Статті в журналах: "Posture Measurement"

1

Harada, Tatsuya, Taketoshi Mori, and Tomomasa Sato. "Human Posture Probability Density Estimation Based on Actual Motion Measurement and Eigenpostures." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 17, no. 6 (December 20, 2005): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2005.p0664.

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We construct human posture probability density based on actual human motion measurement. Human postures in daily life were measured for two days by having subjects wear a mechanical motion capture device. Accumulated human postures were converted to unit quaternions to guarantee the uniqueness of posture representation. To represent probability density effectively, we propose eigenpostures for posture compression and use the kernel-based reduced set density estimator (RSDE) to reduce the number of posture samples and construction of posture probability density. Before compression, unit quaternions were converted to Euclidean space by logarithmic mapping. After conversion, postures were compressed in Euclidean space. Applying constructed human posture probability density for unlikely posture detection and motion segmentation, we verified its effectiveness for many different applications.

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2

Young, James D. H. "Head Posture Measurement." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 25, no. 2 (March 1988): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-19880301-09.

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3

Chen, C. X., S. H. Nasir, A. S. Sadun, and H. Mustafa El Bakri. "Contact Force Measurement Approach for Measuring Glove-Skin Interfacial Pressure." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2080, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2080/1/012007.

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Abstract Pressure garments for medical had been widely used to enhance the recovery after an operation, for treatment of arthritis, deep vein thrombosis, leg ulcers, varicose veins or hypertrophic scars. This research aims to develop a contact force measuring approach to measure glove-skin interfacial pressure. With the aid of a force measuring sensors system, it is easier to study the efficiency of pressure garments. Besides, occupational therapists can also design a user-friendly pressure garment that is comfortable and easy to donning and doffing, especially for children. Two types of flexible force sensors were used to measure the glove-skin interfacial pressure using two types of pressure therapy gloves. Pressure therapy glove is selected to represent pressure garments. The measuring sensors were placed at three different locations on the dorsal side of the hand, and the glove-skin interfacial pressure was measured in two different postures, which is full fist and tabletop posture. It was found that different postures had led to different interfacial pressure. The glove-skin interfacial pressure was found to be greater during full fist posture compared to tabletop posture. This show that the applied glove-skin interfacial pressure is affected by postures and movement.

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4

Anizar, Anizar, Rahmi M. Sari, Khalida Syahputri, Indah Rizkya, and Nurul Atikah. "Effect of work posture on operator complaints: Choice between sitting and standing work." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 14001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819714001.

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Workers perform manual handling activities with sitting and standing work postures. In sitting work posture, this activity is performed using a 15-cm-long spade, so the workers must bend both their bodies and feet, meanwhile in standing work posture, workers use stainless steel squeegee. Workers on both postures complain of pain but on different parts of the body. Limited work facilities cause this handling activity uses body muscle repetitively. The aim of this study is to obtain an ergonomic work facility so that workers can use standing work posture with minimal pain complaints. The methods used are arterial pulse measurement, pain complaints measurement, anthropometry measurement, and designing handling device using QFD method. The subjects in this study are 6 male workers in a steel company producing threaded steel. The handling device stands 77.9 cm tall with a 15° slope so that silicomanganese can move down by taking advantage of the vibration. Workers only direct silicomanganese into the sack in standing work posture, so that performance can increase.

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5

Muniandy, Yughdtheswari, Baharudin Omar, and Leonard H. Joseph. "Posture correction exercises and posture measurement in adolescents." Manual Therapy 22 (April 2016): e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.09.001.

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6

Al-Halhouli, Ala’aldeen, Loiy Al-Ghussain, Osama Khallouf, Alexander Rabadi, Jafar Alawadi, Haipeng Liu, Khaled Al Oweidat, Fei Chen, and Dingchang Zheng. "Clinical Evaluation of Respiratory Rate Measurements on COPD (Male) Patients Using Wearable Inkjet-Printed Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020468.

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Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that causes long-term breathing problems. The reliable monitoring of respiratory rate (RR) is very important for the treatment and management of COPD. Based on inkjet printing technology, we have developed a stretchable and wearable sensor that can accurately measure RR on normal subjects. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of stretchable sensors in the monitoring of RR on COPD patients. We aimed to investigate the measurement accuracy of our sensor on COPD patients. Methodology: Thirty-five patients (Mean ± SD of age: 55.25 ± 13.76 years) in different stages of COPD were recruited. The measurement accuracy of our inkjet-printed (IJPT) sensor was evaluated at different body postures (i.e., standing, sitting at 90°, and lying at 45°) on COPD patients. The RR recorded by the IJPT sensor was compared with that recorded by the reference e-Health sensor using paired T-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Analysis of variation (ANOVA) was performed to investigate if there was any significant effect of individual difference or posture on the measurement error. Statistical significance was defined as p-value less than 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference between the RR measurements collected by the IJPT sensor and the e-Health reference sensor overall and in three postures (p > 0.05 in paired T-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests). The sitting posture had the least measurement error of −0.0542 ± 1.451 bpm. There was no significant effect of posture or individual difference on the measurement error or relative measurement error (p > 0.05 in ANOVA). Conclusion: The IJPT sensor can accurately measure the RR of COPD patients at different body postures, which provides the possibility for reliable monitoring of RR on COPD patients.

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7

Al-Halhouli, Ala’aldeen, Loiy Al-Ghussain, Osama Khallouf, Alexander Rabadi, Jafar Alawadi, Haipeng Liu, Khaled Al Oweidat, Fei Chen, and Dingchang Zheng. "Clinical Evaluation of Respiratory Rate Measurements on COPD (Male) Patients Using Wearable Inkjet-Printed Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020468.

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Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that causes long-term breathing problems. The reliable monitoring of respiratory rate (RR) is very important for the treatment and management of COPD. Based on inkjet printing technology, we have developed a stretchable and wearable sensor that can accurately measure RR on normal subjects. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of stretchable sensors in the monitoring of RR on COPD patients. We aimed to investigate the measurement accuracy of our sensor on COPD patients. Methodology: Thirty-five patients (Mean ± SD of age: 55.25 ± 13.76 years) in different stages of COPD were recruited. The measurement accuracy of our inkjet-printed (IJPT) sensor was evaluated at different body postures (i.e., standing, sitting at 90°, and lying at 45°) on COPD patients. The RR recorded by the IJPT sensor was compared with that recorded by the reference e-Health sensor using paired T-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Analysis of variation (ANOVA) was performed to investigate if there was any significant effect of individual difference or posture on the measurement error. Statistical significance was defined as p-value less than 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference between the RR measurements collected by the IJPT sensor and the e-Health reference sensor overall and in three postures (p > 0.05 in paired T-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests). The sitting posture had the least measurement error of −0.0542 ± 1.451 bpm. There was no significant effect of posture or individual difference on the measurement error or relative measurement error (p > 0.05 in ANOVA). Conclusion: The IJPT sensor can accurately measure the RR of COPD patients at different body postures, which provides the possibility for reliable monitoring of RR on COPD patients.

