Статті в журналах: "Poverty in Australia"

1

Walsh, Tamara. "Poverty in Australia." Alternative Law Journal 32, no. 2 (June 2007): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0703200210.

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2

Rodgers, J. R., and J. L. Rodgers. "Poverty Intensity in Australia." Australian Economic Review 33, no. 3 (September 2000): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00151.

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3

Laugharne, Jonathan. "Poverty and mental health in Aboriginal Australia." Psychiatric Bulletin 23, no. 6 (June 1999): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.23.6.364.

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When the Australian Governor General, Sir William Deane, referred in a speech in 1996 to the “appalling problems relating to Aboriginal health” he was not exaggerating. The Australia Bureau of Statistics report on The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (McLennan & Madden, 1997) outlines the following statistics. The life expectancy for Aboriginal Australians is 15 to 20 years lower than for non-Aboriginal Australians, and is lower than for most countries of the world with the exception of central Africa and India. Aboriginal babies are two to three times more likely to be of lower birth weight and two to four times more likely to die at birth than non-Aboriginal babies. Hospitalisation rates are two to three times higher for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal Australians. Death rates from infectious diseases are 15 times higher among Aboriginal Australians than non-Aboriginal Australians. Rates for heart disease, diabetes, injury and respiratory diseases are also all higher among Aboriginals – and so the list goes on. It is fair to say that Aboriginal people have higher rates for almost every type of illness for which statistics are currently recorded.

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4

Vemuri, Sivaram, and Julian Tyacke Gorman. "Poverty Alleviation in Indigenous Australia." International Journal of Sustainability in Economic, Social, and Cultural Context 8, no. 2 (2013): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2325-1115/cgp/v08i02/55175.

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5

Frier, Amanda, and Sue Devine. "Poverty and inequality in Australia." Australian Journal of Rural Health 28, no. 1 (February 2020): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12571.

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6

Bradbury, Bruce, Chris Rossiter, and Joan Vipond. "Housing and Poverty in Australia." Urban Studies 24, no. 2 (April 1987): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713703869.

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7

McClelland, Alison. "Poverty in Australia - Beyond Rhetoric." Australian Social Work 57, no. 2 (June 2004): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0312-407x.2004.00140.x.

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8

Hollingworth, Peter. "Declaring War on Family Poverty." Children Australia 10, no. 4 (1986): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000016647.

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The great challenge in the mid 1980's is to find ways to insulate children from the lingering political and economic malaise which has overtaken many families in Australia.Family poverty, as many of you will know, has overtaken the poverty of the aged with which Australian society and welfare organisations were so familiar until the 1970's.Nevertheless it came as a shock to me to see in black and white from the Social Security Department the figures which showed that the number of children living in poor families had quadrupled between 1973 and 1983 to the point where nearly one in five children in Australia is being raised in poverty.

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9

SAUNDERS, PETER, and LAURA ADELMAN. "Income Poverty, Deprivation and Exclusion: A Comparative Study of Australia and Britain." Journal of Social Policy 35, no. 4 (September 4, 2006): 559–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279406000080.

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Poverty research has a long history in both Australia and Britain, but its influence on policy remains subject to political priorities and ideology. This can partly be explained by the limitations of defining poverty as low income and measuring it using an income poverty line. This article examines two national data sets that allow the income poverty profile to be compared with, and enriched by, the incidence of deprivation and social exclusion, measured using data that directly reflect experience. Although a degree of care must be applied when interpreting these new indicators within and between countries, a validated poverty measure is developed that reflects both low income and the experience of deprivation and exclusion. When results for the two countries are compared, they reveal stark differences between the alternative indicators. Britain has the higher income poverty rate and, although the incidence of both deprivation and exclusion are higher in Australia, Britain still has more validated poverty. The distributional profiles of deprivation and exclusion are shown to be very different in the two countries. These differences are explained by the very low incomes of low-income households in Britain, relative to other British households and relative to their Australian counterparts. Despite these differences, the results indicate that the same three groups face the greatest risk in both countries: lone parents, single working-age people and large (couple) families.

