Готові списки джерел за темами / Portable mobile mapping

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Portable mobile mapping"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Portable mobile mapping"

Nüchter, A., D. Borrmann, P. Koch, M. Kühn, and S. May. "A MAN-PORTABLE, IMU-FREE MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (August 19, 2015): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-17-2015.

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Mobile mapping systems are commonly mounted on cars, ships and robots. The data is directly geo-referenced using GPS data and expensive IMU (inertial measurement systems). Driven by the need for flexible, indoor mapping systems we present an inexpensive mobile mapping solution that can be mounted on a backpack. It combines a horizontally mounted 2D profiler with a constantly spinning 3D laser scanner. The initial system featuring a low-cost MEMS IMU was revealed and demonstrated at <i>MoLaS: Technology Workshop Mobile Laser Scanning at Fraunhofer IPM</i> in Freiburg in November 2014. In this paper, we present an IMU-free solution.

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Al-Hamad, A., and N. El-Sheimy. "Smartphones Based Mobile Mapping Systems." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5 (June 5, 2014): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-29-2014.

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The past 20 years have witnessed an explosive growth in the demand for geo-spatial data. This demand has numerous sources and takes many forms; however, the net effect is an ever-increasing thirst for data that is more accurate, has higher density, is produced more rapidly, and is acquired less expensively. For mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) projects, this has been achieved through the major development of Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS). MMS integrate various navigation and remote sensing technologies which allow mapping from moving platforms (e.g. cars, airplanes, boats, etc.) to obtain the 3D coordinates of the points of interest. Such systems obtain accuracies that are suitable for all but the most demanding mapping and engineering applications. However, this accuracy doesn't come cheaply. As a consequence of the platform and navigation and mapping technologies used, even an "inexpensive" system costs well over 200 000 USD. Today's mobile phones are getting ever more sophisticated. Phone makers are determined to reduce the gap between computers and mobile phones. Smartphones, in addition to becoming status symbols, are increasingly being equipped with extended Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities, Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) inertial sensors, extremely powerful computing power and very high resolution cameras. Using all of these components, smartphones have the potential to replace the traditional land MMS and portable GPS/GIS equipment. This paper introduces an innovative application of smartphones as a very low cost portable MMS for mapping and GIS applications.

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Torresani, Alessandro, Fabio Menna, Roberto Battisti, and Fabio Remondino. "A V-SLAM Guided and Portable System for Photogrammetric Applications." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122351.

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Mobile and handheld mapping systems are becoming widely used nowadays as fast and cost-effective data acquisition systems for 3D reconstruction purposes. While most of the research and commercial systems are based on active sensors, solutions employing only cameras and photogrammetry are attracting more and more interest due to their significantly minor costs, size and power consumption. In this work we propose an ARM-based, low-cost and lightweight stereo vision mobile mapping system based on a Visual Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (V-SLAM) algorithm. The prototype system, named GuPho (Guided Photogrammetric System), also integrates an in-house guidance system which enables optimized image acquisitions, robust management of the cameras and feedback on positioning and acquisition speed. The presented results show the effectiveness of the developed prototype in mapping large scenarios, enabling motion blur prevention, robust camera exposure control and achieving accurate 3D results.

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Cullen, C., G. MacKenzie, A. A. J. Adgey, J. McC Anderson, G. J. Dempsey, G. T. H. Wright, M. Crawley, E. T. McAdams, and J. McLaughlin. "Portable Cardiac Mapping Assessment of Acute Ischaemic Injury." Methods of Information in Medicine 33, no. 01 (1994): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634985.

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Abstract:A portable cardiac mapping system is used to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of acute ischaemic injury outside hospital. Patients presenting chest pain suggestive of myocardial infarction (Ml) were mapped by attendant medical personnel operating from a mobile coronary unit. These first Ml maps were compared against average normal maps using QRS and ST-T isointegral values. Discriminant function analysis performed on the parameters achieved a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 96%.

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Maset, E., S. Cucchiaro, F. Cazorzi, F. Crosilla, A. Fusiello, and A. Beinat. "INVESTIGATING THE PERFORMANCE OF A HANDHELD MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT OUTDOOR SCENARIOS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2021 (June 28, 2021): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2021-103-2021.