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8

Sek Tee, Kian, Eugene Low, Wellesly Tony, Safinaz Binti Mohd Khialdin, Jaysuman Bin Pusppanathan, Chin Fhong Soon, and Toong Hai Sam. "A posture monitoring system with IMU for ophthalmologist while operating the slit lamp." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1262-1269.

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<span>The posture monitoring system monitors the posture changes of the upper body and the spinal cord applying to ophthalmologists while operating the slit lamp. The motivation to the pursuit of this system is to relate posture changes while in a static sitting posture to the spinal deviation from the g-line. Often times, the spinal deviation from the g-line is classified as bad posture because of the shift in weight distribution on the spine causing pain and discomfort in certain areas of the spine. This paper presents the design concept, the development process and the working principle of the posture monitoring system using Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor. The raw measurement data obtained from human trials is tabulated and converted into a graphical representation in which all postures can be identified and distinguished by referring the relative wave pattern. The procedure is important in the improvement on the posture monitoring system for the human trials on the ophthalmologist in future.</span>

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9

Stok, W. J., R. C. O. Stringer, and J. M. Karemaker. "Noninvasive cardiac output measurement in orthostasis: pulse contour analysis compared with acetylene rebreathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 2266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.2266.

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We tested the reliability of noninvasive cardiac output (CO) measurement in different body positions by pulse contour analysis (COpc) by using a transmission line model (K. H. Wesseling, B. De Wit, J. A. P. Weber, and N. T. Smith. Adv. Cardiol. Phys.5, Suppl. II: 16–52, 1983). Acetylene rebreathing (COrebr) was used as a reference method. Twelve subjects (age 21–34 yr) were studied: 1) six in whom COrebr and COpc were measured in the standing and 6° head-down tilt (HDT) postures and 2) six in whom CO was measured in the 30° HDT, supine, 30° head up-tilt (HUT), and 70° HUT postures on a tilt table. The COrebr-to-COpcratio in (near) the supine position during rebreathing was used as the calibration factor for COpcmeasurements. Calibrated COpc(COcal sup) consistently overestimated CO in the upright posture. The drop in CO with upright posture was underestimated by ∼50%. COcal sup and COrebr values did not differ in the 30° HDT position. Changes in the COrebr-to-COpcratio are highly variable among subjects in response to a change in posture. Therefore, COpc must be recalibrated for each subject in each posture.

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10

Taylor, Mark, Setsuo Maeda, and Kazuhisa Miyashita. "An Investigation of the Effects of Drill Operator Posture on Vibration Exposure and Temporary Threshold Shift of Vibrotactile Perception Threshold." Vibration 4, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration4020025.

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The present study involved performing an experiment to clarify whether vibration measurement values on the tool handle, in accordance with ISO 5349-1, can assess risk from workplace environments. The study investigated the relationship between the vibration magnitude of a hand-held electric drill with different operating postures. The experiment included the determination of the participant’s temporary threshold shift (TTS) of vibrotactile perception threshold (VPT) at the tip of the index finger. The experimental hypothesis was that the vibration measurement values on the tool handle, in accordance with the ISO 5349-1 standard, include the effect of posture on the vibration measurements obtained despite the variation in posture and test participants. The hand-transmitted vibration (HTV) was applied using a hand-held electric drill applied to a pre-cast concrete paving slab substrate (600 × 600 × 50 mm, 55 MPa) using a 10 mm diameter masonry drill bit (without hammer action). The tool was operated using the right hand on twelve male subjects with three working postures (n = 36). Vibration was measured in three orthogonal directions according to the international standard ISO 5349-1 procedure. Vibration magnitudes were expressed as root-mean-square (r.m.s.) acceleration, frequency-weighted using the Wh frequency weighting. Clause 4.3 states that the characterisation of the vibration exposure is assessed from the acceleration of the surface in contact with the hand as the primary quantity. The experimental results indicate that the TTS following vibration exposure is not related to the measured vibration magnitude on the tool handle. Therefore, the automatic inclusion of posture and test participant variation is not proven. The results suggest that the vibration measurement values on the tool handle do not predict the TTS after hand-transmitted vibration in varying posture across the test participants. The research concludes that tool handle vibration measurement, in accordance with ISO 5349-1, does not properly assess the potential hazard from authentic workplace tool usage conditions of varying postures.

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11

Jung, Hayoung, Sujin Mun, Wonsup Lee, and Heecheon You. "Measurement of the Internal Shape of Power Grip in Wrist Ulnar/Radial Deviation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631527.

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The present study proposes a method for measurement of the internal shape of power grip using casting and 3D scanning method. Three handle design dimensions and twelve handle design related hand dimensions were defined by referring hand anthropometry studies. Thirty Korean participants with various hand length were recruited. Power grip hand shapes with different wrist postures (radial deviation 20°, ulnar deviation 30°, neutral 0°) were measured using casting material and 3D scanning system. Separately measured inner hand and outward hand shape were combined and edited during post-processing of hand scan data. Power grip inner shape was analyzed in terms of width, height, and circumference. The width of the internal power grip shape was largest at 28.9 mm in the radial deviation posture and smallest at 26.3 mm in the ulnar deviation posture. The height and circumference of the power grip were the largest in the neutral wrist position (36.9 mm, 81.8 mm) and decreased 2% to 7% and 1% to 3%, respectively, in the ulnar/radial deviation posture compared to a neutral posture. The analysis of the internal shape of the hand according to the wrist posture can be applied to the design of the handle used for wrist radial/ulnar deviation posture.

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12

Levinger, Pazit, and Wendy Gilleard. "Relationship Between Static Posture and Rearfoot Motion During Walking in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 96, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0960323.

