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Статті в журналах з теми "Positive/negative transfer":
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Osman, Magda. "Positive transfer and negative transfer/antilearning of problem-solving skills." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137, no. 1 (2008): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.137.1.97.
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Gretchikhin, Leonid. "Positive and negative role of negative ions in cosmic exploration." Vojnotehnicki glasnik 69, no. 3 (2021): 607–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg69-32109.
Анотація:
Introduction/purpose: At altitudes of 80 to 40 km, while the spacecraft made of duralumin without a thermal-protective coating was descending from the flight orbit at the first and second cosmic velocities, data were obtained on the increase in density, pressure, and temperature behind the shock front, as well as on the backout of the shock wave from the surface of the descending spacecraft. Methods: Calculations were made of the energy fluxes on the surface of the spacecraft for every 10 km, for convective and radiative heat transfer, as well as for the impact of electrons produced due to ionization of negative ions. Results: At the first cosmic velocity, the greatest energy flux is realized under the influence of an electron flux, and at the second cosmic velocity, radiative heat transfer occurs. In the shock-compressed gas at all the considered altitudes, pressure increases instantly to a value of 109 ÷ 1011 Pa, which leads to a sequential explosion with increasing power resulting in shock waves in the surrounding atmosphere and compression waves in the entire aircraft structure. The last most powerful explosion occurs at an altitude of approx. 40 km. Conclusion: The descending aircraft is destroyed into separate small parts to the size of small dust particles.
3
Jajić Novogradec, Marina. "Positive and Negative Lexical Transfer in English Vocabulary Acquisition." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 18, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.18.2.139-165.
Анотація:
The aim of the paper is to explore the appearance of positive and negative lexical transfer of plurilingual learners in English vocabulary acquisition. Cross-linguistic influences in the study are examined by word translation tasks from Croatian into English, including true, partial, and deceptive cognates or false friends in English, German, and Italian. The results have revealed different language dominances and positive or negative transfer manifestation. Lexical transfer from L4 German is manifested positively, but the Italian language seems to play a dominant role in the acquisition of English vocabulary. The effect of Croatian is manifested both positively and negatively. The study has confirmed previous psycholinguistic studies on the complexity of lexical connections in plurilingual learners and the dynamic interaction of various learning-based factors, such as language recency, proficiency, exposure to languages, the order in which languages are learned, and the formal context in language learning.
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ECKNER, KARL F., JOHN H. SILLIKER, RICHARD B. SMITTLE, and RUSSELL S. FLOWERS. "Enhanced Recovery and Isolation of Salmonella and Listeria Using a Novel Culture-Transfer-Inoculation Device." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.8.725.
Анотація:
A novel culture-transfer-inoculation device (CTID), comprised of a fiber-foam matrix suspended in the enrichment medium and thereafter used in subsequent transfers and inoculations, was used in the analysis of foods for Salmonella using the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method and for Listeria using the FDA and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) procedures. In these studies, the food sample was introduced into the enrichment medium including the CTID. Following incubation, transfer from the primary enrichment culture and subsequent transfers were made by both conventional procedures and by the CTID. Four-hundred-and-twenty-five samples were analyzed for Salmonella of which 115 were positive. Using conventional transfer and inoculation techniques, 87 positive results were observed; whereas using the CTID-modified technique, 112 positive results were obtained. The false-negative rate for the conventional transfer method was 21.7%. A 2.6% false-negative rate was observed with the CTID. The difference between conventional and CTID results were statistically significant (p<0.0160). One-hundred samples were analyzed for Listeria using the FDA method with 32 positive results. Using the CTID 42 positives were detected from the FDA enrichments. One-hundred-and-ninety-eight samples were analyzed using the USDA method with 77 positive results. With the CTID, the same samples yielded 86 positives. No false-negatives resulted through the use of the CTID while a 10.5% to 23.8% rate was observed with the conventional transfer method. The difference between conventional USDA and CTID-modified USDA results were statistically significant (p<0.0086). These data indicate that the fiber-foam matrix of the CTID provides a micro-environment enhancing the sensitivity of the culture methods for the detection of Salmonella and Listeria.
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Miyawaki, Kaori. "Positive and negative transfer in implicit learning of artificial grammar." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 1PM—067–1PM—067. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_1pm-067.
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Miyawaki, Kaori. "Positive and negative transfer in explicit learning of artificial grammar." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (September 8, 2020): PI—023—PI—023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_pi-023.
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Chaux, Christelle, Caroline Divert, Patrick Avogadro, and Alain Belli. "Energy Transfer from Negative to Positive Work Phases of Running." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01277.
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Chaux, Christelle, Caroline Divert, Patrick Avogadro, and Alain Belli. "Energy Transfer from Negative to Positive Work Phases of Running." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01277.
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Kanaporis, Giedrius, Laima Valiuniene, Peter R. Brink, and Virginijus Valiunas. "Gap Junction Permeability: Transfer of Negative and Positive Charged Probes." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 287a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1419.
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Grohmann, Elisabeth, Günther Muth, and Manuel Espinosa. "Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Gram-Positive Bacteria." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67, no. 2 (June 2003): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.2.277-301.2003.
Анотація:
SUMMARY Conjugative transfer of bacterial plasmids is the most efficient way of horizontal gene spread, and it is therefore considered one of the major reasons for the increase in the number of bacteria exhibiting multiple-antibiotic resistance. Thus, conjugation and spread of antibiotic resistance represents a severe problem in antibiotic treatment, especially of immunosuppressed patients and in intensive care units. While conjugation in gram-negative bacteria has been studied in great detail over the last decades, the transfer mechanisms of antibiotic resistance plasmids in gram-positive bacteria remained obscure. In the last few years, the entire nucleotide sequences of several large conjugative plasmids from gram-positive bacteria have been determined. Sequence analyses and data bank comparisons of their putative transfer (tra) regions have revealed significant similarities to tra regions of plasmids from gram-negative bacteria with regard to the respective DNA relaxases and their targets, the origins of transfer (oriT), and putative nucleoside triphosphatases NTP-ases with homologies to type IV secretion systems. In contrast, a single gene encoding a septal DNA translocator protein is involved in plasmid transfer between micelle-forming streptomycetes. Based on these clues, we propose the existence of two fundamentally different plasmid-mediated conjugative mechanisms in gram-positive microorganisms, namely, the mechanism taking place in unicellular gram-positive bacteria, which is functionally similar to that in gram-negative bacteria, and a second type that occurs in multicellular gram-positive bacteria, which seems to be characterized by double-stranded DNA transfer.
Дисертації з теми "Positive/negative transfer":
1
Williams, Lisa D. "Component transfer, positive and negative transfer effects on categorization and recognition ability." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0022/NQ51937.pdf.
