Дисертації з теми "Poverty in Australia"
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1
Johnston, Philippa. "The politics of poverty in Australia /." Title page and contents only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arj73.pdf.
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2
Trigger, David Scott, and n/a. "Does the way we measure poverty matter? : an analysis of alternative poverty measures with particular reference to changes in the level of poverty in Australia between 1975 and 1994." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.153010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There has been considerable controversy and debate over recent years about the most
appropriate method of measuring poverty. This debate has included, among other issues,
the questions of absolute versus relative poverty, the merits of money income as a
measure of the standard of living and the associated selection of poverty lines and
equivalence scales, and the selection of alternative indices of poverty. A review of the
literature indicates that the choice of differing approaches to poverty measurement can
lead to differing estimates of poverty. In the face of such results an evaluation of the
impact upon poverty estimates of alternative measurement methodology is appropriate.
This thesis assesses the impact upon the estimated level of poverty of variations in some
of the key poverty measurement parameters. The expenditure data derived from the
1975-76, 1984 and 1993-94 Household Expenditure Surveys have been analysed to
assess the sensitivity of poverty estimates, derived from a range of poverty indices, to
variations in the generosity of the equivalence scales, the level of the poverty line, and
the choice of the indicator of the level of resources used. The sensitivity of each poverty
index to variations in these parameters is assessed at both the aggregated level and for
the specified household types, while those population subgroups particularly susceptible
to poverty are also identified. The poverty distributions derived for each of the survey
years are compared to evaluate the impact upon changes in the level of poverty over
time of variations in the underlying parameters.
The thesis concludes that both poverty estimates at a point in time, and poverty trends
over time are sensitive to variations in the equivalence scales, in the level of the poverty
line, in the selection of the indicator of the level of resources, and in the choice of
poverty index itself. In light of these results, a review of recent Australian poverty
research concludes that insufficient attention has been paid to the sensitivity issues
associated with the measurement of poverty.
3
D'Arcy, Brett. "Faster, better, meaner: understanding poverty and globalisation in contemporary Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/457.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis asks the question: What is the relationship between poverty and globalisation in modern Australia? It is framed by an understanding of globalisation as one of the important and contentious legacies of the twentieth centuries. While an acceleration in the processes of globalisation may be responsible for unprecedented economic growth, at the same time. the divide between the "haves" and "have-nots" of society has widened to such an extent that, in Australia, we now have an underclass of approximately two million people. With poverty resurfacing as a major social issue in an era of comparative prosperity and low unemployment, many critics and theorists are questioning the ethics and practices associated with globalisation. Consisting of exegesis, "Have-Nots," and a novel, Deviations from the Perfect State, this thesis examines the nexus between poverty and globalisation and how the phenomena interact in modern Australia.Central to this research is an understanding of globalisation as a contemporary phase in the neoliberal model of capitalism, the development of which is not necessarily linear or representative of a single condition. Rather, globalisation can be best conceptualised as an interconnected network of concurrent transformation processes operating at many social, political and economic levels. If these processes have definable impacts all around the world, to view globalisation as global consolidation or integration is misleading. Although it is a global phenomenon, by reason of such factors as its complexity, its effects are highly differentiated, and this uneveness has fostered growing inequality between, and within, nation states. While inequality does not necessarily equate to poverty - though it can signal the phenomenon - there is evidence to suggest that, in its current nondemocratic form, globalisation will continue to affect people in different situations in different ways, at an alarming and ever increasing rate.This matter of uneven social outcomes is one of the principal focal points of the thesis, which argues that neoliberal-style globalisation perpetuates and/or generates poverty within Australian communities. The exegesis contends that this is evident via an examination of several related issues: the historical and socio-political circumstances under which poverty and globalisation have evolved; competing definitions of poverty and globalisation; and the debate in Australia colloquially known as the 'poverty wars." Drawing on these and other related issues for its central themes and considerations, the accompanying novel offers a fictional context through which to view the arguments and findings discussed in the research component of the thesis. The mutually informing research methods of the exegesis and the novel are intended to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between poverty and globalisation, and the importance of equality, effective democracy and sustainable development as a means to justice for all Australians.
