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1
Chapargina, A. N. "STUDY OF POPULATION INCOMES IN THE MURMANSK REGION: TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 69, no. 3/2020 (November 27, 2020): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2020.69.011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Incomes are an indicator of the population living standard and a source for meeting various needs. The article is devoted to analysis of population incomes in one of the Arctic regions of Russia —the Murmansk region. For the region, the problem of increasing population incomes is especially acute due to harsh natural and climatic conditions and high living cost. The paper aims to analyze, systematize and evaluate the specifics of the formation, levels and dynamics, as well as differentiation of population incomes in the Murmanskregion in 2000–2019, to identify trends in incomes, as well as determinants influencing incomes formation in this Arctic region. The study was based on the methods of analysis and synthesis of statistical information, grouping, generalization and comparison. The analysis of relevant statistical data made it possible to reveal and compare trends in population incomes both in the Russian Federation and in the Murmansk region over the last two decades. For the country as a whole the main trends include slowing down growth rates of average per capita income, the persisting high level of income differentiation, decrease in share of income received from entrepreneurship and property. The main trends in changing population incomes in the Murmansk region are identified and compared with the Russian ones. It is found that main trends in this region in the studied period are a slowdown in the growth rate of per capita income of the population with lower rates of income growth compared to the national average, decreasein real incomes, a downward trend in the purchasing power of incomes, decrease in poverty and smoothing the degree of population stratification. Also the determinants influencing formation of population incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are identified. First of all these are the effect of regional coefficients and northern allowances and the specific structure of the population's needs. Measures aimed at increasing population incomes and directions for building up a state policy regulatingpopulation incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are formulated. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study can be used by the regional authorities for developing and correcting the socio-economic policy.
2
Nozdrina, Nadezhda, and Inna Schneiderman. "Quality of life and housing conditions of the population in the largest agglomerations and million-plus cities of Russia." Population 25, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.1.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role of the largest urban agglomerations and cities with millions of inhabitants in Russia in shaping the quality of life and housing conditions of the population is analyzed in the article. The main problems of the development of large urban agglomerations of Russia in the post-Soviet period are considered. The existing methods of defining their boundaries are analyzed. Based on the calculation of the pair correlation coefficients, the nature and degree of closeness of the relationship between the population of the largest urban agglomerations of Russia and a number of basic characteristics of the housing sector (housing provision, its construction, financial accessibility of apartment purchase in the housing market), as well as with the level of monetary incomes of the population, incomes and expenditures of the budgets of the core cities of agglomerations are determined. The coefficients of the pair correlation between the population of cities with millions of inhabitants — the cores of agglomerations and the characteristics of the housing sector and the quality of life of the population of the regions — subjects of the Russian Federation, where these cities are located, are calculated. The results of the calculations allow us to conclude that the population size of the largest agglomerations and cities has a significant impact on the value of the analyzed indicators of the quality of life of the population. The larger the agglomeration and the higher the population of a million-plus city, the higher the indicators of housing commissioning, the level of monetary income and the quality of life of the population of agglomerations and regions where they are included. At the same time, larger agglomerations have, due to excessive concentration of the population, as a rule, the worst values of specific indicators — housing commissioning per capita, housing provision per 1 inhabitant. The higher level of monetary incomes of the population in them does not cover the higher level of prices in the primary and secondary housing market. As a result, the higher the population of the urban agglomeration and the core city, the lower is the financial availability of buying housing on the market. It is concluded that it is necessary to find an optimal balance between different forms of settlement.
3
Mortikov, Vitalii. "About surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market." Population 24, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of the article — to analyze not only microeconomic, but macroeconomic aspects of surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market, to research economic policy oriented on its redistribution. The concept of employer/employee surplus in the labor market is clarified. This surplus is a socio-economical phenomenon, some noneconomic factors must be taken into account in researching it. The influence of inflation, social and age characteristics, changes in the market positions of labor market subjects on their salary offers and surplus has been determined. It makes sense to differentiate between nominal and real surplus, fixed surplus and surplus that can be influenced. The article presents grouping of job advertisements based on salary formulation. Informational aspects of the identifying economic surplus are considered. The author proposes direct and indirect indicators to reveal the changes in economic surplus: wage proposals in the vacancy announcements, salary reviews, resume data, population polls, prices for services of individual entrepreneurs, dynamics of unemployment and shadow employment etc. Potential of the government policy on surplus redistribution and the regulation of employer/employee behavior is substantiated. Some instruments aimed at such redistribution through incomes of employers, employees are proposed: minimum wages regulations, changes in taxation (personal income taxation, wage taxes); indexation of personal incomes, subsidization of wages, antimonopoly and administrative regulation of prices. The government can also influence the behavior of surplus receivers through immigration policy. The influence of some instruments on surplus regulation is contradictory. Minimum wage regulations can increase and decrease the surplus at the same time.
