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1
Kolokolnikov, N., E. Amiranashvili, A. Yatsishin, E. Chaunina, I. Mezentsev, and M. Mezentsev. "Super dose of phytase in compound feed for turkey poults." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2009-02.
Анотація:
In the practice of feeding poultry enzyme drugs are widely used that contribute to the effective transformation of feed components into poultry products. Reducing the cost of compound feed for poultry due to the introduction of enzyme drugs is of great interest, both from a scientific and practical point of view. More than 2/3 of phosphorus in plant feeds is represented in the form of phytate and in this form the element is only partially absorbed in the poultry body. Accordingly to cover the need for phosphorus in plant diets include inorganic phosphates, animal feed and the enzyme phytase (breaks down phytate). This makes phosphorus the third most expensive feed component after energy and protein. The purpose of the researches was to study the effectiveness of using super dose commercial phytase in feeding of turkey poults. The results of research on the use of high doses of phytase in the diet of turkey poults of cross Hybrid Converter have been presented. It has been found that the use of compound feeds containing the super dose of phytase in the rearing of broiler turkey poults does not have a negative influence on the zootechnical indicators of poultry rearing, meat productivity, and increases the economic indicators of meat production. The results on base the experiment, economic indicators have been calculated. It has been found that the cost of 1 ton of compound feed consumed in the experimental group was less than in the control group by 166,28 rubles or 0,7 %. The use of high doses of phytase in the diet of turkey poults of the experimental group allowed to reduce the cost of growth of 1 kg of live weight by 4,7 % and increase the profitability of meat production.
2
Çalışlar, Süleyman. "Kazlarda Selüloz ve Selüloz Fraksiyonlarının Sindirimi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i1.42-48.4808.
Анотація:
Since the digestive system of poultry is quite short, the residence time of the feeds in the digestive system is also short. In addition, many poultry species have a low ability to digest and utilize cellulose, cellulose fractions (ADF and NDF) and non-starch polysaccharides. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use more expensive feeds with high nutrient content in poultry nutrition. This situation raises the prices of animal products such as white meat and eggs. In order to turn this disadvantage in poultry feeding into an advantage, alternative poultry with a stronger digestive system, better digestibility of cellulose-rich cheap feed sources and better utilization of roughage are needed. When evaluated in terms of its characteristics, it will be seen that one of the poultry that can better benefit from cheap feed sources is goose. The efficient use of cellulose-rich feeds, such as goose, reduces feed costs and provides a suitable opportunity to produce cheaper poultry products. Encouraging goose production can be an important source of income and livelihood, especially for the rural population. It is thought that goose breeding can be an important alternative for white meat and egg production because it benefits from cellulose-rich feeds better than other poultry. In this review, the microbial digestion properties of geese, their ability to benefit from cellulose fractions, especially cellulose, and non-starch feed elements were examined.
3
Mikula, P., J. Blahova, A. Honzlova, J. Kalinova, P. Macharackova, J. Rosmus, Z. Svobodova, and M. Svoboda. "Occurrence of mycotoxins in complete poultry feeds in the Czech Republic – Multiannual survey (2013–2018)." Veterinární Medicína 65, No. 11 (November 26, 2020): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/109/2020-vetmed.
Анотація:
To assess the contamination and potential health risks for poultry, we investigated concentrations of selected mycotoxins in complete feeds sampled within the period of 2013–2018 in the Czech Republic. Broiler feeds, feeds for laying hens, chickens and/or other poultry species were investigated by ELISA methods or chromatography. Our results demonstrated that unlike other mycotoxins, (such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A or zearalenone), deoxynivalenol (DON) may represent a potential threat. The prevalence of this mycotoxin in all the feed categories was very high, always reaching at least 81.29%. Moreover, in 14 of the 139 analysed broiler feed samples (i.e., in 10.81% of samples), DON was detected in concentrations exceeding the recent guidance value of 5 000 µg/kg established by EU legislation. Since previous studies demonstrated that the long-term feeding of such a highly contaminated diet could cause stress in the animals and could lead to their growth suppression, good agricultural practices and the further systematic monitoring of Czech poultry feeds are still highly needed.
4
Filmer, D. "Nutritional management of meat poultry." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041091.
Анотація:
AbstractThe shortcomings of current feeding practices for meat poultry are illustrated and alternative systems discussed. These include automatic blending between high and low protein feeds at each poultry house, to deliver appropriate predetermined nutrient intakes daily. The benefits of using whole cereal as the low protein feed on gut pH, viscosity of gut contents, nutrient digestibility, litter quality and reductions in atmospheric pollution, and coccidial damage are discussed.Comparisons between current ad-lib feeding and various developmental stages of “Automated Controlled Feeding” are made. The alternative systems lead to proper function of birds' gizzards and crops and the benefits in terms of bird health, reduced mortality and variability, improved behaviour, and feed efficiency are illustrated.Currently available integrated management systems are described, and the principles behind a current MAFF LINK project discussed. This involves a real-time growth model that uses recorded liveweight, feed and nutrient intakes to date, to calculate the next day's nutrient intakes that will get birds back on target if they start to deviate from it.Future developments where the objective function could include minimising costs per kg liveweight or breast meat or maximising margin per bird placed or per square metre per year are discussed.
5
Fijalovych, L. M., Ya I. Kyryliv, and G. А. Paskevych. "Features of providing broiler chickens with exchange energy and protein as important indicators of productivity and quality of the obtained products." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 91 (November 6, 2019): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9110.
Анотація:
The article deals with the possibility of using feed additives in the feeding of broiler chickens and the peculiarities of their effect on the poultry organism. Contemporary data on the biological role of nutrients and energy in the feeding of broiler chickens are presented. The characteristics of the main feeds for poultry and the ways of reducing their prime cost in the conditions of broiler farms are given. The basic principles of effective feeding of poultry with forages of different content of metabolic energy and crude protein are considered, taking into account their assimilation in the body. Provided compound feed recipes and practical tips. It is established that high growth rate of broiler chickens in the start and groove periods (5–39 days) is provided by high-protein compound feeds – 23% (1–2 weeks), 21% (3–5 weeks) and exchange energy of 298 kcal and 305 kcal, respectively. With further cultivation in the finish forage the protein content in the forage decreases and the level of metabolic energy increases (up to 309 kcal). However, for each cross applies its own technology of cultivation and different rates of nutrients in raw materials. It is clear that effective breeding of broiler chickens is not possible without the proper rationing and use of protein and feed energy. Of course, provided that the supply of biologically active substances also corresponds to the normalized amount. Thus, the quality of poultry products is directly dependent on the quality of feed and the efficiency of transformation of feed energy into products.
6
Shpynova, Svetlana, Olga Yadrishchenskaya, Tatiana Selina, and Elena Basova. "Beech flour in the diet of quails." Poultry and Chicken Products 24, no. 3 (2022): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2022-24-3-39-42.
Анотація:
To increase the meat productivity of quails, increase production volumes and reduce the cost of poultry production, it is necessary to include non-traditional additives in the poultry diet that contribute to the normalization of metabolic processes and improve the digestibility of feed nutrients. The article presents the results of a study on the use of beech flour in feeding meat quails. Feeding experimental compound feeds to quails increased the digestibility and use of nutrients, the profitability of meat production by 3 and 4.5%, and reduced costs per 1 kg of growth by 2.07 and 3.79%.
7
Huque, KS, and NR Sarker. "Feeds and feeding of livestock in Bangladesh: performance, constraints and options forward." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19378.
Анотація:
Fibrous feeds mostly of crop residues, green grasses, and tree foliages and leaves support bulk diets of farm animals being raised mostly by smallholders. The roughage DM produced (51056 million kg) surpasses its demand (49200 million Kg) by 3.77%, but losses and otherwise uses result in production deficit of 44.5%. An average 56.2% deficit of roughage DM and 80.0% of concentrate DM results in a very poor plane of nutrition for farm animals. It supports an average diet containing 6.75 MJME/Kg DM and 1.63% DCP with the feed produced or 7.74 MJME/Kg DM and 2.32% DCP with the feed available, while a miserly calculation demands an average diet of at least 6.50 MJME/ Kg DM and 4.50% DCP. Brans and oilcakes sharing the bulk amount of concentrate feeds, except cereal maize being produced recently, often limit options for formulation of diets of higher metabolizability and quality protein including balancing of micronutrients essential for supporting nutritional planes for high yielding animals. Annual biomass demand and supply mismatch, harvest loss, bulk transfer problem, and otherwise uses of fibrous residues further limit feed supply to animals irrespective of their quality. Commercial poultry, on the other hand, is largely based on imported feeds except a part of corn. Different form of premixes, steroids, antibiotics and enzymes with or without knowing their quality and residual impacts on human health also used for poultry and bovine animals posing threats to food safety sometimes. The present poor plane of nutrition is not conducive to support an increased production of local or crossbred animals. Diversification and production of quality feeds and fodders, synchronization of feed production and availability to animals, strengthening feed milling capacity, conservation and improvement of new pasturage systems, mitigation of climate change impacts and domestic protection to feed safety and quality feed import are some of the options forward to increased supply of feeds and fodders help increased production and productivity of farm animals in the country.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19378 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (1): 1-10
8
Şengül, Ahmet Yusuf, Ömer Şengül, and Aydın Daş. "The Possibilities of Using Fruit Waste in Nutrition of Poultry." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i5.724-730.2343.