4
Taylor, Fiona May Social Sciences & International Studies Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "The "safety net" and human capital formation in Australia." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study explores the validity of key assumptions and arguments about the nature, extent, depth, causes, and consequences of poverty that underpinned the statements and policy of the Howard Government during its decade in office. One important assumption appeared to be that an inability to afford the essentials of life plays a relatively unimportant, even negligible role in generating the low levels of human capital and school achievement exhibited by many ??poor?? parents and their children. Drawing on extensive secondary evidence from disciplines as diverse as economics, sociology, neurobiology, epidemiology and developmental psychology, the study demonstrates that these assumptions and arguments do not stand up to close empirical scrutiny. The adequacy of income support payments as a ??safety net?? from poverty, and the validity of various poverty ??lines?? are examined against the costs of obtaining the ??essentials?? that Australians believe no citizen should have to go without. This analysis reveals that the depth and prevalence of poverty in Australia is considerably more serious than has been admitted by the Howard Government and in many academic analyses. Next, the study demonstrates that the rise in so-called ??welfare dependence?? is a product of economic, rather than cultural developments; that income support ??customer?? data contradicts the claim that poverty is mostly a transitory phenomenon; and that ??work first welfare to work policies?? are not a solution to poverty, even during an economic boom. The second half of the thesis explores evidence from a variety of disciplines that suggests that the financial stress and material hardship associated with poverty have direct, indirect and cumulative impacts which commonly include compromised brain function and development and a reduced capacity for physiological and behavioural self-regulation. These consequences undermine physical and mental health, inter-personal relationships, parenting and health behaviours, learning capacities, and the development and maintenance of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities that are valued in the labour market. Contrary to the policy conclusions that flow from mis-characterisation of these consequences as symptoms of the intrinsic deficits of the poor, the multi-disciplinary evidence suggests that the real economic costs of allowing poverty to continue are likely to be higher than the costs of preventing it.
5
Murray, Eamon. "A comparison between the theological approach of the 1992 Australian Catholic bishops' statement on the distribution of wealth in Australia, Common wealth for the common good, and some selected theological types." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1995. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1161.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Bishops of the Australian Catholic Church have been issuing annual statements on political, economic and social issues since 1940. The focus of this thesis, the 1992 Bishops' Statement, Common Wealth for the Common Good, has as its main theme the distribution of wealth in Australia. It is the culmination of a five year process of consultation and drafting by the Bishops' Committee for Justice, Development and Peace (BCJDP), under the direction of its Executive Secretary, Dr Michael Costigan. This thesis attempts to identify the theological approach, or perhaps approaches. of the Bishops' Statement by comparing it to five selected theological types. Tile instrument used to assist in the comparison is comprised of a number of theological and socio-economic disciplines. Each of the types and the Bishops' Statement are analysed according to their use of the disciplines and then the Bishops' Statement is compared to the types to conclude whether it matches any one type in particular. This thesis concludes that the Bishops' Statement does in fact correlate almost exactly with one of the selected theological types.
6
Slagter, Marcelle. "Poverty in perception : a study of the twentieth-century prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32090/1/Marcelle_Slagter_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australia and New Zealand, as English-speaking nations with dominant white populations, present an ethnic anomaly not only in South East Asia, but also in the Southern Hemisphere. Colonised by predominantly workingclass British immigrants from the late eighteenth century, an ethnic and cultural connection grew between these two countries even though their indigenous populations and ecological environments were otherwise very different. Building a new life in Australia and New Zealand, the colonists shared similar historic perceptions of poverty – perceptions from their homelands that they did not want to see replicated in their new adopted countries. Dreams of a better life shaped their aspirations, self-identity and nationalistic outlook. By the twentieth century, national independence and self-government had replaced British colonial rule. The inveterate occurrence of poverty in Australia and New Zealand had created new local perspectives and different perceptions of, and about, poverty. This study analyses what relationship existed between the political directions adopted by the twentieth-century prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand and their perceptions of poverty. Using the existential phenomenological theory and methodology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, the study adds to the body of knowledge about poverty in Australia and New Zealand by revealing the structure and origin of the poverty perceptions of the twentieth-century prime ministers.
