Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Porgera area"

Papua New Guinea is rich in natural resources, including minerals, oil, gas, timber and fish, and cash crops such as coffee, palm oil, cocoa, copra, rubber, tea and spices which contribute significantly to Papua New Guinea’s overall development. Several mining, oil and gas companies are currently operating in Porgera, Ok Tedi, Lihir, Hidden Valley, Sinivit, Simberi, Tolukuma, Kutubu and Gobe. The operations of these companies have generated an estimated K13.42 billion to Papua New Guinea’s economy. Landowners affected by these developments also receive royalties from those operations. However this wealth has not been translated into tangible human development across the country, as shown in persistently poorly performing social indicators. Instead income from the exploitation of natural resources is being used in unplanned projects and not focused on the delivery of core social functions, such as the provision of a stable and non-distorting policy aimed at building and sustaining the development of a modern market, and legislative and regulatory frameworks, social services, social security and social infrastructure which would lead to the improvement in the delivery of essential services to all Papua New Guineans. There is widespread evidence of benefits not being distributed to all landowners. Landowners are yet to fulfil their aspirations regarding these developments and to see improvements in their living standards. This paper discusses two case studies: the Porgera and Lihir mines, outlining the landowners associations’ experiences, which illustrate issues of governance and management of the distribution of benefit flows from the exploitation of Papua New Guinea’s natural resource wealth.The focus of the article’s discussion is on governance and management issues that affect the distribution of benefits, delivery of essential services to rural areas of PNG, stability within government, and the expectations of landowners.

In this article, I examine the interconnections about place, time, and affect and how these have changed due to transformations in the political economy of the Porgera Valley, the site of a world-class gold mine. In particular, I am interested in the oscillations between night and day, and how each is perceived along different affective dimensions, and how the terrors of the night parallel concerns with the demise of reciprocity. In the early years of mining, fears of the night were shaped by concerns about the inability to form reciprocal relations with non-human spirits. With the uneven development wrought by mining inequalities, fear of the night has been replaced by concerns over warfare with enemy groups. The article highlights the interconnected aspects of capitalist development, landscape, and affect.

Earthquakes do not only trigger landslides in co-seismic phases but also elevate post-seismic landslide susceptibility either by causing a strength reduction in hillslope materials or by producing co-seismic landslide deposits, which are prone to further remobilization under the external forces generated by subsequent rainfall events. However, we still have limited observations regarding the post-seismic landslide processes. And, the examined cases are rarely representative of tropical conditions where the precipitation regime is strong and persistent. Therefore, in this study, we introduce three new sets of multi-temporal landslide inventories associated with subsets of the areas affected by 1) 2016 Reuleuet (Indonesia, Mw = 6.5), 2) 2018 Porgera (Papua New Guinea, Mw = 7.5) and 3) 2012 Sulawesi (Indonesia, Mw = 6.3), 2017 Kasiguncu (Indonesia, Mw = 6.6) and 2018 Palu (Indonesia, Mw = 7.5) earthquakes. Overall, our findings show that the landslide susceptibility level associated with the occurrences of new landslides return to pre-seismic conditions in less than a year in the study areas under consideration. We stress that these observations might not be representative of the entire area affected by these earthquakes but the areal boundaries of our study areas.

Abstract Objectives Infants are predisposed to reject bitter tastes in order to prevent the ingestion of toxic substances. Thus, some infants may respond to bitter flavors with a physiological response consistent with how they respond to environmental threat, with implications for their behavior. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is an index of parasympathetic regulation of the heart, which decreases in response to challenging or threatening stimuli (i.e., RSA withdrawal), allowing the individual to engage in a fight or flight response (Porges, 2007). Here, we examined whether RSA withdrawal (RSAW) was associated with infants’ behavioral reactions to bitter green vegetable purées. Methods Infants/toddlers (n = 106; 57 males) tasted a familiar food (rice cereal) and a novel food (kale purees) offered by their caregivers (94% mothers) during a laboratory visit. Trained coders watched video recordings to tally infants’ rejections (e.g., head turns, spoon swatting) and rate their degree of acceptance (4-point scale; 0 = refusal to 3 = anticipation). Three disposable electrodes were placed on the infants’ chest areas prior to feeding to measure heart rate (R-waves). Data were edited and used to calculate RSA values in 15-s epochs using CardioBatch Plus (Brain-Body Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). RSAW scores were calculated by subtracting average RSA during the kale tasting from average RSA during the familiar food baseline task; higher scores indicated greater RSAW. Multiple regression models were used to examine associations between RSAW and infants’ reactions to the kale (rejections, acceptance) after controlling for child age (months) and the amount of time since they last ate (minutes). Results Regression models predicting novel food rejection (F(3,82) = 8.78, R2 = .49) and acceptance (F(3,83) = 9.81, R2 = .51) were significant. After controlling for covariates, greater RSAW was associated with more rejection behaviors (β = .21, P = .03) and less acceptance (β = -.24, P = .01). Conclusions Infants who demonstrated greater RSAW during the kale feeding also responded to the kale with a behavioral “fight” response—greater rejection of the food. This study provides preliminary evidence that when infants reject bitter green vegetables, their physiological responses reflect a reaction to environmental threat. Funding Sources The Sugar Association.