4
Zlenko, Elena G. "Socially acceptable consumer budget in the Arctic regions of Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The need for accelerated social and economic development of the Arctic as a priority geostrategic territory of the Russian Federation requires a special approach to the issues of incomes of the population of the Arctic regions, and, above all, to the social criterion. Foreign experience in formation of minimum consumer budgets, domestic developments in this area and methodological principles of its formation used for a living wage have determined the priorities in choosing a social criterion. The key role in addressing this issue is played by the system of low-income consumer budgets (the subsistence minimum (SM) and the socially acceptable (recovery) consumer budget, which exceeds the subsistence minimum by about 3 times) within the framework of the general classification of the system of normative consumer budgets developed by the scientific school of the All-Russian Center for Living Standards. The methodological basis for formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the provisions based on the recovery level of population consumption in conjunction with low incomes and taking into account the satisfaction of material, spiritual and social needs, a variety of consumer properties and benefits, as well as the impact on the consumption characteristics of the natural, climatic, economic, social and other special factors of the Arctic. Important for the social criterion qualities — validity and transparency — are ensured through application of the normative method of forming a socially acceptable consumer basket, which includes sets of food products, non-food goods and services. The normative socially acceptable consumer budget is differentiated by the specific of consumption of different categories of the population that is reflected in the structure and volume of consumption. The size of the socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the cost of the consumer basket, as well as expenses on savings and mandatory payments and fees. Regional differences in the factors influencing the formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget cause territorial diversity in the level of the indicator in the Arctic zone.
5
Indychenko, Yu V. "RESEARCH OF THE INTERRELATION OF CONSUMER REVENUES, EXPENDITURES AND SAVINGS OF THE POPULATION IN RUSSIAN CONDITIONS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 4 (May 27, 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-4-100-105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship of income, expenditure and savings of the population. The article reveals conceptual approaches to the «incomes of the population» category, classifies expenses, formulates the author’s definitions of incomes, expenses and savings of the population, presents a study of the dynamics of the studied indicators, reveals the dependence of incomes and expenses, as well as expenses and savings among themselves. It has been noted that the level of income, expenditure and savings is influenced by such indicators as inflation, consumer prices for goods and paid services.
6
Sarkar, Somwrita, Peter Phibbs, Roderick Simpson, and Sachin Wasnik. "The scaling of income distribution in Australia: Possible relationships between urban allometry, city size, and economic inequality." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 4 (November 15, 2016): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516676488.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Developing a scientific understanding of cities in a fast urbanizing world is essential for planning sustainable urban systems. Recently, it was shown that income and wealth creation follow increasing returns, scaling superlinearly with city size. We study scaling of per capita incomes for separate census defined income categories against population size for the whole of Australia. Across several urban area definitions, we find that lowest incomes grow just linearly or sublinearly (β = 0.94 to 1.00), whereas highest incomes grow superlinearly (β = 1.00 to 1.21), with total income just superlinear (β = 1.03 to 1.05). These findings show that as long as total or aggregate income scaling is considered, the earlier finding is supported: the bigger the city, the richer the city, although the scaling exponents for Australia are lower than those previously reported for other countries. But, we find an emergent scaling behavior with regard to variation in income distribution that sheds light on socio-economic inequality: the larger the population size and densities of a city, while lower incomes grow proportionately or less than proportionately, higher incomes grow more quickly, suggesting a disproportionate agglomeration of incomes in the highest income categories in big cities. Because there are many more people on lower incomes that scale sublinearly as compared to the highest that scale superlinearly, these findings suggest an empirical observation on inequality: the larger the population, the greater the income agglomeration in the highest income categories. The implications of these findings are qualitatively discussed for various income categories, with respect to living costs and access to opportunities and services that big cities provide.
7
Alla, Leonidova. "The effect of inflation on welfare of the population and Russian market capacity." SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The material basis of welfare of the population is its income. However, the inflation negatively affects current incomes of the population and market capacity determined by the value of current incomes. Given the variable dynamics of inflation, it is necessary to evaluate its impact on household incomes and market capacity using the accumulated inflation rate with a scientifically based reference point. This calculation option will allow us to determine the dynamics of real average per capita incomes and market capacity calculated in constant prices of the reference point, assess the problem and its impact on the economic development. The low level of real per capita incomes and their negative dynamics are aggravated by loans of the population which reduce the market capacity and make the domestic market less attractive for manufacturers.
8
Глебов, Andrey Glebov, Леонов, and Aleksandr Leonov. "Trends in low income of the population Russia." Clusters. Research and Development 3, no. 1 (April 18, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_58f5e53cbfd4e6.50541718.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analysis of household income shows that the level of real disposable income falls from 2013. The revenue structure reduced the volume of revenues from business activities, increases the amount of income received in the form of various social benefits without increasing the amount of income from property. This indicates the ineffectiveness of government policy in the sphere of incomes.
9
Бычкова and S. Bychkova. "International Standards and Domestic Experience of Population Income Measurement: Russia and Regions." Administration 5, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59537ea5a36f21.26188816.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the consideration of the information base for studying the incomes of the population, the standards used in international and domestic statistical practice, studying the main indicators of welfare and income of the population used in the Russian Federation, estimating the structure of incomes in the regions of the Russian Federation, and analyzing their differences in the territorial entities of the country. The article studies the relationship between the main indicators of income and welfare in 2011-2016.