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The reference posture used in angular motion calculations may play an important role in the relationship found between static posture and rearfoot motion in the frontal plane in a clinical population such as patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. This study examined the relationship between rearfoot inversion and eversion during the stance phase of walking and the static relaxed standing measurement in women (aged 18 years and older) with patellofemoral pain syndrome and controls and examined the influence of the reference posture used when calculating dynamic motion. Two reference postures were investigated: vertical alignment between the rearfoot and the lower leg and relaxed calcaneal standing. When using the latter reference posture, a significant correlation was found between the static relaxed standing measurement and peak eversion in controls only. When using the vertical alignment reference posture, significant correlation was found only in the patellofemoral pain syndrome group for peak eversion and inversion. The positive relationship found in the patellofemoral pain syndrome group between dynamic angular measures, based on a neutral reference posture, and static relaxed standing indicated that for subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome, the clinical rearfoot measurement of relaxed standing can be used to explain the pattern of rearfoot motion during walking. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(4): 323–329, 2006)

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13

Lin, Chien-Hung, and Yan-Yu Lin. "Automatic Measurement of Neutral Foot Posture Using Three-Dimensional Scanning." Indonesian Journal of electronics, electromedical engineering, and medical informatics 3, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v3i3.1.

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The Rearfoot Angle (RFA) is the most commonly method used for foot posture assessment, and it is also a method for evaluating the subtalar joint neutral foot posture. However, orthopedists and researchers often meet trouble for the measurements of the RFA and neutral foot posture due to lacking measurement with automation and objectivity. In general, the RFA was measured using a goniometer to align with manual markers on the foot. The purpose of this study implements the automatic computing of leg angle, foot angle, and RFA by the foot model using Three-Dimensional (3D) scanning. This study contributes to the algorithms to The purpose of this study implement the automatic and objective computing of leg angle, foot angle, and RFA by the foot model using 3D scanning. The automatic calculation on leg angle, foot angle, and neutral foot posture has been created, test, and validated completely in this study. There are two algorithm methods proposed to determine the midpoint on the leg or foot outline. The midline has been computed by linear regression through five midpoints. The leg and foot angles are calculated by the tibial and calcaneal midlines, respectively. Through the subject standing on eversion foot platforms, the neutral posture of the foot can be computed by the leg and foot angles determined by the 3D model scanned of the foot with various tilt angles. The determinations of the midpoint and midline have been demonstrated algorithm by MATLAB. Based on comparing with the goniometer measured, selecting the midpoint algorithm of the limit points and the lowest point methods to determine the tibial and calcaneal midlines respectively would carry out better results. The foot 3D scanning measurement proposed in this study has been tested and validated from the goniometer. This study can determine the leg angle, foot angle, and neutral foot postures for a subject with normal weight status, but be not suitable for that with obese weight status. In the future, this study can provide guidance for foot posture assessment and personal insoles design.

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14

Koyama, Shouhei, Hiroaki Ishizawa, Akio Sakaguchi, Satoshi Hosoya, and Takashi Kawamura. "Influence on Calculated Blood Pressure of Measurement Posture for the Development of Wearable Vital Sign Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8916596.

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We studied a wearable blood pressure sensor using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, which is a highly accurate strain sensor. This sensor is installed at the pulsation point of the human body to measure the pulse wave signal. A calibration curve is built that calculates the blood pressure by multivariate analysis using the pulse wave signal and a reference blood pressure measurement. However, if the measurement height of the FBG sensor is different from the reference measurement height, an error is included in the reference blood pressure. We verified the accuracy of the blood pressure calculation with respect to the measurement height difference and the posture of the subject. As the difference between the measurement height of the FBG sensor and the reference blood pressure measurement increased, the accuracy of the blood pressure calculation decreased. When the measurement height was identical and only posture was changed, good accuracy was achieved. In addition, when calibration curves were built using data measured in multiple postures, the blood pressure of each posture could be calculated from a single calibration curve. This will allow miniaturization of the necessary electronics of the sensor system, which is important for a wearable sensor.

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15

Hindle, R. J., M. J. Pearcy, J. M. Gill, and G. R. Johnson. "Twisting of the Human Back in Forward Flexion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 203, no. 2 (June 1989): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_015_01.

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This paper addresses the role of torsion in the production of spinal injury and in particular the possibility of injury resulting from torsion combined with flexion. The back movement of 16 normal male subjects was measured using a non-invasive, three-dimensional measurement system for assessing spinal mobility, the opto-electronic CODA-3 scanner. Measurements were made of the ability to twist the back while standing upright and in two flexed postures. Rotational ability was shown, in general, to be increased in a flexed posture, presumed to be due to an opening of the lumbar zygapophysial joints. This suggests that twisting in a flexed posture could be a mechanism for intervertebral disc injury.

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16

Miyajima, Saori, Takayuki Tanaka, Natsuki Miyata, Mitsunori Tada, Masaaki Mochimaru, and Hiroyuki Izumi. "Feature Selection for Work Recognition and Working Motion Measurement." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 30, no. 5 (October 20, 2018): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2018.p0706.

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As the demand for nursing care services is growing, the physical burden involved in caregiving has drawn widespread attention. To mitigate the physical burden in caregiving, we have to recognize what kind of work and problems are involved in each caregiving task. To identify the problems involved in caregiving, we need to recognize the work and analyze its workload. Aiming to reduce the burden on the waist during caregiving tasks, we are developing inertial sensor suits for measuring the working motions. With the developed method, the burden on the waist is estimated from the waist posture. Considering its use in practical caregiving sites, the number of inertial sensors should be the minimum necessary, which depends on the number of body parts where to measure the posture. In this study, we select the body parts to achieve the two above-mentioned goals: to recognize the work involved in caregiving and capture the waist posture. A support vector machine (SVM) is used to recognize the work. Its conventional method of selecting the features on which to recognize the work only considers the recognition accuracy and does not sufficiently meet the needs for measuring the postures. Therefore, we propose a new feature-selection method, which can evaluate the waist-posture measuring accuracy and can make forward feature selections in the same manner as the conventional wrapper method. We have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method by measuring simple simulated work motions.

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17

Mukhtar, Husneni, Dien Rahmawati, Desri Kristina Silalahi, Ledya Novamizanti, Muhammad Rayhan Ghifari, Ahmad Alfi Adz Dzikri, Faris Fadhlur Rachman, and Ahmad Akbar Khatami. "Fast Algorithm to Measure the Types of Foot Postures with Anthropometric Tests Using Image Processing." Indonesian Journal of electronics, electromedical engineering, and medical informatics 2, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v2i1.10.

