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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "POTASSIUM BISMUTH"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "POTASSIUM BISMUTH"

Derrien, Gaelle, Monique Tillard, Laure Monconduit, and Claude Belin. "Potassium barium bismuth oxide." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 56, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): e232-e232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270100006855.

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Inaba, Katsuya, Ichiro Fujii, Kouichi Nakashima, Hiroshi Hayashi, Yuichi Yamamoto, Yoshihiro Kuroiwa, and Satoshi Wada. "Preparation of Grain-Oriented Ceramics with Bismuth Potassium Titanate-Barium Titanate and their Piezoelectric Properties." Key Engineering Materials 582 (September 2013): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.582.80.

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Bismuth potassium titanate ((Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3: BKT) powder were prepared using bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO3) and titanium oxide (TiO2) raw materials. Barium titanate (BaTiO3: BT) platelike particles oriented along [110] direction were used as template particles. Barium titanate-bismuth potassium titanate (BT-BKT) ceramics had a tetragonal phase at -100 °C. The main composition was fixed to BKT 30 molar% because the Curie temperature (TC) was well above 200 °C at BKT 30 molar%. The orientation of [110]-oriented BT-BKT ceramics (BKT 30 molar%) was 54.6 %.

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Wan, Fu Wei, Meng Zhang, Shao Wei Wang, and Jing Hua Yu. "The Synthesis of New Rhodanine Ramification and Application in Determine Trace Bismuth." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.147.

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A new type rhodanine ramification 3-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-5 (2'- arsenoxylphenylazo)- rhodanine (4MORAAP) was prepared as fluorescent reagent in this paper. A new pectrofluorimetry method was proposed to determine the trace bismuth based on the reaction between potassium periodate and 4MORAAP. The fluorescence intensity was found to be quenched by the oxidation of 4MORAAP by potassium periodate with bismuth as catalyst in the buffer medium of potassium hydrogen phthalate-sodium hydroxide (pH=5.2). Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescent intensity was correlated to be linear with the concentration of bismuth over the range of 2.0×10-7-1.8×10-6 g×L-1 and the detection limit was 2.9×10-8 g×L-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.4 % for determined1.0×10-6 g×L-1 bismuth (n=11). The method was proved to be sensitive and selective and was successfully applied to determine trace bismuth in domestic water.

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Zhang, Ruding, Jingze Bao, YuHuang Wang, and Chuan-Fu Sun. "Concentrated electrolytes stabilize bismuth–potassium batteries." Chemical Science 9, no. 29 (2018): 6193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sc01848k.

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Wang, Shou Mei, Shen Gгang Ge, Mei Yan, and Jing Hua Yu. "Synthesis and Character of Fluorescence Reagent 3-P-Nitrylphenyl-5-(2'-Sulfonophenylazo) Rhodanine." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.327.

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A new type rhodanine ramification 3-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-5 (2'- arsenoxylphenylazo)- rhodanine (4MORAAP) was prepared as fluorescent reagent in this paper. A new pectrofluorimetry method was proposed to determine the trace bismuth based on the reaction between potassium periodate and 4MORAAP. The fluorescence intensity was found to be quenched by the oxidation of 4MORAAP by potassium periodate with bismuth as catalyst in the buffer medium of potassium hydrogen phthalate-sodium hydroxide (pH=5.2). Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescent intensity was correlated to be linear with the concentration of bismuth over the range of 2.0×10-7-1.8×10-6g×L-1and the detection limit was 2.9×10-8g×L-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.4 % for determined1.0×10-6g×L-1bismuth (n=11). The method was proved to be sensitive and selective and was successfully applied to determine trace bismuth in domestic water

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Daminov, Artem S., Ekaterina S. Koledova, Kseniya V. Mishchenko, and Yuri M. Yukhin. "Hydrolytic method for processing bismuth to obtain compounds." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001031.

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The hydrolytic processing of metallic bismuth to obtain compounds was investigated by methods of chemical, X-ray diffraction analyses, thermogravimetric analyzes, as well as electron microscopy. The conditions for obtaining bismuth nitrate pentahydrate composition Bi(NO3)3∙5H2O, oxide, citrate of bismuth of composition BiС6Н5O7, bismuth-potassium-ammonium citrate and oxohydroxotribromophenolate of bismuth of the pharmacopoeial composition [Bi6O6(OH)2](C6H2Br3O)4 Xeroform are presented.