10
Shao, Liang Frank, and Melanie Krause. "Rising mean incomes for whom?" PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): e0242803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242803.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Not everybody is benefiting equally from rising mean incomes. We discuss the mean-income population share (MPS), the population percentage of earners below mean income, whose evolution can capture how representative rising mean values are for middle income households. Tracking MPS and its associated income share MIS over time indicates to what extent economic growth is inclusive of both the middle and the bottom of the income distribution. We characterize MPS and MIS analytically under different growth scenarios and compare their parametric estimation using micro-level and grouped income data. Our empirical application with panel data of 16 high- and middle-income countries shows that in the last decades rising mean incomes have mostly not favored middle income households in relative perspective, while the overall welfare effects of the changes in MPS and the correlation structure with the Gini coefficient are mixed.
11
Cherkashina, T. Yu. "Measurement of population income: Variants of estimating biases." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-1-127-144.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Income is one of the most obvious and frequently used indicators of economic status and living standards. Surveys of households and individuals are the main sources of income data for sociologists and economists. Administrative data is added to them on a growing scale. Comparison of data obtained from different sources or surveys using different methods allows us to estimate biases, sources of errors, and demonstrates the absence of “ideal” income data in general. The review of foreign studies on this problem is supplemented by an example of calculations on data from the The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey — Higher School of Economics (RLMS—HSE): we compare the compositional individual income, calculated as the sum of types of income, and the total personal income reported by respondents. The first measurement of individual incomes has turned out to be more consistent and definite, less prone to measurement error, but gives lower values of individual incomes. The differences of the total personal income reported by respondents and compositional individual income are due not so much to the inaccuracy of the summation and rounding as to “conceptual” features of understanding of personal income by some respondents. Such comparisons are necessary in order to understand the limitations of various measurements of income, grounded and reflexive choice of its specific indicators.
12
Aleksandrova, Olga, and Aziza Yarasheva. "VII International research and practical conference “Incomes, expenditures and savings of the Russian population: trends and prospects”." Population 25, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.1.16.
Повний текст джерела
13
Aleksandrova, Olga, and Aziza Yarasheva. "VI international research and practical conference «Incomes, expenditures and savings of the Russian population: trends and prospects»." Population 24, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.13.
Повний текст джерела
14
Kremlev, N. D., and I. A. Drozdova. "Assessment of the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Incomes and Adaptation of the Population of the Region To It: Statistical Approach." Statistics and Economics 19, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2022-1-46-52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the study is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the self-isolation regime announced in Russia on the incomes of the population. The relevance of the study is connected with the problems of reflecting the pandemic, searching for patterns and its interrelations with incomes, health, living conditions of the population. The emergence of coronavirus disease (March 2020), quickly spread to all regions of the country, in 2021 the fourth record wave of morbidity and mortality of the population was recorded.The research methods are the theory and methodology of income of the population used by the Federal State Statistics Service, corresponding to international norms and standards, including the system of national accounts. To determine the directions of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incomes of the population of the region, the method of analytical groupings (stochastically deterministic relationships), as well as the method of comparing parallel series, the index method and interregional data evaluation analysis were used.The results of the study: the use of a statistical approach to assess and determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the real incomes of the population allowed us to determine the features of the spread of the disease in the regions of the Ural Federal District. The conclusion is made: the spread of COVID-19 in 2020-2021 did not have a significant impact on the real monetary incomes of the population in the regions of the Ural Federal District, despite the increase in the morbidity of people. The population quickly adapted to the pandemic, many enterprises were operating normally, and the state took prompt measures to reduce tensions and support the population and the health system in the country. The oppositely directed factors of the impact of the pandemic, leading to negative and positive consequences of real incomes of the population, have been identified. The level and degree of influence of the morbidity of the population on the income of the population are determined.Conclusion: the use of a statistical approach makes it possible to improve the quality of information, to determine the positive and negative factors of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on incomes and the level of adaptation of the region’s population to it. The adaptation of the population to the coronavirus will continue for several more years and longer, and the waves of the disease will decrease as medicines are created. The study makes it possible to assess not only the main directions of influence on the real monetary incomes of the population, but also the quality of decisions made by management structures.
15
Gaubert, Cecile, Patrick Kline, Damián Vergara, and Danny Yagan. "Trends in US Spatial Inequality: Concentrating Affluence and a Democratization of Poverty." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We use Bureau of Economic Analysis, census, and Current Population Survey data to study trends in income inequality across US states and counties from 1960-2019. Both states and counties have diverged in terms of per capita pretax incomes since the late1990s, with transfers serving to dampen this divergence. County incomes have been diverging since the late 1970s. These trends in mean income mask opposing patterns among top-and bottom-income quantiles. Top incomes have diverged markedly across states since the late 1970s. In contrast, bottom-income quantiles and poverty rates have converged across areas in recent decades.
16
TOKHTAROVA, V. S. "The incomes of population: level, structure, differentiation." Demography and social economy, no. 2 (November 16, 2011): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2011.02.166.
