Книги: "Pose variations"

1

1950-, Lucchetti R., and Revalski Julian, eds. Recent developments in well-posed variational problems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.

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2

Lucchetti, Roberto, and Julian Revalski, eds. Recent Developments in Well-Posed Variational Problems. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8472-2.

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3

Théra, Michel, and Rainer Tichatschke, eds. Ill-posed Variational Problems and Regularization Techniques. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45780-7.

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4

Geomagnitnoe pole vo vremi͡a︡ inversiĭ v pozdnem kaĭnozoe. Moskva: "Nauka", 1988.

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5

Gilbert, Rozman, Satō Seizaburō 1932-, and Segal Gerald 1953-, eds. Dismantling communism: Common causes and regional variations. Washington, D.C: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1992.

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6

Kaplan, Alexander. Stable methods for ill-posed variational problems: Prox-regularization of elliptic variational inequalities and semi-infinite problems. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1994.

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7

Workshop, on Ill-Posed Variational Problems and Regulation Techniques (1998 Trier Germany). Ill-posed variational problems and regularization techniques: Proceedings fo the "Workshop on Ill-Posed Variational Problems and Regulation Techniques" held at the University of Trier, September 3-5, 1998. Berlin: Springer, 1999.

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8

J, Roth Don, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., eds. Quantitative mapping of pore fraction variations in silicon nitride using an ultrasonic contact scan technique. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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9

Plag, Hans-Peter. A Regional study of Norwegian coastal long-period sea-level variations and their causes: With special emphasis on the pole tide. Berlin: Reimer, 1988.

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10

J, Massey Andrew, Campo K. W, United States. Environmental Protection Agency., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Pushpoint sampling for defining spatial and temporal variations in contaminant concentrations in sediment pore water near the ground-water/surface-water interface. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2005.

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11

Scribal laws: Exegetical variation in the textual transmission of Biblical law in the late Second Temple period. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, 2014.

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12

Calendrical variations in Second Temple Judaism: New perspectives on the "Date of the Last Supper" debate. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

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13

Scrivener's moon: The third book in the Fever Crumb series. New York, N.Y: Scholastic Press, 2012.

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14

Brubaker, Alyssa, Megan Foy, and Robert Chase Heishman. Cheryl Pope: Variations on a Love Theme. Meloche Gallery, Monique, 2022.

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15

Lucchetti, Roberto. Recent Developments in Well-Posed Variational Problems. Springer, 2010.

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16

Revalski, Julian, and Roberto Lucchetti. Recent Developments in Well-Posed Variational Problems. Springer, 2013.

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17

Peremennoe magnitnoe pole na territorii MNR. Moskva: "Nauka", 1988.

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18

White, Trevor N., and Seth D. Baum. Liability for Present and Future Robotics Technology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0005.

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Advances in robotics technology are causing major changes in manufacturing, transportation, medicine, and numerous other sectors. While many of these changes are beneficial, some will inevitably lead to harm. Who should be liable when a robot causes harm? This chapter addresses how the law can and should account for robot liability, including robots that exist today and that could potentially be built in the future. Current and near-future robots pose no significant challenge: existing law or minor variations therein can readily handle them. A greater challenge will arise if it becomes possible to build robots that merit legal personhood and thus can be held liable, as well as if future robots can cause major global catastrophe.

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19

Techniques, Workshop on Ill-Posed Variational Problems and Regulation. Ill-Posed Variational Problems and Regularization Techniques: Proceedings Fo the "Workshop on Ill-Posed Variational Problems and Regulation Techniques" ... Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems). Springer-Verlag Telos, 2000.

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20

Ill-posed Variational Problems and Regularization Techniques. Springer My Copy UK, 1999.

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21

Convexity and Well-Posed Problems. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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22

Thera, Michel, and Rainer Tichatschke. Ill-Posed Variational Problems and Regularization Techniques: Proceedings of the Workshop on Ill-Posed Variational Problems and Regulation Techniques Held at the University of Trier, September 3-5 1998. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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23

Nonlinear Ill-Posed Problems of Monotone Type. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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24

Alber, Yakov, and Irina Ryazantseva. Nonlinear Ill-posed Problems of Monotone Type. Alber Yakov Ryazantseva Irina, 2010.

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25

Nonlinear Ill-posed Problems of Monotone Type. Springer, 2006.