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Wang, Chun-Ming, and Jin-Feng Wang. "Aurivillius Phase Potassium Bismuth Titanate: K0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 91, no. 3 (March 2008): 918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02211.x.

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Petric, A., and A. D. Pelton. "The Bi-K bismuth-potassium system." Journal of Phase Equilibria 12, no. 1 (February 1991): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02663669.

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Man, S. Q., S. F. Wong, and E. Y. B. Pun. "Erbium-doped potassium bismuth gallate glasses." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 19, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.19.001839.

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Baumert, B. A. "Barium potassium bismuth oxide: A review." Journal of Superconductivity 8, no. 1 (February 1995): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00732261.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "POTASSIUM BISMUTH"

Lee, Chong Yong. "Electron-phonon interaction in barium-potassium-bismuth-oxygen superconductor by quantum path integral molecular dynamics (QPIMD)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185239.

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We have introduced two different techniques in this paper to investigate the high Tc superconductor BaK BiO₃. The first one is the rigid-ion molecular dynamics model to calculate classical properties of the crystal. This method provides the ionic anisotropic vibrational spectra. It is found that the oxygen modes dominate the vibrational spectrum from 150 cm⁻¹ up to 820 cm⁻¹. An increase in the number of substituted K around an oxygen favors high frequency vibrational modes. We have also determined by experiment IR spectrum. The absorption peaks are between 380 to 880 cm⁻¹. Our experimental and computational data are in good agreement in the high frequency region. The second technique used to investigate this high Tc superconductor is based on a quantum path integral molecular dynamics. It has been applied for the first time to the determination of electron-phonon interaction energy. We estimate the electron phonon coupling constant at about 1.34. This value represents a weak to moderate electron-phonon coupling in Ba₁₋ₓKₓBiO₃ in agreement with current views of this pairing mechanism in this material.

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Pacher, Fernandes Rodrigo [Verfasser]. "Piezoresponse Force Microscopy study of potassium sodium niobate and bismuth sodium titanate based lead-free ferroelectric materials / Rodrigo Pacher Fernandes." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049362829/34.

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Dürr, Jérôme. "Contribution à l'étude structurale du système BaBiO3 dopé par du plomb ou par du potassium." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10008.

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Le compose babio#3, connu pour ses proprietes supraconductrices lorsqu'on substitue le bismuth par le plomb, a suscite un regain d'interet lorsqu'une temperature supraconductrice de 30 k environ a ete obtenue en le dopant avec du potassium. Nous avons caracterise finement par analyse e. D. X. Des monocristaux prepares soit par flux soit par electrocristallisation. Nous avons montre que dans les deux cas seuls les cristaux faiblement dopes (moins de 10% de potassium) etaient homogenes. Au-dela de ce taux de substitution, ils presentent soit un gradient de composition, soit plusieurs compositions distinctes. Ceci se traduit en general par un elargissement de la transition supraconductrice mesuree en susceptibilite alternative. Nous avons aussi mis en evidence deux nouvelles phases, l'une contenant du sodium, l'autre presentant un rapport (ba+k)/bi different de celui relatif a une phase perovskite. Par ailleurs, nous avons determine par diffraction des rayons x la structure d'un monocristal macle de composition k#0#. #0#2#3ba#0#. #9#9#4bi#0#. #9#7#4o#2#. #9#5. Les meilleurs affinements ont ete obtenus en decrivant la structure dans le groupe d'espace i2/m, comme pour le compose non dope. Nous avons trouve que pour cette faible concentration en potassium les atomes de potassium ne substituaient pas le baryum mais etaient situes sur l'un des deux sites de bismuth. Le meme type d'etude faite sur un monocristal de babio#3 dope au plomb (13%) a montre que la encore c'etait le groupe d'espace i2/m qui permettait la meilleure description de la structure. Enfin, nous avons determine la structure d'une nouvelle phase de type perovskite double, de formule ba#3#. #1#2k#0#. #6#8bi#3#. #4#4na#0#. #7#0o#1#2. La repartition des charges laisse peu d'espoir de rendre ce compose supraconducteur

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Alvarenga, Sandra Torres. "Síntese de acetatos de glicerina utilizando sais de bismuto." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10931.