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Niu, Bingyu, and Sisi Yan. "Knowledge transfer in project-based environments : The barriers of knowledge transfer." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78792.
Анотація:
Background: Nowadays, projects become the common way of working in manycompanies. Knowledge management is important for efficient project management.Knowledge transfer in project-based environments became an attractive and importanttopic for study. Various barriers and challenges will appear during the process ofknowledge transfer in projects. Lots of authors thought the barriers of knowledgetransfer in project are negative, while others mentioned that some barriers may havepositive aspects. We called these two kinds of barriers “positive barriers” and“negative barriers” in this thesis. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand knowledge transfer inproject-based environments. Specifically, we aim to explain that barriers ofknowledge transfer in projects can be both negative and positive. Method: Due to the special time period and activity limitation, we chose case studyto gain the empirical data. When choosing the sample, we used the conveniencesampling. The sample chosen is a project team in Ericsson of Linköping. The projectmanager we interviewed has worked in Ericsson since 2004 and with his presentproject team for four years. He has already done more than fifteen projects, so he hasenough experience in projects for our study. We combined both inductive anddeductive approach strategies to analyze our thesis. Result: This thesis has answered the questions in the part of specified questions andreached the thesis purpose. It has explained the notion of knowledge transfer inprojects and its related barriers. It interprets how both negative and positive barriersaffect knowledge transfer. Furthermore, this thesis points out some suggestions forimproving positive barriers and reducing negative barriers.
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Antonsson, Emelie. "Understanding the Meaning of English Idiomatic Expressions in Song Lyrics : A Survey Regarding Swedish University Students’ Understanding of Idiomatic Expressions in English Song Lyrics." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för lärarutbildning (LUT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17887.
Анотація:
The general field of interest for this study is the Swedish public’s level of awareness of non-literal and figurative language, such as idioms and metaphors, in English. The English language can be considered to be evolving into Sweden’s second language, since it is present in so much more than school, for example, on television, computers and radio. This study aims to gain an insight into the degree of understanding of common idiomatic expressions in popular English song lyrics by native Swedish speakers. University students were chosen as the sample group and twelve of them were asked to explain their understanding of selected English idioms which occur in songs with which they were likely to recognize. The results have then been analyzed and it was possible to establish the degrees of understanding, misunderstanding and failure to understand. Firstly, the participants have explained the expression out of context, and secondly they were asked to explain it in the context of the song. This was to see whether the expressions appear to have been easier to understand out of context or in context. Earlier research show difficulties in defining the term idiom, and in this survey the term idiomatic expression has been used and defined as a way of speaking or writing that does not make any literal sense, even though the expressions are used all the time and people familiar with the language generally recognize them and understand their meaning. Earlier research has facilitated the analysis by the use of terms, theories and definitions on various ways of understanding metaphors, metonymy and idioms, and how these might, or might not, differ between Swedish and English. The results of this survey show that most of the expressions appear to have been easier to explain and understand when seen and heard in the context of the song. Although, some expressions appear to have been very alien to the participants, which has resulted in misunderstandings and failure to understand both in and out of context of the song lyrics in question.
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Witney, John Clifford. "Lateral (morpho)syntactic transfer : an empirical investigation into the positive and negative influences of French on L1 English learners of Spanish within an instructed language-learning environment." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2014. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/109/.
Анотація:
This thesis explores lateral (morpho)syntactic transfer – non-native transfer at the level of morphology and syntax – from French among L1 English learners of Spanish in an instructed language-learning environment. A quantitative and qualitative study was conducted to investigate the positive and negative influences of L2 French and to identify learners’ foreign language experiences and strategies in making interlingual connections. The quantitative study focused on providing statistical evidence of morphological and syntactic transfer and comprised three groups: The EN/FR/SP Group consisted of 28 L1 English learners with five years’ instruction in French and two in Spanish; the EN/SP Group consisted of 22 L1 English learners with two years’ instruction in Spanish and no prior knowledge of French; the SP Group consisted of 36 monolingual Spanish speakers. The qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews to gain a greater understanding of learners’ ability to apply interlingual connections and draw on prior language-learning experiences and strategies. Participants consisted of 10 L1 English learners with six years’ instruction in French and three in Spanish. It is argued that knowledge of a non-native language plays a pivotal role in the learning of a further typologically similar one at the level of morphology and syntax. The overall results suggest that positive transfer may be facilitated and negative transfer may be highlighted and understood through cross-linguistic comparisons, with important pedagogical implications for future research.
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King, Stephanie. "An investigation into transfer provision for children and young people with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (Paper 1) ; The effects of school transfer for children and young people with Autistic Spectrum Disorders, focussing on positive and negative emotions reported by parents, schools and pupils (Paper 2)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/90894.
Анотація:
Paper 1: This study represents the wider perspective of a 2-stage study about school transfers, for children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders. The study used a mixed methodology to investigate the experiences of children moving schools, as reported by parents and schools. Pre-move general satisfaction and post-move success ratings were high. Transfer arrangements varied greatly. Many respondents despite being positive overall about the move reported difficulties and frustrations for themselves and the children making the move. Communication between all stakeholders was seen to be a main factor in improving transfers, with an emphasis on the Teaching Assistant role and a whole school ethos towards ASD. Although strategies and guidance are widely available to improve transfer for children, not all pupils with ASDs and their parents, had access to the same level of enhanced transfer arrangements within the county. Paper 2: This paper represents the more focussed perspective of a 2- stage study about school transfers, for children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders, in mainstream education. The study used a mixed methodology to investigate the experiences of children moving schools, as reported by parents and schools, with all participants, and via child interviews with a smaller sample. School transfer (as part of a 2- or 3-tier education system) was identified as a time which can be especially challenging for children with ASDs in mainstream schools. Looking at the emotional effects of transfer, the study found parents and schools reported high levels of increased anxiety among transferring children with ASDs. Qualitative analysis identified a wide variety of triggers to anxiety, and strategies to reduce anxiety that are being used in school and at home. Positive emotions expressed about the move were also explored. This anxiety reduced post-move for some of the children, but was maintained for some. Parents perceived higher levels of anxiety in their children than schools did throughout the transfer period, despite many rating the move as successful overall. The experience of a school move was found to be a time parents, as well as children, need the information and reassurance of a well-planned transfer, with appropriate strategies in place for their child and effective, open communication between home and schools to reduce the negative emotions that can surround change for children with ASDs, and celebrate the positive.
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Kurenbach, Brigitta. "Konjugativer DNA-Transfer zwischen Gram-positiven und Gram-negativen Spezies: Transferkomponenten des Multiresistenzplasmids pIP501 aus Streptococcus agalactiae." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971485305.