Анотація:
Particularly in the fruit juice industry, the remaining peels and pulp parts are not available for human consumption after the juices are used. It is possible to evaluate these wastes by adding them to poultry feeds. A number of studies have been conducted by researchers on the nutritional value of many fruit wastes and on the performance of poultry. Natural antioxidant content has been reported to have a positive effect on growth, microbial and immunological parameters when high fruit peels are used as feed additive in poultry feeding.
9
Kolapo, Ademola Augustine, and Gbadeyanka Afees. "DETERMINATION OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDE AND ASSESSMENTS OF HEALTH HAZARDS IN CHICKEN FEEDS AND MEAT CONSUMED IN LAGOS, NIGERIA." Malaysian Journal of Science 40, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol40no2.5.
Анотація:
Poultry farming is a highly profitable and not capital intensive agricultural project. It is becoming one of the highest investments in agriculture in Nigeria. The proliferation of self -produced feeds by the Farmers with the addition of some minerals to stimulate growth could elevate the levels of radionuclides in feeds. This, therefore, calls for the determination of the health effects from the consumption of these chicken meats and organs. 10 samples of broilers and 30 feed samples (10 each of Starter, Grower, and Finisher feeds used in feeding the chicken) were used; collected from five selected poultry- farms in Lagos State, Nigeria, and analyzed using spectrometry analysis with NaI (Tl). The results obtained showed that concentrations of 40K, 232Th, and 226Ra were 49.0±25.8, 24.9 ±12.2, and 32.9 ±16.2 Bqkg-1 respectively, in chicken meats. In the feeds, their values were below the UNSCEAR recommendation. The annual effective doses in chicken meats and organs were lower than the 70µSv/yr limit. The cancer risk was within the recommended limit, and the internal hazard indices were below unity. The mean values of the transfer coefficient (TC) were also below 1 for 40K, higher than unity for 226Ra in Finisher feeds, and 232Th in Starter feeds. The starter and finisher feeds were moderately contaminated. So, feeding chicken with these feeds may expose the consumers to the danger of over-exposure to 226Ra and 232Th.
10
Özcan, Mehmet Akif. "Kanatlı Hayvanların Beslenmesinde Kullanılan Yeni Alternatif Protein Kaynakları." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (February 19, 2014): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v2i2.66-70.43.
Анотація:
Nowadays, the assessment of oilseed plants, biofuels and human food which is indispensable in the future is used widely in poultry feed, soybean inevitable negative effect on the use of mixed feeds. Therefore, as an alternative to soybean sources to reveal a new requirement arises. In recent years, alternative protein sources to leaves, stems, marine algae, bacteria and insects as well as proteins from sources and for use in animal feeding studies are conducted and their performance in poultry studied. In this review, alternative protein sources and their effects on the health status of poultry in different yield and literature will be presented.
11
Samsudin, Anjas Asmara, Mamat Hamidi Kamalludin, and Abdul Razak Alimon. "Sustainable feed resources for optimizing broiler performance in tropical countries." E3S Web of Conferences 335 (2022): 00002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233500002.
Анотація:
Soybean meal and grain corn are feedstuffs that normally used as the main ingredients in poultry feeds as a source of protein and energy in tropical countries. The availability of these feedstuffs for broiler nutrition nowadays is becoming more competitive. Thus, food security, especially in the developing countries, would be susceptible. Currently, efforts are being made to use alternative feedstuffs as a sustainable feed resources to substitute portion of soybean meal and grain corn in poultry diets due to their high price since both of the raw material were imported. In Malaysia, usage of PKC is common in ruminant diets, but limited in the non-ruminant diets especially in poultry diets due to the high fiber content of PKC. Several works have been conducted to increase the nutritional contents of PKC as one of the measures to reduce and/or eliminate the constraints of utilizing PKC in poultry diets. The method used to achieve this target is either through physical, chemical, biological or combination of these treatments. This paper discusses the use of PKC as the sustainable feed resources that can be incorporated in the poultry feeds. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve nutritional values of PKC in order to reduce feeding cost of poultry.
12
Roybal, José E., Robert K. Munns, David C. Holland, Roger G. Burkepile, and Jeffrey A. Hurlbut. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Gentian Violet in Poultry Feed." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 3 (May 1, 1992): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.3.433.
Анотація:
Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method Is presented for the determination of gentian violet (GV) In poultry feed (turkey/chicken) at the therapeutic feeding level of 4-8 ppm. GV Is extracted from feed with acidified methanol, an aliquot of the supernatant is diluted with mobile phase, and the solution is filtered. LC analysis Is performed by Isocratlc elutlon with a buffered mobile phase on an Adtech CN (cyano) column with amperometrlc electrochemical detection (ED) at +1.000 V or detection in the visible absorbance mode at 588 nm. The overall average recovery of GV from chicken feed spiked at 2.5,5, and 10 ppm was 103% (standard deviation = 6.6; coefficient of variation = 6.4%) by LC/ED analysis. Data for recovery of GV from chicken and turkey feeds, fortified with 1% GV premlx at feeding levels of 4 and 8 ppm, are presented and discussed. Data for the 2 detection techniques are compared.
13
Michalak, Izabela, and Khalid Mahrose. "Seaweeds, Intact and Processed, as a Valuable Component of Poultry Feeds." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080620.
Анотація:
Poultry production is an important area of the agricultural economy. Nowadays, there is an interest in novel sources of feed additives that will improve production performance and poultry health. As an easily available and renewable biomass rich in biologically active compounds, seaweeds can meet this demand. Different forms of seaweeds–seaweed powder from naturally occurring biomass, cultivated or waste biomass, extracted compounds, post-extraction residues or liquid extracts–may be used in poultry feeding. Inclusion of this unconventional material in the poultry nutrition can positively influence the poultry performance along with its health and enrich poultry products with active compounds, such as micro- and macroelements, polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments. Seaweeds also reduce lipids and cholesterol in eggs. Moreover, due to their unique properties, they can serve as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. This review presents the latest developments in the use of seaweeds in poultry nutrition, as well as its limitations.
14
Davis, Michael A. "Small Flock Poultry Nutrition." EDIS 2015, no. 8 (November 5, 2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ps033-2015.
Анотація:
Inadequate poultry nutrition results in substandard growth rates as well as decreased egg production and weight. In order to express the genetic potential for which they were selected, meat- and egg-type birds must receive the correct amounts of nutrients and energy through properly formulated rations. This 4-page fact sheet examines the roles of water, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids (fats and oils), vitamins, minerals, and feed additives in poultry growth and development. It also emphasizes the importance of providing suitable feeds to birds of different ages and discusses common feeding mistakes. Written by Michael A. Davis, published by the UF Department of Animal Sciences, and reviewed and revised August 2015. This fact sheet is a major revision of “Small Poultry Flock Nutrition,” written by B. L. Damron and D. R. Sloan, April 1998. (Photo credit: Smather's Archives)
15
Rochell, Samuel. "Formulation of Broiler Chicken Feeds Using Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles." Fermentation 4, no. 3 (August 10, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4030064.
Анотація:
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a coproduct of corn-based ethanol production that can be a valuable source of energy, digestible amino acids, and available phosphorus in poultry feeds. Dietary incorporation of DDGS reduces the amount of primary ingredients such as corn and soybean meal needed to formulate poultry diets, improving the sustainability of both biofuel and poultry production. The nutritional value of DDGS has been extensively evaluated since it became increasingly available to feed producers in the early 2000s, but evolving methods of ethanol production and coproduct fractionation necessitate its continued characterization. Attempts to relate nutrient utilization of DDGS to its chemical composition have revealed that fiber content is a primary determinant of dietary energy value of DDGS for poultry. Distillers corn oil, which is extracted from thin stillage during production of distillers grains, can also be supplemented into poultry diets as an energy-dense lipid source in place of animal fats or other vegetable-based oils. Poultry feeding practices in the United States are also evolving, including increased adoption of all vegetable-based diets and reduced use of in-feed antimicrobials. Therefore, further characterization of both the nutritional value of DDGS and its impact on gastrointestinal health will support its continued use in poultry diets.
16
Fijalovych, L. M., Ya I. Kyryliv, B. S. Barylo, G. А. Paskevych, O. I. Petryshak, and U. V. Deneha. "Effectiveness of different protein sources and lysine levels in diets for broiler chickens." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 97 (November 5, 2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9717.