7
Noble, Jonathan Philip. "World Vision's partners in participatory development projects : where does the environment fit? /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envn749.pdf.
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Mathew, Athakattu Santhosh. "State incapacity by design : unused grants, poverty and electoral success in Bihar." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7599/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis offers a perspective on why majority-poor democracies might fail to pursue pro-poor policies. In particular, it discusses why in Bihar, the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) party led by Lalu Prasad Yadav, which claimed to represent the poor and under-privileged, did not claim and spend large amounts of centre–state fiscal transfers that could have reduced poverty, provided employment and benefitted core supporters. Despite this failure, the RJD and Yadav enjoyed repeated electoral success between 1990 and 2005, in a context of credible elections and a majority of poor voters. I have called this combination of events the ‘Bihar paradox'. I explore this paradox by: 1. Creating two panel data sets on fiscal transfers in the form of Centrally Sponsored Schemes and State Plan Allocations made from the Government of India to sixteen main states over an eight-year period from 1997-98 to 2004-05. 2. Using the panel data sets to show that, during this period: a) Poor states in India claimed and spent less of the centre–state fiscal transfers available to them than wealthier states b) Relative to other states, the Government of Bihar claimed and spent less fiscal transfers than expected of a state at its level of poverty. 3. Explaining how Yadav's electoral strategy contributed to this under-claiming and under-spending. For Yadav, the political imperative was to marginalize the upper castes and provide selective benefits to key supporters. This led to large numbers of public sector vacancies which eroded state administrative capacity in all but a few ‘pockets of productivity', which in turn led to poor results for general development outcomes. The Bihar story is relevant to areas of research variously labelled as ‘state-building', ‘capacity development' and ‘public sector reform'. It is another warning about how easy it is to foster pessimism by attributing governance problems in poor countries to deeply embedded historical or cultural factors, when they may have more immediate, political and tractable causes.
9
Burgis, Paul Lindsay Education Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "The role of secondary schools in the development of student knowledge about poverty in Australia, The Philippines and Zimbabwe." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Education, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25483.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examined student knowledge about the nature, scope, causes and responses to poverty, student perceptions of the emphasis in the school curricula on poverty and development, student attitudes to poverty and the factors that influence such knowledge and attitudes. Knowledge and attitudes at the end of primary school were compared with those after four years of secondary school in three nations, Australia. The Philippines and Zimbabwe, involving 1296 surveys and 188 interviews. The investigation draws on earlier work in Ireland (Regan, 1996). and is a response to the recent emphasis on the role of schools in development education in Europe (Lemmers, 2001) and the call for a greater emphasis in Australia on this area (Simons. Hart and WTalsh, 1997). The survey compared student understanding with current 'knowledge' in the literature and the interview allowed an examination of the stories students constructed about people in poverty, including their cognitive and affective responses to people in poverty. Results showed that whilst almost all students recognised that poverty exists, they were more likely to define it simply as a lack of income than as a phenomenon involving social power and self esteem. Few students were aware that the majority of the world's poor are female. Nationality was an important predictor of student knowledge and values. Australian students considered nationally based causes (e.g., government, education) to be more important than personal qualities (e.g., laziness) or international causes (e.g., powerful countries). Australian students were also more likely to value hedonism, but it could not be demonstrated conclusively that this affected the ways that they defined poverty and its causes. Filipino students were more likely to perceive poverty as being the fault of the person experiencing poverty and were more pejorative towards the poor. Whilst Filipino and Zimbabwean students considered that they had learnt a lot about poverty, few Australian students thought this to be the case. Students in senior secondary school were not well informed of current understandings about poverty and development and did not possess a significantly greater knowledge than primary school students on these matters. Specifically. current school practices allow students to perceive poverty as primarily income related and do not place due emphasis on internationally related causes.
