oriented to the treatment of the following question: Is the microcredit helps to eradicate poverty and social exclusion? In response to research question, we applied the exploratory and descriptive purpose methodology based on case studies, a field of research focused on a microfinance institution and its clients. The results suggest the following conclusions: the microcredit can be used as a tool to combat social exclusion in a given region under study, since most of the customers questioned are satisfied with the opportunity to have had access to loans, which resulted in changes favorable in their living conditions.
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Magassela, Alberto Mateus Manja. "Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação para o desenvolvimento ICT4D." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/8981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientação: David José Ribeiro LamasAs Tecnologias de Informação e comunicação (TIC's), do inglês Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), tem merecido muita investigação e estudos, pela convicção de que estas podem constituir uma arma poderosa no combate à pobreza e promoção do desenvolvimento, quando combinadas com recursos naturais e humanos, transformando-se em Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação para o Desenvolvimento, também do inglês Information and Communication Technologies For Development (ICT4D). A distintinção entre elas reside fundamentalmente no enquadramento da sua aplicação. As TIC's em geral são formadas pelo conjunto das tecnologias de informação e comunicação em si, enquanto as ICT4D são o mesmo conjunto de tecnologias quando aplicadas em projetos de melhoria das condições de vida das comunidades e promoção do desenvolvimento. Políticas adequadas e favoráveis à aplicação deste tipo de projetos são muito úteis, e podem até viabilizar os projetos pela redução dos custos da sua aplicação. Parcerias inteligentes, multidisciplinares e multissectoriais ajudam a compreender melhor os pontos estratégicos para a abordagem do problema, para além de contribuírem também para a viabilização financeira dos projetos. O enfoque na procura de lucros sem consciência da responsabilidade social das empresas pode levar a uma prática ilusória de projetos de ICT4D. Investimentos em infraestruturas são altamente aconselháveis para apoiarem um maior alcance dos projetos e maior alargamento da sua utilização. Os objetivos do milénio são um bom ponto de partida na definição de projetos de ICT4D, no entanto as dificuldades específicas das comunidades são de elevada prioridade. O envolvimento dos destinatários do projeto, desde o início deste e em todo o seu círculo de vida é muito aconselhável. Este trabalho pretende abordar o uso das TIC's em projetos de desenvolvimento comunitário, melhoria das condições de vida dos mais desfavorecidos e promoção do desenvolvimento. Esta abordagem pretende compreender o estado do uso das ICT4D em Moçambique.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been well-deserved for research and studies in the belief that they can be a powerful weapon in combating poverty and promoting development, When combined with natural and human resources, and transformed into Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D). The distinction between ICTs and ICT4D lies fundamentally in the framework of their application. ICTs in general are formed by all the information and communication technologies themselves, while ICT4D are the same set of technologies when applied in the context of improving living conditions and promoting development. Appropriate and favorable policies for the implementation of this type of project are very useful, and may even make projects feasible by reducing the costs of their implementation. Intelligent, multidisciplinary and multisectoral partnerships help to better understand the strategic points for tackling the problem, as well as contributing to the nancial viability of projects. Focusing on pro t-seeking without corporate social responsibility awareness can lead to an illusory practice of ICT4D projects. Infrastructure investments are highly advisable to support greater project reach and wider use. The millennium objectives are a good starting point in de ning ICT4D projects, however the speci c di culties of communities are of high priority. The involvement of project recipients, from the beginning of the project and in all stages of its implementation, is very advisable. This work intends to address the use of ICTs in community development projects, improving the living conditions of the most disadvantaged and promoting development. This approach aims to understand the state of ICT4D use in Mozambique.