Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Potassium Titanium Niobate"

The paper considers the preparation of potassium sodium niobate ceramics doped with titanium in an amount of 5 mol. %. The structure and dielectric properties were investigated in the temperature range 30–650 °C. It is shown that acceptor doping leads to a decrease in the grain size. Violation of stoichiometry in the anionic sublattice contributes to a decrease in the relaxation time of thermal ionic polarization compared to the case of nonstoichiometry in the cationic sublattice.

AbstractMZI switches are well-known devices for high speed communication applications. A lot of researchers have designed MZI switches by using lithium niobate and potassium niobate material. But the major problem of using these type of material includes high insertion losses and required high switching voltage. So, in this research paper we have designed a 2×2 electro-optic switch using optical waveguide designed with Titanium (Ti) diffused in Strontium barium niobate (SBNO3) material which can operate at wavelength of 1.3 um. Results show that the proposed structure gives better output in terms of extinction ratio (=29.9 db) as well as for insertion losses (≤0.018). Further, we have designed various optical gates i. e. XNOR, XOR and AND optical gates and their performance is also evaluated by varying electrode voltages. It is inferred from the results that the proposed model gives better results even in terms of output power which can be used for commercial purpose.

Titanium dental implants have common clinical applications due to their biocompatibility, biophysical and biochemical characteristics. Although current titanium is thought to be safe and beneficial for patients, there are several indications that it may release toxic metal ions or metal nanoparticles from its alloys into the surrounding environment, which could lead to clinically relevant complications including toxic reactions as well as immune dysfunctions. Hence, an adequate selection and testing of medical biomaterial with outstanding properties are warranted. This study was designed to explore the biocompatibility of smooth titanium-niobium alloy (S_TiNb) versus smooth titanium commercially pure (S_TiCp)—a reference in implantology. All experiments were performed in vitro using human osteoblast-like SaOs-2 and monocyte THP-1 cell lines as models. Cell adhesion and growth morphology were determined by scanning electron microscopy, while cell viability was evaluated using WST-1 assay. Because niobate anions or niobium nanoparticles can be released from implants during biomaterial-cell interaction, potential immunotoxicity of potassium niobate (KNbO3) salt was evaluated by examining both metabolic activity and transcriptomic profiling of treated THP-1 monocytes. The main findings of this study are that S_TiCp and S_TiNb discs do not show an impact on the proliferation and viability of SaOs-2 cells compared to polystyrene surfaces, whereas a significant decrease in THP-1 cells’ viability and metabolic activity was observed in the presence of S_TiNb discs compared to the control group. However, no significant changes were found neeither at the metabolic activity nor at the transcriptomic level of THP-1 monocytes exposed to KNbO3 salt, suggesting that niobium has no effect on the immune system. Overall, these data imply a possible toxicity of S_TiNb discs toward THP-1 cells, which may not be directly related to niobium but perhaps to the manufacturing process of titanium- niobium alloy. Thus, this limitation must be overcome to make titanium alloy an excellent material for medical applications.

Nous avons etudie par topographie aux rayons x, en utilisant principalement le rayonnement synchrotron, des monocristaux sous champ electrique tels que la forme alpha de l'iodate de lithium (-liio#3), l'orthophosphate potassium titanyl (ktp=ktiopo#4) et le niobate de lithium (linbo#3). Ces etudes ont ete menees dans le but d'elucider les mecanismes de formation des gradients de distorsion sous champ. Nous avons observe sur les topographies les effets qui se produisent sur les cristaux de -liio#3 et ktp lorsqu'un champ electrique est applique suivant l'axe c. Les resultats nouveaux, surtout les mesures en courant alternatif et les experiences a basse temperature, ont montre que la conductivite ionique unidimensionnelle n'est pas un phenomene preponderant a la base des lignes paralleles a l'axe c observees sous champ, comme cela a ete suppose jusqu'a present. Ceci nous a permis de remettre en cause les modeles mentionnes dans la litterature, et de proposer notre modele des canaux polarises. Sur les cristaux de linbo#3 (et -liio#3) implantes par l'hydrogene nous avons observe, sur les topographies en section, la couche associee a l'implantation. Les experiences ont montre que la couche implantee est monocristalline, legerement desorientee par rapport au volume, observable sans champ. Sous champ, elle n'est pas visible. Par contre, la couche traversee par les ions implantes est, sous champ, a l'origine de l'observation d'une ligne parallele a la surface, plus desorientee par rapport au volume que la couche implantee sans champ. La desorientation de cette image de la zone traversee semble etre fortement correlee avec l'effet piezoelectrique. Nous proposons deux hypotheses qui pourraient expliquer ce phenomene