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Abstract. In recent years, portable Mobile Mapping Systems (MMSs) are emerging as valuable survey instruments for fast and efficient mapping of both internal and external environments. The aim of this work is to assess the performance of a commercial handheld MMS, Gexcel HERON Lite, in two different outdoor applications. The first is the mapping of a large building, which represents a standard use-case scenario of this technology. Through the second case study, that consists in the survey of a torrent reach, we investigate instead the applicability of the handheld MMS for natural environment monitoring, a field in which portable systems are not yet widely employed. Quantitative and qualitative assessment is presented, comparing the point clouds obtained from the HERON Lite system against reference models provided by traditional techniques (i.e., Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Photogrammetry).

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Yu, Peidong, Mengke Wang, and Huanjian Chen. "Integration and evaluation of SLAM-based backpack mobile mapping system." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020603014.

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Mobile mapping is an efficient technology to acquire spatial data of the environment. As a supplement of vehicle-borne and air-borne methods, Backpack mobile mapping system (MMS) has a wide application prospect in indoor and underground space. High-precision positioning and attitude determination are the key to MMS. Usually, GNSS/INS integrated navigation system provides reliable pose information. However, in the GNSS-denied environments, there is no effective long-term positioning method. With the development of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, it provides a new solution for indoor mobile mapping. This paper develops a portable backpack mobile mapping system, which integrates multi-sensor such as LiDAR, IMU, GNSS and panoramic camera. The 3D laser SLAM algorithm is applied to the mobile mapping to realize the acquisition of geographic information data in various complex environments. The experimental results in typical indoor and outdoor scenes show that the system can achieve high-precision and efficient acquisition of 3D information, and the relative precision of point cloud is 2~4cm, which meets the requirements of scene mapping and reconstruction.

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Rashidan, M. H., I. A. Musliman, and A. A. Rahman. "GEOPACKAGE DATA FORMAT FOR COLLABORATIVEMAPPING OF GEOSPATIAL DATAIN LIMITED NETWORKENVIRONMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W1 (September 29, 2016): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w1-15-2016.

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With the growth of technology in earth and space science informatics has led to the revolution in a wide range of geospatial practice. Nowadays collaborative mapping has become a new hot spot, following mobile and web GIS. This paper explores the potential use of GeoPackage for collaborative mapping of geospatial data in limited network environments. GeoPackage is a data format that open-standard, platform-independent, portable, and self-describing. This paper focus on the implementation of GeoPackage in mobile application for field data collection. A mobile application was developed that implements the GeoPackage data format as an internal database to provide support for offline mapping. The developed mobile application demonstrates that vector and raster data can be stored in a single data format, which reduces the device storage consumption. The details of how GeoPackage data contribute to mobile GIS to achieve collaborative mapping in limited network environments are discussed. The findings show that the GeoPackage data format has great potential to improve existing mobile GIS applications.

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Lin, Yi-Chun, Raja Manish, Darcy Bullock, and Ayman Habib. "Comparative Analysis of Different Mobile LiDAR Mapping Systems for Ditch Line Characterization." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132485.

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Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires a reasonably detailed mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas in need of excavation to remove long-term sediment accumulation. This study utilizes high-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) for mapping roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units, including an unmanned aerial vehicle, an unmanned ground vehicle, a portable backpack system along with its vehicle-mounted version, a medium-grade wheel-based system, and a high-grade wheel-based system, is evaluated. Point clouds from all the MLMS units are in agreement within the ±3 cm range for solid surfaces and ±7 cm range for vegetated areas along the vertical direction. The portable backpack system that could be carried by a surveyor or mounted on a vehicle is found to be the most cost-effective method for mapping roadside ditches, followed by the medium-grade wheel-based system. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground-filtering approach—cloth simulation—is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from the LiDAR data and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data turned out to be very close to the highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulders, and a 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines.

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Brogan, Michael, Simon McLoughlin, and Catherine Deegan. "Assessment of stereo camera calibration techniques for a portable mobile mapping system." IET Computer Vision 7, no. 3 (June 2013): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cvi.2012.0085.

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Kohira, K., and H. Masuda. "POINT-CLOUD COMPRESSION FOR VEHICLE-BASED MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEMS USING PORTABLE NETWORK GRAPHICS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W4 (September 13, 2017): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w4-99-2017.