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118 f.
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Devido aos inúmeros incentivos governamentais que impulsionam a produção do Biodiesel no mundo, tal combustível está sendo produzido largamente, e um fator preocupante frente a esse crescimento é o destino do glicerol excedente, já que seu uso é condicionado ao seu grau de pureza, que deve estar usualmente acima de 95%. No caso do glicerol bruto, resultante do processo de transesterificação do biodiesel, são necessários processos complexos e onerosos para que essa matéria-prima alcance as exigências em grau de pureza necessária para seu emprego. Além disso, os mercados tradicionais que o consomem (indústria de cosméticos, resinas, indústria farmacêutica, têxtil e alimentícia) têm uma capacidade limitada de absorção de quantidades maiores desse sub-produto. Sendo assim, esse trabalho tem como objetivo promover modificações estruturais na molécula do glicerol (comercial, alcalino e bruto), utilizando como agentes oxidantes os sais de bismuto (Zn(BiO3)2 e NaBiO3), NaClO e KBrO3/NaHSO3. As reações foram realizadas em ácido acético , ácido lático, acetona, água, com variação de tempo, temperatura, concentração dos reagentes e catalisadores. Essa metodologia sintética tem como finalidade gerar produtos com maior valor agregado tornando o glicerol um sub-produto mais reaproveitado e competitivo no mercado. Os melhores resultados na conversão do glicerol para os produtos mono, di e triacetilados foram alcançados utilizando 1mol% do catalisador NaBiO3 em diferentes concentrações de ácido acético glacial. Na ausência do catalisador a reação também ocorre, porém com tempo elevado. Em nenhum dos experimentos ocorreu à oxidação do glicerol. O modelo experimental realizado mostrou que é necessário excesso de ácido a fim de promover o equilíbrio na direção da conversão do glicerol e seletividade para os produtos mais valiosos comercialmente, o di e triacetilados.
Salvador

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Harneit, Wolfgang. "Étude de l'état mixte du supraconducteur (K,Ba)BiO3 par mesures magnétiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10156.

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Nous avons etudie l'etat mixte du supraconducteur cubique kbabio a l'aide de mesures inductives sur monocristaux. La totalite du diagramme des phases de ce compose est experimentalement accessible (tc = 30k, hc2 = 32t) et l'interpretation des resultats est simplifiee du fait de son caractere isotrope. Outre les methodes traditionnelles (vsm, souid) de mesure du courant critique et de relaxation, une methode de champs pulses a ete employee pour explorer le regime des temps courts. Le piegeage des vortex dans kbabio est bien decrit par la theorie du piegeage collectif : le piegeage est lie aux fluctuations spatiales du parametre d'ordre (delta-tc-pinning). Les regimes de piegeage par paquets de vortex ont ete mis en evidence. Le fluage des vortex ne peut pas etre totalement decrit dans le cadre de deformations elastiques du reseau de vortex mais fait probablement appel a des effets plastiques lies a la proximite d'une transition verre-liquide. L'effet papillon (second maximum dans le cycle d'hysteresis) est egalement present dans kbabio. Les explications generalement utilisees (lois d'echelle pour les forces de piegeage, decouplage 2d-3d, fluage elastique ou plastique) ne permettent pas d'expliquer totalement cet effet qui parait etre lie a un phenomene d'enchevetrement des vortex.

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Kazakov, Serguei. "A la recherche de nouveaux supraconducteurs à haute température critique dans le système Sr-K-Bi-O." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10169.