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Al, Haimi Maryam. "L'enseignement de l'imparfait à des arabophones avec médiation de la langue arabe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC041.
Анотація:
De nombreuses études ont observé l’importance et l’effet de la langue maternelle dans les cours d’une langue étrangère mais celle-ci n’a pas été pleinement valorisée dans l’enseignement. Dans un cadre didactique expérimental, nous avons examiné chez des arabophones apprenants du FLE l’utilisation de la médiation par la langue arabe. Cette étude explore l’acquisition de l’imparfait sur le plan fonctionnel, qui constitue toujours un enjeu pour l’enseignement/apprentissage. Cette étude s’est penchée notamment sur l’assimilation des relations de simultanéité entre procès que l’imparfait permet de construire en contexte : la simultanéité totale, la simultanéité partielle et l’interruption. À travers un dispositif de constructions des connaissances associé à une approche médiative (et sans médiation pour le groupe contrôle) ainsi que des instruments de mesure initiaux et finaux, nous observons que la référence à la L1 arabe peut freiner l’appropriation de l’imparfait en induisant de la confusion et en provoquant un suremploi de l’IMP avec la simultanéité partielle et l’interruption. La principale difficulté réside dans les contextes perfectifs typiques du passé composé avec les verbes d’achèvement ainsi que dans les contextes imperfectifs atypiques de l’imparfait avec les verbes d’accomplissement. Le groupe expérimental a notablement moins bien réussi dans ces deux configurations, surtout lorsqu’elles se trouvaient dans un seul et même énoncé. Nous concluons ainsi que le transfert positif n’a été que très partiellement efficace, probablement du fait qu’il n’a pas pu être automatisé chez le groupe expérimentalMany studies have observed the importance and the effect of the mother tongue in foreign language classes, but it has not been fully valued in teaching. In an experimental didactic framework, we examined the use of mediation through the Arabic language among Arabic-speaking learners of French as a foreign language. This study focuses on the acquisition of the imperfect on the functional level, which is always a challenge for teaching/learning. This study focused in particular on the assimilation of the relations of simultaneity between processes that the imperfect may build in context: total simultaneity, partial simultaneity and interruption. Through a knowledge construction device associated with a mediative approach (and without mediation for the control group) as well as initial and final measurement instruments, we observe that the reference to the Arabic L1 can slow down the appropriation of the imperfect, by inducing confusion and causing overuse of the IMP with partial simultaneity and interruption. The main difficulty lies in typical perfective contexts of the passé composé with achievement verbs as well as in atypical imperfective contexts of the imperfect with accomplishment verbs. The experimental group performed notably less well in these two configurations, especially when they were found in a single utterance. We thus conclude that the positive transfer was only very partially effective, probably because it could not be automated in the experimental group
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Mucanze, Nelson Alberto [UNESP]. "Investimento Direto Estrangeiro em Moçambique: aspectos positivos e negativos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/145019.
Анотація:
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Moçambique tem experimentado taxas de crescimento econômico muito satisfatórias nos últimos anos. Segundo os dados da African Economic Outlook (AEO, 2014), o país cresceu em média 7% ao ano nos últimos dez anos. Os dados do Banco de Moçambique (2015) mostram que o fluxo de Investimento Direto Estrangeiro para o país evoluiu de US$ 347,3 milhões para US$ 4,9 bilhões entre 2002 e 2014. O governo moçambicano tem vislumbrado o IDE com papel estratégico para manter as taxas de crescimento econômico, aumentar o nível de empregos, proporcionar o desenvolvimento e atualizar a economia moçambicana em termos de transferência de tecnologias. No entanto sabe-se que essas “boas” consequências dos fluxos de IDE não acontecem automaticamente, é necessário que se criem políticas que façam que os retornos do IDE gerem riqueza para o país receptor. Neste trabalho, parte-se do pressuposto de que em Moçambique, apesar das altas taxas de crescimento econômico, os grandes fluxos de IDE não tem gerado riqueza para a economia nacional porque são concentrados no setor extrativo, têm muitos incentivos fiscais, não geram empregos, seus lucros são repatriados, têm pouca ligação com a economia nacional e incentivam conflitos políticos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar a importância do setor extrativo na atração de IDE para Moçambique.
Mozambique has experienced very satisfactory economic growth rates in recent years. According to the African Economic Outlook (AEO, 2014), the country grew at an average 7% year in the last ten years. The data of the Bank of Mozambique (2015) show that the flow of Foreign direct investment to the country evolved from $ 347,300,000 to $ 4.9 billion between 2002 and 2014. The Mozambican Government has glimpsed the IDE with strategic role to keep the rates of economic growth, increase the level of jobs, provide development and upgrading the Mozambican economy in terms of transfer of technology. However it is known that these "good" consequences of FDI flows don't happen automatically, It is necessary to create policies that make the returns of the FDI generate wealth for the receiving country. In this work, we start from the assumption that in Mozambique, despite high rates of economic growth, the large flows of FDI don't have generated wealth for the national economy because they are concentrated in the extractive sector, have many tax incentives, not generate jobs, their profits are repatriated, there is a little connection with the national economy and encourage political conflicts. The present work aims to identify the importance of the extractive sector in FDI attraction to Mozambique.
CAPES: 24/173538-1
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Pinchuk, Tommy. "Optimization of pre-processing variables for hyperspectral analysis of focal plane array Fourier transform infrared images." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98769.
Анотація:
A genetic algorithm was employed to select the optimal combination of preprocessing variables, including data pretreatment, data manipulation and feature extraction procedures, for eventual clustering of a data set consisting of hyperspectral images acquired by a focal plane array Fourier transform infrared (FPA-FTIR) spectrometer. The data set consisted of infrared images of bacterial films, and the classification task investigated was the discrimination between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The genetic algorithm evaluated combinations of variables pertaining to bacterial film thickness tolerances, baseline correction, pixel co-addition, outlier removal, smoothing, mean centering, normalization, derivatization, integration and principal component selection. Following numerous iterations of unsupervised processing, the genetic algorithm arrived at a sub-optimal solution yielding a clustering accuracy of 97.8% and a data utilization of 28.6%. The results provided insight into the co-dependencies of the pre-processing variables and their consequential effect on the selected data. The robustness of the classification model was evaluated and reinforced by the successful classification of two distinct validation sets. The overall success of the genetic algorithm suggests that it is an effective time saving resource for the optimization of pre-processing variables that does not require operator intervention.
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Walter, Julia [Verfasser], Karl Günter [Akademischer Betreuer] Wiese, Nicolai [Gutachter] Miosge, and Martin [Gutachter] Oppermann. "Transfer von Pluripotenzfaktoren maligner Stro-1-positiver und Stro-1 negativer Zellen auf tumorfremde somatische Zellen / Julia Walter ; Gutachter: Nicolai Miosge, Martin Oppermann ; Betreuer: Karl Günter Wiese." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118846680/34.