Анотація:
The article highlights current data on the biological role of the most crucial feed nutrients - protein and lysine in the feeding of broiler chickens and their particular importance in the vital activity of the bird's body. A description of the value and quality of the main types of compound feed for poultry, recipes of compound feed with different protein and lysine content for specific age groups of broiler chickens, and practical advice on the peculiarities of feeding and rearing of poultry are given. Current brief information on amino acid feed additives and general features of more rational and practical use of various protein feed of both vegetable and animal origin in poultry feeding of meat crosses – grains of cereal crops, processed products of oil crops – soy, sunflower, and many other components are provided. Theoretically and experimentally, the expediency of using different essential feed protein sources, differing in amino acid composition and bioavailability, in poultry feeding rations has been substantiated. In particular, the main principles of adequate feeding of broilers with compound feed with an increased level of crude protein of vegetable origin and a lower level of animal protein are described. Brief information on the effectiveness of safe levels of lysine of synthetic origin in the diet based on a variety of local feeds when growing broiler chickens in the conditions of a poultry farm in the western region are presented. It was established that compound feed with a significantly increased protein content of various origins – 24 %, 22 % and 20 % – positively affects broiler chickens' productivity. The highest level of productivity was noted for the lysine content in broilers' compound feed in the first growing period – 1,22 %, in the second – 1,14 % and in the third – 1,09 %. The high quality, nutritional value, and beneficial effects of amino acid premixes are directly influenced by the available feed raw materials, mainly of vegetable origin, used for the production of compound feed in the conditions of a broiler poultry farm, the uniformity of mixing with the appropriate quality feed and the optimal dosage of amino acids in each portion of the feed mixture.
17
Andrianova, Yelena, and Ivan Yegorov. "Microbiological synthesis protein usage in quail feeding." Poultry and Chicken Products 25, no. 6 (2022): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2022-24-6-12-14.
Анотація:
Animal origin protein sources and protein feeds at the base of soya and soya processing products are poultry diet important components. Protein products being received with usage of modern technologies of microbiological synthesis may be used as an alternative protein source. Positive results have been received in experiment with pharaon breed quails that were fed with these products instead of fish meal during all the raising period. Complete fish meal replacement with this protein has led to 42-day quails average body weight by 1.95% in comparison with control group. Male and female body weight has been more than in control group by 0.39 and 3.3% respectively and feed conversion has been better by 2.93%.
18
Shpуnova, S. A., O. A. Yadrishchenskaya, T. V. Selina, and E. A. Basova. "The use of beech flour in the diet of parent herd of quails." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2301-02.
Анотація:
It is necessary not only to increase the production of poultry products, but also to improve its quality while reducing the prime-cost. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of diff erent feed additives in poultry feeding, made from components of natural origin to meet the needs of poultry, which makes it possible to use for the production of compound feed. Recently, Russia has been paying more and more attention to such a sub-branch of poultry farming as quail farming. This is due to the fact that its products are in demand in the modern market, and production does not require large investments, which makes it possible to receive high incomes from the sale of both meat and eggs in the shortest possible time. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of compound feeds with beech fl our on the productivity of quails of the parent herd. The research was aimed at studying the egg productivity of quails. The results of a study on quails of the parent herd when using compound feeds with 1,0 % beech fl our have been presented in the article. Due to the better assimilation of feed nutrients, the introduction of beech fl our into the structure of the diet helped to increase egg productivity and reduced feed expenditures for products. Thus, when using the developed compound feeds, the average daily feed consumption decreased by 0,71 %. Data from the balance experiment showed that when using compound feed with 1,0 % beech fl our protein digestibility increased by 1,16 abs.%. It has been established that the use of compound feed with the introduction of 1,0 % beech fl our was of practical importance due to an increase in the productivity of quails and reduction in the prime-cost by 1,93 % for production of one hatchable egg.
19
de Lange, C. F. M., and H. Birkett. "Characterization of useful energy content in swine and poultry feed ingredients." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-057.
Анотація:
For effective use of feed ingredients in diets for the various classes of animals, it is important that the feeding value of feed ingredients is properly estimated. This applies in particular to the useful or bio-available energy content, as feed energy generally represents the single largest cost-factor in animal production. In spite of their limitations, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) systems are used widely in North America to estimate the useful or bio-available energy content of feeds and feed ingredients for pigs and poultry, largely because experimental procedures to establish DE and ME values are relatively simple. Some of the limitations of DE and ME systems can be overcome by using empirical net energy (NE) systems, whereby feed or feed ingredient NE content is predicted from digestible nutrient contents. However, empirical NE systems require estimates of the animal’s maintenance NE needs, which cannot be measured directly and have been estimated to vary between 489 and 750 kJ kg-1 BW0.60. Moreover, estimated feed or feed ingredient NE contents only apply to one particular animal state. The practical application of NE prediction equations requires an accurate characterization of nutrient contents and digestibility of feeds and feed ingredients. An accurate and flexible assessment of animal and feed effects on energy utilization requires the use of mathematical models in which transformations and use of dietary nutrients for different body functions are represented. Effective use of such nutrient flow models requires accurate characterization of feeds and feed ingredients and of animals in aspects of nutrient partitioning for the various body functions. This type of model can be used to predict accurately the useful energy supply from feeds and feed ingredients for specific animal states for diet formulation purposes. Nutrient utilization models may be refined to explore additional aspects of nutrient utilization, such as dynamics of nutrient absorption, the utilization of nutrients via alternative and competing metabolic pathways and inter-organ nutrient metabolism. Key words: Digestible energy, energetics, feed ingredients, metabolizable energy, net energy, nutrition, pigs, poultry
20
Holubiev, M., T. Holubieva, and M. Sychov. "Effect of supplemental Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu and their interactions on the performance of broiler chickens." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 3 (August 18, 2020): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas3-3.06.
Анотація:
Based on the results of the analysis of feed materials on the content of micronutrient elements and conducting scientific experiments on broilers chicken, the most effective source of Manganese, Zinc, Iron and Copper in mixed feeds, which contributes to solving the problem of increasing the quality of feeding and intensifying the growth of poultry has been substantiated. The optimum source of essential elements (Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu) for broilers chicken through feeds, the level of their incorporation into mixed fodders have been experimentally determined, and their influence on productivity and feed costs per 1 kg of body weight gain have been investigated. The tasks set in the work have been solved experimentally using analytical (analysis of literature sources), zoo-technical (growth indices, feed intake) and statistical (processing of the results obtained) methods of research. The use of mixed feeds in feeding broilers chicken which contained glycinate of Manganese, Zinc, Iron and Copper making 75 % of the needs, contributes to increasing their body weight by 2.5 % and increasing the growth rate by 2.4 %. Feed costs per 1 kg of broilers chicken growth were 1.5 % lower than the young bird index of the control group.
21
Medvedev, A., T. Pashchenko, Yu Zubkova, and K. Medvedeva. "The effectiveness of a phase system feeding of pheasants when intensive rearing for meat." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2004-01.
Анотація:
A new phase system of feeding pheasants at their intensive rearing for meat, enhanced by factors of amino acid and energy influence on the young poultry growth rate into account its feeding preferences has been developed and allowing to obtain the live weight of pheasants at the age of 17 weeks at the level of 900 g and more. With the use of this system the yield of gutted carcass of pheasant reaches 60–61 % of the pre-slaughter weight with a sufficiently high specific weight of valuable parts-breast (40–42 %) and legs (29–30 %). In the proposed system of poultry feeding the same type of corn grain component of compound feed is more effective when it is 55 % by weight,. The experimental data confirm that the corn type of feeding pheasants intensively reared for meat, contributes to the activation of feeding behavior of young poultry. At the same time, the total time of feed consumption by poultry per head in comparison with the use of a set grain feeds (wheat – 15 %, barley – 11 %, corn – 31 %, peas – 8 % by weight) significantly increases by 12–13 minutes per day. The increase in feed activity is one of the factors allowing to increase the live weight at 17 weeks by 112,9 g or 14.5 % (P < 0,001) and the weight of pheasant legs after slaughter by 20,0 g or 14,7 % (P < 0,05). At the same time feed expenditures per 100 g of growth are reduced: dry matter by 0,12 kg (22,2 %), metabolic energy by 1,51 MJ or 20,8 %, and raw protein by 0,03 kg or 25 %. The preferential use of corn for fattening makes it possible to reduce the sale price of young poultry of meat purpose in live weight by 53–54 rubles or 15–16 %, and in the form of gutted carcass by 58–59 rubles or 9,5–10,0 %, which increases the effectiveness of pheasant meat production technology.
22
Jahari, Muhamad Amin, Muhamad Akhmal Hakim Roslan, Shuhaimi Mustafa, Norhani Abdullah, and Zulkifli Idrus. "Enhancing Broilers Performance Fed Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) Feeds Fortified with Supplements." Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v8i2.557.