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A mobile mapping system is effective for capturing dense point-clouds of roads and roadside objects．Point-clouds of urban areas, residential areas, and arterial roads are useful for maintenance of infrastructure, map creation, and automatic driving. However, the data size of point-clouds measured in large areas is enormously large. A large storage capacity is required to store such point-clouds, and heavy loads will be taken on network if point-clouds are transferred through the network. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce data sizes of point-clouds without deterioration of quality. In this research, we propose a novel point-cloud compression method for vehicle-based mobile mapping systems. In our compression method, point-clouds are mapped onto 2D pixels using GPS time and the parameters of the laser scanner. Then, the images are encoded in the Portable Networking Graphics (PNG) format and compressed using the PNG algorithm. In our experiments, our method could efficiently compress point-clouds without deteriorating the quality.

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Дисертації з теми "Portable mobile mapping"

Wilmott, Clancy. "Living the map : mobile mapping in post/colonial cities." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/living-the-map-mobile-mapping-in-postcolonial-cities(31208be6-9620-4774-9fa7-7607c0bc8f54).html.

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This thesis is concerned with mobile mapping practices in Sydney and Hong Kong. Since the development of mobile media technology, there has been widespread proliferation of geo-locative, quasi-cartographic mapping practices in which people use applications (apps) on their mobile phones to narrate and navigate their way through urban spaces. This has raised questions within scholarly communities about the impact that these new technologies are having on everyday practices and everyday lives. As such, this thesis seeks to contribute to a growing field of knowledge surrounding the transformation of wayfinding, navigational and spatial mapping in the wake of these developments. Focusing an empirical investigation in two post/colonial cities - Sydney and Hong Kong - it draws on ethnographic, archival and geographical data in order to situate mobile mapping in an everyday context. Building upon Foucault's work on order (2002b), knowledge (2002a) and discipline (1995), this thesis seeks to address the issue of power-knowledge relations within and without mobile mapping practices as political and generative contestations over the meaning of space, the potentiality of practice and the indeterminacy of the past. It does so by considering an over-arching discourse of cartographic reason, best articulated by Farinelli (1998) and Olsson (1998) as a rationalist, universalist and geometrical approach to spatial understanding. Moving beyond the Cartesian interpretation of cartographic reason, it argues that in an increasingly digitised and monadic world, analyses of cartographic discourse must expand into an investigation of the role of Leibnizian binary systems, universal characteristics and elasticity. As such, this thesis engages three heuristic lenses - space, technology and people - with which to understand the empirical material from different perspectives. It argues that digital mobile mapping practices can be understood as expanded and transformative descendants of the rationalist, universalist and scientific impulses that have characterised cartographic reason since the Enlightenment. However, where continuity can be traced across many different cartographic and mapping practices, as the power of cartographic reason continues to reassert authority and territorialise space and knowledge, equally, the contestations which where borne of initial and early colonial encounters continue to generate contestation, conflict and hauntings.

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Книги з теми "Portable mobile mapping"

Allan, Alasdair. Geolocation in IOS: Mobile Positioning and Mapping on iPhone and iPad. O'Reilly Media, Incorporated, 2012.

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Allan, Alasdair. Geolocation in IOS: Mobile Positioning and Mapping on IPhone and IPad. O'Reilly Media, Incorporated, 2012.

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Частини книг з теми "Portable mobile mapping"

Chiang, Kai Wei, Guang-Je Tsai, and Jhih Cing Zeng. "Mobile Mapping Technologies." In Urban Informatics, 439–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_25.

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AbstractThis chapter introduces the historic development as well as the latest progress of mobile mapping systems. First, mobile mapping technologies, including the introduction of positioning and mapping sensors, and how they can be integrated together, are briefly reviewed. Then the development of land-based, aerial, marine, and mobile portable mapping platforms is presented. The latest progress in mobile-mapping technologies is further discussed, along with sensor fusion schemes, seamless indoor and outdoor mapping strategies, and disaster response applications. In addition, this chapter explores future and potential applications, such as high-definition (HD) maps and autonomous mapping with autonomous systems.

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Nocerino, Erica, Pablo Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, and Fabio Menna. "Introduction to mobile mapping with portable systems." In Laser Scanning, 37–52. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351018869-4.

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Filatov, Anton, and Kirill Krinkin. "Scalable Algorithms for Simultaneous Mapping and Localization of Mobile Robot Swarms." In Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108315.