Повний текст джерела
17
TARASOV, Vladimir T. "A NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF INEQUALITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF CASH INCOMES OF THE POPULATION OF THE URAL FEDERAL DISTRICT." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 7, no. 1 (2021): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2021-7-1-6-24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes income inequality in the regions of the Ural Federal District using methodological innovations proposed by scientists from the Study Center of Sociocultural Changes at the Institute of Philosophy of the RAS and the Vologda Scientific Center of the RAS who introduced a family of income inequality centile coefficients into scientific circulation. These indicators characterize the ratio of incomes of the population various groups in the context of its depersonalized representative macrostrates.In the context of deepening economic inequality, the relevance of these innovations increases significantly, since in the current practice of identifying and analyzing the differentiation of the population incomes, a limited list of indicators is used, while the proposed new indicators make it possible to significantly expand the analytical possibilities of substantiating social policy. However, the complexity of the innovations application lies in the fact that the published statistical information does not allow directly calculating new characteristics. In this regard, the goal of the article is to substantiate and experimentally test a new toolkit that allows, on the basis of limited factual data, to determine the decile distribution of the regions population by the level of monetary income and to form the possibility of further calculating income weights and centile indicators of inequality. Experimental calculations were performed using the example of the Ural Federal District regions for 2000-2018. As a result of calculations and subsequent analysis, macrostrains of the supposed middle class with a stable share of monetary incomes in their total volume are identified that are stable over a long time. At the same time, the growth of inequality was mainly due to the redistribution of incomes from the low-income group in favor of the population part with the highest incomes.
18
Nivorozhkina, L. I. "Hidden Incomes of Russian Households: Who Do They Have?" IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 3 (207) (October 19, 2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-3-91-98.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents quantitative characteristics of the prevalence and volumes of hidden household incomes. An econometric estimate of the prevalence of hidden incomes was carried out on the panel data of the “Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the Higher School of Economics” (periods from 2000 to 2017), the size of the hidden income component was obtained on the basis of the Pissarides-Weber model. Estimates of the share of hidden income households and an estimate of the share of hidden incomes revealed two different trends: their predominant distribution among residents of villages and urban-type settlements and the larger size of these incomes among households of regional centers.
19
Karim, Kaleh, Sujata Guha, and Ryan Beni. "Comparative Analysis of Water Quality Disparities in the United States in Relation to Heavy Metals and Biological Contaminants." Water 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040967.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Drinking water quality can be compromised by heavy metals, such as copper and lead. If consumed raw, water can pose a health burden to the general population. In this study, the roles of heavy metals and biological contaminants have been explored in determining the quality of drinking water available to consumers of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. In an effort to gain an understanding of possible social disparities in drinking water, a quantitative analysis was conducted to examine whether vulnerable populations are disproportionately impacted by drinking water contaminants. Our data indicated that states with middle-average household incomes were statistically more susceptible to higher levels of lead in drinking water. The states with higher-average household incomes demonstrated lower copper levels compared to those with lower incomes, although a direct correlation was not present. No statistical significance was observed in the total coliform and turbidity levels in correlation to the average household incomes. In general, more violations in water quality were prevalent in middle-income states when compared to the states with lower-average household incomes.
20
Hancock, Ruth, Ariadna Juarez-Garcia, Adelina Comas-Herrera, Derek King, Juliette Malley, Linda Pickard, and Raphael Wittenberg. "Winners and Losers: Assessing the Distributional Effects of Long-Term Care Funding Regimes." Social Policy and Society 6, no. 3 (June 7, 2007): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746407003703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using two linked simulation models, we examine the public expenditure costs and distributional effects of potential reforms to long-term care funding in the UK. Changes to the means tests for user contributions to care costs are compared with options for the abolition of these means tests (‘free’ personal care). The latter generally cost more than the former and benefit higher income groups more than those on lower incomes (measuring income in relation to the age-specific income distribution). Reforms to the means tests target benefits towards those on lower incomes. However, the highest income group are net losers if free personal care is financed by a higher tax rate on higher incomes and the effect on the whole population considered.
21
Басовская, Елена, Elena Basovskaya, Леонид Басовский, and Leonid Basovskiy. "The Impact of Labor Remuneration and the Differentiation of Household Income on Labor Productivity in the Regions of Russia." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 7, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d53b2cd2ab7b5.00704502.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The models of regions, econometric based on crosscutting statistics, have established that wages and the differentiation of household incomes have a significant impact on labor productivity in the regions of modern Russia. Changes in the level of remuneration and differentiation of incomes of the population in recent years explain 78–82% of changes in labor productivity in the regions, and the effect of the level of remuneration is twice the impact of the differentiation of incomes of the population. The impact of wages on productivity in the period grows. This indicates an increase in the efficiency of labor as a production factor. The influence of income differentiation on labor productivity, which had previously been lost due to the formation of an unfavorable institutional environment under the laws adopted in the country, resumed. The impact of income differentiation decreases, which indicates a decrease in its stimulating effect on labor productivity.