10
Mulley, Melinda Ann. "We hear nothing but gold, gold, gold : women and poverty in South Australia during the gold rushes 1850-1855 /." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arm9589.pdf.
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11
Krisjansen, Ivan A. "A genealogy of unemployment : press representations in South Australia 1890's and 1930's /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk9262.pdf.
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12
Butcher, Lucy Meredith. "An investigation of the associated factors and measurement of food insecurity in Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2021. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2404.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction Access to a sufficient quantity of nutritious food is considered a human right and is essential for the prevention of disease. Despite this, a significant proportion of people, both in Australia and globally, do not have enough safe and nutritious food to eat and are considered food insecure. Australia’s prevalence and determinants of food insecurity are under investigated due to inadequate national surveillance. The accuracy and level of detail provided by the single item measure employed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to assess national food security has been widely criticised. Therefore, the aims of this thesis are (1) to investigate an alternative set of questions to the current method to estimate national food insecurity prevalence; and (2) to explore associated factors including socio-demographic variables and purchasing and consumption behaviours of food insecurity that may potentially be unique to the Australian context.
Methods A mixed methods research approach consisting of two stages was applied. Stage one comprised of the administration of two online cross-section surveys. Included within each survey was the short form Household Food Security Survey Module, 12 socio-demographic variables and multiple consumption and purchasing behaviours items. Surveys were completed by Australian adults (n = 2,334) residing in one of five Australian states (New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland) and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 25 was employed to statistically analyse the responses. Stage two encompassed an in-depth investigation of food security drivers and a comparison of the perceived importance of these drivers by individuals at high risk of household food insecurity and stakeholders working to resolve the issue. Semi-structured interviews (n = 3) and focus groups (n = 7) were conducted with high-risk individuals (n = 34) and key stakeholders (n = 13). Thematic analysis was undertaken using QSR NVivo Version 11.
Results Findings from both research stages supported the concept that food insecurity was an issue in Australia. Approximately one-third (36%) of survey respondents were classified as food insecure by the short form Household Food Security Survey Module. A substantially smaller proportion (16%) of the respondents were considered food insecure when the ABS single item measure was applied to the same study population. Age (p < 0.001), marital status (p = 0.005), household income (p < 0.001) and education (p < 0.001) were significant independent predictors of food security. Food insecure respondents were less likely to self-report understanding the information on food packaging (p < 0.001), find information on food labels useful (p = 0.002) or be influenced by product nutrition information (p = 0.002). Food insecure respondents were more likely to frequent fast food venues (p = 0.002), takeaway food outlets (p p p = 0.043) and fresh, pre-prepared produce (p = 0.002) when cooking, whereas food insecure respondents were more likely to prepare food using frozen, pre-packaged products (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between food security status and the enjoyment and social bonding derived from cooking. Thematic analysis in stage two of the thesis generated 329 (209 at-risk and 120 stakeholder) coded statements from 47 people (34 at-risk and 13 stakeholder) related to food insecurity drivers. Although limited income was considered the primary driver of food insecurity, there were notable deviations between at-risk participants and stakeholders in the perceived importance of other drivers, particularly around the price of food, motivation and the lack of food literacy.
Conclusions The significance of this thesis is the contribution to the empirical evidence base concerning the measurement and determinants of food insecurity in an Australian context. The results provide an insight into the use of an alternative food security measure in multiple Australian localities in a large sample population. This is an area not routinely explored in the current literature and is one that provides a novel approach to understanding this complex issue. These new findings will be beneficial to governments and social service providers to customise strategies to the needs of identified vulnerable groups, thus maximising the use of limited resources. A more comprehensive and contemporary understanding of food insecurity, aided by the results of this thesis, creates an advocacy platform to address the inequality of food security evident in Australia. As food insecurity is a global phenomenon, these findings will also have applications for health professionals internationally.