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There are two types of tools for measuring the foot posture, uniplanar (anthropometric and radiographic types) and multiplanar tools (such as Foot Posture Index-6 and -8). The process of the foot posture measurement with both tools performed by a doctor were commonly carried out by using manual equipment such as ruler, arc, goniometer, marker and applying the observation skill by eyes. It needs time to measure for each foot. For research needs, a large number of samples has to be provided by a doctor to analyze data statistically which consumes much more time and exhaustion from work load in the measurement process. Hence, the aim of this study is to significantly decrease the measurement time and minimizing human error by developing a software of anthropometric measurements of foot posture based on digital image processing (DIP). The anthropometric tests used in this study consist of Rear Foot Angle (RFA), Medial Length Arc Angle (MLAA) and Arch Height Index (AHI). Instead of using equipment with a series of measurement to determine the foot posture, the DIP system only need two pictures of foot as the input of the system. The methods involved in the image processing are performed by a series of digital image processing, started from pre-image processing, noise filter, Sobel edge detection, feature extraction, calculation and classification. The result of the image processing is able to determine the foot posture types for all tests based on the values of angle and length of the foot variables. The error measurements of length and angle are 6.22 % and (0.26-1.74) %, respectively. This study has demonstrated the development algorithm in MATLAB to measure the foot posture, which is named Anthro-Posture v1.0 software. This software offers an efficient alternative way in measuring and classifying the foot posture in a shorter time and minimizing the human error in measurement process. In the future, this study can be improved to be used by doctors in obtaining large amounts of data for research needed.

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Kawakami, Shigehisa, Naoki Kodama, Naoto Maeda, Shunichi Sakamoto, and Shogo Minagi. "A new posture measurement method for measuring intrinsic standing posture." CRANIO® 32, no. 2 (January 24, 2014): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0886963413z.00000000014.

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Paloschi, Davide, Marco Bravi, Emiliano Schena, Sandra Miccinilli, Michelangelo Morrone, Silvia Sterzi, Paola Saccomandi, and Carlo Massaroni. "Validation and Assessment of a Posture Measurement System with Magneto-Inertial Measurement Units." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 3, 2021): 6610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196610.

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Inappropriate posture and the presence of spinal disorders require specific monitoring systems. In clinical settings, posture evaluation is commonly performed with visual observation, electrogoniometers or motion capture systems (MoCaps). Developing a measurement system that can be easily used also in non-structured environments would be highly beneficial for accurate posture monitoring. This work proposes a system based on three magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMU), placed on the backs of seventeen volunteers on the T3, T12 and S1 vertebrae. The reference system used for validation is a stereophotogrammetric motion capture system. The volunteers performed forward bending and sit-to-stand tests. The measured variables for identifying the posture were the kyphosis and the lordosis angles, as well as the range of movement (ROM) of the body segments. The comparison between MIMU and MoCap provided a maximum RMSE of 5.6° for the kyphosis and the lordosis angles. The average lumbo-pelvic contribution during forward bending (41.8 ± 8.6%) and the average lumbar ROM during sit-to-stand (31.8 ± 9.8° for sitting down, 29.6 ± 7.6° for standing up) obtained with the MIMU system agree with the literature. In conclusion, the MIMU system, which is wearable, inexpensive and easy to set up in non-structured environments, has been demonstrated to be effective in posture evaluation.

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Tang, Hao-Yuan, Shih-Hua Tan, Ting-Yu Su, Chang-Jung Chiang, and Hsiang-Ho Chen. "Upper Body Posture Recognition Using Inertial Sensors and Recurrent Neural Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 12101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412101.

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Inadequate sitting posture can cause imbalanced loading on the spine and result in abnormal spinal pressure, which serves as the main risk factor contributing to irreversible and chronic spinal deformity. Therefore, sitting posture recognition is important for understanding people’s sitting behaviors and for correcting inadequate postures. Recently, wearable devices embedded with microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) sensors, such as inertial measurement units (IMUs), have received increased attention in human activity recognition. In this study, a wearable device embedded with IMUs and a machine learning algorithm were developed to classify seven static sitting postures: upright, slump, lean, right and left bending, and right and left twisting. Four 9-axis IMUs were uniformly distributed between thoracic and lumbar regions (T1-L5) and aligned on a sagittal plane to acquire kinematic information about subjects’ backs during static-dynamic alternating motions. Time-domain features served as inputs to a signal-based classification model that was developed using long short-term memory-based recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN) architecture, and the model’s classification performance was used to evaluate the relevance between sensor signals and sitting postures. Overall results from performance evaluation tests indicate that this IMU-based measurement and LSTM-RNN structural scheme was appropriate for sitting posture recognition.

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Shin, Sun-Shil, and Won-Gyu Yoo. "Differences in regional and global lumbar angle during slumped sitting and upright sitting among global three subgroups." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 34, no. 5 (September 6, 2021): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-200087.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in regional lumbar lordosis (RLL) and global lumbar lordosis (GLL) angle during slumped sitting and upright sitting among three global subgroups. METHODS: A total of 48 young asymptomatic volunteers stood in a comfortable posture, sat upright, and sat in a slumped position for 5 seconds, with inertial measurement units attached to the T10, L3, and S2 vertebrae. According to standing measurement, the participants were categorized into flat-back (GLL < 20∘), normal lordosis (20∘⩽ GLL < 30∘), and hyper-lordosis (30∘⩽ GLL < 40∘) groups. RESULTS: Both the GLL and RLL in the flat-back group were reduced lumbar lordosis in the upright sitting posture and increased lumbar kyphosis in the slumped sitting postures compared to the other groups (p< 0.05), but the range of motion during the transition from upright sitting to slumped sitting was lower than that of the normal and hyper-lordosis groups (p< 0.05). GLL in standing was a moderate correlation with GLL and RLL during upright sitting (p< 0.05). However, there was a strong correlation between GLL and RLL kinematics during upright and slumped sitting (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Flat-back posture is a potential source of low back pain during both upright and slumped sitting compared to the normal and hyper-lordosis groups. Posture measurements in a standing and sitting position conducted to assess lordosis should consider the relationship between GLL and RLL.

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Koumantakis, George A., Maria Nikoloudaki, Sara Thacheth, Kalliroi Zagli, Konstantina Bitrou, Andreas Nigritinos, and Leon Botton. "Reliability and Validity Measurement of Sagittal Lumbosacral Quiet Standing Posture with a Smartphone Application in a Mixed Population of 183 College Students and Personnel." Advances in Orthopedics 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3817270.