Анотація:
Poultry production in Malaysia is heavily dependent on imported feed ingredients. There is a need to utilize local feed ingredients such as palm kernel expeller (PKE) to sustain poultry industry through physical treatments and so that it suitable to be incorporated into the feeds. Hence this study evaluates on the effects of control (0% PKE), untreated PKE (UPKE) , extruded PKE (EPKE), less-shell PKE (LSPKE) and extruded less-shell PKE (ELSPKE) at 10%, 20% and 30% inclusion rates in finisher diets (d 21-42) showed that growth performance of broilers (Cobb 500) fed 10% PKE, 20% LSPKE and ELSPKE, were comparable to control birds. At 30% PKE inclusion, broilers performance was significantly (P<0.05) reduced. Birds fed PKE diets, irrespective of treatments and inclusion levels had lower LDL and total cholesterol, and similar villi height and crypt depth compared to control. At 30% PKE inclusion level, although energy metabolism was enhanced, as indicated by the up-regulation of hexokinase I and phosphofructokinase, but broilers growth performance did not improve. The feeding trial showed that broilers fed 25% or 30% LSPKE (grower feed, d 16-24), followed by 20% LSPKE (finisher feed, d 25-35) containing feed supplements 0.02% commercial enzymes and 0.30% humic acid), had comparable FI, BWG and FCR to broilers fed commercial feeds. Broilers fed 25% or 30% UPKE (grower feed, d 16-24) followed by 20% UPKE (finisher feed, d 25-35) showed significantly higher (P<0.05) FCR compared to birds fed commercial feeds. The cost of feeds for production of birds fed LSPKE feeds (2.27-2.29 RM/kg liveweight), was lower than those fed commercial feeds (2.36 RM/kg liveweight). The study showed that physical treatments enhanced the nutritive value of PKE and feeds containing 25-30% and 20% LSPKE as grower and finisher rations, respectively, could attain broilers growth performance comparable to broilers fed commercial feeds.
23
Karapetyan, A. K. "The use of non-traditional feed, different formulations of premixes and PVMC in the production of broiler meat." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 10 (September 19, 2022): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2210-04.
Анотація:
In the feeding of poultry, the search for new alternative feed sources and additives is promising. Such non-traditional feed sources are processed products from mustard and pumpkin seed oil. The purpose of the work was to study the use of non-traditional feeds, diff erent formulations of premixes and PVMC in the production of broiler meat. The studies were carried out on poultry crosses Kobb 500, HUBBARD ISA and Ross 308 under the conditions of the laboratory and clinical complex of the Volgograd State Agrarian University and poultry farms in the Volgograd region. (“Kumylzhenskaya”, AO “Poultry Farm Krasnodonskaya”). The introduction of Sarepta concentrate into the formula of compound feed for broiler chickens had a positive eff ect on the metabolic processes occurring in their body, as well as the positive eff ect on the growth of poultry and reduced feed intake. The use of Gorlinka concentrate instead of sunfl ower presscake in the intake of compound feed for broiler chickens led to the increase in the live weight of poultry and a signifi cant reduction in feed expenditures per 1 kg of live weight gain. The introduction of pumpkin seed presscake instead of sunfl ower in the feeding of broiler chickens contributed to the increase in the nutritional value of meat and improved taste qualities. The introduction of 1,5 %, 3,0 and 3,5 % of VolgaVit premixes into the broiler diet had the positive impact on the growth indicators and the quality of the resulting meat, which in turn aff ected economic effi ciency. The best result was shown by the 2nd experimental group of broilers, in which 3,0 % of the VolgaVit premix was introduced into the feed recipe. Studies on the use of non-traditional feed and diff erent formulations of premixes in the production of broiler meat have shown their positive eff ect on the growth rate of poultry of various crosses of poultry and meat quality indicators, which was also confi rmed by calculations of economic effi ciency and the results of production check.
24
Korsheva, Inna, and Elena Chaunina. "The effect of compound feed on the productivity of broiler chickens." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700107.
Анотація:
The article analyses the issues of balanced feeding of broiler chickens and their balanced diet. The results of studies aimed to determine the effect of mixed feeds on the productivity of Arbor Acres cross broiler chickens and the economic efficiency of poultry meat production companies are presented. It was found that broilers from the experimental group, who were fed with improved compound feed with additional sources of proteins and carbohydrates and feed additives exceeded broilers from the control group by their live weight at all ages. At the slaughter age, the average weight was more than 39.2%. The experimental group consumed 10-15% less feed whose conversion was 2.4 and 1.9 kg in favour of the group feeding with the new compound feed. The new compound feed had a positive effect on the viability of broilers: there were no deaths during the period under study. According to the control slaughter results, it was found that the pre-slaughter live weight was higher by 35% in the experimental group. The weight of edible parts increased by 6%. The improved compound feed can be used both in industrial conditions and by poultry farms.
25
Sobolev, O. I., and B. V. Gutyj. "The quality of gosling meat depending on the level of lithium in mixed fodders." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas2-2.01.
Анотація:
Micronutrients are an important component of a complete poultry feeding. Current detailed feeding standards provide guaranteed feed additives for farm poultry of the microelement complex. Among the normalized microelements there is no lithium, which according to the classification based on biological role for living organisms belongs to the group of conditionally essential elements. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of various doses of lithium in compound feed on the chemical composition and toxicological and biological parameters of caterpillar meat. The effect of additives of different doses of lithium (0.05 mg/kg, 0.10 and 0.15 mg/kg) in compound forages on the quality and safety of the products of slaughter of 70-day gosling was studied. The studies were conducted on gosling of the Legart breed. Feeding of gosling from day to 70 days of age was carried out by full-feed compound feeds. The birds of the experimental groups were additionally injected with lithium in the feed, mg/kg: the second group was 0.05; third – 0.10 and fourth – 0.15. The gosling of the control group did not receive lithium. Analysis of the results of the studies revealed differences between the control and experimental groups in the chemical composition of the muscular tissue of the gosling in favor of the latter. It was found that the introduction of lithium compound feed had a positive effect on the deposition of dry matter, protein and fat in the gosling of the experimental groups, which contributed to its increased energy and biological value. The best indicators of meat quality were in young animals, which during the growing period were fed compound feeds enriched with lithium at the rate of 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg.
26
Kyryliv, B. Ya, A. V. Hunchak, I. B. Ratych, and B. V. Gutyj. "Influence of alimentary factors on the absorption of feed nutrients and poultry productivity." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 95 (December 11, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9501.
Анотація:
The article is a summary of the literature on the main aspects of the modern bird feeding system. Theoretical aspects and results of experimental research of scientists on the substantiation of parameters of protein and amino acid nutrition are given, which is an important factor that, under appropriate conditions can significantly guarantee the realization of the genetic potential of corresponding breeds and crosses of poultry. It is shown that an important aspect of protein nutrition is the ratio of feed amino acids. Their negative interaction can be caused by a deficiency of one or more amino acids, an imbalance between them, antagonism, and toxicity. This is accompanied by effects on various physiological and biochemical processes, significantly affects appetite, intestinal absorption, renal reabsorption and transport of amino acids, their catabolism, rate of protein decomposition, synthesis, and formation of toxic metabolic products. The data show that the required level of energy for the bird's body is provided by carbohydrates (mainly of plant origin) and lipids (fat supplements of various origins). It is noted that lipids promote the absorption, transport, and deposition of fat-soluble vitamins. The effectiveness of using fat supplements as energy depends on their source. At the same time, among the indispensable nutrients that have a significant impact on growth intensity, reproductive quality, poultry productivity, and biological value of products, an important role is played by macro-and micronutrients. Many researchers emphasize that along with the use of traditional feeds in poultry feeding, the possibilities of non-traditional cereals rich in protein and lipids are not fully used. A limiting factor in their use is the presence in their composition of anti-nutrients contained in many feeds. Once in the digestive tract of animals, they negatively affect the absorption of feed nutrients. In most cases, the consumption of such feed by animals is manifested in growth retardation, increased feed consumption, hormonal effects, and, less frequently, in the dysfunction of certain organs.
27
Silaban, Eva Morani, Ma'ruf Tafsin, and Nevy Diana Hanafi. "Free Choice Feeding on the Quality of Quail Eggs (Coturnix coturnix-japonica)." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 2, no. 2 (October 8, 2019): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v2i2.1154.