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10

Courtenay Botterill, Linda. "Responding to Farm Poverty in Australia." Australian Journal of Political Science 42, no. 1 (March 2007): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10361140601158534.

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11

McDonald-Norman, Douglas. "Law and poverty in Australia: 40 years after the poverty commission." Australian Journal of Human Rights 23, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238x.2017.1404006.

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12

Juita, Dewi Nawar Sri, and Baiq L. S. W. Wardhani. "Bantuan Australia kepada Kiribati melalui Program Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI)." Insignia: Journal of International Relations 8, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2021.8.1.3486.

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Kiribati merupakan salah satu negara yang terletak di Kepulauan Pasifik yang rentan dengan banjir karena kenaikan permukaan air laut dan diperkirakan akan tenggelam pada tahun 2050. Selain itu, Kiribati juga dihadapkan oleh permasalahan domestik, seperti pengangguran dan kemiskinan. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, pemerintah Kiribati berupaya untuk membentuk kebijakan yang dikenal dengan “migration with dignity” dengan meningkatkan program pendidikan dan keterampilan. Untuk mendukung kebijakan tersebut, pemerintah Australia sebagai negara tetangga Kiribati, memberikan bantuan berupa beasiswa kepada masyarakat Kiribati dalam bentuk program beasiswa pendidikan geratis di bidang keperawatan dan memberikan kesempatan bagi masyarakat Kiribati yang telah lulus program tersebut untuk bekerja langsung di Australia. Bantuan beasiswa ini dikenal dengan Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI). Penelitian ini menjawab pertanyaan faktor-faktor yang menjadi motif Australia dalam membantu Kiribati. Penelitian ini berupa studi kepustakaan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, mengumpulkan data dari buku, internet, dan artikel ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KANI merupakan program beasiswa yang tidak saja menguntungkan Kiribati sebagai negara penerima, tetapi juga menguntungkan Australia sebagai negara pemberi bantuan luar negeri. Self-interest Australia yang dominan dalam program KANI adalah kebutuhannya pada kekurangan tenaga kerja pada sektor kesehatan akibat terbatasnya sumber daya manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, sekaligus untuk memenuhi tugas regional Australia sebagai ‘big brother’ di Pasifik. Kata kunci: Australia, bantuan luar negeri, KANI, Kiribati Kiribati is a nation in the Pacific Island that is exposed to flooding due to rising sea levels and is expected to sink by 2050. In addition, Kiribati is also faced domestic problems such as unemployment and poverty. To solve the problems, Kiribati government seeks to establish a policy known as "migration with dignity" by improving education and skills programs. To support this policy, Australian government as a neighboring country of Kiribati, provides scholarship assistance to the Kiribati community in the form of free education scholarship programs in the field of nursing and provides opportunities for kiribati citizen who have passed the program to work directly in Australia. This scholarship assistance is known as Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI). This study answers the question of Australia's motive in helping Kiribati. This research is in the form of literature studies using qualitative methods, collecting data from books, the internet, journals and scientific articles. The result showed that KANI is a scholarship program that not only benefits Kiribati as a receiving country, but also benefits Australa as a foreign aid provider. Australia's dominant self-interest in KANI program is its need for workforce shortages in the health sector due to limited human resources in meeting those needs, as well as to fulfill Australia's regional duty as a 'big brother' in the Pacific. Keywords: Australia, foreign aid, KANI, Kiribati

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13

Saunders, Peter. "Housing costs, poverty and inequality in Australia." Housing Studies 32, no. 6 (September 7, 2016): 742–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2016.1229757.

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14

PAUL, SATYA, and NRIPESH PODDER. "MEASURING THE RISK OF POVERTY IN AUSTRALIA." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 11, no. 3 (September 1992): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1992.tb00045.x.

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15

Binns, Colin, Peter Howat, James A. Smith, and Jonine Jancey. "Children, poverty and health promotion in Australia." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 27, no. 3 (December 2016): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hev27n3_ed1.