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26

Stenroos, Merja. From Scribal Repertoire to Text Community. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the problem of relating individual scribal usages to community-level linguistic variation in languages for which the surviving records consist of handwritten texts (‘manuscript languages’). In the absence of detailed contextual information, both individual texts and corpora pose problems of representativeness. A solution is to study the surviving texts strictly on their own terms, rather than attempting to reconstruct the overall variation within the language area. The study of smaller text communities, defined on the basis of groups of texts sharing specific parameters, may provide a useful approach. The discussion is based on work on late Middle English materials, but deals with problems common to many manuscript languages.

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27

Byerly, William E. Introduction To The Calculus Of Variations - Mathematical Tracts For Physicists. Merchant Books, 2007.

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28

Grzymala‐Busse, Anna, and Pauline Jones Luong. Democratization. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0036.

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This article discusses democratization, and looks specifically at its post-Communist implications. It draws upon the experience of post-Communist countries in order to show how structural preconditions allow elite action as much as they limit it. A review and contrast of the formal and informal approaches is provided, followed by a discussion of the post-Communist experience. The article concludes with an evaluation of the success of these approaches in explaining the variation in democratization outcomes.

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29

Fuß, Eric. Introduction to Part III. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0011.

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This chapter provides an overview of Part III, which deals with various aspects pertaining to the right sentence periphery in historical stages of German. It outlines a set of issues that figure prominently in relevant current research, including the theoretical analysis of linguistic variation, the impact of information structure on word order (OV versus VO, in particular), and the historical development of verb clusters. In addition, the chapter includes brief summaries of the individual contributions, which focus on word order variation in the lower/right-most part of the middle field (and the post field), and properties of the so-called verbal complex located in the right sentence bracket.

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30

Hegedűs, Veronika. Particle-verb order in Old Hungarian and complex predicates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the distribution of verbal particles in Old Hungarian, and argues that despite the word order change from SOV to SVO in Hungarian, the particle-verb order did not change because the previous pre-verbal argument position was reanalysed as a pre-verbal predicative position where complex predicates are formed in overt syntax. Predicative constituents other than particles show significant word order variation in Old Hungarian, apparently due to optionality in predicate movement (while variation found with particle-verb orderings can be attributed to independent factors). It is proposed that after the basic word order was reanalysed as VO, internal arguments and secondary predicates could appear post-verbally and it was the still obligatory movement of particles that triggered the generalization of predicate movement, making all predicates pre-verbal in neutral sentences at later stages. This process involves a period of word order variation as predicate movement gradually generalizes to different types of predicates.

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31

Courtney, Sarah G. Reconciling syntactic and post-syntactic complementizer agreement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0015.

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Focusing on the microvariation found in complementizer agreement (CA) in Germanic dialects, this chapter seeks to reconcile the syntactic and post-syntactic analyses given in previous treatments. Rather than treating CA as a single construction in need of a single analysis, the CA data is examined here in light of both variation and recent work on grammaticalization. The CA patterns from different dialects are treated as the outputs of separate but closely related grammars, and the possibility of multiple grammars in close contact or in competition is considered. The variation in Germanic CA is treated as the output of grammatical change in progress with multiple stable points along the cline, many of which are represented in the sample of currently spoken Germanic languages and dialects.

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32

Anwar, Sibtain. DNIC and prediction of chronic post-surgical pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0073.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Prediction of chronic post-operative pain: Pre-operative DNIC testing identifies patients at risk’, published by Yarnitsky et al. in 2008. These authors were the first to report that it was possible to predict persistent post-surgical pain (PPP) before surgery took place, through the use of a laboratory-based assessment of endogenous analgesia: diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Similar peripheral tissue damage at the time of surgery leads to a wide range of PPP intensities and trajectories in different patients. This is likely to be related to individual variations in central pain processing and modulation. A key mechanism in this central modulation is the endogenous analgesic system, which can be assessed via the use of the DNIC platform.

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33

Cunningham, Lawrence A. Accounting and Financial Reporting. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.15.

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This chapter examines the functions of corporate accounting and financial reporting around the world, with particular emphasis on how local realities that explain persistent diversity often pose a barrier to aspirations for a universal system. It first charts the history and progress of contemporary efforts to move accounting from its diverse local roots to a unified global stage before turning to a discussion of the varying functions of accounting and reporting laws around the world. It then looks at aspects of accounting that are affected by national variation, including securities regulation, corporate governance, and corporate finance. Finally, the chapter explains how related forces contribute to persistent divergence in financial reporting.

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34

Castellani, Claudia, and Marianne Wootton. Crustacea: Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0021.