13
Schindeler, Emily Martha. "A genealogy of the problematic of homelessness and the homeless in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32068/1/Emily_Schindeler_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The homeless have been subject to considerable scrutiny, historically and within current social, political and public discourse. The aetiology of homelessness has been the focus of a large body of economic, sociological, historical and political investigation. Importantly, efforts to conceptualise, explain and measure, the phenomenon of homelessness and homeless people has occurred largely within the context of defining “the problem of the homeless” and the generation of solutions to the ‘problem’. There has been little consideration of how and why homelessness has come to be seen, or understood, as a problem, or how this can change across time and/or place. This alternative stream of research has focused on tracing and analysing the relationship between how people experiencing homeless have become a matter of government concern and the manner in which homelessness itself has been problematised. With this in mind this study has analysed the discourses - political, social and economic rationalities and knowledges - which have provided the conditions of possibility for the identification of the homeless and homelessness as a problem needing to be governed and the means for translating these discourses into the applied domain. The aim of this thesis has been to contribute to current knowledge by developing a genealogy of the conditions and rationalities that have underpinned the problematisation of homelessness and the homeless. The outcome of this analysis has been to open up the opportunity to consider alternative governmental possibilities arising from the exposure of the way in which contemporary problematisation and responses have been influenced by the past. An understanding of this process creates an ability to appreciate the intended and unintended consequences for the future direction of public policy and contemporary research.
14
Rhodes, Patricia Joan. "Older indigent women’s economic crimes: Subsuming feminism in favour of a human rights explanation." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many people today believe the concept of gender inequality is outmoded, irrelevant and unnecessary in Western societies that are deemed egalitarian. As a consequence, feminism as a movement with gender equality at its core has often been proclaimed ‘dead’,a relic of the past. Feminist perspectives, nevertheless, have produced differing points of view about the sources of gender inequality affecting crime rates and criminal behaviour.
For the last 50 years or so, women and girls have been the subject of criminological research that has largely evolved from sociological perspectives and specifically from feminism. Although gender intersects with other social realities and disadvantages, it is a crucial factor in relation to offending behaviour. A substantial body of feminist literature confirmed that marginality and poverty are factors leading to female criminality.
Using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, this research explores the consequences of gender inequalities affecting older indigent Australian women convicted of acquisitive crimes. This thesis argues that the term ‘feminism’, and feminist discourse and communications, ought to be abandoned in favour of advancing the human rights framework in the 21st century. Stigma associated with the feminist label has been detrimental. The most significant finding in this research is that financial need rather than greed was a precursor to older women’s involvement in acquisitive crimes. Having primary custody of children after divorce and relying on welfare support were factors contributing to their impoverished status. The feminisation of poverty, the segregation of women into low-paid feminine occupations and an accumulation of disadvantages over the life course often contribute to women’s impoverishment in their later years. Potentially, law-abiding older women are put at risk of transgressing the law for the first time later in their lives to alleviate their poverty.
From a human rights perspective, violations of the women’s rights were factors contributing to their offending behaviour. Gender inequality, a condition that disadvantages women, however, is alive and well in Australia as confirmed here and is an unrelenting feature of many male-dominated social structures throughout the world today. Since a great deal of negativity surrounds the feminist label, it would be more pragmatic to abandon the feminist label and adopt a human rights approach.
15
Hammer, Sara Jeanne. "The rise of liberal independence and the decline of the welfare state." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002.
Знайти повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Given the increased interdependency caused by ongoing task differentiation and precarious formal employment, this thesis asks why the stigmatisation of unemployed citizens and the retraction of unemployment benefits have received such widespread support in Australia. I contend that the concepts of dependency and independence, as reflexive
but mutually exclusive dual values, are increasingly used as a framework for welfare discourse. I argue that this framework has ethical ramifications for collective well-being in Australia since it discourages citizens from
acknowledging their own social and economic vulnerability. Using a combination of critical theory and discursive analysis, this thesis analyses discourses relating to poverty, unemployment and social welfare. It tracks the contradictions of this value dualism through selected forms of policy and media discourse literature and will challenge the negative moral valence associated with dependency, offering possible alternatives in the areas of moral anthropology, welfare discourse and social provision in order to reverse the stigmatisation of unemployed citizens.