Анотація:
Quail is one of the potential sources of animal protein from poultry as egg producers. An egg contains complete nutrients, namely protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. As food, eggs must be maintained both physically and chemically to be safe for consumption. This study aimeds to examine the effect of selective feeding on the quality of quail eggs. This research was carried out at Percut Sei Tuan Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra, which had been implemented from August to November in 2018. The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 plots. The study used egg samples from quail aged five (5) months. The treatment consists of Commercial feed (T0), 2 energy source feed (rice bran, corn) with 2 (T1), 3 (T2), 4 (T3) protein source feeds (fish meal, soybean meal, coconut meal, Poultry Meat Meal). The results showed that the treatment gave a significant effect (P<0.05) on egg weight, albumen, and eggshell weight, commercial feed showed eggs weight higher than free choice feeding treatments, while among free choice feeding treatment did not show significant effect. The free choice feeding treatment has a significant effect on the yolk weight, where T2 has the lowest yield. Percentage of yolk, albumen, quail eggshell and egg index, egg yolk index, albumen index, haugh unit and quail yolk color did not show significantly different (P>0.05) among treatment. It can be concluded that the commercial feed showed higher egg weight but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the proportion of eggs and the interior quality of quail eggs, while among free choicee feeding treatment has no effect.
28
G.Sani., A. Shehu, L. Maijama’a., and Y. Shehu. "HOLONIC CONTROL OF POULTRY HOUSE TRAVELLING HOPPER FEEDERS AND COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 6 (February 27, 2020): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i6.2018.244.
Анотація:
This work is aimed at applying holonic control system to poultry house travelling hopper feeders with the comparative cost analysis. It adopts HCBA which is suitable for controlling the reconfigurable automated processes. The feeder consists of parts for different types of poultry feeds dispensable from the feed reservoirs and carried around by travelling hoppers along the feed carts. The simulations were carried out using MATLAB and SIMATIC software. The responses of the speed of each traveling hopper were determined to be 1.04 sec, 1.91 sec and 0.0841% for rise time, settling time and percentage overshoot respectively. The parameters of the embedded controller in STEP 7 CONT_C FB41 data block translate to a constant gain of 10, integral time constant of 100 ms and derivative time constant of 280 ms. Visual results from the HMI show the system’s ability for customization, cooperation and autonomy for implementation of any poultry feeding program. The cost analysis shows that it is profitable for farm capacity of 10,000 birds and above with low labour cost and average annual energy cost of about N708,000. The feed wastage loss is reduced by 66% while depreciation is 10% as compared to cage system with belted conveyor feeder.
29
Blair, Robert, and Sazzad M. Hossain. "Outlook on the Feeding of Poultry." Outlook on Agriculture 26, no. 2 (June 1997): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709702600210.
Анотація:
The future feeding of poultry is considered under two scenarios: one relating to developed regions where the feed supply is secure, and the other relating to some developing regions where it is less certain. No major changes are anticipated in regions with an ample supply of conventional feed ingredients, but significant changes are likely in regions which are attempting to expand their poultry industries with an inadequate indigenous supply of conventional feedstuffs. They will have to rely on strategies to improve protein utilization, such as supplementation with amino acids or the use of proteases, or strategies to improve energy utilization, such as the use of enzymes or unconventional feed sources. In developing countries, meanwhile, likely developments include the emergence of a feed manufacturing infrastructure to support the various sectors of the poultry industry and the more widespread adoption of integrated plant/poultry/soil production systems that emphasize economic efficiency and sustainability.
30
Kisuule, Noah, Nicholas Kiggundu, and Noble Banadda. "A Review of Bio-Processing of Market Crop Waste to Poultry Feed in Uganda." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n1p26.
Анотація:
This paper reviews the current state of bio-processing of market waste to poultry feed in Uganda. A focus was put on crop wastes since previous studies have indicated that, they contribute the biggest percentage (about 90%) of the total organic waste generated in markets. These wastes majorly comprise of fruits and vegetables like mangoes, pineapples, jackfruit, watermelon, cabbage among others. They are usually in form of residual stalks, leaves, peels, and damaged/rotten crops. Crop wastes are rich in various bioactive and nutraceutical compounds, like carotenoids, polyphenols and dietary fiber. The wastes are a major worthwhile raw material and present feasible solutions to the problems of poultry feed scarcity and high costs associated with the conventional feed stuffs. This transformation can be achieved by developing appropriate technologies for valorization of wastes by nutrient enrichment. In concern to this, solid state fermentation (SSF) and rearing insects and earthworm using crop wastes are the promising novel technologies. High value added products/feeds can be produced through microbial fermentation of crop wastes. Insect protein can also be produced to replace the expensive silver fish and soybean protein sources. The review indicated that, the technologies have not been fully cherished within the country’s poultry feed industry. All the attempts and work done are still under research and pilot scale level. However, the on-going endeavors are continued widely to better conversion technologies in order to produce products that are safe for poultry feeding. Lastly, the limitations and strategies for processing poultry feed from market waste are reviewed.
31
Sobolieva, S. V., B. V. Gutyj, and O. I. Sobolev. "Changes in goslings’ blood pattern under the influence of different doses additives of selenium in forages." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 92 (May 8, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9209.
Анотація:
According to many scientists, the list of trace elements that are currently used in compound feeds for various types of poultry is clearly insufficient. In recent years, applied research has been conducted to determine the physiological needs of poultry for certain mineral elements that perform important biochemical functions in the body. This also applies to such biotic ultramicroelement as selenium. Scientific research of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of physiology, biochemistry, medicine and veterinary medicine has proved that selenium is a trace element with a fairly wide range of physiological and biochemical effects. When developing and theoretically justifying optimal norms for introducing selenium into poultry feed, it is necessary to evaluate not only its productive qualities, but also the blood picture. The question of the influence of selenium on changes in blood parameters in the poultry body is a great theoretical and practical significance because it allows us to expand our knowledge of its biological role and explain the data obtained in experiments. In scientific and economic experience has been studied the influence of additives of different doses of selenium in compound feed on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat. During the experiment, feeding of goslings of all groups were carried out with dry feed mixes in accordance with existing norms. The goslings of the first control group did not receive selenium supplementation. The poultry of the second experimental group were additionally fed selenium at the rate of 0.2 mg/kg, the third of 0.3 and the fourth of 0.4 mg/kg. It is established that the additive in the feed of different doses of selenium stimulate hemocytopoiesis are added to different compound feeds, this is achieved by a homogeneous tendency per day, within physiological values in the goslings' peripheral blood number of red blood cells (by 1.7–3.9 %), white blood cells (by 2.1–3.2 %) and hemoglobin (by 2.4–8.6 %). Immune defense mechanisms are activated, which is manifested in an increase in the level of total protein (by 1.4–3.8 %) and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood serum (by 3.2–9.7 %). It is found changes in the content of total glutathione and its reduced form in the blood indicate a positive effect of selenium on the non-enzymatic element of the antioxidant defense system of the poultry's body. The addition of selenium to compound feed at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg had a significant effect on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat.
32
Gartovannaya, Elena, Klavdia Ivanova, and Yuliya Denisovich. "The Impact of Quail Breeding Conditions at Private Farmsteads on Meat Quality." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020301012.
Анотація:
In Russia, different quail breeds are widely grown and bred at specialized poultry farms and private farmsteads. In the Amur Region, only private farmsteads engage in this type of aviculture. The most common breeds are Pharaoh quail, Japanese quail, and Estonian quail. 100 eggs of the Estonian quail have been prepared for hatching in a specialized room at a private enterprise. The incubation has been carried out in the Rcom 20 MAX (RMX-20) machine at a temperature of + 37.2–380C and 55–60% humidity over 17–18 days. The egg hatchability amounted to 75%. In Russia, the birds receive balanced complete feeds of the following grades: P-K-5, P-K-2-1, P-K-6, Start, Super Start, RusQuail, Multigain and others. These feeds include different percentage mixtures of corn, oats, wheat, barley, meals and various types of flour (soy, fish, rice, etc.), yeast, chalk, phosphates, sodium chloride and other minerals. In the Amur Region, the balanced feed ration for poultry is produced by local companies “Amuragrocenter” and “Grinodir". These products have been used for feeding the chicks. The study of the Estonian quail bred at a private farmstead using the Amur feeds revealed some changes. According to the literary sources, the average weight of the Estonian breed is 180–200 g. The weight of the quails grown under the specified conditions was significantly higher — up to 200–260 g. In many regions, consumers prefer local products that they trust.
33
Kucheruk, M. D., and D. A. Zasekin. "Laying hens feeding in organic farming." Animal Biology 22, no. 2 (July 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol22.02.058.
Анотація:
The consumption of organic products in Ukraine is gradually growing. Consumer awareness of the general rules for compulsory certification increases the credibility of manufacturers and the demand for such products. The article provides an analytical review of the current state of the problem of feeding organic poultry, in particular the replacement of synthetic amino acids in feed with natural components, a list of means for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases of poultry by organic farming is given. The results of the study of feed mixtures and their components are presented. The studies were carried out in two organic poultry farms in Ukraine, as well as in accredited laboratories of veterinary medicine. Physicochemical, microbiological and chemical-toxicological research methods were used. According to the research results, rations for laying hens of different ages were developed and balanced in terms of nutritional value, energy value and other indicators. The article also describes the effect of dysbiosis on the health of poultry and the importance of intestinal probiotic flora in the correction of eubiosis. The use of natural preventive substances in poultry feeding, in particular of microbiological origin and phyto- and bioregulation preparations, is proposed. The basic principles of improving the quantitative and qualitative composition of the poultry intestinal microflora with the help of safe and ecological therapeutic and prophylactic drugs are formulated.