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The chapter is devoted to the development of scalable algorithms for multi-agent solution of the SLAM problem. These algorithms are applicable to robots with limited computational resources, having limited computational power and memory, small spatial size, and power from a portable battery. To simplify the description, only robots equipped with LIDAR are considered. The main focus is as follows: a scalable multi-agent SLAM algorithm based on Dempster-Shafer theory; an algorithm for filtering two-dimensional laser scans to free up computational resources; evaluation of the accuracy of the map and trajectory constructed by the multi-agent algorithm; performance evaluation on resource-limited computing devices.

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Joseph, Amanda L., Helen Monkman, Leah MacDonald, and Andre W. Kushniruk. "Contextualizing Online Laboratory (lab) Results and Mapping the Patient Journey." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220690.

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The 21st century has brought forth unprecedented technological advances, such as the advent of portable digital devices [1]. This trend has also permeated the health care sector, with the introduction of digital health services, like providing citizens with access to their online laboratory (lab) results. This qualitative study will illustrate the patient journey, namely participant 16 (P16), to address the research question: what phases does a person go through when accessing their lab results online? The findings revealed that lab results were accessed from two types of devices a tablet (e.g., portable computer) when at home and a mobile phone when away from home. We also found that interpretation of results can be a challenge and it was unclear if P16 was able to understand her lab results. To illustrate the complexity of interpreting and accessing online lab results, the authors created a Customer Journey Map to contextualize the experiences of P16. The journey map depicts a combination of factors such as: eHealth literacy, limited access to providers, difficulty interpreting lab test results. Additionally, recommendations for online lab portal functionality enhancements were discovered through the mapping exercise. This study demonstrated that along with providing citizens with access to digital health technologies and services, considerations to eHealth literacy, the digital divide and health equity are paramount. As evidenced by the visualization, journey maps hold promise to serve as efficient tools to build empathy and identify the unique needs and perspectives of citizens.

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Abburu, Sunitha. "GIS Based Health Information Management through LETL, Multi Criteria Query, Analysis, Visualization." In Research Anthology on Public Health Services, Policies, and Education, 433–51. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8960-1.ch019.

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For effective decision making in public health information management(HIM) system, health information availability, accessibility, prompt exchange, GIS linkage, spatiotemporal analysis of diseases is crucial. Lack of cost-effective technical support and information gaps are the main obstacles in HIM. This article defines a generic conceptual process framework for effective HIM that provides cost-effective, portable, easy to use solution. The solution incorporates GIS, Mobile technology, information management concepts, ICD-10 codes, WHO and mHealth standards. The current research is implemented as an android application that facilitates: 1) Patient disease data collection, geospatial mapping of disease data and accumulate a centralized server 2) LETL that supports bulk disease data upload 3) Addresses syntactic and semantic heterogeneity in health data 4) A strong multi-criteria query engine, visualization and spatiotemporal analysis of diseases are designed with a global perspective to be used across the globe.

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Cancel, Juan J., and Paul N. Backhouse. "Archaeometry." In We Come for Good. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813062280.003.0011.

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The archaeometry section is crucial to the operation of all the THPO areas. The philosophy of the section is technological inclusivity—providing the tools and support for applications like GIS Portal and the hardware to enable mobile mapping. These solutions can be operationalized both by staff and the Tribal community. This inclusivity has resulted in some dynamic projects that have been the calling card of the THPO within the community and have forged connections that transcend cultural differences. The ability to generate maps and other digital and physical media promotes collaborative dialogue and active engagement between the community and the THPO, allowing active participation by all constituents and informed cultural heritage decision-making. This is perhaps exemplified by the concept of participatory mapping in which stakeholder groups within the Tribal communities actively work together to provide the information that is then geographically realized. The resultant maps often allow Tribal elders the ability to visually communicate cultural information with younger generations accustomed to receiving information in a geographic format.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Portable mobile mapping"

Brogan, Michael, Sean Haughey, Simon Murray, Catherine Deegan, Simon McLoughlin, and Conor Fitzgerald. "Comparison of Camera Calibration Techniques for a Portable Mobile Mapping System." In 2011 Irish Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference (IMVIP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imvip.2011.18.

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Haiyun, G., Li Changwen, and Sun Shu. "Research on mapping algorithm of irregular mesh NoC for portable multimedia appliances." In IET Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Sensor Networks 2007 (CCWMSN07). IEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20070244.