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16

Thomas, Emma, Craig McGarty, and Kenneth Mavor. "Social psychology of Making Poverty History: Motivating anti-poverty action in Australia." Australian Psychologist 45, no. 1 (March 2010): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050060903447095.

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17

Saunders, Peter, and George Matheson. "An Ever-Rising Tide? Poverty in Australia in the Eighties." Economic and Labour Relations Review 2, no. 2 (December 1991): 143–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469100200208.

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As in many other countries, the eighties have seen the re-emergence of poverty as a political issue in Australia. Rising unemployment and the increased incidence of sole parenthood have put more children at risk of poverty, a development which has prompted increased policy concern. This paper presents estimates of the incidence and structure of poverty in Australia in 1981–82, 1985–86 and 1989–90, using the poverty standard developed by the Poverty Commission in the seventies. The estimates for 1989–90 are based on data generated from the 1986 Income Distribution Survey by a microsimulation model that allows for trends in demographic change, labour market participation and income during the second half of the eighties. The results indicate that the overall poverty rate has increased from 9.2 per cent in 1981–82 to 12.8 per cent in 1989–90. This is despite the fact that the incomes of many low income groups have increased in real terms, in many cases substantially. The reason for this apparent paradox is that the poverty standard is a relative one, and has thus itself been increased in line with average community incomes. One of the conclusions of the paper is that it may be necessary to reconsider the use of a relative poverty standard when assessing short-run trends in the extent of poverty.

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18

Dussel, Veronica, Kira Bona, John A. Heath, Joanne M. Hilden, Jane C. Weeks, and Joanne Wolfe. "Unmeasured Costs of a Child's Death: Perceived Financial Burden, Work Disruptions, and Economic Coping Strategies Used by American and Australian Families Who Lost Children to Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 8 (March 10, 2011): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.8960.

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Purpose Financial concerns represent a major stressor for families of children with cancer but remain poorly understood among those with terminally ill children. We describe the financial hardship, work disruptions, income loss, and coping strategies of families who lost children to cancer. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional survey of 141 American and 89 Australian bereaved parents whose children died between 1990 and 1999 and 1996 to 2004, respectively, at three tertiary-care pediatric hospitals (two American, one Australian). Response rate: 63%. Results Thirty-four (24%) of 141 families from US centers and 34 (39%) of 88 families from the Australian center reported a great deal of financial hardship resulting from their children's illness. Work disruptions were substantial (84% in the United States, 88% in Australia). Australian families were more likely to report quitting a job (49% in Australia v 35% in the United States; P = .037). Sixty percent of families lost more than 10% of their annual income as a result of work disruptions. Australians were more likely to lose more than 40% of their income (34% in Australia v 19% in the United States; P = .035). Poor families experienced the greatest income loss. After accounting for income loss, 16% of American and 22% of Australian families dropped below the poverty line. Financial hardship was associated with poverty and income loss in all centers. Fundraising was the most common financial coping strategy (52% in the United States v 33% in Australia), followed by reduced spending. Conclusion In these US and Australian centers, significant household-level financial effects of a child's death as a result of cancer were observed, especially for poor families. Interventions aimed at reducing the effects of income loss may ease financial distress.

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19

Walter, Maggie. "An Economy of Poverty." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v2i1.32.

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In this essay I argue that the domain of Aboriginality is constituted by non Aboriginal/Aboriginal relations of power whereby the State operates as a proxy for these relations. The domain of Aboriginality is multifaceted, with intersecting and intertwined layers which work in tandem to contribute to the maintenance of Aboriginal poverty in Australia.

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20

Gustafsson, Björn, and Mats Lindblom. "Poverty Lines and Poverty in Seven European Countries, Australia, Canada and the Usa." Journal of European Social Policy 3, no. 1 (February 1993): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892879300300102.

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21

Robson, Peter. "Book Review: Law and Poverty in Australia: 40 Years After the Poverty Commission." Social & Legal Studies 27, no. 4 (May 13, 2018): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663918773797.