22
Runowski, Henryk. "THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 5 (November 30, 2017): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6233.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the study was to identify the problems of using different methods of measuring agricultural income and the resulting assessments. The system used by the European Union to measure farmers’ incomes is imperfect. The concept of measuring farm incomes is criticized. There are mentioned, among others no statistics on farm incomes, including both farm income and non-farm income. The Common Agricultural Policy strives to ensure an adequate standard of living for the rural population, i.e. the level of disposable income on the farm. The question is, what is the right level? This is largely determined by the level of social labor productivity attained in agriculture and the income derived from agriculture to the income generated outside of it by occupational groups attaining similar labor productivity. Only in this state makes sense to refer to the need to ensure income parity in agriculture and out of this sector.
23
Tolmachev, M. N., N. G. Barashov, A. V. Latkov, and V. A. Markov. "Interregional Inequality of Population Incomes: Problems of Methodology and Estimation in the Russian Federation." SHS Web of Conferences 62 (2019): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196209003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, the priority of the Russian Federation socio-economic development is to achieve sustainable economic growth. A significant obstacle to the achievement of this goal is the unevenness and disproportionality in the socio-economic development of the Russian regions. This circumstance makes the problem of an objective and adequate assessment of Russian regions the interregional differentiation particularly relevant. The study notes that the nominal monetary income of the population does not take into account regional differences in price level. This work discusses methodological approaches of reliable determination, advantages of weighted and unweighted estimates in the interregional inequality, special attention is paid to weighing the average per capita indicators of the subject of the Russia for the proportion of the region’s population in the country’s population. To assess the purchasing power of the population at the regional level, the authors propose to use a modified cost of living index. As a result of the study, the dynamics of the variation coefficient of the average per capita monetary incomes of the population and adjusted for the modified cost-of-living index were determined, on the basis of which the regions of Russia were divided into three groups. The efficiency of the transition to the analysis of incomes comparable in purchasing power, as comparison of weighted and unweighted variation coefficients, has been proved. The trend towards smoothing interregional inequality, which is caused by the accelerated growth of real incomes of the population in the low-income group of Russian regions.
24
Rybakovsky, Oleg. "Demographic situation in Saratov oblast." Population 24, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.4.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article summarizes the results of the reproduction and migration development of Saratov oblast n in the 20th — early 21st centuries. The origin of demographic waves in the age and sex structure of the population of the region over a century is substantiated. It is shown what demographic and social consequences led to such development of the region, in which depopulation has not stopped since 1992. There are identified the features of the current migration situation in Saratov oblast. The circle of close migration partners of the region and changes in its migration ties over 50 years is revealed. The character of the exchange of population with other regions of Russia is examined. The main factors of the negative demographic situation in the region are considered. The primary factor is the low level of socio-economic development, wages and incomes of the population. As a consequence, together with high proportion of the urban population and poor ecology this results in a low birth rate and a higher mortality rate than the national average. The latter factor is associated not only with the more "old" (than in the Russian Federation as a whole) age and sex structure of the population of the region. The unfavorable socio-economic situation in the region also generates an increased mortality rate for separate classes and causes of death. Indirectly, this is evidenced by a significantly higher (than in the Russian Federation as a whole) mortality of the population of Saratov oblast from diseases of the digestive system and from alcohol poisoning. In addition, the outflow of young people to economically more developed regions of the country and the decline in fertility leads to a decrease in the proportion of women in the most active childbearing age, which causes an even greater decline in the birth rate. And decrease in the share of young people as a whole leads to an increase in the pension burden on the able-bodied population and to a further decrease in the incomes of the entire population of the region. A general conclusion is made that it is necessary to more actively and effectively pursue a policy of equalizing the socio-economic and demographic development of the regions of Russia. It is necessary to create zones of advanced development not only in the Far East or in the Arctic. It is necessary to develop the economy and the social sphere in all underdeveloped regions of Russia at a faster pace.
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Hummel, Daniel. "The effects of population and housing density in urban areas on income in the United States." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 35, no. 1 (February 2020): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094220903265.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cities in the United States have become increasingly less dense either from sprawl from rapid development or vacancy due to decline. The benefits and costs of urban density have been a topic of research since the mid-20th century. The effect of urban density on incomes is one of these areas of research. Based on concepts rooted in urbanization economies and social output, it is assumed in this paper that an increase in urban density increases incomes. Urban density is defined as population and housing density. It was found using a cross-sectional lagged mediated multiple regression that population and housing density have statistically significant indirect effects on income in a sample of more than 300 metropolitan areas in the United States. The significant effects of these variables on employment and the effect of employment on income mediated these effects.