34
Jha, Rajesh, Razib Das, and Pravin Mishra. "129 Maternal Nutrition and in Ovo Feeding Affect Gut Health and Performance of Poultry." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.124.
Анотація:
Abstract Maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is critical for better nutrient utilization, optimum performance, and overall health of poultry. Thus, several nutritional strategies have been tried to improve poultry’s gut health. More recently, different nutrients and feed additives are being used in poultry diets with some success when antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) are not an acceptable option anymore. However, effective modulation of gut health depends on the methods and timing of the compound being available to host animals. Routinely, the alternatives to AGP like prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, enzymes, and other nutrients are provided in feed or water to poultry. However, the GIT of the newly hatched poultry is functionally immature, despite going through significant morphological, cellular, and molecular changes toward the end of incubation. Thus, the early growth and development of GIT are of critical importance to enhance nutrients utilization and optimize the growth performance of poultry. Maternal nutrition and in ovo feeding have been used and found to be effective in improving gut health but with inconsistent results. The effects of maternal nutrition on the development and viability of embryo and post-hatch growth performance of birds are documented. However, there is limited information on how maternal nutrition affects the gut health of chicks. In contrast, information on the same from in ovo feeding of nutrients and feed additives has increased in recent years. The results show that in ovo feeding can be a good tool to modulate gut health of post-hatch birds positively. However, more information is needed on the proper route and time of inoculation, optimum doses, and effective combination of different compounds to maximize the benefits of in ovo feeding technique in poultry production.
35
Khan, Ahmad. "Mineralogically Well Characterized Bentonite Sources Controlled Aflatoxin Contamination in Poultry." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 27, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1921.
Анотація:
Aflatoxin in poultry feed reduces production, and is a health hazard to the consumers. Its toxicity is reduced through addition of clays. Evaluation of the country’s bentonites may promote their use as toxin binder. After detailed mineralogical and aflatoxin adsorption characteristics of large number of indigenous quarries effectiveness of two bentonites was determined through feeding trial. Bentonites from Bhimber and Dina quarries were applied in three replications at 1 and 2% (w/w) with positive and negative controls to a feed containing 250 μg kg-1 aflatoxin B1. Ten birds initially fed on clean starter feed for two weeks, fed on the experimental feeds and slaughtered after recording live weight on day 35 and dress weight along with internal organs weight were recorded with any apparent disorders. While addition of the bentonites had no detrimental effect, aflatoxin contamination had the lowest body weight and weight gain rate, reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio with apparent disordered liver. The live body weight and weight gain rate increased with 2% bentonite addition to the contaminated feed from both the sources and was statistically similar to the clean feed though the values for these parameters were highest when the addition was to the clean feed. A 42% reduction occurred in weight gain without smectite addition in the toxin feed. The toxin feed had the lowest absolute liver and heart weight with dark coloration. The bentonites use in feed industry may reduce aflatoxin incidences at the application rate of 2%. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
36
Lipova, E. A., O. Yu Bryukhno, S. Yu Agapov, S. I. Nikolaev, V. N. Agapova, and M. A. Ryabova. "Environmentally friendly protein supplements in poultry feeding." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 965, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/965/1/012022.
Анотація:
Abstract Research has been carried out to study the use of a new feed product prepared on the basis of ginger oil cake and feed concentrate from vegetable raw materials “Sarepta” in feeding poultry meat cross Ross-308. These feed products allow to increase the live weight, the digestibility of nutrients in the diet and improve meat productivity. The results of weighing of broiler chickens showed superiority in live weight of the II experimental group - 2612.76 g, where protein-vitamin-mineral concentrate BVMC (S) was used as an additive in compound feed in the amount of 7.5, 10 and 12%, respectively, during the start, growth and finish. The live weight of the I experimental group was 2512.54 g, where protein-vitamin-mineral concentrate BVMC (R) was used as an additive, the dosages were similar to the II experimental group. The weight of the control group chickens was 2370.80 g, respectively. The conducted experience showed that the chickens of the experimental groups exceeded the control analogues in the digestibility of dry matter by 0.27-0.57%, crude protein - by 0.45-1.48%, crude fiber - by 0.7-2.53%, crude fat - by 0.94-2.29%. The results of anatomical cutting of the carcass showed the superiority of the experimental groups.
37
Morklyak, M. I., A. A. Grybanova, and O. I. Sobolev. "Development of digestive organs in goslings raised for meat, depending on lithium level in mixed feeds." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 100 (December 23, 2020): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10022.
Анотація:
Recently, the vital necessity of lithium for living organisms has been experimentally proven and also it was previously considered as a conditionally essential trace element. Numerous experimental research conducted on various animals and poultry types have revealed quite wide and diverse properties of lithium, in particular, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-stress and antioxidant. The discovery of biological properties and the disclosure of biochemical mechanisms of lithium action became the basis for its use in veterinary and zootechnical practice. Lithium preparations are successfully used to treat various animal diseases, prevent and correct “technological” stresses in poultry, increase its productive qualities and improve the quality of meat products. Despite the biochemical complexity and practical significance of this trace element, lithium is still insufficiently used during feeding poultry due to the lack of optimal standards for introducing it into mixed feed. During developing optimal standards for lithium introduction into mixed feed, it is necessary to evaluate not only the indicators of poultry productivity and product quality, but also the physiological indicators of its development. The effect of additives of different lithium doses in compound feeds on the development of digestive organs in goslings raised for meat was studied in a scientific-economic experiment. The research was conducted on the breed of goslings “Danish Legart”. The duration of experiment was 70 days. The lithium introduction into compound feeds for goslings, in doses of 0.15 mg/kg, 0.20 and 0.25 mg/kg, had a positive effect on the development of their digestive organs, as evidenced by the tendency to increase the intestine mass (by 2.2–4.8 %) and its total length (by 0.5–1.1 %), as well as an increase in the liver mass (by 2.0–7.0 %) and muscle stomach (by 3.4–7.3 %). Goslings had the best macromorphological indicators of digestive development, whose mixed feed were enriched with lithium at the rate of 0.15 mg/kg during the entire growing period. A comparison of goslings live weight of the experimental groups with indicators of the development of intestines, liver and muscular stomach allows to claim that their digestive organs were better developed and functioned more actively during the growing period.
38
Ndayikengurukiye, D., F. K. Akhmetzyanova, and A. R. Kashaeva. "MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS QUAIL’S EGGS WHEN FEEDING ORGANIC CONCENTRATE." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 248, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-248-4-168-172.
Анотація:
One of the main factors that ensure the growth of profitability of poultry farming is the partial replacement of grain crops with non-traditional feed with low cost, which, for example, can be considered processed dry bird droppings (SPP). The aim of the research was to study the effect of organic concentrate based on SPP on the morphological parameters of quail eggs. For the study, 5 experimental groups of quails were selected using the method of analog pairs. The birds of the control group received factory-made feed DC-52-100 %, the quails of the experimental groups (I, II, III and IV) were replaced by 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight, respectively, with an organic protein concentrate based on SPP. In studies, it was found that the introduction of an organic concentrate based on SPP in the amount of 10, 15, 20, 25 % instead of a similar amount of mixed feed contributed to an increase in the relative weight of the yolk by 1,55; 4,51 (P≤ 0.05); 0,64 and 1,87 %, a decrease in the protein/yolk ratio by 2,07; 6,74 (P≤ 0.05); 0,52 and 3,13%, respectively, relative to similar indicators of eggs of the control group. The addition of organic concentrate based on SPP to the composition of mixed feeds contributed to the improvement of the morphological parameters of food eggs and the quality of the shell. The weight of eggs practically did not change when replacing 10,0% of the complete feed with a similar amount of organic concentrate, while the picture was ambiguous when increasing the dose of the test feed.
39
Akbar, Saba. "Efficacy of clay minerals for controlling aflatoxin B1 toxicity in commercial broilers." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 59, no. 02 (March 1, 2022): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1060.