Книги з теми "Positive/negative transfer":
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Dengscherz, Sabine. Spiegelübersetzung als Lernhilfe?: Ungarische Lokalkasus und deutsche Präpositionen: eine kontrastive Analyse mit empirischer Untersuchung zu positivem und negativem Transfer bei ungarischen Deutschlernenden und deutschsprachigen Ungarischlernenden. Innsbruck: Studien-Verl., 2009.
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Heterogeneous MNC subsidiaries and technological spillovers: Explaining positive and negative effects in India. Chennai: Madras School of Economics, 2010.
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Ewing, Nigel Phillip. Conformational and structural elucidation of negative and positive ions in the gas phase employing Fourier tranform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectometry. 1999.
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Banal-Estanol, Albert, Enrique Benito, and Dmitry Khametshin. Asset Encumbrance and CDS Premia of European Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0021.
Анотація:
Asset encumbrance refers to the existence of bank balance sheet assets being subject to arrangements that restrict the bank’s ability to freely transfer or realize them. Asset encumbrance has recently become a much discussed subject and policymakers have been actively addressing what some consider to be excessive levels of asset encumbrance. Despite its importance, the phenomenon of asset encumbrance remains poorly understood. We build a novel data set of asset encumbrance metrics based on information provided in the banks’ public disclosures for the very first time throughout 2015. We provide descriptive evidence of asset encumbrance levels by country, credit quality, size, and business model, using different encumbrance metrics. Our empirical results point to the existence of an association between CDS premia and asset encumbrance that is negative, not positive. That is, on average, encumbrance is perceived to be beneficial. Still, certain bank-level variables play a mediating role in this relationship. For banks that have high exposures to the central bank, high leverage ratios, and/or are located in southern Europe, asset encumbrance is less beneficial and could even be detrimental in absolute terms.
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Buell, Denise K. Embodied Temporalities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722618.003.0026.
Анотація:
This chapter aims to expand intersectional feminism temporally and beyond ‘the human’. By offering both positive and negative resources in early Christian traditions, those of us with expertise in ancient Christian materials using feminist lenses can engage with and contribute to current discussions in contemporary science and critical theory, especially feminist materialisms, that seek to transform our understandings of and practices of humanness. Specifically, this essay juxtaposes some ancient and contemporary ways of understanding health as well as practices aimed to treat conditions viewed as illness to suggest some of the benefits of engaging in cross-temporal feminisms. Moreover, the chapter suggests ways that feminist biblical interpretation can benefit from a materialist perspective, both via ancient materiality and current feminist materialisms
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Walsh, Joseph. The Dynamics of the Social Worker-Client Relationship. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197517956.001.0001.
Анотація:
While the effectiveness of direct social work practice always requires one’s competence in providing a variety of intervention modalities, outcomes are also dependent on the social worker’s ability to develop and maintain constructive relationships with clients. This book describes in depth the many ways that such relationships can be developed with clients who display a wide range of presenting problems in many types of social service agencies. Each chapter focuses on a particular challenge that social workers may encounter in that process, including the benefits and limitations of theory selection, boundaries, the use of self, the working alliance, relationship ruptures, special issues presented by children and adolescents, terminations and transfers, clients about whom a social worker experiences highly positive or negative feelings, the uses of touch and humor, working with psychotic clients, and the uses of technology. The book is filled with case studies written by students to illustrate how relationships can be formed and challenges can be resolved. The book is targeted to social work students in their field placements, although it can also be useful for practicing professionals.
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Siracusa, Joseph M., and David G. Coleman. Depression to Cold War. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400639258.
Анотація:
Organized around the office of the president, this study focuses on American behavior at home and abroad from the Great Depression to the onset of the end of the Cold War, two key points during which America sought a re-definition of its proper relationship to the world. Domestically, American society continued the process of industrialization and urbanization that had begun in the 19th century. Urban growth accompanied industrialism, and more and more Americans lived in cities. Because of industrial growth and the consequent interest in foreign markets, the United States became a major world power. American actions as a nation, whether as positive attempts to mold events abroad or as negative efforts to enjoy material abundance in relative political isolation, could not help but affect the course of world history. Under President Hoover, the federal government was still a comparatively small enterprise; challenges of the next six decades would transform it almost beyond belief, touching in one way or another almost every facet of American life. Before the New Deal, few Americans expected the government to do anything for them. By the end of the Second World War and in the aftermath of the Great Depression, however, Americans had turned to Washington for help. Even the popular Reagan presidency of the 1980s, the most conservative since Hoover, would fail to undo the basic New Deal commitment to assist struggling Americans. There would be no turning back the clock, at home or abroad.
Частини книг з теми "Positive/negative transfer":
1
Zaiko, Leonid F. "The Transfer of Intellectual Potential: Positive and Negative Externalities." In NATO ASI Series, 69–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1754-5_11.
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Kemmerling, Achim. "Diffusion und Interaktion in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik? — Positive und negative Ansteckungseffekte am Beispiel zweier Reformdiskussionen." In Transfer, Diffusion und Konvergenz von Politiken, 153–79. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90612-6_7.
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Saier, Milton H., Jonathan Reizer, and Josef Deutscher. "Protein Phosphorylation and the Regulation of Sugar Transport in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria." In Adenine Nucleotides in Cellular Energy Transfer and Signal Transduction, 181–90. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7315-4_16.
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Fischer, Johanna, Hongsoo Kim, Lorraine Frisina Doetter, and Heinz Rothgang. "Social Long-Term Care Insurance: An Idea Travelling Between Countries?" In International Impacts on Social Policy, 435–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_34.
Анотація:
AbstractFew countries have, to date, introduced distinct social insurance systems that explicitly address the risk of long-term care (LTC) dependency. Germany, Japan, and South Korea all established such long-term care insurance schemes in the 1990s/2000s. While domestic factors and discourses were important for these adoptions, transnational expert exchange accompanied the introduction, too. This chapter aims to investigate the role of LTC policy transfer and learning in Japan and South Korea: What indications exist for transnational—“positive” as well as “negative”—transfer? We compare the (dis)similarities in the design of the LTC systems and consider the evidence on foreign influences provided in the literature. While we find potential instances of transfer, our analysis shows that evidence on transnational learning remains thin for both cases.
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Cirenzhuoga, Juyeon Ham, and Namho Chung. "The Role of Perceived Technology and Consumers’ Personality Traits for Trust Transfer in Airbnb." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 128–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_11.