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Kubicová, Ľubica, Zdenka Kádeková, Ľudmila Nagyová, and Jana Stávková. "The Income situation of the private households and its impact on the food consumption in the Slovak Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accession of the Slovak Republic to the EU in 2004 opened up the new opportunities not only in the formation of incomes but also in changes of consumer habits of the population in Slovakia. The basis for these changes were given before 1989, since when it has been possible to monitor realization of reforms. After 1989 have been observed the changes in the evolution of the household income and expenditure structure. The analysis confirms the significant differences and unbalanced right-inclined distribution of income. Households in the fourth income quartile had 2.8 times higher incomes than families in the first income quartile ( Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic). Analyzed were the food groups that in terms of expenditure on food and food consumption took more than 6% share. The results confirm that income differentiation of households is also reflected in their different behavior on the food market. Most sensitive to changes in demand reacts income households with the lowest incomes. In terms of living standard, when satisfying the living needs of population, the disposable monthly income is highly crucial. In meeting the basic needs of households play an important role expenditures on food, housing and energy. The Slovak households have high expenditures on food in comparison with other EU countries. In the structure of consumption expenditures the expenditure on food has decreased in recent years but still represents the highest share (in 2009 it was 21.95%) in comparison with expenditure on housing and energy (19.54% share in 2009).Assessment of the standard of living of the population and its development is effected by several indicators. The key indicators that allow assessment of the standard of living and its development are the money income, consumption and expenditure for food, housing, culture, education and healthcare.Data on the household incomes and the household expenditures for the stated needs point at the standard of living of the population as well as various social groups. Important is also the reciprocal comparison of the differences in expenditures for basic living needs of the household. During the transformation process expanded the variability types and groups of households. Downtrend is spotted in the average size of the households and growing pluralism of the various forms of coexistence.
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Atkinson, Anthony B., Thomas Piketty, and Emmanuel Saez. "Top Incomes in the Long Run of History." Journal of Economic Literature 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 3–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.1.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A recent literature has constructed top income shares time series over the long run for more than twenty countries using income tax statistics. Top incomes represent a small share of the population but a very significant share of total income and total taxes paid. Hence, aggregate economic growth per capita and Gini inequality indexes are sensitive to excluding or including top incomes. We discuss the estimation methods and issues that arise when constructing top income share series, including income definition and comparability over time and across countries, tax avoidance, and tax evasion. We provide a summary of the key empirical findings. Most countries experience a dramatic drop in top income shares in the first part of the twentieth century in general due to shocks to top capital incomes during the wars and depression shocks. Top income shares do not recover in the immediate postwar decades. However, over the last thirty years, top income shares have increased substantially in English speaking countries and in India and China but not in continental European countries or Japan. This increase is due in part to an unprecedented surge in top wage incomes. As a result, wage income comprises a larger fraction of top incomes than in the past. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and empirical models that have been proposed to account for the facts and the main questions that remain open. (JEL D31, D63, H26, N30)
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Galster, George, and Lena Magnusson Turner. "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection." City & Community 18, no. 3 (September 2019): 937–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Neighborhood income segregation is a widespread phenomenon. We explore its origins by modeling neighborhood selection by native Norwegian households making inter–neighborhood moves, distinguishing influences of shares of three income groups and the discrepancy between the individual household's income and neighborhood median. We conduct a conditional logit analysis employing 2013–2014 population register data from the Oslo, Norway, metropolitan area. We find that status composition (shares of low– and high–income households) and status discrepancy (difference between individual household's and neighborhood median disposable incomes) critically shapes neighborhood selection, though heterogeneously across income groups. All income groups sort into neighborhoods that have more of their own status group in residence. Middle– or high–income households avoid neighborhoods with above–average shares of low–status households and median incomes that are higher than their own. High–income households are more attracted to a place the greater the superiority of their incomes compared to the neighborhood median. Our findings suggest that although the drivers of residential income segregation are powerful, public policies aimed at neighborhood diversification have potential efficacy nevertheless.
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Klinov, V. G., and A. A. Sidorov. "World trends in the distribution of national incomes and problems of economic and social development." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 28, 2018): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-7-30-44.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The authors have analyzed trends of ever-growing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth in major national and world economies over the last 40 years. The prospects of further increase in the unequal distribution of national incomes are fraught with far-reaching social, political and economic upheavals. The prospects of this kind are highly possible because of the trend to decrease the rates of income taxes (coerced by global competition) that leads to unequal national income distribution. The authors elaborate patterns of possible changes in fiscal policy that could serve for better quality of life for all strata of the population despite unequal distribution of national incomes.
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Hutton, Sandra. "Current and Future Incomes for Older People." Ageing and Society 16, no. 6 (November 1996): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00020080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Income in retirement does not normally feature in national headlines, but scandals such as the misuse of the company pension fund by Robert Maxwell, and the financial advice given to join personal pension schemes have done just that. The ‘demographic time bomb’ has become a media cliché. In this first of two reviews of the incomes and financial circumstances of older people we examine the influence of these headlines and clichés on present and future incomes. To set the scene, the current levels and sources of income for older people are outlined and compared with those of the younger population. The following section describes the trends and changes in pensioners’ incomes and what has influenced these trends. The next sets out the main issues in providing a secure income in old age, and finally the current policy debate is reviewed and some questions are identified for re-examination in two years’ time.
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A. Vasilova, Aigul. "The Analysis of Russian Population Incomes for 2012-2015." HELIX 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 2935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29042/2018-2935-2940.