Анотація:
Aflatoxin occurrence in poultry feed causes aflatoxicosis in birds and poses health hazards to the consumers. Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) is the most predominant and toxic metabolite that is controlled through addition of argillaceous clays as non-nutritive additives. Non-smectitic indigenous clay reserves need testing as AfB1 adsorbent. With detailed mineral and adsorption characteristics, three indigenous non-smectitic clays: (i) palygorskite, (ii) palygorskite-smectite mix, and (iii) interstratified smectite with hydroxy interlayered smectite were tested against 250 µg kg-1 AfB1 contamination in a poultry feeding trial with three replications at 1% and 2% (w/w) with positive and negative controls. A total of 330 Ross-308 male broiler chicks, initially reared on clean feed under controlled conditions of light and humidity, were distributed into eleven treatment combinations in a completely randomized design with 30 birds in each treatment on an equal weight basis with three replications at day 14 and fed on experimental feeds for three weeks. Three birds from each pen were randomly slaughtered at day 35 and for each replicated treatment, body weight gain, feed intake, and internal organs weight and morphology were recorded. AfB1 contamination reduced weight gain (p 0.0001), feed conversion ratio (p 0.0001) and feed intake (p 0.0001) while clays addition in the toxin feed effectively controlled AfB1 toxicity as suggested by improved body weight, weight gain rate and feed consumption compared to the toxin fed birds. The liver morphology was comparatively better in palygorskite-smectite mix treatment when applied at 1% and the darkish colour was also improved with addition of the clay in the toxin feed. AfB1 feeding caused a 75% reduction in weight gain compared to the clean feed. Palygorskite and palygorskite-smectite mix clays were better than interstratified clay in increasing weight gain and caused a 60% and 65% increase over toxin feed treatment when applied at 1% and 2%, respectively. In conclusion, the indigenous clay sources overall and palygorskite-smectite mix in particular has the potential for use as a mycotoxin binder for controlling AfB1 incidence in poultry
40
Nikolaev, S. I., A. K. Karapetyan, O. V. Samofalova, I. E. Gorin, I. Yu Danilenko, V. I. Kolovorotnaya, and A. V. Kolodyazhny. "Low-expenditures diets in the feeding of poultry." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 4 (March 21, 2022): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2204-04.
Анотація:
The purpose of the research was to increase the egg productivity of poultry using low-expenditures compound feed with lupin. In order to achieve this purpose two scientific and farm experiments were conducted on young poultry and laying hens of the cross Haisex Brown. The research was carried out under the conditions of the enterprise AO “Agrofirma “Vostok” in the Volgograd region. The replacing of 50, 75 and 100 % of full-fat soya bean with lupin as part of compound feed for poultry of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups compared with the control group positively affected the live weight of young animals, which increased to 29,2 g, while the expenditures of compound feed per 1 kg of gain decreased to 0,1 kg. In laying hens during the experiment period the number of laid eggs increased to 3,1 %, the egg weight to 1,2 % and feed expenditures decreased by 10 pcs eggs up to 3,03 %. In young poultry and laying hens the digestibility of nutrients and the use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were higher in the experimental groups compared to the control group, respectively: crude protein by 0,43–1,28 and 0,29–0,78 abs.%, crude fiber by 0,39–0,62 and 0,35–0,59 abs.%, crude fat by 0,22–0,69 and 0,41–0,68 abs.%. The use of nitrogen from the accepted was higher by 0,31–1,04 and 0,13–1,83 abs.%, calcium by 0,41–1,36 and 1,65–2,75 abs.%, phosphorus by 0,63–1,43 and 0,77–1,85 abs.%. It was revealed during the experiments on young poultry and laying hens that replacing of full-fat soy bean in the diet with lupin influence on the digestibility of nutrients, the use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, and also has a positive effect on feed expenditures, live weight of young poultry and egg productivity of laying hens.
41
Choi, Jae-Suk. "Patents on Insect-based Feeds for Animals Including Companion Animals, and Terrestrial and Aquatic Livestock in Korea." Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 11, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798410666190617160844.
Анотація:
The demand for alternative protein sources by the livestock industry has increased substantially. Therefore, insects are being promoted as a novel nutrient source in animal feed. As detailed in this review, eleven patents related to feeding insects to terrestrial animals including livestock and companion animals have been commercially applied. Six and eight of the patents have been used to produce poultry and fish, and crustacean feed, respectively. The most promising species for industrial feed production was the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and the two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus). Regarding research areas of the patents reviewed here, studies on the composition and optimal mixing ratio of feeds and on insect rearing, harvesting, and post-harvest technologies were mainly performed for the industrial mass production of safe and functional animal feeds containing insects. Continuous scientific innovations and improved processing technologies will aid further advancements in this field. Therefore, this review offers insights to identify directions of future research and provides information on different insect-based feedstuffs for animals including terrestrial livestock, fish and shellfish, and companion animals, as also discussed in various patents.
42
F. Gan, Hannah, and Ken N. Falculan. "FEEDING FREQUENCY AND DENSITY OF MICROALGAE PASTE (CHLORELLA VULGARIS) IN THE DIET OF DEKALB UNDER BATTERY CAGE SYSTEM." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13562.
Анотація:
Poultry products are the major source of animal protein for most people throughout the world and egg production is the major index of performance of commercial layer business and the avenue in the potential increase ofincome from the enterprise which focuses onegg yield, weight of eggs, and increasing their quality production to enhance economic performance.Microalgae is certainly an interesting solution, it aims to increase its value as an animal feed additive in new commercial applications. The experimental research was used in this study to evaluate the laying performance and egg quality of DeKalb under two feeding regimen such as feeding density andfrequency of microalgae paste Chlorella vulgaris under battery type cage system. The experiment was conducted in acompletely randomized designwith a period of 30 days with 81 Dekalb of the same age. The experimental diet used were commercial feeds,microalgae paste and feeding frequencies of 4 times, 3 times and 2 times.Egg characteristics such as total number of eggs, egg weight (g), egg length (mm), egg width (mm) and shape index (%) were computed based on the data from feeding frequency and density. The costs of feeds and price of grown Dekalb and some material used were used in the computation of return on investment. Based on the result, the effect on the external quality of eggs fed under different feeding densities and frequencies on egg production, egg width, egg weight, egg length and shape index resulted to not significantthe null hypothesis was accepted. The internal quality, the effect of different feeding densities on albumen height, albumen weight and yolk width also statistically not significant. Supplementation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on hen diet can be included as a dietary supplement for laying hens up to 80% of the diet to produce quality eggs.
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Medvedeva, Lyudmila N., Olga V. Zorkina, and Maria V. Moskovets. "Use of Chlorella vulgaris as a dietary supplement for quails bred at private farms." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 17, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2022-17-4-499-513.
Анотація:
Some aspects of improving efficiency of quail breeding in Russia, in particular in private farms were studied. It is emphasized that in times of crisis, private farms are able to solve several problems: provide employment for rural residents, produce food, and serve as a source of additional income for people. In Russia, consumption of animal protein in poultry meat has increased to 34 kg. The aim of the research was to study the issues of breeding quails on small plots, at private farms; the use of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae in the diet of poultry, which has become intensively used in various sectors of the economy, in particular, in animal husbandry and improvement of natural reservoirs. Methods of analysis, observation, experiment, comparison were used in the course of the study; photographing and timing of resources spent on the maintenance of quail birds was carried out. The Russian and foreign scientific literature was studied, the presented material was compared with the results obtained during the experiment. One aspect of successful quail breeding is to ensure a balanced diet - composition of feeds produced by local producers for quails was studied. The observations and experiments carried out on Moscow White Giant quails at E. Moskovets private farm (Volgograd region) proved the expediency of introducing into the diet a feed additive - a strain of Chlorella vulgaris IFR C.111, which contains protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, mineral salts, trace elements in sufficient quantities. The technology of poultry feeding with Chlorella vulgaris was shown. It resulted in higher survival rate of quails, increase in poultry live weight, and increase in profitability of production by 1.3 %. Data reflecting the conditions of quail keeping, feeding and cage breeding in small areas and/or private farms were shown.
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Shpynova, S., O. Yadrishchenskaya, T. Selina, and E. Basova. "Effectiveness of using naked oat in compound feed for quails." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2009-01.
Анотація:
The development of industrial poultry farming requires not only the breeding of new highly productive poultry breeds, but also the development of new rearing technologies and the improvement of standardized nutrition. Currently, in the field of feeding farm animals and poultry an important research area is the search for cheaper non-traditional and affordable feed products that can replace part of the grain in the poultry diet. It is very important to use local raw materials. One of these crops is naked oat, which has the highest energy content, the highest concentration of lysine and methionine among all cereals. The purpose of the researches was to determine the eff ectiveness of using naked oat in compound feed for quails. The results of the influence of complete nutrient-balanced compound feeds with naked oat on zootechnical and economic indicators in the rearing of quails have been presented in the article. It has been found that the live weight of quails in the experimental group has been increased by 3,06 %, while the average daily feed consumption has been increased by 1,83 %. Feed expenditures per 1 kg of live weight gain in the experimental group have been lower by 1,31 % due to the absorption of feed nutrients. According to the results of the balance experiment, the digestibility of raw protein has increased by 1,90, fat by 0,41 %, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 2,77 %. When calculating economic indicators, it has been found that the use of naked oat in compound feed for quails allowed to increase the yield of meat and revenue from its sale by 3,75 %. Despite an increase in the total cost of feed consumed by the experimental group by 2,27 %, the profi t has been received by 9,59 % more. The level of profi tability of quail meat production in the experimental group exceeded the indicator of the control group by 3,40 %.