16
Frederick, John (John William) 1952. ""The help I need is more than the help they can give me" : a study of the life circumstances of emergency relief clients." Monash University, Dept. of Social Work, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5151.
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17
Bay, Uschi Ursula, and uschi bay@deakin edu au. "The Politics of Empowerment in Australian Critical Social work." RMIT University. Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080821.152656.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Critical social workers seek to practice in empowering ways with marginal groups and to transform power relations in organisations and society generally. This thesis explores how Foucault's theorising has been used by Australian critical social workers to think about power and empowerment practice. However there are many authors who contest that Foucault's theorising is useful for any kind of liberatory thinking or practice. This makes the use of Foucault's insights on power to re-formulate empowerment practice contestable. In this study I aim to draw distinctions between aspects of Foucault's work that can make a contribution to empowerment practice and those aspects that do not or cannot assist critical social workers to think about empowerment. To draw these theoretical distinctions is particularly timely, as the term
18
Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
19
Botterill, Linda. "Muddling through or just a muddle : Australian government responses to farm poverty 1989-1998." Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148109.
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20
Bletsas, Angelique. "Poverty in the 'age of affluence': a governmental approach." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/97861.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis addresses the growing tendency to treat poverty in Australia as an individualised problem. Analysis is situated in relation to the restructuring of welfare in western liberal states in the post-war period, highlighting the way that the welfare state ‘crisis’ appears to correspond with a new ‘consensus’ on poverty as individualised. Examining the way that poverty is formulated in recent welfare policy and governmental texts it is shown that this positioning of poverty comes increasingly to be premised upon the idea that a state of ‘affluence’ has been achieved. Importantly this trend in understanding poverty as an individualised problem is argued to occur across the ideological spectrum. It is demonstrated that, through reference to a ‘paradigm of affluence’, contemporary representative authors from both the right and the left constitute poverty today as ‘residual’ and thus as primarily individualised and behavioural.
Applying tools of analysis from post-structuralism and governmentality studies it is argued that both poverty and affluence constitute historic ‘events’ – interventions in the way social life is thought and organised – and not simply demographic phenomena. Therefore, in contrast to existing writing on affluence, within which affluence is seen to have replaced poverty as an evolutionary stage of development, the argument advanced in this thesis is that the relevance of poverty and affluence to particular rationalities of government is not premised upon their level of incidence. Instead it is argued that both poverty and affluence have functioned as ‘problematics’ of government – sites through which the project of government is made meaningful. In this way an emergent governmentality of affluence is posited.
In its premise of a governmental rationality of affluence the thesis provides a framework for analysing the on-going restructuring of the Australian welfare state, and liberal states more broadly. Treating conceptions of poverty and of affluence not simply as ‘natural’ phenomena, but as interpretative events and motifs of government, the thesis also provides a counter-point through which to resist individualised conceptions of poverty and the punitive policies to which they often lead.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2010
21
Krisjansen, Ivan A. "A genealogy of unemployment : press representations in South Australia 1890's and 1930's / Ivan A. Krisjansen." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bibliography: leaves 247-256.x, 256 leaves ; 30 cm.
Investigates, through the conceptual apparatus of Foucauldian analysis, poverty and unemployment in South Australia during the economic downturns of the 1890's and 1930's. That there is a direct parallel with the pattern of events in England is investigated through press representations in periods of severe economic contraction.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Education, 1997
22
Majeed, Omer. "Essays on Trade and Development." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/132690.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis consists of four core essays which focus on important
issues relating to international trade, growth and inequality.
The first essay examines the determinants of trade based on
global production sharing (network trade) by building a
theoretical framework and empirically testing it using a panel
dataset covering 44 countries over the period 1996 to 2013. Over
the past four decades, network trade has grown at a much faster
rate than total world manufacturing trade. Identification of the
determinants of this emerging trade pattern is, therefore,
important for informing trade policy debates. The model used in
the empirical analysis captures a number of important explanatory
variables ignored in the previous literature. A range of panel
data estimation techniques are used in the model. The results
suggest that technology, institutions and macroeconomic stability
all play a significant role in determining inter-country
differences in network trade. The paper concludes with a
discussion on the challenges for policy makers in their attempt
to reap gains from global production sharing.
