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Книги з теми "Poverty Conceptions"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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David, Ward. Poverty, ethnicity, and the American city, 1840-1925: Changing conceptions of the slum and the ghetto. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Langley, Ph. Conception et gestion de micro-projets de lutte contre la pauvreté au Bénin: Rapport sur le séminaire régional de formation, Dassa-Zoumé (Zou), 26-30 juin 1995. [Cotonou]: République du Bénin, Ministère du plan et de la restructuration économique, 1995.

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Revolutionary doctors: How Venezuela and Cuba are changing the world's conception of health care. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.

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Taylor, Janet. Australian conceptions of poverty: Reviewing the literature (The Understanding poverty project). Brotherhood of St Laurence, 2000.

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Parkin, Anneliese. Poverty in the Early Roman Empire: Ancient and Modern Conceptions and Constructs. Cambridge University Press, 2022.

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Ward, David. Poverty, Ethnicity and the American City, 18401925: Changing Conceptions of the Slum and Ghetto (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography). Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Ward, David. Poverty, Ethnicity and the American City, 18401925: Changing Conceptions of the Slum and Ghetto (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography). Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Wilde, Ralph. Socioeconomic Rights, Extraterritorially. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0020.

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The chapter offers a critical evaluation of the 2011 Maastricht Principles on the Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, using the Principles and its associated Commentary as a case study to assess the potential contribution of international human rights in the struggle against global poverty and economic inequality. The case study is used because, on the fundamental bases for obligation—conceptions of “power” and “cooperation” that will be reviewed herein—the Principles and the Commentary reflect how many international legal experts, not only those associated with the Principles, view the general contours of the law in this area. The chapter argues that this view of the law has a very limited potential to transform global economic relations for the better.

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Wright, Almeda M. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190664732.003.0001.

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Young African Americans regularly experience racism, poverty, sexism, violence, and other affronts to their humanity. Though they are often highly active and vocal contributors to their churches, schools, and neighborhood communities, they are often silent about the possibility of God working to address the injustices in their lives. The disconnection between the issues young people face, their community involvement, and their conceptions of God point toward the pervasiveness of “fragmented” spirituality among African American youth. Spiritual fragmentation does not necessarily inhibit healthy development or functioning. However, the African American community and church are at risk if they fail to challenge the myth that the personal and the communal or the spiritual and political are in fact disconnected. But why are African American Christian adolescents experiencing spiritual fragmentation? Is spiritual fragmentation symptomatic of an irreparable chasm between the Black church and Black youth? Or are there other factors at play?

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Grabe, Shelly. Critical Reflection of Section One. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0003.

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Situated in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and New York City, with women raped in war and LGBQTGNC folks bearing the brunt of poverty, Section One reveals women’s struggles, hunger for recognition, blows of the State, and solidarities. Lindorfer and Wienberg address feminist evaluation, in a fraught policy arena, on a topic that could not be more dis-easing—rape as a crime of war. They critique human rights research practices and reframe evaluation as the radical praxis of recognition and circulation of stories in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Billies tells a story about feminist activist scholarship and gendered violence, this time woven with vectors of oppression including race, class, disability, immigration, and sexuality. Billies documents the Welfare Warriors Research Collective, where LGBTQGNC researchers gather stories and numbers, exposing their relations with public institutions. Both chapters reflect feminist indictments—of the State, of oppression, and of traditional conceptions of empirical science.

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Hook, Steven W., and Franklin Barr Lebo. Development/Poverty Issues and Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.432.

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International development has remained a key part of global economic relations since the field emerged more than half a century ago. From its initial focus on colonization and state building, the field has evolved to encompass a wide range of issues, theoretical problems, and disciplinary traditions. The year 1945 is widely considered as a turning point in the study of international development. Three factors account for this: the end of World War II that left the US an economic hegemon, the ideological rivalry that defined the Cold War, and the period of decolonization that peaked around 1960 that forced development issues, including foreign aid, state building, and multilateral engagement, onto the global agenda. Since then, development paradigms have continuously evolved, adapted, and been reinvented to address the persistent and arguably widening gap between the prosperous economies of the “developed North” and the developing and frequently troubled economies of the “global South.” Today, a loosely knit holistic paradigm has emerged that recognizes the deficiencies of its predecessors, yet builds on their strengths. A holistic conception of international development embraces methodological pluralism in the scholarly study of development, while recognizing the multiple ways policy practitioners may productively apply academic theories and research findings in unique settings.

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Rutenberg, Amy. Rough Draft. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739361.001.0001.

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This book argues that policy makers’ idealized conceptions of middle-class masculinity directly affected who they targeted for conscription during the Cold War. Along with much of the American population, federal officials, including those within the Selective Service System, believed college educated men could better protect the nation from the threat of communism as civilians than as soldiers. The availability of deferments for these men grew rapidly between 1945 and 1965, militarizing their occupations and making it less and less likely that middle-class white men would serve in the Cold War military. Meanwhile, officials used the War on Poverty to target poorer men for conscription in the hopes that military service would offer them skills they could use in civilian life. Therefore, while some men resisted military service in Vietnam for reasons of political conscience, most of those who avoided military service did so because manpower polices made it possible. By protecting middle-class breadwinners in the name of national security, policy planners militarized certain civilian roles, a move that, ironically, separated military service from the obligations of masculine citizenship and, ultimately, helped kill the draft in the United States.