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Accurate recording of spinal posture with simple and accessible measurement devices in clinical practice may lead to spinal loading optimization in occupations related to prolonged sitting and standing postures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the level of reliability of sagittal lumbosacral posture in quiet standing and the validity of the method in differentiating between male and female subjects, establishing in parallel a normative database. 183 participants (83 males and 100 females), with no current low back or pelvic pain, were assessed using the “iHandy Level” smartphone application. Intrarater reliability (3 same-day sequential measurements) was high for both the lumbar curve (ICC2,1: 0.96, SEM: 2.13°, andMDC95%: 5.9°) and the sacral slope (ICC2,1: 0.97, SEM: 1.61°, andMDC95%: 4.46°) sagittal alignment. Data analysis for each gender separately confirmed equally high reliability for both male and female participants. Correlation between lumbar curve and sacral slope was high (Pearson’sr=0.86,p<0.001). Between-gender comparisons confirmed the validity of the method to differentiate between male and female lumbar curve and sacral slope angles, with females generally demonstrating greater lumbosacral values (p<0.001). The “iHandy Level” application is a reliable and valid tool in the measurement of lumbosacral quiet standing spinal posture in the sagittal plane.

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23

Wu, L. M., L. K. Zhang, Y. F. Li, and X. Xiao. "A Strapdown Measurement of Vehicle Posture." Key Engineering Materials 455 (December 2010): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.455.643.

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Vehicle bodywork posture measurement has been a gordian technique in automotive．This paper presented a non-gyro bodywork posture measurement program．Using only one triaxial acceleration transducer with wheel speed encoders it provided a solution of calculating real-time bodywork posture．A lot of streamlining had been made within this program in order to assurance system for real-time performance．Concretely it gave an example of hardware implementation circuit through using LPC1758 as MCU and MMA7260 as triaxial accelerometer, as well as the noise filtering solusion for the circuit．This strapdown measurement has the advantages of high reliability，adaptability and good real-time performance，its precision meets the necessary accuracy requirement of normal application.

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24

Sukadarin, Ezrin Hani, Baba Md Deros, Nur Syazwani Mohd Nawi, Jaharah A. Ghani, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, and Junaidah Zakaria. "A Preliminary Study of Postural Problems among Oil Palm Workers: Is OWAS method suitable to investigate those problems?" International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.5.2016.1.10.1049.

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An ergonomics risk assessment is crucial in every organization; various exposure measurement techniques were developed. Among them, observational technique is the most commonly used. In agricultural sector such as in oil palm plantation, ergonomics problems are prominent. Oil palm fruit harvesters and collectors perform various types of manual work activities and work postures, which can exposed them to many different types of muscular skeletal disorders (MSDs). To have the accurate measurement results so that correct control measure could be observational techniques have to be chosen correctly. In this study, postural analysis was conducted to identify and understand the physical loads faced by manual oil palm fruit harvesters. Their activities and postures while performing harvesting and collecting fresh fruit bunches (FFB) activities were video recorded. Later, their body postures were assessed using Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS) method. It was found oil palm fruit harvesters were exposed to many awkward postures while performing harvesting and manual handling of FFB activities. The authors found it very difficult to quantify the actual load faced by the oil palm fruit harvesters, while they are performing each hazardous posture due to the unavailability of certain parameters such as: posture duration and repetitive work in OWAS. In addition, OWAS was not capable of quantify separately the workload of upper extremities. In essence, it can be concluded that OWAS method due to its limitations was not suitable for conducting postural analysis during harvesting and collecting of FFB.

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25

Yokogawa, Ryuichi, and Kei Hara. "Manipulabilities of the Index Finger and Thumb in Three Tip-Pinch Postures." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1691444.

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Tip-pinch, in which the tips of the index finger and thumb pick up and hold a very fine object, plays an important role in the function of the hand. The objective of this study was to investigate how human subjects affect manipulabilities of the tips of the index finger and thumb within the flexion/extension plane of the finger in three different tip-pinch postures. The index finger and thumb of twenty male subjects were modeled as linkages, based on measurement results obtained using two three-dimensional position measurement devices. The manipulabilities of the index finger and thumb were investigated in three tip-pinch postures, using three criteria indicating the form and posture of the manipulability ellipse of the linkage model. There were no significant differences (p>0.05, ANOVA) in each criterion of each digit across the subjects, except for two criteria of the thumb. The manipulabilities of the index finger and thumb were separately similar across all subjects in tip-pinch postures. It was found that the manipulability for the cooperation of the index finger and thumb of all the subjects in tip-pinch depended on the posture of the index finger, but not on the posture of the thumb. In two-dimensional tip-pinch, it was possible that the index finger worked actively while the thumb worked passively to support the manipulation of the index finger.

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26

Huang, Xiaoping, Fei Wang, Jian Zhang, Zelin Hu, and Jian Jin. "A Posture Recognition Method Based on Indoor Positioning Technology." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061464.

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Posture recognition has been widely applied in fields such as physical training, environmental awareness, human-computer-interaction, surveillance system and elderly health care. The traditional methods consist of two main variations: machine vision methods and acceleration sensor methods. The former has the disadvantages of privacy invasion, high cost and complex implementation processes, while the latter has low recognition rate for still postures. A new body posture recognition scheme based on indoor positioning technology is presented in this paper. A single deployed indoor positioning system is constructed by installing wearable receiving tags at key points of the human body. The distance measurement method with ultra-wide band (UWB) radio is applied to position the key points of human body. Posture recognition is implemented by positioning. In the posture recognition algorithm, least square estimation (LSE) method and the improved extended Kalman filtering (iEKF) algorithm are respectively adopted to suppress the noise of the distances measurement and to improve the accuracy of positioning and recognition. The comparison of simulation results with the two methods shows that the improved extended Kalman filtering algorithm is more effective in error performance.

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27

Young, Calvin, Andrew Hamilton-Wright, Michele L. Oliver, and Karen D. Gordon. "Predicting Wrist Posture during Occupational Tasks Using Inertial Sensors and Convolutional Neural Networks." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020942.