Анотація:
AbstractAirbnb is widely popular among tourists around the world and in the hospitality industry. With Airbnb being a sharing economy and a type of e-commerce platform, consumers’ trust in it is an important issue. This study proposed three information technology factors affecting trust in Airbnb from positive and negative aspects. Personality traits affecting trust in Airbnb and its hosts are also put forward. Using data collected from Chinese Airbnb users, this study applied the structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the proposed hypotheses. Results suggest various implications for Airbnb and similar sharing economy platforms.
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Tillement, Stéphanie, and Geoffrey Leuridan. "Contracting and Safety: Lessons from Observing an Outsourcing Process “in the Making”." In Contracting and Safety, 9–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89792-5_2.
Анотація:
AbstractDrawing from an inductive study at a nuclear plant, this chapter provides insights about an outsourcing situation that is barely studied in the literature, i.e. an outsourcing process (1) “in the making” of (2) a production activity. We highlight how practical, professional and contractual arrangements are elaborated throughout the progressive transfer of the activity. We discuss, from a situated perspective, the positive and negative effects of outsourcing in the short term and draw attention to key lessons for ensuring safe industrial performance in the long term.
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Øieroset, M., and P. E. Sandholt. "Auroral and Geomagnetic Signatures of Flux Transfer Events and Associated Current Systems for Positive and Negative IMF BY." In Polar Cap Boundary Phenomena, 209–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5214-3_16.
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Janik, Marta Olga. "5. Positive and Negative Transfer in the L2 Adjective Inflection of English-, German- and Polish-speaking Learners of L2 Norwegian." In Crosslinguistic Influence and Distinctive Patterns of Language Learning, edited by Anne Golden, Scott Jarvis, and Kari Tenfjord, 84–109. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781783098774-007.
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Malinar, Ante. "Anti-communist Backlash in the Croatian Healthcare System." In Global Dynamics of Social Policy, 239–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91088-4_8.
Анотація:
AbstractThe chapter explains the process of reforming the financial dimension of the Croatian healthcare system during the 1990–1993 period. Process tracing and qualitative content analysis are used to establish the causal mechanisms that underpinned these policy changes. Three mechanisms—doctors enter politics, old system departure, seeking solutions abroad—form a complex mechanism of anti-communist backlash. It shows that domestic physicians were crucial actors in the reform process. Moreover, their prevailing dissatisfaction with the communist healthcare system pushed the reforms in a new direction and stimulated a horizontal policy transfer process in which policy makers drew positive and negative lessons from Western and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries. The outcome was a hybrid healthcare system based on Bismarckian, Beveridgean and neoliberal principles.
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Mulsow, Martin. "Positive and Negative Error. A Debate in the Illuminati Order." In Errors, False Opinions and Defective Knowledge in Early Modern Europe, 121–34. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0266-4.09.
Анотація:
That error could be of interest to Freemasons and Illuminati as a topic becomes evident when one sees it in the context of concepts such as prejudice, ignorance, and gullibility. The perfection of the human being was understood as the detachment from prejudices – from errors –, as overcoming ignorance and as a fight against gullibility. In 1785 there was a discussion among the Illuminati of Gotha about how one should understand error. Prince August of Saxe-Gotha transfers Voltaire’s two types of imagination to two types of errors, using the distinction made by the physicist Charles Du Fay, who distinguished resin electricity (électricité résineuse) with its negative charge from glass electricity (électricité vitreuse) with its positive charge. So August suggests that there are positive and negative errors: the positive errors are attractive, they attract. In this case the cause of error lies on our side, on the side of the subjects: because of certain defects in the knower, facts are not correctly recognized. The negative errors, on the other hand, repel: there it is due to the nature of the representations of the facts themselves, which have pitfalls or are distorted by hallucinations, that we go wrong.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Positive/negative transfer":
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Sun, Yuwei, Wensheng Yu, and Long Wang. "Minimal Positive Realizations for Transfer Functions with Negative Poles." In 2006 Chinese Control Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2006.280803.
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Ye, Jihang, Hong Cheng, Zhe Zhu, and Minghua Chen. "Predicting positive and negative links in signed social networks by transfer learning." In the 22nd international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2488388.2488517.
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Aylo, R., H. Li, G. Nehmetallah, and P. P. Banerjee. "Application of the transfer matrix method to reflection gratings in positive and negative index materials." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Shizhuo Yin and Ruyan Guo. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.930509.
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Mao, Jingxin, Fei Lin, Hong Li, Xiaojie You, and Trillion Q. Zheng. "High performance positive and negative sequence filters in stationary frame based on complex transfer function." In 2010 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apec.2010.5433468.
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Hong, Chungpyo, and Yutaka Asako. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gaseous Flows in Micro-Channels With Negative Heat Flux." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96163.
Анотація:
Two-dimensional compressible momentum and energy equations are solved to obtain the heat transfer characteristics of gaseous flows in micro-channels with CHF (constant heat flux) whose value is negative. The combined effect of viscous dissipation and compressibility is also investigated. The numerical methodology is based on the Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method. The computations are performed for channels with constant heat flux with range from −104 to −102 Wm−2. The channel height ranges from 10 to 100 μm and the aspect ratio of the channel height and length is 200. The stagnation pressure varies from 120 to 500 kPa. The outlet pressure is fixed at the atmosphere. The wall and bulk temperatures in micro-channels are compared with those of the case of positive heat flux and also compared with those of the incompressible flow in a conventional sized channel. In the case of negative heat flux, temperature profiles normalized by heat flux have different trends in the case of positive heat flux, when flow is fast. A gas temperature falls down due to the energy conversion. A correlation for the prediction of the wall temperature of the gaseous flow in the micro-channel is proposed.
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Hong, Chungpyo, Yutaka Asako, and Koichi Suzuki. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gaseous Slip Flow in Concentric Micro Annular Tubes." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82087.
Анотація:
A concentric micro annular passage is a basic and important micro-geometry of micro-fluidic-systems from simple heat exchanger to the most complicated nuclear reactors. Therefore, heat transfer characteristics of gaseous flows in concentric micro annular tubes with constant heat flux whose value was positive or negative were numerically investigated. The slip velocity, temperature jump and shear stress work were considered on the slip boundary. The numerical methodology was based on the Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method. The computations were performed for two thermal cases. This is, the heat flux was constant at the inner wall and outer wall was adiabatic (Case 1) and the heat flux was constant at the outer wall and the inner wall was adiabatic (Case 2). Each constant heat flux of 104 Wm−2 for the positive value and −104 Wm−2 for the negative value was chosen. The outer tube radius ranged from 20 to 150 μm with the radius ratio 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 and the ratio of length to hydraulic diameter was 100. The stagnation pressure was chosen in such a way that the exit Mach number ranges from 0.1 to 0.7. The outlet pressure was fixed at the atmospheric pressure. The heat transfer characteristics in concentric micro annular tubes were obtained. The wall and bulk temperatures with positive heat flux are compared with those of negative heat flux cases and also compared with those of the simultaneously developing incompressible flow. The results show that the compressible slip flow Nusselt number is different from that of incompressible flow. And, the temperatures normalized by heat flux have different trends whether heat flux value is positive or negative. A correlation for the prediction of the heat transfer characteristics of gas slip flow in concentric micro annular tubes is proposed.