碩士
國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系
102
The aim of this study was to search for ferroelectric photovoltaic materials. Because ferroelectric materials usually have a very high DC resistivity over 108 ohm-cm, there is a need to increase the mobile carrier concentration in these materials. For such a purpose, KNbO3 was doped with different ions in this study. Polycrystalline samples of KNbO3:M (M=Ti and Mo) were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction showed that a pure phase of Ti or Mo doped KNbO3 could be obtained after sintering at 1000 C for 8 and 10 hours, respectively, and the doping limit was below 10 at.%, above which secondary phases occurred. The Currie temperature of KNbO3 was reduced by 20~30 C by the doping. The resistivity of KNbO3:5%Ti was measured to be 7.04108 ohm-cm, an order of magnitude smaller than the un-doped KNbO3 (7.82109 ohm-cm), whereas the Mo doped samples showed a slightly higher resistivity than the un-doped KNbO3. After electrical poling in a high field, the current-voltage curves of the samples were measured with and without light irradiation. For the un-doped KNbO3 there was virtually no change in the output current before and after the illumination, indicating a lack of the carriers that could be activated by the light. However, both Ti and Mo doped KNbO3 showed an order of magnitude increase in the output current after the illumination.

The present Thesis explores a few novel anode materials for both lithium-ion and sodium-ion rechargeable batteries. A series of layered metal titanium niobates have been synthesised and their electrochemical energy storage properties, ion transport, and reaction mechanisms are studied in detail. Alkali-titanium niobates such as Li-Ti-niobate (and it’s sodium counterpart) store lithium (sodium) via the conventional intercalation mechanism. Detailed experimental and theoretical investigations reveal interesting and non trivial ion transport, which are found to be strongly correlated to the electrochemical properties. Apart from intercalation, where amount of energy storage is limited by the crystal structure, energy storage via an alloying reaction is an important alternative strategy to boost specific capacities and energy densities of various battery systems. However, drastic volume changes during alloying/dealloying is detrimental for stable electrochemical function of the cell. The volume expansion problem associated with alloying anodes materials e.g. Sn for alkali-ion batteries have been tackled here via two different strategies. While one uses a flexible layered structure resulting in simultaneous intercalation and alloying process, the other approach uses a porous electrospun carbon fiber encapsulation for alloying compounds. The electrochemical properties as a function of Sn-content in a binary SnX (X: Sb) compound anode have been explicitly probed. This study provided invaluable information on alloying reaction mechanisms as well as identified the most optimum Sn-content for the long term stable battery operations. Usage of graphite as an anode in high energy density Li-ion cell has already been shown to be associated with severe safety issues. The thesis demonstrates a novel and very simple strategy to develop a stable non-carbonaceous anode for operation in the Li-ion (full) cell configuration. The thesis comprises of six chapters and a brief discussion of the content and highlights of the individual chapters are discussed below: Chapter 1 briefly reviews the different materials (mainly anodes) and storage mechanisms in the context of lithium-ion and sodium-ion rechargeable batteries. Energy storage via different mechanisms in metal-ion batteries has it’s own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, design of alternative novel materials is absolutely essential to nullify the detrimental factors associated with various storage methods leading to highly efficient and safe alkali metal-ion rechargeable battery systems. Development of materials for efficient alkali metal-ion batteries are very pertinent even today as the next generation high energy density rechargeable batteries based on metal-S/metal-O2 are still in the stages of infancy. They are far away from widespread commercialization and thus, do not pose any threat to the rechargeable alkali metal-ion batteries. This chapter discusses the importance of diffusion of ions inside the electrode materials, which essentially determines the rate capability of half/full cells. Chapter ends with discussion on galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) which has been used extensively for calculating the diffusion coefficients of the electrodes. Chapter 2 comprises of synthesis, characterization and investigation of electrochemical properties of novel Ti-based anode materials, namely Li-Ti-niobate and Na-Ti-niobate. These compounds are synthesized using a simple ion-exchange reaction from aqueous medium