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22

Christopher, Karen, Paula England, Timothy M. Smeeding, and Katherin Ross Phillips. "The Gender Gap in Poverty in Modern Nations: Single Motherhood, the Market, and the State." Sociological Perspectives 45, no. 3 (September 2002): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2002.45.3.219.

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In this article we examine gender gaps in poverty in the United States and seven other Western nations, asking how single motherhood, market earnings, and welfare states affect gender inequality in poverty. Our analyses speak to the theoretical literature emphasizing the gendered logic and effects of welfare states and labor markets. We find that single-mother families have higher poverty rates than other families in all nations except Sweden, though the degree of their poverty varies. Regarding welfare states, we find that the tax and transfer systems in Sweden and the Netherlands most effectively reduce gender inequality in poverty. Gender inequality in market earnings is worst in the Netherlands and Australia, though among full-time workers, Australia has the lowest gender gap. We conclude by discussing the policy issues raised by our findings.

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23

Fry, Jane M., Lisa Farrell, and Jeromey B. Temple. "Energy poverty and retirement income sources in Australia." Energy Economics 106 (February 2022): 105793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105793.

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24

King, Anthony. "Poverty Measurement in Australia: Towards a New Consensus." Australian Quarterly 63, no. 3 (1991): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635634.

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25

Fuller, Don, Julia Caldicott, Grant Cairncross, and Simon Wilde. "Poverty, Indigenous Culture and Ecotourism in Remote Australia." Development 50, no. 2 (May 21, 2007): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100368.

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26

McDonald, Catherine. "Poverty in Australia and the Social Work Response." Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 23, no. 1 (March 2013): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2012.760233.

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27

Martinez, Arturo, and Francisco Perales. "The Dynamics of Multidimensional Poverty in Contemporary Australia." Social Indicators Research 130, no. 2 (November 21, 2015): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1185-1.

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28

Booth, Sue, and Jillian Whelan. "Hungry for change: the food banking industry in Australia." British Food Journal 116, no. 9 (August 26, 2014): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2014-0037.

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Purpose – Over the last 20 years, food banks in Australia have expanded nationwide and are a well-organised “industry” operating as a third tier of the emergency food relief system. The purpose of this paper is to overview the expansion and operation of food banks as an additional self-perpetuating “tier” in the response to hunger. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on secondary data sourced from the internet; as well as information provided by Foodbank Australia and Food Bank South Australia (known as Food Bank SA) to outline the history, development and operation of food banks. Food banking is then critically analysed by examining the nature and framing of the social problems and policies that food banking seeks to address. This critique challenges the dominant intellectual paradigm that focuses on solving problems; rather it questions how problem representation may imply certain understandings. Findings – The issue of food banks is framed as one of food re-distribution and feeding hungry people; however, the paper argue that “the problem” underpinning the food bank industry is one of maintaining food system efficiency. Food banks continue as a neo-liberal mechanism to deflect query, debate and structural action on food poverty and hunger. Consequently their existence does little to ameliorate the problem of food poverty. Practical implications – New approaches and partnerships with stakeholders remain key challenges for food banks to work more effectively to address food poverty. Social implications – While the food bank industry remains the dominant solution to food poverty in Australia, debate will be deflected from the underlying structural causes of hunger. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the limited academic literature and minimal critique of the food bank industry in Australia. It proposes that the rapid expansion of food banks is a salient marker of government and policy failure to address food poverty.

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29

Callander, Emily J., Deborah J. Schofield, and Rupendra N. Shrestha. "Towards a holistic understanding of poverty: A new multidimensional measure of poverty for Australia." Health Sociology Review 21, no. 2 (January 2012): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/hesr.2012.21.2.141.

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30

Saunders, Peter. "Monitoring and addressing global poverty: A new approach and implications for Australia." Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618756208.