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Current methods for ergonomic assessment often use video-analysis to estimate wrist postures during occupational tasks. Wearable sensing and machine learning have the potential to automate this tedious task, and in doing so greatly extend the amount of data available to clinicians and researchers. A method of predicting wrist posture from inertial measurement units placed on the wrist and hand via a deep convolutional neural network has been developed. This study has quantified the accuracy and reliability of the postures predicted by this system relative to the gold standard of optoelectronic motion capture. Ten participants performed 3 different simulated occupational tasks on 2 occasions while wearing inertial measurement units on the hand and wrist. Data from the occupational task recordings were used to train a convolutional neural network classifier to estimate wrist posture in flexion/extension, and radial/ulnar deviation. The model was trained and tested in a leave-one-out cross validation format. Agreement between the proposed system and optoelectronic motion capture was 65% with κ = 0.41 in flexion/extension and 60% with κ = 0.48 in radial/ulnar deviation. The proposed system can predict wrist posture in flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation with accuracy and reliability congruent with published values for human estimators. This system can estimate wrist posture during occupational tasks in a small fraction of the time it takes a human to perform the same task. This offers opportunity to expand the capabilities of practitioners by eliminating the tedium of manual postural assessment.

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28

Liu, Zi Li, Wei Sheng Yan, and Wei Wei Xiao. "Redundant Method for Measuring Downhole Posture of the Steering Drilling Tool." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2170.

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Exact downhole posture measurement of steering drilling tool can provide reliable control parameters for downhole control system, so as to ensure the accurate control of hole trajectory. How to ensure the reliability of the posture measurement system while it works in harsh environment is a key technique in the engineering process of steering drilling system. A redundant measurement method based on multi-accelerometers has been put forward according to the analysis of the working environment and measurement reliability requirements of posture measurement system. Then the posture parameter solution formulas were given. According to the linear relationship between measurement signals, a reconfiguration method of the redundant measurement system was put forward to ensure the fault-tolerant operation of the system.

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29

Mahnic Naglic, Maja, and Slavenka Petrak. "A method for body posture classification of three-dimensional body models in the sagittal plane." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517741155.

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The main purpose of this research was to develop a method for the classification of body posture types, using a three-dimensional body scanner and data on anthropometric measurement. A sample of 102 male test subjects, aged from 20 to 30 years, and without structural deformities of the locomotor system, were scanned. Anthropometric body measurement was performed and 16 measurements were selected to calculate upper and lower body curve angles as a set of posture indicators. The number of maximally different groups of test subjects was determined using k-means cluster analysis and factor analysis of established posture indicators. The sampling into three upper and three lower posture types showed the largest statistically significant differentiation, comparing the results of variance analysis between and within the obtained groups, which confirmed three main components extracted by factor analysis. Discriminant analysis used in order to determine differences between posture types showed which indicators are the most important when classifying test subjects belonging to a particular upper or lower posture type. Classification functions were defined based on discrimination functions and their factor loadings, and used to calculate a matrix of correctly classified test subjects. The classification matrix showed very high prediction possibility of established posture indicators and the proposed method for body posture classification.

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30

Deng, Changjian, and Xiaona Xie. "The measurement set representation of the body posture based on group theory." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1297-1307.

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<p>The foundation of measurement is the representation of measurement set. The paper proposes a body posture measurement set representation method based on concepts of group, fields, and ring. It attempts to explore the intrinsic relationship among numerous different measurement set. The attitude sensor is used to measure the attitude, and the measurement set representation and processing are analyzed based on the lie group theory in the paper. In the paper, the paper maps body posture data into image, and it is easier to identify the error of posture measurement data. Meanwhile, the simulation and test results show that the method can represent body posture data and detect it’s defects easily.</p>

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31

Davies, Gwyneth, John J. Reilly, and James Y. Paton. "Objective measurement of posture and posture transitions in the pre-school child." Physiological Measurement 33, no. 11 (October 31, 2012): 1913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/33/11/1913.

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32

Zhao, Junqi, Esther Obonyo, and Sven G. Bilén. "Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit Sensing System for Musculoskeletal Disorders Prevention in Construction." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041324.

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Construction workers executing manual-intensive tasks are susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to overexposure to awkward postures. Automated posture recognition and assessment based on wearable sensor output can help reduce MSDs risks through early risk-factor detection. However, extant studies mainly focus on optimizing recognition models. There is a lack of studies exploring the design of a wearable sensing system that assesses the MSDs risks based on detected postures and then provides feedback for injury prevention. This study aims at investigating the design of an effective wearable MSDs prevention system. This study first proposes the design of a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensing system, then develops the prototype for end-user evaluation. Construction workers and managers evaluated a proposed system by interacting with wearable sensors and user interfaces (UIs), followed by an evaluation survey. The results suggest that wearable sensing is a promising approach for collecting motion data with low discomfort; posture-based MSDs risk assessment has a high potential in improving workers’ safety awareness; and mobile- and cloud-based UIs can deliver the risk assessment information to end-users with ease. This research contributes to the design, development, and validation of wearable sensing-based injury prevention systems, which may be adapted to other labor-intensive occupations.

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Sasaki, Tohru, Takayuki Ushimaru, Takahiro Yamatani, Yusuke Ikemoto, and Haruki Obara. "Pivot Turning Measurement of Relative Position and Posture for Moving Robots System Using Stereo-Camera." Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (November 2012): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.895.

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The stereo-camera method is used to measure the positions of robots. In taking the measurements it is important to precisely measure the distance between cameras and the relative posture of the cameras. Therefore, we developed a novel method for measuring a mobile robot's relative position and posture by photographing robots’ pivot turns. A mobile robot system was equipped with a camera and an identification marker that made it possible to measure position and posture with the stereo-camera method when the viewpoint changed freely. One robot photographs the pivot turns of another. As the latter turns, an identification marker on it is used to trace the movement onto an image. The turning robot’s position and posture is determined by the length and angle of the trace. This procedure makes it possible for each of the two robots to obtain their relative position and posture, making the measurement of the stereo-camera method precise. Measuring with a fixed stereo camera is impossible when there are obstacles in the environment and the object being measured moves over a wide range. However, this robot system was able to use the stereo-camera method to expand the measurement range.

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34

Garrison, Emma B., Jonathan Dropkin, Rebecca Russell, and Paul Jenkins. "Modified PATH Methodology for Obtaining Interval-Scaled Postural Assessments of Farmworkers." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 24, no. 1 (2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.12453.