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La decouverte recente de la supraconductivite a 30 k dans la perovskite cubique ba#0#. #6k#0#. #4bio#3 a attire l'attention sur les oxydes de bismuth en particulier au vu de la difference importante des proprietes par rapport a celles des cuprates supraconducteurs. Le but de ce travail etait de rechercher de nouveaux supraconducteurs dans le systeme sr-k-bi-o. Nous avons effectivement reussi a synthetiser plusieurs nouveaux compose dans ce systeme, dont deux nouveaux supraconducteurs a 12k, et apporte ainsi une connaissance plus approfondie des mecanismes de la supraconductivite dans les oxydes mixtes de bismuth. Le nouveau compose sr#1#. #2bi#0#. #8o#3 a ete prepare sous pression d'oxygene. La structure de srbio#3, determinee par diffraction neutronique, peut etre decrite comme une perovskite distordue de maille ab2a#p, c2a#p (a est le parametre d'une perovskite cubique ideale). Nous avons montre qu'il y a une dismutation partielle du bismuth en deux cations bi#3#+ et bi#5#+ qui occupent deux sites distincts bi1 et bi2. Cette localisation des charges explique la propriete d'isolant du compose. Une substitution partielle de k ou rb sur le site du sr est a l'origine de la supraconductivite dans les composes sr#1##xk#xbio#3(t#c12) et sr#1##xrb#xbio#3(t#c13 k), prepares a haute pression et haute temperature. La substitution par les cations alcalins provoque egalement une diminution des parametres de maille et de l'importance de la distorsion par rapport a la symetrie cubique. Les structures cristallines de sr#1#. #2bi#0#. #8o#3, sr#0#. #7k#0#. #3bio#3, sr#0#. #4k#0#. #6bio#3, sr#0#. #3k#0#. #7bio#3 ont ete determinees a partir de donnees de diffraction de rayons-x et de neutrons. Dans la region supraconductrice la symetrie est tetragonale. Nous avons aussi synthetise le nouveau compose sr#1#. #6k#1#. #4bi#2o#7 qui est le second terme de la serie de ruddlesden-popper serie (sr,k)#n#+#1bi#no#3#n#+#1. La structure a ete affinee a partir de donnees de diffractions de rayons-x sur poudre. La composition cationique (sr,k) ne varie que sur une tres etroite plage ce qui ne permet pas d'atteindre des valeurs suffisamment basse de la valence du bismuth. Ceci est probablement responsable de l'absence de supraconductivite dans les echantillons prepares. Enfin, deux autres nouvelles phases sr#2##xk#xbi#2o#7## et srkbio#4 ont aussi ete trouvees dans le systeme sr-k-bi-o et nous avons determine leur structure.

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AQUINO, REGINALDO R. de. "Avaliação da radioatividade natural em mármores e granitos comerciais do estado do Espírito Santo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26389.

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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Joumard, Isabelle. "Transitions de phases et dynamique des vortex dans (K,Ba)BiO3." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10209.

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L'oxyde supraconducteur (k,ba)bio 3 presente deux interets majeurs. Premierement, son faible champ critique superieur (h c 2<30t) permet d'acceder experimentalement a tout le diagramme de phases h-t. Ce diagramme de phases s'avere tout aussi riche que celui des cuprates (differentes phases de vortex). Deuxiemement, la dynamique des vortex semble tres proche de celle des cuprates mais plus simple a etudier en raison du caractere isotrope de ce compose. Ainsi, (k,ba)bio 3 est un systeme modele pour l'etude des transitions de phases et de la dynamique des vortex. La caracterisation experimentale du piegeage dans (k,ba)bio 3 par des mesures de susceptibilite alternative et de magneto-optique a montre que les vortex sont pieges de facon volumique. Nous avons etudie la transition reseau/verre par des mesures de diffraction de neutrons. Cette transition se traduit par la disparition de l'intensite diffractee liee a l'enchevetrement des vortex et est egalement visible dans l'aimantation par l'effet papillon. L'etude de la dynamique des vortex dans (k,ba)bio 3, au voisinage de la transition reseau/verre et jusqu'a la transition solide/liquide, a ete realisee grace a des mesures de susceptibilite alternative qui permettent d'acceder aux caracteristiques e-j et offrent une large fenetre d'etude. Le passage dans la phase desordonnee ne modifie pas le fluage (bien decrit par le regime small bundle de la theorie du fluage collectif elastique). On observe une decroissance de l'exposant lorsque la taille des paquets de vortex est de l'ordre de celle entre deux dislocations. Le fluage serait alors un fluage (plastique) collectif de dislocations. L'introduction de defauts colonnaires engendre une diminution de la phase liquide (confinement des vortex). Les mesures d'aimantation presentent une anomalie au champ de piegeage efficace maximal et la disparition de l'effet papillon. L'etude du fluage des vortex a mis en evidence l'existence d'un regime rarement mesure de double kink.