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Rousse, Daniel R., Guillaume Gautier, and Jean-François Sacadura. "An Upwinding Procedure for Numerical Radiation Heat Transfer." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1375.
Анотація:
Abstract This paper presents a skewed upwinding procedure for application to the Control Volume Finite Element Method (CVFEM) in the context of radiation heat transfer problems involving participating media. The proposed first order scheme is stable, economical, accurate and it inherently precludes the possibility of computing negative coefficients in the discretized algebraic equations while accounting for the direction of radiant propagation. The suggested first-order skew positive coefficients upwind scheme (SPCUS) is validated by application to several basic test problems, acknowledged by the radiative heat transfer community: its performance has proven to be excellent.
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Arnas, A. O¨zer, Daisie D. Boettner, and Margaret B. Bailey. "On the Sign Convention in Thermodynamics: An Asset or an Evil?" In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41048.
Анотація:
In thermodynamics the sign convention normally used is energy added to a system in the form of heat is taken as positive and that added in the form of work is taken as negative – HIP to WIN (heat in positive – work in negative). This is a common sign convention although some texts specify that all forms of energy added to a system as heat or work are positive. However, regardless of the sign convention adopted for heat and work interactions, later in the same text the specified convention is abandoned in favor of magnitudes or absolute values. This occurs particularly in relation to cycle analyses in which the absolute value is used for energy transfers. Generally for reversible cycles there is no proof as to why the ratio of energy added/rejected via heat transfer equals the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the thermal reservoirs. To promote sign convention consistency, this paper develops the appropriate relationship between energy transfers and thermal reservoir temperatures for reversible cycles and applies the result to power producing and power consuming engineering devices.
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Tiselj, Iztok, and Janez Gale. "On Treatment of Negative Pressures in Fluid Dynamics." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72500.
Анотація:
Rapid depressurization of a cold single-phase liquid leads to the onset of a vaporisation, i.e. the phase transition phenomena. Prior to the start and in the very first moment of the phase transition, pressure in the liquid may briefly drop to negative values, when initial liquid temperature is low enough. Metastable liquid in a state of tension is well known in static experiments, but is less known in the fluid dynamics. The present paper discusses some preliminary findings in the field of modeling of the negative pressures in transient water flows and subsequent phase transition with a single-pressure two-fluid model. A highly simplified single-pressure two-fluid model is used in the present work to describe the two-phase flow with negative liquid and positive vapor pressure. The assumption used at negative liquid pressures is equal temperature of liquid and newly generated vapor phase, while the gas pressure is assumed to be the saturation pressure at that temperature. Rather rough models seem to be sufficiently accurate due to the large uncertainty in the modeling of the single-to-two-phase flow transition, which strongly depends on the density of the nucleation sites in the liquid and at the wall.
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Liu, Zhaofang, Zhiduo Wang, and Zhenping Feng. "Effects of Inlet Swirl on Hot Streak Migration Across Tip Clearance and Heat Transfer on Rotor Blade Tip." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42625.
Анотація:
This paper presents an investigation on the hot streak migration across tip clearance and heat transfer on blade tip in a high pressure (HP) gas turbine with different inlet swirl directions and clocking positions. The geometry is taken from the first stage of GE-E3 turbine engine. Two swirl directions (positive and negative) and two circumferential clocking positions (aligning with S1 nozzle leading edge and mid passage) for inlet hot streak and swirl have been employed and investigated, respectively. Two cases with only hot streak at different inlet circumferential positions are adopted as the baseline in this study. By solving the unsteady compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, the time dependent solutions were obtained. The results indicate that the influence of inlet swirl on pressure distribution focuses on the suction side. Positive swirl attracts more hot fluid to the upper endwall, when it aligns with nozzle stator leading edge. Because of the squeezing mechanism between positive swirl and leakage flow, the heat transfer on rotor blade tip is more uniform. While negative swirl increases tip leakage flow and the heat load at the first half on tip surface. In all cases with swirl, the heat load at the second half on blade tip is effectively reduced, which is good for cooling rotor blade tip. If the stator is cooled effectively, inlet positive swirl aligning with nozzle vane leading edge will be the best choice for protecting rotor blade tip. By comparing with the results of previous literature, it is concluded that whatever arrangement the blade rows locate, the swirl direction which is opposite to the leakage flow should be chosen for protecting not only blade surface but also blade tip when the inlet swirl exists.
Звіти організацій з теми "Positive/negative transfer":
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Barham, Brad, Seth Gitter, and James Manley. The Coffee Crisis, Early Childhood Development, and Conditional Cash Transfers. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011208.
Анотація:
This paper examines the efficacy of three conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs in Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua in mitigating the potential negative effects of an income shock caused by falling prices of coffee, an important cash crop to many CCT participants. A theoretical household model is developed that demonstrates both the positive potential of CCTs to mitigate negative shocks effects on early childhood development and the negative potential of CCTs to exacerbate the impacts of a negative shock to early childhood development if the conditionality encourages households to shift resources from younger to older children to sustain their school attendance. The experimental design includes both CCT and non-CCT households and communities with and without coffee production. The paper finds that in Mexico the CCT mitigated the negative shock on child height-for-age z-scores, while in Nicaragua coffee-producing households who participated in CCTs saw greater declines in z-scores. Findings for Honduras are largely inconclusive.
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Henderson, Heath, Leonardo Corral, and Juan José Miranda. Evidence from a Natural Experiment on the Development Impact of Windfall Gains: The Camisea Fund in Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011726.
Анотація:
This document studies the economic effect of windfall gains by examining a Peruvian natural experiment. The Camisea Fund for Socioeconomic Development (FOCAM) is an inter-governmental fiscal transfer scheme that allocates natural gas royalties generated by the Camisea Gas Project to eligible subnational governments. We exploit the rules governing FOCAM allocation to identify the effect of the transfers on municipal accounts, local infrastructure, and economic development. Using a newly constructed district- level dataset for the years 2005 and 2012, we find evidence of positive impacts on municipal capital expenditures and local infrastructure. However, we also find evidence of a negative impact on municipal current expenditures. More specifically, we find that municipalities with low absorptive capacity coped with the increased administrative burden of FOCAM transfers by reallocating administrative effort toward (away from) executing capital (current) expenditures.