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Litvintseva, Galina, and Elena Stukalenko. "Differentiation of Population Incomes in Innovative Regions of Russia." Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00774-6.
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Dzhioev, Alexandr V. "DYNAMICS OF RUSSIA POPULATION INCOMES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4, no. 12 (2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.12.04.010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article shows the weak nominal dynamics of monetary incomes of the population of Russia in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and a drop in business income. The necessity of further devel-opment and implementation of financial support measures for the population of the country to ensure socio-economic stability in the conditions of crisis phenomena in the Russian economy is substantiated.
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Alpeeva, E. A., and O. V. Zanina. "Economic management of the developmentsocial protection of the population." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 14, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2021-3-339-348.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The issue of fighting poverty is especially acute today. Scientists from different countries of the world have come to a common opinion that targeting is the most important component of the existing mechanisms of social protection of the population. There is an assumption that legislative equality is not identical with social equality. Equalization of incomes of the population and strengthening of the middle class can only be achieved after the formation of targeted social protection of the population. The targeting of social guarantees should include a large list of mechanisms for its regulation, including a differentiated approach and a flexible framework focused on an individual approach. Needy families, whose incomes slightly exceed the established limits, should be able to receive social guarantees from the state in a short amount. At the same time, the establishment of criteria requires constant change, focused on the quarterly living wage of the subject in question. The statement of a fixed income in the current market conditions is unfair. When establishing targeted assistance, it is especially important to take into account the financial condition of the family, not only in terms of income, but actual expenses. It is here that each situation must be considered separately, taking into account external factors. Therefore, there arises an objective need for interaction between social protection bodies of the population with credit (financial) institutions, state tax authorities and other services through the introduction of a single database. This will make it possible to avoid receiving benefits for citizens receiving “shadow” income, as well as to save financial resources for the population in need. Support for the needy segments of the population should not be only quantitative – there should be a qualitative component. The number of planned support programs and implemented programs does not indicate an effective policy, since official statistics on the number of those in need may not correspond to the real picture and the target figures may be underestimated. As part of the implementation of programs to help the population, a conditional number of citizens may be planned, determined according to funding, however, the number of those in dire need may differ significantly. The effectiveness of the implementation of social programs can be determined by a significant reduction in the number of citizens living below the poverty line. There is an objective need to reform the current system of social protection of the population. External and internal economic factors cause changes in wages, employment levels, purchasing power, etc., all of this affects the change in the average per capita income of the population, the real size of wages, etc. To equalize incomes, support the poor and reduce social risks, it is necessary to create a new format based on the principle of targeting.
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Kohne Rooz, Saeed Baghban, Mohammad Moradi, and Hossein Jabbari Khamnei. "Ranking and Selection Procedure for Gini Index." Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences and Applications 3 (February 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/bmsa.3.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gini index, which is derived from the Lorenz curve of income inequality and shows income inequality in different populations, can be applied to ranking and selectionpopulations. Many procedures are available for ordering and ranking income distributions where the ordering is not linear. However, the researchers often are not interested in ordering the populations but selecting the best (or worst) of available populations indicating a lower (or higher) level of disparities in incomes within the population. Madhuri S. Mulekar (2005) discussed the estimation of overlap ofincome distributions and selection in terms of Gini Measure of income inequality. In this paper, we simulate populations ranking and selection based on Gini index of income inequality for case that the variances are equal but known in income distributions and for case that the variances are unequal but known in income distributions.
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Stolarska, Alicja, and Mariusz Hamulczuk. "Zmiany źródeł utrzymania ludności rolniczej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 53 (September 25, 2004): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.53.16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper includes an analysis of changes in income sources of private agricultural farms. The work is based on numeric data from National Census of People from 1996 and 2002. The share of agricultural population financially dependent on agricultural production decreased. The share of agricultural population made a living by social incomes increased at the same time.
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Terek, Milan. "Regional Incomes Structure Analysis in Slovak Republic On the Basis of EU-SILC Data." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 64, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/saeb-2017-0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The paper deals with the regional incomes structure analysis in Slovak republic on the basis of European Union statistics on income and living conditions in Slovak republic data. The empirical probability mass function and empirical cumulative distribution function is constructed with aid of given sampling weights. On the basis of these functions the median, medial, standard deviation and population histogram of the whole gross household incomes for the whole Slovak republic and separately for eight Slovak regions are estimated and compared.