The second essay studies the transmission of exchange rate
changes into import prices (exchange rate pass-through) in the
presence of global production sharing. The chapter builds and
simulates a model, which postulates that exchange rate
pass-through is lower for network trade compared to final goods
trade. It is hypothesised that trade in parts and components,
within network trade, is relatively sheltered from exchange rate
movements because network trade is largely
‘relationship-specific,' including intra-firm trade.
Empirically, exchange rate pass-through is examined using a new
dataset of manufacturing import prices compiled from the trade
price database of the US Bureau of Labour Statistics. The
findings indicate that the degree of exchange rate pass-through
into the import prices of parts and components is considerably
lower than that for import prices of final goods. These results
are robust to a number of sensitivity tests.
The third essay examines patterns and determinants of global
production sharing with an emphasis on how Australian
manufacturing fits into global production sharing. Though
Australia is a minor player in global production sharing, there
is evidence that Australian manufacturing has a distinct
competitive edge in specialised, skill-intensive tasks in several
industries including aircraft, medical devices, machine tools,
measuring and scientific equipment and photographic equipment.
Specialisation within global production sharing in high
value-to-weight components and final goods, which are suitable
for air transport, helps Australian manufacturing to overcome the
‘tyranny of distance’ in world trade. Being predominantly
‘relationship-specific’, Australian network trade exports are
not significantly susceptible to real exchange rate appreciation.
Institutions and technological base also give Australia a
competitive edge within global production sharing.
The last essay examines the impact of inequality and poverty on
economic growth. Recent research has highlighted a negative
impact of inequality on economic growth. The paper re-evaluates
this hypothesis, focusing on both inequality and poverty and
their interaction. The econometric model controls for standard
growth covariates including education, investment, trade,
population growth and redistribution. The paper initially
replicates previous results, showing that inequality has a
negative impact on growth. However, it is shown that after taking
into account both inequality and poverty, the negative effect of
inequality on growth appears to be concentrated amongst countries
with high poverty. This finding makes a case for policies
targeted towards alleviating poverty, rather than policies that
redistribute without addressing absolute poverty.
23
Saide, Assane. "A Comunidade para o desenvolvimento da Africa Austral (SADC) na luta contra a pobreza (caso de Moçambique, 1987-2000)." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14966.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A presente dissertação pretende analisar a luta contra a pobreza na Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC), através do estudo do “Caso de Moçambique, 1987 – 2000”.
Este estudo analisa também aspetos pertinentes para a Regionalização do Sistema Internacional, dando maior enfase ao surgimento da SADC, os seus obstáculos e a Segurança na região.
Relativamente à luta contra a pobreza na Região, Moçambique tem como posição que o combate à pobreza é a forma de luta pela segurança, pois considera um risco existirem “pessoas que vegetam na pobreza e serem facilmente recrutados por grupos interessados em por em causa a segurança mundial, aliás a pobreza provou que é uma ameaça sistémica e sistemática à paz mundial” (Teleinforma 27/09/2013).
Neste contexto, este trabalho enfoca o Plano de Ação para a Redução da Pobreza Absoluta (PARPA), estudando o caso do Fundo para o Desenvolvimento Local, vulgo 7 milhões de meticais em Moçambique, alocados anualmente aos Distritos e Municípios.
Da pesquisa efetuada verifica-se que, a forma usada para a atribuição do Fundo para o Desenvolvimento Local aos camponeses, não tem sido a mais criteriosa, razão pela qual não reembolsam, depois dos prazos estabelecidos. Nota-se ainda, existência de fraca capacidade de controlo de aplicação pela entidade gestora. Como tal, conclui-se que o Governo tem agido como Banco, vocação que não lhe é competente. Assim, se propõe:
a) Criação de um Instituto de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Local onde cada Distrito teria um Gabinete de Apoio e Monotorização ao Fundo.
b) O Gabinete assessoraria os camponeses na promoção dos produtos de forma a rentabilizar os projetos, devido a fraca sensibilização das comunidades locais na gestão do fundo, na elaboração de projetos que possam ser elegíveis ao financiamento bancário.