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Barefoot, Susan, Benjamin Juven, Thomas Hughes, Avraham Lalazar, A. B. Bodine, Yitzhak Ittah, and Bonita Glatz. Characterization of Bacteriocins Produced by Food Bioprocessing Propionobacteria. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561061.bard.
Анотація:
Objectives were to further characterize activity spectra of dairy propionibacteria bacteriocins, jenseniin G and propionicin PLG-1, purify them, examine the role of cell walls in resistance, examine their interactions with cytoplasmic membrane, explain producer immunity, and clone the responsible genes. Inhibitory spectra of both bacteriocins were further characterized. Propionicin was most effective in controlling Gram-positive, rather than Gram-negative organisms; it controlled growth of sensitive cells both in a culture medium and a model food system. Jenseniin inhibited yogurt cultures and may help prevent yogurt over-acidification. Both were active against botulinal spores; jenseniin was sporostatic; propionicin was sporicidal. Jenseniin was produced in broth culture, was stable to pH and temperature extremes, and was purified. Its molecular mass (3649 Da) and partial amino acid composition (74%) were determined. A blocked jenseniin N-terminus prevented sequencing. Methods to produce propionicin in liquid culture were improved, and large scale culture protocols to yield high titers were developed. Methods to detect and quantify propionicin activity were optimized and standardized. Stability of partially purified propionicin was demonstrated and an improved purification scheme was developed. Purified propionicin had a 9328-Da molecular mass, contained 99 amino acids, and was significantly hydrophobic; ten N-terminal amino acids were identified. Propionicin and Jenseniin interacted with cytoplasmic membranes; resistance of insensitive species was cell wall-related. Propionicin and jenseniin acted similarly; their mode of action appeared to differ from nisin. Spontaneous jenseniin-resistant mutants were resistant to propionicin but nisin-sensitive. The basis for producer immunity was not resolved. Although bacteriocin genes were not cloned, a jenseniin producer DNA clone bank and three possible vectors for cloning genes in propionibacteria were constructed. In addition, transposon Tn916 was conjugatively transferred to the propionicin producer from chromosomal and plasmid locations at transfer frequencies high enough to permit use of Tn916 for insertional mutagenesis or targeting genes in propionibacteria. The results provide information about the bacteriocins that further supports their usefulness as adjuncts to increase food safety and/or quality.
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Khadan, Jeetendra. An Econometric Analysis of Energy Revenue and Government Expenditure Shocks on Economic Growth in Trinidad and Tobago. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011776.
Анотація:
Energy revenues represent roughly 45 percent of Trinidad and Tobago's GDP and are highly volatile since they are correlated with the price of oil and gas. Hence, sharp changes in energy prices, whether temporary or sustained, can have important consequences for economic growth and overall macroeconomic performance. After the 2014 crash in oil prices, a key challenge that emerged for policymakers in hydrocarbon-exporting countries is how to manage fiscal retrenchment in an environment of subdued growth. Using structural vector autoregression, this article examines three questions related to this challenge by focusing on Trinidad and Tobago: (1) what is the asymmetric effect of energy revenue shocks on macroeconomic performance, (2) what is the asymmetric effect of energy revenue shocks on government expenditure (disaggregated by categories), and (3) what is the effect of government expenditure shocks (disaggregated by categories) on economic growth. The results suggest that although positive energy revenue shock increases growth almost immediately, it is not sustained. A negative energy revenue shock is found to have a greater adverse effect on primary expenditure than a positive shock and this largely occurs through a reduction in capital expenditure. Transfers and subsidies, and goods and services are the most sensitive components of current expenditure to positive energy shocks. With respect to the effect of expenditure on growth, transfers and subsidies significantly reduce growth in the short run, whereas other categories of expenditure are found to have a largely positive effect on growth. These findings suggest three important implications for policymakers: the first is to reduce and or reorient public expenditure away from transfers and subsidies and towards more growth-enhancing areas; the second is the need for clear fiscal rules, and to more effectively balance the role of fiscal policy as a growth stimulus while also performing other social functions; and thirdly, these results bring into sharp focus the effectiveness of the rules of the country's stabilization fund to manage windfall energy revenues.
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Seginer, Ido, Daniel H. Willits, Michael Raviv, and Mary M. Peet. Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573072.bard.
Анотація:
Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings. Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses. Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse. Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.
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Sessa, Guido, та Gregory Martin. MAP kinase cascades activated by SlMAPKKKε and their involvement in tomato resistance to bacterial pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, січень 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699834.bard.
Анотація:
The research problem: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestrispv. vesicatoria (Xcv) are the causal agents of tomato bacterial speck and spot diseases, respectively. These pathogens colonize the aerial parts of the plant and cause economically important losses to tomato yield worldwide. Control of speck and spot diseases by cultural practices or chemicals is not effective and genetic sources of resistance are very limited. In previous research supported by BARD, by gene expression profiling we identified signaling components involved in resistance to Xcvstrains. Follow up experiments revealed that a tomato gene encoding a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKKe) is required for resistance to Xcvand Pststrains. Goals: Central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which MAPKKKεand associated MAP kinase cascades regulate host resistance. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine whether MAPKKKεplays a broad role in defense signaling in plants; 2. Identify components of MAP kinase cascades acting downstream of MAPKKKε; 3. Determine the role of phosphorylation-related events in the function of MAPKKKε; 4. Isolate proteins directly activated by MAPKKKε-associatedMAPK modules. Our main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Characterization of MAPKKKεas a positive regulator of cell death and dissection of downstream MAP kinase cascades (Melech-Bonfil et al., 2010; Melech-Bonfil and Sessa, 2011). The MAPKKKεgene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Xcvand Pstbacterial strains and for hypersensitive response cell death triggered by different R gene/effector gene pairs. In addition, overexpression analysis demonstrated that MAPKKKεis a positive regulator of cell death, whose activity depends on an intact kinase catalytic domain. Epistatic experiments delineated a signaling cascade downstream of MAPKKKεand identified SIPKK as a negative regulator of MAPKKKε-mediated cell death. Finally, genes encoding MAP kinase components downstream of MAPKKKεwere shown to contribute to tomato resistance to Xcv. 2. Identification of tomato proteins that interact with MAPKKKεand play a role in plant immunity (Oh et al., 2011). We identified proteins that interact with MAPKKKε. Among them, the 14-3-3 protein TFT7 was required for cell death mediated by several R proteins. In addition, TFT7 interacted with the MAPKK SlMKK2 and formed homodimersin vivo. Thus, TFT7 is proposed to recruit SlMKK2 and MAPKKK client proteins for efficient signal transfer. 3. Development of a chemical genetic approach to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase cascades (Salomon et al., 2009, 2011). This approach is based on engineering the kinase of interest to accept unnatural ATP analogs. For its implementation to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase modules, we sensitized the tomato MAP kinase SlMPK3 to ATP analogs and verified its ability to use them as phosphodonors. By using the sensitized SlMPK3 and radiolabeled N6(benzyl)ATP it should be possible to tag direct substrates of this kinase. 4. Development of methods to study immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in tomato and N. benthamiana plants (Kim et al., 2009; Nguyen et al. 2010). We developed protocols for measuring various PTI-associatedphenotypes, including bacterial populations after pretreatment of leaves with PAMPs, induction of reporter genes, callose deposition at the cell wall, activation of MAP kinases, and a luciferase-based reporter system for use in protoplasts. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized a signal transduction pathway mediating plant immunity to bacterial pathogens. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease. In addition, we successfully developed new biochemical and molecular methods that can be implemented in the study of plant immunity and other aspects of plant biology.