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Tony Atkinson’s death at the beginning of 2017 deprived economics of one of its leading contributors to research on public economics, inequality, poverty and the welfare state. This article focuses on his last official role, as Chair of the World Bank Commission on Global Poverty. The report of the Commission – already referred to as the Atkinson Commission – proposes a new approach to measuring and monitoring the global poverty reduction targets established as part of the Sustainable Development Goals agreed by the United Nations in 2015. Atkinson developed the framework and provided the academic impetus to the work of the Commission and wrote much of its report, assisted by comments provided by an Advisory Board of eminent experts in the field and a smaller working group of selected members. The article describes some of the main features of the report’s 21 recommendations, focusing on the measurement of poverty in both monetary and non-monetary dimensions and its attempt to draw together national and global efforts to measure and reduce poverty in all its forms. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of the new approach for Australia, which like many other developed countries has so far failed to engage actively with the debate over addressing extreme global poverty. JEL Codes: D63, I32

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31

Lehmann, Jennifer, and Rachael Sanders. "Editorial: Towards a Universal Basic Income?" Children Australia 43, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.44.

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In the last issue of Children Australia, we discussed the concerning impacts of failing social security systems on families with children and young people in their care. The continual reports of difficulties accessing income supports are contributing to poverty in Australia and elsewhere in spite of extreme poverty having decreased on a global basis (Roser & Ortiz-Ospina, 2018). In addition, there is ample anecdotal evidence of the frustrations and difficulties experienced when trying to access income support.

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32

Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa, and Russell Smyth. "Energy poverty and health: Panel data evidence from Australia." Energy Economics 97 (May 2021): 105219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105219.

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33

RODGERS, JOAN R., and JOHN L. RODGERS. "Contributions of Longitudinal Data to Poverty Measurement in Australia." Economic Record 85 (September 2009): S35—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2009.00587.x.

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34

RODGERS, JOAN R. "Chronic and Temporary Poverty in Australia: Targeting Public Transfers*." Economic Record 86 (August 15, 2010): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2010.00655.x.

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35

Cass, Bettina. "The changing face of poverty in Australia: 1972–1982." Australian Feminist Studies 1, no. 1 (December 1985): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08164649.1985.10382906.

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36

Eardley, Tony. "Working but Poor? Low Pay and Poverty in Australia." Economic and Labour Relations Review 11, no. 2 (December 2000): 308–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460001100210.

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37

Cashel, M., and P. A. McGavin. "Removing Poverty Traps: Taxation and Welfare Reform in Australia." Economic and Labour Relations Review 3, no. 2 (December 1992): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469200300205.

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This article uses data on the interactions of income taxation and state welfare transfers on effective marginal tax rates (EMTRs) in Australia to argue policy reforms for removing poverty traps created by high EMTRs. This highlights the need for state welfare and income taxation reforms to target those elements of income taxation and social welfare interaction that are most significant for high EMTRs and for high EMTRs extending across wide incomes ranges. Proposed welfare changes involve simultaneous reductions in base-level state welfare transfer payments, along with eligibility for supplementary transfer payments for able persons that are proportional to market labour activity. Proposed taxation changes include removal of distinctions between taxable and tax-exempt state welfare transfers and a gradually-progressive revised taxation scale.

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38

Johnson, David. "The Calculation and Use of Poverty Lines in Australia." Australian Economic Review 20, no. 4 (June 1987): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1987.tb00677.x.

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39

Kakwani, Nanak. "ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY AND INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMMES IN AUSTRALIA." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 5, no. 1-2 (February 2000): 14–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860008540780.

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40

Kakwani, Nanak. "ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY AND INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMMES IN AUSTRALIA." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 14–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135478600360359.

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41

McClinton, John, and Manohar Pawar. "A feasibility study for poverty alleviation in rural Australia." Rural Society 7, no. 3-4 (December 1997): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.7.3-4.37.

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42

Saunders, Peter, and Judith E. Brown. "Child Poverty, Deprivation and Well-Being: Evidence for Australia." Child Indicators Research 13, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09643-5.

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43

L., Cecil A. "Conversations with Australian Indigenous Females Revealing Their Motives When Establishing a Sustainable Small Business." Information Management and Business Review 4, no. 6 (June 15, 2012): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v4i6.984.