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Hong, Ying-kai, and 洪英凱. "Preparation and Physical Properties of Potassium-doped and Lithium-doped Bismuth Sodium Titanate Ceramics." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18389972862510486243.

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碩士
國立臺南大學
材料科學系碩士班
97
(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 is an excellent candidate system in lead-free piezoelectric materials system at present because of its no lead pollution. In this research, the [Bi0.5(Na1-xKx)0.5]TiO3 and [Bi0.5(Na1-xLix)0.5]TiO3 ceramics have been prepared by solid-state reaction method. Effect of the potassium and lithium content on the crystal structure and dielectric properties of ceramics were studied. This research is composed of two parts. First, [Bi0.5(Na1-xKx)0.5]TiO3 could be successful synthesized in this research, and the phase transition and dielectric properties was investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, SEM and impedance analyzer. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering results show that increasing of potassium content makes the crystal structure change from cubic to tetragonal. The transition point shifts to high temperature as potassium content increases. Second, [Bi0.5(Na1-xLix)0.5]TiO3 could be successful synthesized in this research, X-ray diffraction results show that two phases mix together between x=0.3 and x=0.9. The transition point shifts to high temperature as the lithium content increases, and the dielectric peak becomes broaden.

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Carroll, James F. "Potassium sodium bismuth titanate ceramics : processing and property relationships for higher-temperature electromechanical actuation /." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337718.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: B, page: 7075. Adviser: David A. Payne. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-140) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

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Книги з теми "POTASSIUM BISMUTH"

Blokdijk, G. J. Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Complete Self-Assessment Guide. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.

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Частини книг з теми "POTASSIUM BISMUTH"

Predel, B. "Bi - K (Bismuth - Potassium)." In B - Ba … Cu - Zr, 111–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44756-6_68.

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Singh, Pragati, Raghvendra Pandey, and Prabhakar Singh. "Insight into Structural and Electrical Properties of Potassium and Lithium Substituted Non-stoichiometric Sodium Bismuth Titanate (Na0.54Bi0.46TiO3-δ)." In Springer Proceedings in Materials, 171–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5971-3_20.

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Czaja, Piotr, Jan Suchanicz, Marcin Wąs, Jacek Michniowski, Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz, and Mariusz Sokołowski. "Lead-free ceramics based on potassium-bismuth titanate K0.5Bi0.5TiO3." In 2D and Quasi-2D Composite and Nanocomposite Materials, 149–61. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818819-4.00013-1.

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Rizwan, M. "Bulk Lead-Free Piezoelectric Perovskites and their Applications." In Materials Research Foundations, 222–58. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902097-8.

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Perovskites are an interesting class of materials that have tremendous applications as actuators, sensors and in photovoltaics. Lead based perovskites exhibit piezoelectricity and other interesting properties and thus have conquered the ceramic industry for a long time. Lead free piezoelectric perovskites are the need of the hour because lead based piezoceramics are toxic and a danger to the environment. There are various contenders of lead free alternatives of lead zirocnate-titnate (PZT) based ceramics including potassium-sodium niobate, barium titanate, bismuth based perovskites that exhibit similar piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties in comparison to PZT ceramics. These lead free piezoceramics and their important properties and respective applications such as sensors, transducers and actuators, is briefly explored in this chapter.

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Sharma, Pramisha, and Ashima Sharma. "Heavy Metals in Ground Water Affect the Human Health Global Challenge." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice, 139–58. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9831-3.ch007.

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This chapter is based on a review of heavy metals, high atomic weight, and high-density naturally occurring elements transition elements. In the periodic table, about 80 elements of them are called metals. These metals can be further classified into two categories, those that are essential for survival such as magnesium, potassium, calcium, etc. and those that are nonessential such as lead, mercury, bismuth, and cadmium. These nonessential metals are known as toxic metals. Trace elements such as selenium, zinc, copper, etc. are necessary for maintaining the human body metabolism. These essential elements can be toxic if present at high concentrations. On the other hand, some elements like Hg, Cd, Pb, Bi, Cr, As, etc. are usually toxic to the living organisms when absorbed in small quantities. The source of heavy metals is natural as well as manmade. The toxicity of heavy metals causes carcinogenic effects in human beings related to organ, renal, hepatic, neural, skeletal, and glandular problems.