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Abstract. Agricultural workers perform tasks that frequently require awkward and extreme postures that are associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The PATH (Posture, Activity, Tools, Handling) system currently provides a sound methodology for quantifying workers’ exposure to these awkward postures on an ordinal scale of measurement, which places restrictions on the choice of analytic methods. This study reports a modification of the PATH methodology that instead captures these postures as degrees of flexion, an interval-scaled measurement. Rather than making live observations in the field, as in PATH, the postural assessments were performed on photographs using ImageJ photo analysis software. Capturing the postures in photographs permitted more careful measurement of the degrees of flexion. The current PATH methodology requires that the observer in the field be trained in the use of PATH, whereas the single photographer used in this modification requires only sufficient training to maintain the proper camera angle. Ultimately, these interval-scale measurements could be combined with other quantitative measures, such as those produced by electromyograms (EMGs), to provide more sophisticated estimates of future risk for MSDs. Further, these data can provide a baseline from which the effects of interventions designed to reduce hazardous postures can be calculated with greater precision. Keywords: Ergonomic assessment, Farmworkers, Interval-scaled data, Musculoskeletal disorders.

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35

Khaksar, Siavash, Stefanie Pieters, Bita Borazjani, Joshua Hyde, Harrison Booker, Adil Khokhar, Iain Murray, and Amity Campbell. "Posture Monitoring and Correction Exercises for Workers in Hostile Environments Utilizing Non-Invasive Sensors: Algorithm Development and Validation." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 9618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249618.

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an essential key factor in standardizing safety within the workplace. Harsh working environments with long working hours can cause stress on the human body that may lead to musculoskeletal disorder (MSD). MSD refers to injuries that impact the muscles, nerves, joints, and many other human body areas. Most work-related MSD results from hazardous manual tasks involving repetitive, sustained force, or repetitive movements in awkward postures. This paper presents collaborative research from the School of Electrical Engineering and School of Allied Health at Curtin University. The main objective was to develop a framework for posture correction exercises for workers in hostile environments, utilizing inertial measurement units (IMU). The developed system uses IMUs to record the head, back, and pelvis movements of a healthy participant without MSD and determine the range of motion of each joint. A simulation was developed to analyze the participant’s posture to determine whether the posture present would pose an increased risk of MSD with limits to a range of movement set based on the literature. When compared to measurements made by a goniometer, the body movement recorded 94% accuracy and the wrist movement recorded 96% accuracy.

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36

Ngueleu, Armelle M., Andréanne K. Blanchette, Désirée Maltais, Hélène Moffet, Bradford J. McFadyen, Laurent Bouyer, and Charles S. Batcho. "Validity of Instrumented Insoles for Step Counting, Posture and Activity Recognition: A Systematic Review." Sensors 19, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112438.

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With the growing interest in daily activity monitoring, several insole designs have been developed to identify postures, detect activities, and count steps. However, the validity of these devices is not clearly established. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the available information on the criterion validity of instrumented insoles in detecting postures activities and steps. The literature search through six databases led to 33 articles that met inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated 17 different insole models and involved 290 participants from 16 to 75 years old. Criterion validity was assessed using six statistical indicators. For posture and activity recognition, accuracy varied from 75.0% to 100%, precision from 65.8% to 100%, specificity from 98.1% to 100%, sensitivity from 73.0% to 100%, and identification rate from 66.2% to 100%. For step counting, accuracies were very high (94.8% to 100%). Across studies, different postures and activities were assessed using different criterion validity indicators, leading to heterogeneous results. Instrumented insoles appeared to be highly accurate for steps counting. However, measurement properties were variable for posture and activity recognition. These findings call for a standardized methodology to investigate the measurement properties of such devices.

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37

Sun, Jing, Bin Xie, Wei Xiong, Qiaolong Zhang, and Zhenyu Zhao. "Posture algorithm for mobile robot based on ultrawide band." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 172988062211152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17298806221115285.

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Inertial measurement unit or other navigation devices are used to obtain the posture information of most mobile robots based on ultrawide band. However, problems, such as zero drift, temperature drift, and error increasing with time, exist in inertial measurement unit and other navigation devices. To overcome these problems, a posture algorithm for mobile robot based on ultrawide band is proposed in this article. Real-time posture information can be obtained by the posture algorithm without using inertial measurement unit and other navigation devices. Simulated results show that the mean absolute error and root mean square error of posture angle in the global coordinate system are 0.951° and 1.169°, respectively. Both the simulated and experimental trajectories show good agreement with the ideal trajectory. The results indicate that the posture data can be obtained accurately by the posture algorithm and the accuracy can meet the requirements for most mobile robots. This article is expected to be of great guiding significance for the development of mobile robots.

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38

Claus, Andrew P., Julie A. Hides, G. Lorimer Moseley, and Paul W. Hodges. "Is ‘ideal’ sitting posture real?: Measurement of spinal curves in four sitting postures." Manual Therapy 14, no. 4 (August 2009): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2008.06.001.

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39

Wong, Wai Yin, Man Sang Wong, and Kam Ho Lo. "Clinical Applications of Sensors for Human Posture and Movement Analysis: A Review." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03093640600983949.

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Measurement of human posture and movement is an important area of research in the bioengineering and rehabilitation fields. Various attempts have been initiated for different clinical application goals, such as diagnosis of pathological posture and movements, assessment of pre- and post-treatment efficacy and comparison of different treatment protocols. Image-based methods for measurements of human posture and movements have been developed, such as the photogrammetry, optoelectric technique and video analysis. However, it is found that these methods are complicated to set up, time-consuming to operate and could only be applied in laboratory environments. Electronic sensors and systems with advanced technology, namely accelerometer, gyroscope, flexible angular sensor, electromagnetic tracking system and sensing fabrics, have been developed and applied to solve the relevant application problems of the image-based methods. Nonetheless, other problems for using these electronic sensors emerged, including the environment influence and signal extraction difficulties. Further development of these electronic sensors and measurement methods could enhance their clinical applications in institutional as well as community levels. This article reviews the possible applications of these electronic sensors and systems, and precautions of their applications in analysis of human posture and movement. Such information would help researchers and clinicians in selecting and developing the most appropriate measurement techniques of using the electronic sensors for clinical applications of human posture and movement analysis.

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Friedrich, M. "MEASURING LUMBAR SAGITTAL POSTURE IN SEWAGE WORKERS USING AN ULTRASONIC DEVICE." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 06, no. 03n04 (September 2002): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957702000873.