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The Australian government has expressed commitment for Aboriginal entrepreneurship contending it is a pathway for ameliorating poverty, improving economic self-reliance, and building life quality. Yet a restrained geographic and sector spread of Australian Indigenous small business suggests there may be other important motives for starting an enterprise. This paper narrates responses from conversations with Aboriginal women ata remote settlement in the Northern Territory of Australia to reveal they were driven not by desires to acquire wealth, improve their educational opportunities or to escape poverty, but by practical aspirations of operating a local store selling household commodities used in daily living, a coffee shop meeting place, and to meaningfully change their existing community roles enabling them to â€˜get off welfareâ€™. Documenting the experiences and expectations of these Indigenous women exposes how Aboriginal culture, family, and community socialising networks can contribute to fostering female entrepreneurship.

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44

Busilacchi, Sara, James Butler, Ingrid Van Putten, Yiheyis Maru, and Joseph Posu. "Asymmetrical Development across Transboundary Regions: The Case of the Torres Strait Treaty Region (Australia and Papua New Guinea)." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 4200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114200.

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While there is much theoretical study of the evolution of border disparities, there is little empirical analysis of development asymmetries across border regions, and their causes or solutions. Often disparities among countries hinder the ability of transboundary agreements and other development initiatives to generate sustainable development. This study quantifies development progress amongst communities in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) covered by the Torres Strait Treaty, 26 years after its inception. Using regional census data from 2011 we found contrasting patterns of human development, with markedly poorer education levels in PNG. This asymmetry was confirmed by a Human Development Index of 0.735 for the Torres Strait and 0.270 for the neighbouring province in PNG. From a survey of 1089 PNG households in 2012–2013 we calculated that 63% of people in the villages were multidimensional poor, and 28% were ‘vulnerable to poverty’. Poverty was positively correlated with poor health, which has implications for the control of tuberculosis in the region. While Treaty provisions may have reduced poverty amongst some PNG villages closest to Australian communities, development initiatives by Ok Tedi mine in compensation for its environmental impacts have not. Our study highlights the causes of the sustainable development gap between PNG and Australian communities, and the necessity for transboundary agreements and institutions to have the capacity to adapt to their unintended consequences and rapid global change.

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Biskup, Peter. "State Libraries in Australia." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 6, no. 2 (August 1994): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909400600204.

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Australia is a federation of six states, two self-governing territories and a number of external territories. The state libraries were modelled on the British Museum Library and saw themselves as ‘national’ institutions, with a mandate to collect ‘books of all languages and descriptions’. Until the 1950s they remained the backbone of the Australian library system. By 1962, with the expansion of university education, the holdings of the university libraries for the first time equalled the combined resources of the state libraries and the National Library of Australia (NLA). The other development that transformed the post-war library scene was the emergence of the NLA itself from the relative obscurity of the pre-war years. The rivalry that grew up between the state libraries and the NLA was eventually put to rest by a number of factors, including the creation of the Australian Bibliographic Network and the resulting National Bibliographic Database, which made all types of library more interdependent; also the enforced sharing of the new poverty of the 1980s and the early 1990s. However, the state libraries themselves are now better housed, leaner and more efficiently run than they were even a decade ago. The 5.2 million volumes they hold account for almost 13% of the nation's bibliographic resources.

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Ali, Saleem H., Kamila Svobodova, Jo-Anne Everingham, and Mehmet Altingoz. "Climate Policy Paralysis in Australia: Energy Security, Energy Poverty and Jobs." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 4894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184894.

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According to the 2020 Climate Change Performance Index, Australia was ranked as the worst-performing country on climate change policy. The country has an ambivalent record of climate policy development as well as implementation, and has been criticized for its inaction. This paper considers why the country has been locked in climate policy “paralysis” through analyzing defining attributes of such a paralysis, and the tentative connections between domestic energy policies and international trade and development. We conducted a media content analysis of 222 articles and identified media narratives in three cases of energy projects in the country involving thermal coal exports, domestic renewable energy storage, and closure of a domestic coal power station. The analysis reveals that policy paralysis in Australian climate change policy can be traced back to the countervailing arguments that have been pervasive around domestic energy security, rural employment and international energy poverty. The political establishment has struggled to develop a sustainable consensus on climate change and the citizenry remains polarized. We also discuss how a “focusing event,” such as a major natural disaster can break the impasse but this is only possible if energy security at home, energy poverty abroad and employment imperatives across the board are clearly delineated, measured and prioritized.