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This chapter provides an introduction to the Crustacea, one of the most abundant and diverse components of the plankton. Within a single net-haul, the vast diversity within this group, coupled with the large number of species and the morphological similarity both between species and between developmental stages, can often pose a significant identification challenge even to experienced taxonomists. Although all Crustacea originally share a common body plan, their morphology can differ quite markedly due to different degrees of expression of body segmentation patterns and as a result of the loss or morphological modifications of paired appendages. There is also considerable variation between groups in the structure and function of the appendages on different body regions.

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35

Nader, Kathleen, and Mary Beth Williams. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.22.

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Developmental age and symptom variations influence treatment needs for trauma- and stressor-related disorders (TSRD). TSRD include disorders found in children age 6 and under (reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] < 6) and those described for individuals who are older than age 6 (PTSD, PTSD with dissociative symptoms, acute stress disorder, adjustment reactions, and other specific TSRD, e.g., complicated grief). Treatments for children under age 6 primarily focus on caregiver–child dyads. Post-trauma symptoms such as those described for PTSD with dissociative symptoms, complicated grief, and complicated trauma require alterations in proven trauma-focused methods. In addition to appropriately timed processing of the trauma, treatments for youths are best when they are multifaceted (also include, for example, focus on support systems and relationships; self-skills, e.g., regulation, coping; and other age, symptom, and trait-related factors). For children, treatment methods often include creative methods as well (e.g., drawings, storytelling).

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36

Torstendahl, Rolf. Scandinavian Historical Writing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0016.

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This chapter looks at Scandinavian historical writing, focusing on how historiography has developed in closely related ways in the three Scandinavian countries: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The main periods are 1945–60, 1960–85, and 1985 until today. In the first period, old struggles were brought to an end. In the second, historical research as an individual undertaking was succeeded by large, collective projects on social history relying on sociological theory. In the third, still another enlargement of the field of history became evident, which created a new strain on the unity of the profession. The chapter then demonstrates that Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, despite some national variations, followed remarkably similar post-war trajectories.

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37

Parker, Robert, and Philippa M. Steele, eds. The Early Greek Alphabets. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859949.001.0001.

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Regional variation, a persistent feature of Greek alphabetic writing throughout the Archaic period, has been studied since at least the late nineteenth century. The subject was transformed by the publication in 1961 of Lilian H. (Anne) Jeffery's Local Scripts of Archaic Greece (reissued with a valuable supplement by A. Johnston in 1990), based on first-hand study of more than a thousand inscriptions. Much important new evidence has emerged since 1987 (Johnston's cut-off date), and debate has continued energetically about all the central issues raised by the book: the date at which the Phoenician script was taken over and filled out with vowels; the priority of Phrygia or Greece in that takeover; whether the takeover happened once, and the resulting alphabet then spread outwards, or whether takeover occurred independently in several paces; if the takeover was a single event, the region where it occurred; if so again, the explanation for the many divergences in local script. The hypothesis that the different scripts emerged not through misunderstandings but through conscious variation has been strongly supported, and contested, in the post-Jeffery era; also largely post-Jeffery is the flourishing debate about the development and functions of literacy in Archaic Greece. Dialectology, the understanding of vocalization, and the study of ancient writing systems more broadly have also moved forwards rapidly. In this volume a team of scholars combining the various relevant expertises (epigraphic, philological, historical, archaeological) provide the first comprehensive overview of the state of the question 70 years after Jeffery's masterpiece.

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38

Wildman, Wesley J. Subordinate-Deity Models of Ultimate Reality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815990.003.0004.

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Subordinate-deity models of ultimate reality affirm that God is Highest Being within an ultimate reality that is neither conceptually tractable nor religiously relevant. Subordinate-deity models ceded their dominance to agential-being models of ultimate reality by refusing to supply a comprehensive answer to the metaphysical problem of the One and the Many in the wake of the Axial-Age interest in that problem, but they have revived in the twentieth century due to post-colonial resistance to putatively comprehensive explanations. Subordinate-deity ultimacy models resist the Intentionality Attribution and Narrative Comprehensibility dimensions of anthropomorphism to some degree but continue to employ the Rational Practicality dimension of anthropomorphism, resulting in a strategy of judicious anthropomorphism. Variations, strengths, and weaknesses of the subordinate-deity class of ultimacy models are discussed.

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39

Stanley, Ben. Populism in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.6.