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Barefoot, Susan F., Bonita A. Glatz, Nathan Gollop, and Thomas A. Hughes. Bacteriocin Markers for Propionibacteria Gene Transfer Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573993.bard.
Анотація:
The antibotulinal baceriocins, propionicin PLG-1 and jenseniin G., were the first to be identified, purified and characterized for the dairy propionibaceria and are produced by Propionibacterium thoenii P127 and P. thoenii/jensenii P126, respectively. Objectives of this project were to (a) produce polyclonal antibodies for detection, comparison and monitoring of propionicin PLG-1; (b) identify, clone and characterize the propionicin PLG-1 (plg-1) and jenseniin G (jnG) genes; and (3) develop gene transfer systems for dairy propionibacteria using them as models. Polyclonal antibodies for detection, comparison and monitoring of propionicin PLG-1 were produced in rabbits. Anti-PLG-1 antiserum had high titers (256,000 to 512,000), neutralized PLG-1 activity, and detected purified PLG-1 at 0.10 mg/ml (indirect ELISA) and 0.033 mg/ml (competitive indirect ELISA). Thirty-nine of 158 strains (most P. thoenii or P. jensenii) yielded cross-reacting material; four strains of P. thoenii, including two previously unidentified bacteriocin producers, showed biological activity. Eight propionicin-negative P127 mutants produced neither ELISA response nor biological activity. Western blot analyses of supernates detected a PLG-1 band at 9.1 kDa and two additional protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 16.2 and 27.5 kDa. PLG-1 polyclonal antibodies were used for detection of jenseniin G. PLG-1 antibodies neutralized jenseniin G activity and detected a jenseniin G-sized, 3.5 kDa peptide. Preliminary immunoprecipitation of crude preparations with PLG-1 antibodies yielded three proteins including an active 3-4 kDa band. Propionicin PLG-1 antibodies were used to screen a P. jensenii/thoenii P126 genomic expression library. Complete sequencing of a cloned insert identified by PLG-1 antibodies revealed a putative response regulator, transport protein, transmembrane protein and an open reading frame (ORF) potentially encoding jenseniin G. PCR cloning of the putative plg-1 gene yielded a 1,100 bp fragment with a 355 bp ORF encoding 118 amino acids; the deduced N-terminus was similar to the known PLG-1 N-terminus. The 118 amino acid sequence deduced from the putative plg-1 gene was larger than PLG-1 possibly due to post-translational processing. The product of the putative plg-1 gene had a calculated molecular weight of 12.8 kDa, a pI of 11.7, 14 negatively charged residues (Asp+Glu) and 24 positively charged residues (Arg+Lys). The putative plg-1 gene was expressed as an inducible fusion protein with a six-histidine residue tag. Metal affinity chromatography of the fused protein yielded a homogeneous product. The fused purified protein sequence matched the deduced putative plg-1 gene sequence. The data preliminarily suggest that both the plg-1 and jnG genes have been identified and cloned. Demonstrating that antibodies can be produced for propionicin PLG-1 and that those antibodies can be used to detect, monitor and compare activity throughout growth and purification was an important step towards monitoring PLG-1 concentrations in food systems. The unexpected but fortunate cross-reactivity of PLG-1 antibodies with jenseniin G led to selective recovery of jenseniin G by immunoprecipitation. Further refinement of this separation technique could lead to powerful affinity methods for rapid, specific separation of the two bacteriocins and thus facilitate their availability for industrial or pharmaceutical uses. Preliminary identification of genes encoding the two dairy propionibacteria bacteriocins must be confirmed; further analysis will provide means for understanding how they work, for increasing their production and for manipulating the peptides to increase their target species. Further development of these systems would contribute to basic knowledge about dairy propionibacteria and has potential for improving other industrially significant characteristics.
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Méndez-Vizcaíno, Juan C., and Nicolás Moreno-Arias. A Global Shock with Idiosyncratic Pains: State-Dependent Debt Limits for LATAM during the COVID-19 pandemic. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1175.
Анотація:
Fiscal sustainability in five of the largest Latin American economies is examined before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, the DSGE model in Bi(2012) and Hürtgen (2020) is used to estimate the Fiscal Limits and Fiscal Spaces for Peru, Chile, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. These estimates advance the empirical literature for Latin America on fiscal sustainability by offering new calculations stemming from a structural framework with alluring novel features: government default on the intensive margin; dynamic Laffer curves; utility-based stochastic discount factor; and a Markov-Switching process for public transfers with an explosive regime. The most notable additions to the existing literature for Latin America are the estimations of entire distributions of public debt limits for various default probabilities and that said limits critically hinge on both current and future states. Results obtained indicate notorious contractions of Fiscal Spaces among all countries during the pandemic, but the sizes of these were very heterogeneous. Countries that in 2019 had positive spaces and got closer to negative spaces in 2020, have since seen deterioration of their sovereign debt ratings or outlooks. Colombia was the only country to lose its positive Fiscal Space and investment grade, thereby joining Brazil, the previously sole member of both groups
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Gasparini, Leonardo, Ricardo N. Bebczuk, Julian Amendolaggine, and Noelia Garbero. Understanding the Determinants of Household Saving: Micro Evidence for Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009266.
Анотація:
This paper investigates the main patterns and drivers of the household saving rate in Latin America by assembling a broad dataset of official household surveys for 10 Latin American countries and 27 surveys covering selected years from the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. Almost half of households display negative saving, which raises suspicions of income underreporting and/or consumption overreporting. The estimations highlight the overriding positive role of income in shaping saving decisions. Government transfers, remittances, self-employment, capitalization pension systems, access to financial services, urban location, and health and education expenses seem to diminish saving, whereas labor formality and homeownership have the opposite effect. In terms of policy implications, the drivers identified are either beyond the realm of direct government intervention or might be modified only in the long run. Moreover, some of these policies entail serious policy trade-offs, as they may boost saving at the expense of other worthy policy goals.
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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.
Анотація:
We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.