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Jenkins, Rob, and James Manor. Politics and the Right to Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608309.001.0001.

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India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), passed in 2005, has been among the developing world's most ambitious anti-poverty initiatives. By “guaranteeing” 100 days of work annually to every rural household, NREGA sought to advance the Indian constitution's commitment to securing citizens’ “right to work”. This book is not a technical evaluation of program performance. It offers instead a detailed analysis of the politics surrounding NREGA: the model of political action that motivated its architects, the public advocacy and parliamentary maneuvering involved in its passage, the political dynamics shaping implementation at state and local levels, the institutional constraints on reforming how it operates, and its complex impacts on public policy debates about governance and development as well as on the political capacities of poor people. Based on their extensive – primarily qualitative – field research, the authors examine changing conceptions of rights and the challenges of making states more accountable to their most disadvantaged citizens. Their analysis of the politics of NREGA provides a window onto the inner workings of Indian democracy and the complex character of the Indian state as it attempts to upgrade its social welfare provision to something more in keeping with the enhanced economic stature the country over the past few decades.

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Brouwer, Steve Brouwer. Revolutionary Doctors: How Venezuela and Cuba Are Changing the World's Conception of Health Care. New York University Press, 2011.

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Logsdon, M. Cynthia, Catherine Monk, and Alison E. Hipwell. Perinatal Experiences of Adolescent Mothers. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.008.

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The United States has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the developed world. Pregnancy and parenting prior to age 20 are associated with compromised biopsychosocial outcomes for the mother, the fetus, and the future child—though the strong coupling of poverty and early pregnancy indicate that these outcomes may not be uniquely attributable to maternal age. This chapter reviews psychological as well as biological factors associated with risk for adolescent pregnancy, such as the potential correlation between conduct disorder and pregnancy, as well as data suggesting that environmental factors as varied as exposure to endocrine disrupters and psychosocial stress may contribute to the earlier onset of puberty, sexual activity, and, ultimately, conception. Pregnancy outcomes for both the mother and the child are reviewed, as well as what is known about mental health status in pregnant and parenting teenagers. This chapter covers the importance of social support for this population and the treatment of perinatal psychopathology in childbearing adolescents.

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Emerson, Blake. The Public's Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682873.001.0001.

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The Public’s Law is a theory and history of democracy in the American administrative state. The book describes how American Progressive thinkers—such as John Dewey, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Woodrow Wilson—developed a democratic understanding of the state from their study of Hegelian political thought. G.W.F. Hegel understood the state as an institution that regulated society in the interest of freedom. This normative account of the state distinguished his view from later German theorists, such as Max Weber, who adopted a technocratic conception of bureaucracy, and others, such as Carl Schmitt, who prioritized the will of the chief executive. The Progressives embraced Hegel’s view of the connection between bureaucracy and freedom, but sought to democratize his concept of the state. They agreed that welfare services, economic regulation, and official discretion were needed to guarantee conditions for self-determination. But they stressed that the people should participate deeply in administrative policymaking. This Progressive ideal influenced administrative programs during the New Deal. It also sheds light on interventions in the War on Poverty and the Second Reconstruction, as well as on the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946. The book develops a normative theory of the state on the basis of this intellectual and institutional history, with implications for deliberative democratic theory, constitutional theory, and administrative law. On this view, the administrative state should provide regulation and social services through deliberative procedures, rather than hinge its legitimacy on presidential authority or economistic reasoning.

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Feller, Laurent. Travail, salaire et pauvreté au moyen âge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0010.

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Hired working is a topic rarely dealt with by medievalists. It is nevertheless a central matter: beside the corvée and the range of constraints that goes with the seigniorial system, wages play an important part in the organization of rural or urban working. In the first place, every kind of work, even constrained work, has a cost. This ranges from the material organization of the tasks to the offering of a meal or to the payment of a monetary counterpart in exchange for the work. These features are compensations for the time passed in the fields or in the workshop and for the strength and skill used to satisfy the demands of the master. The fact that this cost is not necessarily, and never entirely, monetized is a barrier to thinking that between tenth and fifteenth centuries work could be considered a mere commodity whose wage is a price. The existence of counterparts in working means that there are reciprocal obligations: this fits well with an economic system in which acts and things can be valued according to social or political circumstances. Hired working appears to have been part of the seigniorial system from its very beginnings, as a marginal but useful way to obtain work from free workers. The way in which the different tasks are remunerated, and not only the amounts concerned, reveal the hierarchies in working: there is a gap between the gold given once a year to an architect (or to a professor at a university) and the bullion used to pay workers once a week on construction sites. The ways of remunerating work can be very complicated, mixing payments in cash and in kind. These payments show a considerable confusion in the conception of what the remuneration consists of: different words are used, even in the same contexts, to indicate the same economic reality, especially in rural contexts where the remuneration can involve clothes, cash, food, and accommodation. In the end, salary and poverty appear to be closely linked in the mentalities as well as in the social and economic reality. Hired working, salary, and misery are clearly three interrelated features of the medieval economic and social reality.

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