using KTiNbO5 (potassium titanium niobate) as the parent compound. Li-Ti-niobate and Na-Ti-niobate are tested in Li and Na-battery respectively as an anode material. The effects of Ti3+/Ti2+ redox couple in the electrochemical performances are also investigated in the case of Li-Ti-niobate by altering the working potential window of the battery. The electrochemical performances of Li-Ti-niobate are further improved by downsizing the particle size followed by carbon coating through hydrothermal carbonization method. Scheme 1: Layered structure of metal-titanium niobate. Electrochemical performance of Li-Ti-niobate in the voltage ranges (1-3) V and (0.2-2.75) V. The specific capacity of Li-Ti-niobate has been increased by downsizing the particles followed by carbon coating (cd-Li-Ti-niobate) in the voltage range (0.2-2.75) V. In Chapter 2 we investigated the electrochemical properties of Li-Ti-niobate as an anode material for Li-ion battery. In Chapter 3 we probed the ion diffusion inside the material, an important physical property that determines the possibility of battery operation at higher current densities. Layered Li-Ti-niobate shows pesudo-1-D Li+ ion diffusion, with ion transport taking place mainly along the crystallographic b-direction. Presence of line defects along crystallographic b-direction assists the diffusion to be pesudo-1-D in nature. Removal of line defects via sintering followed by studies on electrochemical properties suggests that presence of high density dislocation defects is crucial for superior rate performance of Li-Ti-niobate. Scheme 2: Preferential direction of ion diffusion in Li-Ti-niobate In the previous Chapters, the lithium ion intercalation behavior and its diffusion properties into titanium niobate layers have been investigated in detail. In Chapter 4, the same layered geometry has been explored to tackle the drastic volume expansion problem typically associated with anodes storing energy via the alloying method. Unique flexible non-carbonaceous layered host viz. M-Ti-niobate (Ti: Titanium; M: Al3+, Pb2+, Sb3+, Ba2+, Mg2+) has been designed which can synergistically store both lithium-ions and sodium-ions via simultaneous intercalation and alloying mechanisms. M-Ti-niobate is formed by ion-exchange of the K-ions, which are specifically located in the galleries between the layers formed by edge and corner sharing TiO6 and NbO6 octahedral units in the sol-gel synthesized potassium titanium niobate (KTiNbO5). The detrimental issues such as drastic volume changes (approximately 300-400%) typically associated with alloying mechanism of storage are completely tackled chemically viz. by the unique chemical composition and structure of the M-Ti-niobates. The free space between the adjustable Ti/Nb octahedral layers easily accommodates the drastic volume changes. Due to the presence of an optimum amount of multivalent alloying metal ions (50-75% of total K-ions) in the M-Ti-niobate, efficient alloying reaction takes place directly with the ions and completely eliminates any form of mechanical degradation of the electroactive particles. The M-Ti-niobate can be cycled over a wide voltage range (as low as 0.01 V) and displays remarkably stable Li+ and Na+ ion cyclability (> 2 Li+/Na+ per formula unit) for widely varying current densities over few hundreds to thousands of successive cycles. The simultaneous intercalation and alloying storage mechanisms demonstrated by the experiments is studied within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). DFT expectedly shows a very small variation in the volume of Al-titanium niobate following lithium alloying. Moreover, the theoretical investigations also conclusively endorse the occurrence of the alloying process of Li-ions with the Al-ions along with the intercalation process during discharge. The M-Ti-niobates studied here demonstrates a paradigm shift in chemical design of electrodes and will pave the way for development of multitude of improved electrodes for different battery chemistries Scheme 3: Scheme depicts the synergistic approach of charge storage in M-Ti-niobate anodes for alkali-ion rechargeable batteries. Colour changes in the layers indicate that the layers are electrochemically active. Chapter 5 mainly focuses on a fully Li-alloy based anode such as SnSb for prospective application in rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The Sn-content variation in SnSb nanoparticles confined inside electrically conducting carbon nanofiber is observed to significantly influence the electrochemical performance. It is a major challenge to minimize the detrimental effects arising as a result of drastic volume changes (≈ few hundred times) occurring during repeated alloying-dealloying of lithium with Group IV elements e.g. tin (Sn). An important design strategy is to have Sn as a component in a binary compound. SnSb, is an important example where the antimony (Sb) itself is redox active at a potential