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Because the degree and duration of lumbar flexion during sewage work have only been assessed on the basis of subjective reports, the purpose of this study was to investigate the usability of a measurement system for the non-invasive assessment of lumbar sagittal posture during sewage work using ultrasound. The validity of an ultrasonic measurement device was investigated in 16 healthy individuals by comparing the measurements obtained with the device with both Schober and electronic inclinometer measurements. To determine the intra-rater reliability of the ultrasonic device, short-term, medium-term, and long-term test-retest data were collected. Moreover, the percentage of the work time sewage workers spend in each of seven lumbar flexion categories within their individual lumbar flexion range of motion was assessed. Pearson's correlation coefficients of ≥ 0.88 indicate high validity between the methods. The intraclass correlation coefficients between tests and retests (≥ 0.88) demonstrate high reproducibility of the measurement procedures. Sewage workers spend about 25% of their work day in the most extreme of the seven lumbar posture categories. Also, testing did not interfere with the workers' normal work routine. The validity and reliability data as well as the trouble-free technical performance of the ultrasonic device support its usability for the continuous measurement of lumbar posture during sewage work.

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41

Wu, Zhiyang, Shuang Wang, and Tiegen Liu. "Optical boundary discrimination in spatial posture measurement." Applied Optics 60, no. 13 (April 26, 2021): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.421790.

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42

ABE, Shinya, and Shinya KAJIKAWA. "A simple measurement system of waist posture." Proceedings of Autumn Conference of Tohoku Branch 2018.54 (2018): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetohoku.2018.54.210.

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43

Yu, C. H., and N. de N. Donaldson. "Measurement of posture by triangulation using potentiometers." Medical Engineering & Physics 21, no. 4 (May 1999): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4533(99)00045-4.

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44

MURASE, Kohei, Hiroyuki HAMAKAWA, Hiroshi YAMADA, and Yasuhisa OKUMOTO. "Posture Measurement using Digital Image Streaming System." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.7 (2004): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.7.0_149.

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45

Seitz, Thomas, Jochen Balzulat, and Heiner Bubb. "Anthropometry and measurement of posture and motion." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 25, no. 4 (May 2000): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8141(99)00028-1.

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46

Pickering, Thomas G. "Posture and the measurement of blood pressure." International Journal of Cardiology 29, no. 2 (November 1990): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(90)90212-n.

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47

IMAI, Shuta, Nobuaki NAKAZAWA, Shinya OKAMOTO, Hisato FUKUDA, Tsutomu IWASE, Norio IDO, Tetsuya NAKASE, Syunpei NAKAMURA, and Masaaki SAKAMOTO. "Measurement of spinal shape in sitting posture." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2022 (2022): 2P2—H04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2022.2p2-h04.

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48

Tarugara, Allan, Bruce W. Clegg, Edson Gandiwa, Victor K. Muposhi, and Colin M. Wenham. "Measuring body dimensions of leopards (Panthera pardus) from camera trap photographs." PeerJ 7 (September 18, 2019): e7630. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7630.

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Measurement of body dimensions of carnivores usually requires the chemical immobilization of subjects. This process can be dangerous, costly and potentially harmful to the target individuals. Development of an alternative, inexpensive, and non-invasive method therefore warrants attention. The objective of this study was to test whether it is possible to obtain accurate measurements of body dimensions of leopards from camera trap photographs. A total of 10 leopards (Panthera pardus) were captured and collared at Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Zimbabwe from May 7 to June 20, 2017 and four body measurements namely shoulder height, head-to-tail, body, and tail length were recorded. The same measurements were taken from 101 scaled photographs of the leopards recorded during a baited-camera trapping (BCT) survey conducted from July 1 to October 22, 2017 and differences from the actual measurements calculated. Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models were used to determine the effect of type of body measurement, photographic scale, posture, and sex on the accuracy of the photograph-based measurements. Type of body measurement and posture had a significant influence on accuracy. Least squares means of absolute differences between actual and photographic measurements showed that body length in the level back-straight forelimb-parallel tail posture was measured most accurately from photographs (2.0 cm, 95% CI [1.5–2.7 cm]), while head-to-tail dimensions in the arched back-bent forelimb-parallel tail posture were least accurate (8.3 cm, 95% CI [6.1–11.2 cm]). Using the BCT design, we conclude that it is possible to collect accurate morphometric data of leopards from camera trap photographs. Repeat measurements over time can provide researchers with vital body size and growth rate information which may help improve the monitoring and management of species of conservation concern, such as leopards.

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Brents, Colleen, Molly Hischke, Raoul Reiser, and John Rosecrance. "Trunk Posture during Manual Materials Handling of Beer Kegs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 7380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147380.

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Craft brewing is a rapidly growing industry in the U.S. Most craft breweries are small businesses with few resources for robotic or other mechanical-assisted equipment, requiring work to be performed manually by employees. Craft brewery workers frequently handle stainless steel half-barrel kegs, which weigh between 13.5 kg (29.7 lbs.) empty and 72.8 kg (161.5 lbs.) full. Moving kegs may be associated with low back pain and even injury. In the present study, researchers performed a quantitative assessment of trunk postures using an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based kinematic measurement system while workers lifted kegs at a craft brewery. Results of this field-based study indicated that during keg handling, craft brewery workers exhibited awkward and non-neutral trunk postures. Based on the results of the posture data, design recommendations were identified to reduce the hazardous exposure for musculoskeletal disorders among craft brewery workers.

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Conforti, Ilaria, Ilaria Mileti, Zaccaria Del Prete, and Eduardo Palermo. "Measuring Biomechanical Risk in Lifting Load Tasks Through Wearable System and Machine-Learning Approach." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061557.

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Ergonomics evaluation through measurements of biomechanical parameters in real time has a great potential in reducing non-fatal occupational injuries, such as work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Assuming a correct posture guarantees the avoidance of high stress on the back and on the lower extremities, while an incorrect posture increases spinal stress. Here, we propose a solution for the recognition of postural patterns through wearable sensors and machine-learning algorithms fed with kinematic data. Twenty-six healthy subjects equipped with eight wireless inertial measurement units (IMUs) performed manual material handling tasks, such as lifting and releasing small loads, with two postural patterns: correctly and incorrectly. Measurements of kinematic parameters, such as the range of motion of lower limb and lumbosacral joints, along with the displacement of the trunk with respect to the pelvis, were estimated from IMU measurements through a biomechanical model. Statistical differences were found for all kinematic parameters between the correct and the incorrect postures (p < 0.01). Moreover, with the weight increase of load in the lifting task, changes in hip and trunk kinematics were observed (p < 0.01). To automatically identify the two postures, a supervised machine-learning algorithm, a support vector machine, was trained, and an accuracy of 99.4% (specificity of 100%) was reached by using the measurements of all kinematic parameters as features. Meanwhile, an accuracy of 76.9% (specificity of 76.9%) was reached by using the measurements of kinematic parameters related to the trunk body segment.

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