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Sullivan, David. "The poverty of Australian defence and security studies: The ‘secure Australia project’ and its critics." Australian Journal of Political Science 30, no. 1 (March 1995): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00323269508402329.

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Sharam, Andrea, and Kath Hulse. "Understanding the Nexus between Poverty and Homelessness: Relational Poverty Analysis of Families Experiencing Homelessness in Australia." Housing, Theory and Society 31, no. 3 (February 7, 2014): 294–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2014.882405.

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Marcuse, Edgar K. "POOR CHILDREN IN RICH COUNTRIES." Pediatrics 83, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): A46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.6.a46.

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The industrial countries in the world have a higher standard of living than at any time in history, but within the wealthy countries, there are still a number of children who live in poverty. The United States, which is the wealthiest country of six studied (Australia, Canada, Sweden, United States, United Kingdom, West Germany), had the highest poverty rate among children and the second highest poverty rate among families with children. From 1970 to 1987, the poverty rate for children in the United States increased from 15 to 20%. . . Child poverty rates vary enormously by the structure of the child's family. In every country [of the six studied], child poverty rates are at least twice as high, and usually much higher, in single-parent families than in two-parent families. . . . Perhaps the most striking figures are those that show the percentage of all children and of all poor children who are living in families with incomes below the 75% of the US poverty line. Here we find that US poor children are the worst off of children in any country [of the six studied] including Australia, with almost 10% existing at an income level at least 25% below the official US poverty standard. . . .In the United States, black families with children are particularly economically disadvantaged relative to white (non-black and non-Hispanic) families. The poverty rates among black children are three times as high as the rates of white children. Poverty rates of Hispanic children in the United States are double those of white children as well, But the poverty rate of US white children is still 11.4%. . .higher than the poverty rate of all children in [the] other [five] countries except Australia. . . Heterogeneity does matter; poverty rates are different for different populations and US poverty rates are high, due in part to its social and ethnic diversity. But this diversity does not matter enough to explain fully the high poverty of US children in general or even white children in particular. . . . One of the reasons why many children in the United States are poor is that 27% of all poor families with children and 23% of single-parent families receive no public income support. . . . In every other country, at least 99% of both types of families that were defined as poor by the Us poverty line definition receive some type of income support. . . . All the countries, except the United States, have child allowances that reach at least 80% of poor children. . . . Another reason why the United States does less well . . . is because the poverty gap is larger in the United States. . . . The larger the poverty gap, the more income is needed to remove a family from poverty. And the United States, which has the biggest gap for these families, provides the least income support per family. . . . Every country's welfare and other tax transfer programs reflect their own cultural and social philosophies. . . . Any change in the tax and transfer policies must be done within the national context of the country's social philosophy. But international comparisons of the poverty of today's children raise long-term questions. To the extent that poverty of children is related to poverty as adults, the quality of our future work force may be affected by the present poverty of our children. And the poverty of our children today may affect our long-term competitiveness with other wealthy countries who tolerate much less child poverty than does the United States.

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Ainsworth, Frank. "Tracing the connections between family poverty and problem behaviour in early childhood and adolescence: Some research evidence." Children Australia 22, no. 4 (1997): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200008373.

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This article reviews some recent US research into the impact of family poverty on child development. These studies report on the link between family poverty and children's early cognitive development. They also report on the impact of family and neighbourhood poverty on family structure, family process and problem behaviour in adolescence. This is important research as it goes some way toward unraveling the connection between individual behaviour and social conditions. Knowledge of this research is important for those advocating for measures to combat family poverty in Australia as it quantifies the issue and offers new ways to caste the argument for intervention.

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