24
Feliciano, Felizardo Chaves. "Políticas públicas de combate à pobreza em Angola: análise do Programa Municipal Integrado de Desenvolvimento Rural e Combate à Pobreza (PMIDRCP), 2012-2013." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/16831.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O presente trabalho faz uma análise das políticas públicas de combate à pobreza em Angola através do
estudo de caso do Programa Municipal Integrado de Desenvolvimento Rural e Combate à Pobreza
(PMIDRCP), no período compreendido entre 2012-2013. Sendo o mesmo considerado pelo executivo
como o maior programa de luta contra à pobreza e de inclusão socioeconómica do país, procuramos
investigar até que ponto tais objetivos foram cumpridos, examinando os resultados positivos atingidos
pelo Programa bem como as suas limitações.
Para o efeito utilizamos a análise documental com recurso a indexação que nos permitiu
identificar os resultados do programa em termos dos seus eixos principais: os cuidados primários de
saúde; água para todos; merenda escolar; transferência social produtiva e ajuda para o trabalho.
A análise sugere que, em termos de impactos positivos, o programa alcançou vários dos
resultados pretendidos no domínio da saúde, educação, habitação, saneamento básico, água potável,
fomento agrícola e empresarial. Estes resultados contribuíram para consolidar as melhorias observadas
no país em termos de redução da pobreza que se verificaram na última década, resultado do fim da
guerra e do crescimento económico. Note-se, no entanto que, conforme referem numerosos estudos, os
progressos em muitas áreas são considerados muito lentos e o caminho para melhorar o bem-estar da
população ainda é longo.
Concluímos também que, apesar do modelo "top down", e de muitas das decisões serem tomadas
a nível central, foram implementadas várias iniciativas que correspondem a necessidades identificadas
a nível local o que revela alguma descentralização no processo de tomada de decisão. Por outro lado,
as limitações em termos de mecanismos de coordenação e participação e, de controlo afastam a
sociedade civil e comprometem a prestação de contas esta investigação identificou também problemas
a vários níveis no que concerne a gestão financeira, desde os valores alocados, à execução e à
corrupção. Salientam-se também os riscos que representa a queda do preço do petróleo e como os
progressos alcançados podem facilmente ser revertidos.This work analyses public policies to combat poverty in Angola, through a case study of the Municipal Integrated Program of Rural Development and Fight Against Poverty (PMIDRCP), in 2012-2013. Viewed by the government as the biggest program in the country’s fight against poverty and for socioeconomic inclusion, we sought to investigate to which extent the goals were reached, examining the program’s positive results as well as its limitations. For this purpose we used document analysis, resorting to indexation that allowed us to identify the program’s results in terms of its main axes: primary health care, water for all, school lunches, productive social transfer and assistance for work. The analysis suggests that, in terms of positive impacts, the program attained several of the results targeted in the domains of health, education, housing, basic sanitation, drinkable water, agricultural and entrepreneurial support. These results contributed to consolidate the improvements seen in the country in terms of poverty reduction in the last decade, due to the end of the civil war and economic growth. It must be noted, however, that, as numerous studies refer, the progress in many areas are considered very slow and that the path to improve the population’s well-being is still long. We also concluded that, despite the ‘top down’ model, and that many decisions are made at central level, several initiatives were implemented that correspond to the needs identified at the local level, which shows some decentralization in the decision-making process. On the other hand, the limitations in terms of coordination and participation mechanisms, and of control, distance social society and compromise accountability. This investigation also identified some problems at various levels regarding financial management, from allocated values, execution to corruption. Also highlighted are the risks that the fall in oil prices represent and how progress achieved can be easily reversed.