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Kurbanov, K., E. S. Dosmagambetov, R. Ehlert, D. Schultze, and A. A. Kaminskii. "Crystal Growth and Spectroscopic Properties Nd³⁺Ions in Potassium Bismuth Niobate." In December 16, 723–27. De Gruyter, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783112501825-057.

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Fontani, Marco, Mariagrazia Costa, and Mary Virginia Orna. "The Forerunners of Celtium and Hafnium: Ostranium, Norium, Jargonium, Nigrium, Euxenium, Asium, and Oceanium." In The Lost Elements. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199383344.003.0012.

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Of the naturally occurring nonradioactive elements, hafnium was the next to last to be discovered, preceding the discovery of rhenium by 3 years. It can boast of holding a very strange record: the number of claims for its discovery over the years is unequaled by any other element. This record was the cause of frustration for many scientists who, over the years, took turns in attempts to isolate it. The reason that hafnium remained undiscovered until 1922 lay not so much in that its presence in nature (long known to be quite scarce) wasn’t looked for, but in its peculiar chemical properties that bound it up intimately with zirconium. Toward the end of the 18th century, Martin Heinrich Klaproth melted some forms of yellow-green and red zirconium with sodium hydroxide and then digested the residue several times with hydrochloric and sulfuric acids to eliminate the extraneous silicon. The solution, thought to contain a number of elements, produced, upon addition of potassium carbonate, a generous precipitate. The oxide that Klaproth collected did not seem to belong to any known substance, and he called it terra zirconia. With the passing of the years, he and many other chemists, among them the renowned Jons Jacob Berzelius, determined the elemental composition of zircon and of its correlative minerals. Far from being simply ZrSiO4, zircon contained traces of iron, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, lead, bismuth, manganese, lithium, sodium, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and uranium and small amounts of the rare earths. Some impurities persistently resisted separation from zirconium oxide or zirconia and were taken erroneously for oxides of new elements (new earths). In 1825, Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt (1791–1873) reported the presence of a new element, ostranium, isolated from ostranite, a mineral similar to zircon. Twenty years later, the Swedish chemist, mineralogist, and metallurgist Lars Fredrik Svanberg (1805–78) announced the discovery of a new element. In his publication of 1845, he asserted that the zirconium oxide obtained from a variety of Siberian, Norwegian, and Indian zircon samples was in reality composed of two earths: one, zirconia, already noted, and another unknown earth.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "POTASSIUM BISMUTH"

Carroll, J. F., D. A. Payne, Y. Noguchi, and M. Miyayama. "Field-Induced Strain Behavior for Potassium Sodium Bismuth Titanate Ceramics." In 2007 Sixteenth IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isaf.2007.4393360.

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Carroll, James F., David A. Payne, Yuji Noguchi, and M. Miyayama. "Role of potassium content in sodium bismuth titanate piezoelectrics for higher temperature applications." In 2008 17th IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics (ISAF). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isaf.2008.4693815.

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Riemke, Richard A., Cliff B. Davis, and Richard R. Schultz. "RELAP5-3D Code Includes ATHENA Features and Models." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89217.

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Version 2.3 of the RELAP5-3D computer program includes all features and models previously available only in the ATHENA version of the code. These include the addition of new working fluids (i.e., ammonia, blood, carbon dioxide, glycerol, helium, hydrogen, lead-bismuth, lithium, lithium-lead, nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and sodium-potassium) and a magnetohydrodynamic model that expands the capability of the code to model many more thermal-hydraulic systems. In addition to the new working fluids along with the standard working fluid water, one or more noncondensable gases (e.g., air, argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, helium, hydrogen, krypton, nitrogen, oxygen, sf6, xenon) can be specified as part of the vapor/gas phase of the working fluid. These noncondensable gases were in previous versions of RELAP5-3D. Recently four molten salts have been added as working fluids to RELAP5-3D Version 2.4, which has had limited release. These molten salts will be in RELAP5-3D Version 2.5, which will have a general release like RELAP5-3D Version 2.3. Applications that use these new features and models are discussed in this paper.

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