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This chapter provides an overview of the ideological character and electoral strengths of populist parties in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. It argues that the circumstances of democratic transition gave rise both to radical and to centrist populist parties, and that both subtypes have remained distinct and enduring features of the party systems of these countries. However, while populists have played important roles in defining ideological choices, their electoral strengths and role in government should not be overstated. No general rise in populism has occurred over the period of democratic consolidation; instead, we can observe significant country-level variation in the nature and strength of these parties.

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40

Barker, Nathan, C. Austin Davis, Paula López-Peña, Harrison Mitchell, A. Mushfiq Mobarak, Karim Naguib, Maira Emy Reimão, Ashish Shenoy, and Corey Vernot. Migration and the labour market impacts of COVID-19. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/896-2.

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Using detailed microdata, we document how migration-dependent households are especially vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. We create pre- and post-COVID panel datasets for three populations in Bangladesh and Nepal, leveraging experimental and observational variation in prior migration dependence. We report 25 per cent greater declines in earnings and fourfold greater prevalence of food insecurity among migrant households since March. Causes include lower migration rates, less remittance income per migrant, isolation in origin communities, and greater health risks. We compile a large set of secondary data to demonstrate the extent of vulnerability worldwide and conclude with recommendations for policy targeted at migrants.

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41

Henning, C. Randall. Spain and Italy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801801.003.0007.

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Spain and Italy posed threats to the integrity of the monetary union that were a magnitude greater than those posed by the previous crisis countries. Owing in part to actions by the European Central Bank, the program for Spain could be limited nominally to its banking system, while Italy could avoid a program altogether. The Spanish program’s institutional arrangement is best understood as a variation on, rather than a rejection of, the troika. It was linked to Spain’s commitment to fiscal austerity and structural reform, while the International Monetary Fund was involved in program design and monitoring. Political affinity between the governments of Spain and Germany and the economic size of Spain explain the choice of the institutional arrangement. Owing to Spain’s size, the IMF would have required adjustments in euro-area policies to which member states and the ECB were not willing to agree. Key member states were thus pivotal in defining the roles of the institutions.

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42

Tan, Tina Q., John P. Flaherty, and Melvin V. Gerbie. Routine Vaccines for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604776.003.0003.

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The natural history, signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatment of common vaccine preventable infectious diseases are introduced. Dosing, immunization schedules, contraindications, precautions, and administration of vaccines are discussed for patients of all ages. Frequently asked question sections at the end of each chapter summarize issues that clinicians commonly encounter in their practices. This chapter details each of the diseases and specific vaccines that are recommended throughout life. The clinical presentations, clinical courses, complications, and post-exposure and pre-exposure managements are detailed. Differences in the disease in childhood and adult ages are noted. International variations of the diseases and vaccine requirements of individual countries are noted. The transmissions, incubation periods of the diseases, natural, and vaccine-induced durations of immunity are discussed. FAQs offer helpful answers to many of the questions that this wide variety of conditions present.

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43

Belekar, R. M., Renu Nayar, Pratibha Agrawal, and S. J. Dhoble, eds. Water Pollution Sources and Purification: Challenges and Scope. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150506841220101.

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The book helps readers to understand the fundamentals of water purification processes. Chapters in the book cover industrial purification techniques, while also exploring the future scope and current challenges in this field. Key Features - Seven chapters arranged and structured in a clear, coherent manner for understanding the broad topics. - Covers basic water purification techniques for safe drinking water - Covers defluoridation techniques - Explains the parameters affecting photocatalytic degradation of substituted benzoic acids. - Includes a case study for seasonal variations in pond water - Covers the role of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment - Covers the impact of water mismanagement on the environment with suggestions for preventive measures for sustainable water utilization This reference informs advanced readers (sustainable development professionals, post-graduate and research scholars) interested in water treatment processes. It also serves as a resource for courses in environmental chemistry, waste management and sustainability.

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44

Putnam, Kyle J. Financialization of Commodity Markets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0025.

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In the early 2000s, financial investors began pouring billions of dollars into the commodity futures markets seeking the unique investment benefits of this distinct asset class. This “financialization” process has called into question the fundamental risk and return properties of commodity futures as evidence has emerged favoring the idea that the massive increase in investor flows caused a rise in futures prices, volatility, and intra- and intermarket return correlations. However, a contrarian line of research contends that the effects of the new “speculative” capital on the futures markets are unsubstantiated and the increased participation of financial investors poses little consequence to the economics of the marketplace. This latter line of literature maintains that the investment benefits of commodity futures have not been diminished and that fundamental factors and business cycle variations can explain the observed changes in commodity price behavior.