The Porgera gold deposit, located in the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG), contains ~410 tonnes Au and ~890 tonnes Ag, distributed between a large lower-grade ore zone (78.6 million tonnes, 3.5 g/tonne Au, 9.9 g/tonne Ag), and a smaller highgrade zone (5.0 million tonnes, 26.5 g/tonne Au, 22.1 g/tonne Ag). Lower-grade mineralization occurs as stockworks and disseminations of auriferous arsenical pyrite associated with strong sericite-carbonate alteration, which cross-cut and overprint a suite of epizonal mafic stocks and dykes of the Porgera Intrusive Complex (PIC) and their sedimentary host rocks (Jurassic-Cretaceous shelf sediments). Minor free gold also occurs in base metal-sulphide veins associated with these alteration zones. Later, high-grade mineralization (locally up to 3000 g/tonne Au) occurs in quartz-oscoelite veins associated with the Roamane Fault (an extensional structure which cross-cuts the intrusive complex and the earlier dissemiriated ore). Abundant visible gold occurs with Au-Ag-Ag-tellurides in these epithermal-style, vuggy, banded veins. Deposition of both types of ore is shown by K-Ar dating of sericite (illite) and roscoelite to have occurred within 1 Ma of the time of emplacement of the PIC at 6.0 ± 0.3 Ma (2a; K-Ar dating of igneous biotite, and 40Ar/39 Ar dating of hornblende). Geochemical, isotopic, and petrographic studies of the PIC indicate that the intrusions represent a comagmatic, volatile-rich alkali basalt/gabbro - hawaiite (trachybasalt) -mugearite (basaltic trachyandesite) fractionation suite, derived from a larger fractionating magma chamber located deeper in the upper crust (aeromagnetic evidence). The intrusions are medium- to coarse-grained, and textures vary from porphyritic to ophitic. Mafic rocks contain olivine (pseudomorphs) and Cr-rich diopside phenocrysts, whereas hornblende (titanian magnesio-hastingsite), Ti-rich salite, and plagioclase phenocrysts occur in hawaiites and mugearites. Fluor-apatite and magnetite (Cr-rich in mafic rocks) occur as phenocrysts throughout the suite. High Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios in whole-rock samples, pyroxenes and amphiboles, and the presence of primary chromite/magnetite microphenocrysts indicate that the magma crystallized under conditions of high fo2. Least-evolved samples are characterized by low Ba/La (8 to 10), La/Nb (0.6 to 0.7) and Sr/Nd (~25) ratios, and LREE-enrichments ([La/Yb]cn = 15 to 19), which are similar to those of intra-plate alkali basalts, and distinguish the PIC from other Late Tertiary K-rich alkaline and calc-alkaline volcanics and intrusions found on the PNG mainland. Isotopic compositions are relatively depleted (ENd= +6, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7035, 206Pb/204Pb = 18.64, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.55, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.45), and evidence is found for only limited amounts of crustal contamination. These data suggest derivation of the Porgera magmas by partial melting of a garnet-lherzolite source in the upper mantle. The incompatible element-, volatile-rich nature of the magma suggests that the mantle source region had undergone metasomatic-enrichment prior to melting ( < 0.5 Ga), and the timing of magmatism suggests that both metasomatism and melting may have been related to the elimination of an oceanic microplate segment by double subduction beneath the Australasian (PNG) and Pacific (Bismarck Sea) plates. A model is proposed which involves metasomatism in the back-arc asthenosphere by fluids or melts derived from the subducted slab at depths below ~150 km. Isotopic tracing studies in the ore deposit indicate that hydrothermal Pb and Sr were derived from a mixture of igneous and sedimentary sources, located within the Jurassic Om Formation (carbonaceous, pyritic siltstones). These fluids carried K, Rb, Mn, S, C02 and other components including Au and Ag into depositional zones in the overlying Cretaceous Chim Formation. Mass balance calculations indicate a significant magmatic involvement in the source of hydrothermal Pb, but show that Sr was largely derived by leaching of the sedimentary sequence. Analyses of precious metal abundances in unaltered intrusive rocks-and sediments show that neither rock-type represents a significantly gold-enriched protore, but evidence for the evolution of a volatile phase during crystallization of the magma suggests that Au and other elements may have been partitioned into a magmatic fluid. It is suggested that mixing between this fluid and warm, reduced, sulphide-rich groundwaters circulating in the Om Formation sediments resulted in rapid deposition of base metals, but gold was retained in solution as a bisulphide complex until precipitation at higher levels in the Chim Formation. Gold deposition was controlled by a combination of cooling, wallrock reaction, fluid mixing, and/or boiling, which resulted in destabilization of bisulphide complexes. A late influx of fresh magma into the parental magma chamber, probably triggered by tectonic activity, resulted in the emplacement of a suite of feldspar porphyry dykes, and the release of a final pulse of hydrothermal fluid. These fluids ascended along late faults and subsidiary structures, and rich deposits of gold were formed where they boiled or mixed with cool, descending groundwaters.