higher than that of Sn. The ability of Sb to alloy with Li reduces the Li uptake amount of Sn in SnSb compared to bare Sn. Thus, the volume changes of Sn in SnSb will expectedly be much lower compared to bare Sn leading to greater mechanical stability and cyclability. As revealed recently, complete reformation of SnSb (for molar ratio Sn:Sb= 1:1) during charging is not achieved due to loss of some fraction of Sn. Thus, molar concentration of Sn and Sb in SnSb is also absolutely important for the optimization of battery performance. We discuss here SnSb with varying compositions of Sn encapsulated inside an electrospun carbon-nanofiber (abbreviated as CF). The carbon-nanofiber matrix not only provides electron transport pathways for the redox process but also provides ample space to accommodate the drastic volume changes occurring during successive charge and discharge cycles. The systematic changes in the chemical composition of SnSb minimize the instabilities in the SnSb structure as well as replenish any loss in Sn during repeated cycling. The composition plays a very crucial role as magnitude of specific capacities and cyclability of SnSb is observed to depend on the variable percentage of Sn. SnSb-75-25-CF, which contains excess Sn, exhibits the highest specific capacity of 550 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles in a comparison with pure SnSb (1:1) anode material at current density (0.2 A/g) and shows excellent rate capability over widely varying current densities (0.2-5 A g-1). Scheme 4: Schematic depiction of lithiation and delithiation mechanism in SnSb. Bar diagram of specific capacity versus percentage of Sn present in SnSb-series of compounds. Percentage of Sn present is 0 %, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in Sb-CF, SnSb-25-75-CF, SnSb-50-50-CF, SnSb-75-25-CF and Sn-CF respectively. In Chapter 6 we discuss a binary mixture of two non-carbon coated electroactive compounds viz. anatase-titanium dioxide (TiO2) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as a potential electrode for Li-based batteries. The binary mixture, whose components are synthesized using sol-gel methods and not carbon coated, can be reversibly cycled in the potential range (1.0-3.5) V against Li-metal. The physical mixture of the as-synthesized TiO2 and V2O5 (w/w = 1:1) provides a high specific capacity (≈ 190 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1) and higher compared to the bare anatase-TiO2 and V2O5. Thus, this simple strategy enhances the operational potential of anatase-TiO2 by 0.5 V to 3.5 V against lithium and also nullifies greatly the complexities of carbon electronic wiring of electroactive particles. A Li-ion cell, comprising of the non-carbon coated binary mixture as anode and lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) as the cathode, cycled in the potential range (0.2-3.5) V delivers a high specific capacity of nearly 80 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 and is higher compared to the full cell capacities using the individual components as anodes. No signatures of SEI formation is observed from the cyclic voltammetry results. The presence of a second electroactive material may strongly suppress the SEI formation typically observed for Ti-oxide based materials when cycled to such a low potential (≈ 0.2 V). This may also account for the high percentage of reversibility and specific capacity of the full cell in this wide potential range. This simple approach enables the possibility of using Ti-oxide based anodes against the commercial intercalation cathodes without any compromise in the cell performance and also reduces the need for design of novel high voltage cathode materials. Scheme 5: Scheme shows a design strategy for improvement in specific capacity as a result of presence of an additional redox active species in the Li-ion configuration.

A frequency tunable source of squeezed light has been developed for application to a variety of problems in atomic physics. The basic experimental arrangement consists of a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) that is pumped by the frequency-doubled output of a titanium-sapphire laser. Squeezed light with continuous tunability of 2 GHz has been generated with a directly observed nonclassical noise reduction of 5.0 dB relative to the vacuumstate limit in a balanced homodyne detector (5.2 dB when corrected for detector noise). Although our source is potentially broadly tunable over the noncritical phase-matching bandwidth of potassium niobate, current research has concentrated on operation at 852 nm for excitation of the D2 line of atomic cesium. Relative to the usual quantum limit associated with vacuumstate fluctuations, enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated for the detection of Doppler-free resonances in FM saturation spectroscopy, with an improvement of 3.1 dB directly observed and 3.8 dB after correction for detector noise.