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Nocerino, Erica, Fabio Menna, Fabio Remondino, Isabella Toschi, and Pablo Rodríguez-Gonzálvez. "Investigation of indoor and outdoor performance of two portable mobile mapping systems." In SPIE Optical Metrology, edited by Fabio Remondino and Mark R. Shortis. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2270761.

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Sammartano, Giulia, Mattia Previtali, and Fabrizio Banfi. "PARAMETRIC GENERATION IN HBIM WORKFLOWS FOR SLAM-BASED DATA: DISCUSSING EXPECTATIONS ON SUITABILITY AND ACCURACY." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12155.

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In the wide framework of Scan-to-BIM 3D modelling procedures, the complexity of the architectural heritage and its components is evidencing a gap of best practices and specification in the HBIM-modeling and thus it is requiring important considerations about the modelling strategies and protocols between the requested level of detail (LOD), the expect accuracy and above all the actual use-oriented requirements. Several works are largely focusing on developing workflows for traditional static LiDAR scanning sensors. However, the chance to benefit from on-site faster data acquisition is needful at times, and procedures are directing toward rapid mapping 3D approaches, evolving from traditional static scanning toward MMS (Mobile Mapping Systems) based on SLAM technology (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) algorithms implemented in portable devices. The potential of these solutions can contribute to increase a massive cost-effective documentation, and also in view of BIM-HBIM modelling generation, and this needs further researches. At the same time, the descriptive capabilities of this class of portable scanners do not reach the precision of the static solutions. Many time-cost balance evaluations towards an analysis of geometry, grade of generation (GOG) and details can be thus conducted. This paper presents a first comparison between TLS (Faro Focus 3D) and hand-held scanner Zeb Revo (by GeoSLAM) of the entire workflow (from raw data acquisition up to parametric modeling) focusing on the Bramante’s Canonica Court in the Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio. First, the two raw data are compared, considering geometric features (data density, precision, possibility to detect edges, details and accurate curvature). Then, some well-established modelling procedures developed for TLS data, as triangulation mesh and NURBS generation, are applied to MMS point cloud to identify their suitability. Different elements belonging to the architectural structure hierarchy are considered in a multi-scale perspective: the vaulted system of the porch, the columns and the arches of the porch with their different architectural elements.

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Mahe´, C., F. Lamadie, Ph Girones, and C. Le Goaller. "Recent Progress in Low-Level Gamma Imaging." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7046.

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The CEA’s Aladin gamma imaging system has been operated successfully for several years in nuclear plants and during decommissioning projects with additional tools such as gamma spectrometry detectors and dose rate probes. The radiological information supplied by these devices is becoming increasingly useful for establishing robust and optimized decommissioning scenarios. Recent technical improvements allow this gamma imaging system to be operated in low-level applications and with shorter acquisition times suitable for decommissioning projects. The compact portable system can be used in places inaccessible to operators. It is quick and easy to implement, notably for onsite component characterization. Feasibility trials and in situ measurements were recently carried out under low-level conditions, mainly on waste packages and glove boxes for decommissioning projects. This paper describes recent low-level in situ applications. These characterization campaigns mainly concerned gamma emitters with γ energy < 700 keV. In many cases, the localization of hot spots by gamma camera was confirmed by additional measurements such as dose rate mapping and gamma spectrometry measurements. These complementary techniques associated with advanced calculation codes (MCNP, Mercure 6.2, Visiplan and Siren) offer a mobile and compact tool for specific assessment of waste packages and glove boxes.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Portable mobile mapping"

Habib, Ayman, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin, and Raja Manish. Road Ditch Line Mapping with Mobile LiDAR. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317354.

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Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas requiring excavation of long-term sediment accumulation. High-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) provide an opportunity for effective monitoring of roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. This study evaluated the applicability of mobile LiDAR for mapping roadside ditches for slope and drainage analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units was performed. These MLMS included an unmanned ground vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a portable backpack system along with its vehicle-mounted version, a medium-grade wheel-based system, and a high-grade wheel-based system. Point cloud from all the MLMS units were in agreement in the vertical direction within the ±3 cm range for solid surfaces, such as paved roads, and ±7 cm range for surfaces with vegetation. The portable backpack system that could be carried by a surveyor or mounted on a vehicle and was the most flexible MLMS. The report concludes that due to flexibility and cost effectiveness of the portable backpack system, it is the preferred platform for mapping roadside ditches, followed by the medium-grade wheel-based system. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulders, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data, and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulder, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively.

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