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45

An Essay on Man. by Alexander Pope, Esq; Enlarged and Improved by the Author. Together with His Ms. Additions and Variations as in the Last Edition of ... Notes of William, Lord Bishop of Gloucester. Gale Ecco, Print Editions, 2018.

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46

An Essay on man. By Alexander Pope, Esq; Enlarged and Improved by the Author. Together With his MS. Additions and Variations as in the Last Edition of ... Notes of William, Lord Bishop of Gloucester. Gale ECCO, Print Editions, 2018.

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47

Yang, Jin, Pei Han, Wei Li, and Ching-Pin Chang. Epigenetics and post-transcriptional regulation of cardiovascular development. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0032.

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Cardiac organogenesis requires the control of gene expression at distinct developmental windows in order to organize morphogenetic steps in the correct sequence for heart development. This is facilitated by concerted regulation at three levels: chromatin, transcription, and post-transcriptional modifications. Epigenetic regulation at the chromatin level changes the chromatin scaffold of DNA to regulate accessibility of the DNA sequence to transcription factors for genetic activation or repression. At the genome, long non-coding RNAs work with epigenetic factors to alter the chromatin scaffold or form DNA-RNA complexes at specific genomic loci to control the transcription of genetic information. After RNA transcription, the expression of genetic information can be further modified by microRNAs. Each layer of gene regulation requires the participation of many factors, with their combinatorial interactions providing variations of genetic expression at distinct pathophysiological phases of the heart. The major functions of chromatin remodellers and non-coding RNAs are discussed.

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48

Smith, Benjamin. Comparing Separatism across Regions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0010.

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This chapter outlines the rationales for studying separatist conflicts across multiple regions through comparative area studies (CAS). It examines why some ethnic minorities are able to sustain broad challenges to their governments while others fail. Post-imperial ethnic region partitions, while relatively uncommon, are central to this question and demand an inquiry of cross-regional scope. Beginning with the division of interwar Kurdistan into parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, the author extends the theoretical framework to similar border creations in Balochistan (Southwest Asia) and the Tuareg region (North Africa). The comparisons of four Kurdish minorities, of the Kurdish groups to three groups in Balochistan and five Tuareg regions, and of Kurdish nationalism with that of Aceh, speak to the methodological benefits of CAS. The historical depth and spatial breadth of CAS allows for simultaneous context-sensitive comparisons of groups and regions, while generating fresh insights into variations in the level of separatist mobilization.

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49

Adhikari, Neill KJ. Critical Illness and Long-Term Outcomes Worldwide. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0002.

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Interest in the global burden of critical illness and its sequelae are growing, but comprehensive data to describe the burden of acute and post-acute illness and the resources available to provide care are lacking. Challenges to obtaining population-based global estimates of critical illness include the syndrome-based definitions of critical illness, incorrect equating of ‘critical illness’ with ‘admission to an intensive care unit’, lack of reliable case ascertainment in administrative data, and short prodrome and high mortality of critical illness, limiting the number of prevalent cases. Estimates of the burden of post-critical illness morbidity are even less reliable, owing to the limited number of observational studies, inaccurate coding in administrative data, and the unclear attributable risk of these morbidities to critical illness. Modelling techniques will be required to estimate the burden of critical illness and disparities in access to critical care using existing data sources. Demands for critical care and post-discharge care for survivors are likely to increase because of urbanization, an ageing demographic, and ongoing wars, disasters, and pandemics, while the ability to assume the cost of increased critical care may be limited due to economic factors. Major public health questions remain unanswered regarding the worldwide burden of critical illness and its sequelae, variation in resources available for treatment, and strategies that are broadly effective and feasible to prevent and treat critical illness and its consequences.

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Rees, Morgan T. Ideas and the Use of Force in American Foreign Policy. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529215908.001.0001.

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The decision to mount an armed foreign intervention is one of the most consequential that a US president can take. This book sets out to explain why and when presidents choose to use force. The book examines decisions to use force throughout the post-Cold War period, via flashpoints including the Balkans, the ‘War on Terror’ and the Middle East. It develops new explanations for variation in the use of force in US foreign policy by theorizing and demonstrating the effects of the displacement and repression of ideas within and across different US presidential administrations, from George H.W. Bush to Donald Trump. For students, scholars and anyone with an interest in international relations and global security, this book is an original perspective on a defining issue of recent decades.

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