45
Filipiak, Jarosław. "Effects of different dietary lipid levels in extruded food on the growth of 1+-old carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) cultured in cooling water." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 28, no. 2 (December 31, 1998): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1998.28.2.03.
Анотація:
Carp of the initial individual weight of 1020 g (+55 g) were fed in cages with four kinds of extruded, isoprotein feeds differing in the lipid content (7.5% in feed A, 11.6% in feed B, 15.3% in feed C, and 19.5% in feed D). The main source of lipids was a poultry fat. After the completion of the 52-day-long experiment the following values of the SGR and FCR indices were achieved (respectively): A-1.59 and 1.58, B-1.47 and 1.42, C-1.59 and 1.30, and D-1.59 and 1.29. The stage results, calculated every 7 days, as well as, the above-mentioned final values f FCR and SGR indicated, that throughout the entire period of study, the most favourable results of rearing were achieved while feeding the carp with the feed containing 15.3% of lipids, regardless of the water temperature, which ranged from 22.0-30.0°C at the time of the experiment.
46
Nyakeri, E. M., H. J. Ogola, M. A. Ayieko, and F. A. Amimo. "An open system for farming black soldier fly larvae as a source of proteins for smallscale poultry and fish production." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3, no. 1 (March 25, 2017): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2016.0030.
Анотація:
The utilisation of insect as ingredients for animal feeds has gained considerable interest recently. For example, the potential of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) larvae as a cheap alternative protein source for animal feeds seems to show promising perspectives, especially for poultry and aquaculture feeds. In the present study, we sought to establish the wild availability of BSF in Bondo area of Western Kenya, and to develop appropriate methods for larvae farming for utilisation in smallholder farming systems using organic waste substrates. Using an open system involving a larvae feeding structure, study results showed that BSF is native to the study area with higher production observed on substrates of plant origin compared to those of animal origin. Proximate, mineral and vitamin analysis showed that wild BSF larvae contained: 40% crude protein, 33% crude fat, 15% ash, 12% crude fibre, 0.56% manganese, 3.07% sodium, 0.57% iron, 2.27% potassium, 0.24 mg/100 g thiamin, 2.2 mg/100 g riboflavin and 1.3 mg/100 g vitamin E. This nutritional profile of the wild BSF larvae indicates its potential to serve as a cheap and sustainable substitute protein source. We therefore recommend small-scale poultry and fish farmers to adopt the identified methods for its cultivation as a way of lowering production costs and also contributing to environmental hygiene and sanitation.
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Zelenkova, Galina, Alexey Zelenkov, and Natalieia Kochetkova. "Feed additives with probiotics: development and application in bird feeding." E3S Web of Conferences 363 (2022): 03063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236303063.
Анотація:
Our research in the field of developing the formula of feed mixtures with the inclusion of probiotic strains is relevant and in demand. This is due to the current consumer trends on the environmental friendliness and organic nature of the livestock and poultry products produced. The authors have developed the basic principles underlying the modeling of feed additive formulations. However, the introduction of viable cells of beneficial microorganisms (probiotics) into the feed significantly increases the requirements for the level of design of feed products. Thus, the article describes the basic principles of the algorithm for designing feed products for poultry. A technological scheme for combining the components of the supplement and probiotic preparations immediately before feeding to poultry has been developed. According to the developed algorithm, the effect of such an active component of the feed additive as bentonite on the growth and survival of the target probiotic strains was tested. As a result of the conducted research, an algorithm for obtaining new feed additives for poultry is presented. The parameters of feeding of repair young animals and laying hens have been developed. The composition of feed additives with the inclusion of the probiotic strains under study was developed and studied.
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Das, Shubash Chandra, Md Yahya, Md Shamim Hasan, Md Altaf Hossain, Tanzina Akter, and Mahbuba Sultana. "Growth performance of white, black and bronze color heritage turkeys under semi-intensive system." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 3 (December 28, 2018): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i3.39419.
Анотація:
The present study was conducted to compare the growth performance of White, Black and Bronze color type of turkeys, which have been currently introduced in Bangladesh. The birds were reared under semi-intensive system at BAU Poultry Farm with supplementation of commercial broiler grower and layer feeds. Key objectives were to investigate the growth performance of locally found turkeys (known as heritage turkeys) under semi-intensive rearing system and to recommend turkey as a supplementary part of existing poultry business in the country. A total of 46 poults of White, Black and Bronze color type unsexed birds of 5 weeks age were housed. Birds were reared under similar management conditions and feeds were purchased from local market. No significant difference (p>0.05) in live weight for three color types were found. At the end of 21 weeks rearing, Bronze type turkeys attained highest live body weight (3720.71g/bird) while White type turkeys attained lowest (3282.29g/bird). The Black type turkeys however, attained 3552.86g/bird body weight. The live weight gain was increased gradually but decreased again after 18 weeks of age. Weekly weight gains were highest in all color types at 18 weeks of age where white type male turkey attained the highest (440.71g/bird) and black type showed the lowest weight gain (345.00g/bird). No significant difference (p>0.05) in FCR among the three color types were found. Survivability under semi intensive system of three different color types, White, Black and Bronze were 100%, 88.46% and 91.67% respectively. Taken together, the growth performance of Bronze type turkey was superior to other color types used in this experiment. Therefore, it can be concluded that turkey farming will viable in Bangladesh with available local varieties under semi-intensive system through feeding of commercial broiler and layer feeds.
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(3): 471–477, December 2018
49
Pomar, Candido, and Aline Remus. "242 The Impact of Feed Formulation and Feeding Methods on Pig and Poultry Production on the Environment." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.237.
Анотація:
Abstract Dietary energy and nutrient losses associated with its conversion into animal products increase production costs and contribute to the environmental footprint of farms with the excessive application of nitrogen, phosphorus, or trace minerals from manure or carbon and methane losses. Formulating diets with the appropriate levels of minerals and amino acids can help improve dietary protein and energy efficiency and reduce nutrient losses. For example, an 8% reduction in dietary crude protein in pig feeds is estimated to increase nitrogen efficiency by more than 50%, while costing 11% less than a control diet without industrial amino acids. This reduction in protein intake also increases energy availability due to reduced energy losses associated with protein deamination. Urinary and intestinal fermentation energy losses can be 24% lower for pigs fed low-protein diets compared to control diets. Nonetheless, determining the optimal level of dietary amino acid remains a difficult challenge in conventional phase feeding systems. Therefore, group or individual precision feeding is another powerful tool to increase nutrient efficiency. By feeding individual growing-finishing pigs with diets tailored to their requirements, precision feeding can decrease nitrogen excretion by 30% and greenhouse gas emissions by 22% compared to conventional 3-phase feeding. The benefits of feeding pigs with low-protein diets and precision feeding techniques are additive and might result in a 61% protein efficiency of utilization. The formulation of very-low-protein diets and the implementation of precision feeding techniques rely on sound nutritional concepts and comprehensive biological models developed to precisely estimate individual real-time nutrient requirements and animal responses. Understanding the metabolic processes responsible for the observed variation between individual animals in their ability to utilize dietary nutrients is challenging, but there is a need to further improve nutrient efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of livestock production systems.
50
Sarker, Samir Kumer, Md Tawheed Hasan, Simon Kumar Das, and Sabuj Kanti Mazumder. "Fish Culture Practice and Socio Economic Status in Northern Middle Part of Bangladesh." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v1i1.374.
Анотація:
The present study was carried out in Bhaluka upazilla, the northern middle part of Bangladesh to observe the culture technique of fish culture using of supplementary feeds and socio-economic condition of the fish farm owners. Data were collected from 39 fish farms in Bhaluka upazilla during the period from September 2010 to August 2011. Most of the studied farm owners carried out polyculture system and culture, mostly carps (Indian major carps and exotic carps), pangus and tilapia using supplementary feeds. The feeding rate varied from 1-7% of body weight of fish with frequency 1-3 times/day. The highest production was recorded as 56,810 kg/ha/yr using company feed and the lowest production was recorded as 14,210 kg/ha/yr with an average production of 34,350 kg/ha/yr. The average production of 23,520 kg/ha/yr was recorded (farm made feed). Most of the farmers did not use fertilizer and manure in their ponds, but in winter season sometimes they used poultry litter to avoid high priced feed. The overall management practice was not smoothly developed in the monoculture and polyculture farms. It may be concluded that we have to reduce all of the constraints of management practices of aquaculture to achieve sustainable growth in future aquaculture of Bangladesh.