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BROYAKA, Antonina. "CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN THE MODERN MARKET ECONOMY." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 4 (44) (April 2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-4-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article investigates the peculiarities of consumer behavior in modern market conditions. The theoretical and methodological approaches to the consumer behavior formation are highlighted; the exogenous and endogenous factors affecting it are identified. The various models of consumer behavior are characterized, depending on their income level. It has been found that lower-income consumers are more likely to behave more rationally; they buy those products that meet urgent needs and are more attractive in price. The middle class mainly chooses products on the criterion of "price-quality". The degree of rationality in their behavior will depend on the stability of the economy and consumer expectations regarding real future income. As for high-income consumers, their demand does not depend on price, since the higher cost of the goods they buy undermines their wealth and status. The level and dynamics of incomes of the population of Ukraine, including in urban and rural areas, are analyzed. The analysis shows an increase in the share of the population with high incomes (for comparison, in 2018, 27.4% of Ukrainians had incomes over UAH 5,160 against 12.6% in 2017), and this trend is observed as in cities (30.5% in 2018 compared with 13.6% in 2017) and in rural areas (21.2% in 2018 compared with 10.4% in 2017). However, rural residents predominantly have lower total incomes compared with urban residents: in 2016, according to surveys of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, urban households received an average of 5842 UAH per month (per capita 28080 UAH), rural - 5871 UAH (per capita 2,706 UAH) in 2017 - respectively 7,749 UAH (per capita 3,725 UAH) and 7,542 UAH (per capita 3,476 UAH) in 2018 - respectively 9,722.5 UAH and 9073.3 UAH. The increase in income is due to an increase in the minimum and average level of wages, the volume of transfer payments (in particular, subsidies and other types of social assistance), income from entrepreneurial activity, and etc. A significant part of the incomes of the Ukrainian population is occupied by wages, which increased from 40.8% in 2010 to 45.6% in 2017. However, this is a statement of nominal income growth, which is not enough to meet even the basic needs of consumers in the conditions of rapid price increase. Despite the actual increase in incomes, the purchasing power of consumers in Ukraine is quite low, which is caused by a decrease in real incomes of the population. The dynamics and cost structure of Ukrainian consumers is investigated. The imbalance of the budget of consumers, as well as the lack of actual income to meet the existing needs of the population, are revealed. The gap between the incomes of the population and its expenditures on the purchase of goods and services is quite small, meaning that Ukrainians spend almost all their money resources on current consumption, and thus the possibility of accumulating savings is low, which in turn reduces the prospect of increasing demand for more expensive goods, including long-term use, travel, real estate and more. The lowest share of expenditures on purchasing goods and services in the annual income in the period 2005-2017 was 76% in 2010 and the highest in 2017 was 89%. According to preliminary results of 2018, the share of expenses of Ukrainians in their income is on the average within 85%. Consumers spend more than half of their income on food, driven by low wages for most workers, high unemployment and underemployment, the disparity in current prices and real incomes of the population. The share of household expenditures on housing maintenance (including ongoing repairs), water, electricity, gas and other fuels is rising from 10.26% in 2010 to 18.3% in 2017. Consumers spend about 6% of their income on buying clothes and shoes (with 27.5% of the population having insufficient funds to upgrade their outerwear and shoes for the cold season once every 5 years). On average, only 4% of their budget is spent on healthcare. The GDP indicator and deflator indices, which are indicators of the real consumer purchasing power, are analyzed. Comparing the GDP deflator and the consumption deflator, we see that their dynamics in 2010-2014 have had a similar trend, but since the turning point of 2016, which is characterized by an increase in physical GDP, consumers are behaving more restrained about purchases, even as the pace of growth slows and the gradual signs of overcoming the negative effects of the crisis. The reason for this behavior of consumers is pessimistic expectations about the future economic situation in the country, reduction of accumulated savings, and an increase in the poverty level of the population. The happiness index is considered as a criterion that affects the propensity to consumption and saving. Analyzing the ranking of the countries of the world by the index of happiness, it should be noted that in 2018, Ukraine ranked 138th out of 156 countries, down 6 steps, compared to the previous year. The measures to increase the economic efficiency of consumer behavior and maximization of its utility are proposed. Under the conditions of insufficient financial and material security of the population of Ukraine, an important step of the state for maintaining the purchasing power of consumers is subsidizing public utilities, providing benefits and subsidies for obtaining health care services, transportation, recreation, catering and more. However, such a tool will not give the expected results without comprehensive treatment of the country's economy. It is necessary to reform the remuneration system, in particular to work out an organizational and economic mechanism for legalizing the shadow wage, collecting relevant social contributions and taxes from it; to improve the methodology for establishing a living minimum and bring it into line with the real needs of the consumer; systematically carry out proper indexation of income, especially in private business; increase targeted investment in capital expansion of the real sector of the economy, which will simultaneously increase jobs quantity, GDP and household incomes; to revise the regulation of prices for of essential commodities and many other measures.
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Miroshnichenko, Olga, Anna Tarasova, and Valeriy Gamukin. "Household Incomes and Bank Residential Mortgage in Russia." SHS Web of Conferences 93 (2021): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219302010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of the incomes of the population subject to changes on bank mortgage lending was investigated using the methods of correlation and regression analysis. Three approaches to income volatility as an indicator of their volatility have been implemented: variability within certain time periods through an assessment of the coefficients of variation during the year, between periods through an assessment of the average annual income growth rates, and the variability of the distribution between income recipients through inequality indicators. According to the research results, indicators of bank residential mortgage are more strongly associated with variations in nominal income than in real one; the low level of overdue mortgage debt in the Russian banking sector is determined by a qualitative assessment of borrowers' capabilities in accordance with their income; an increase in income volatility is accompanied by a decrease in the share of overdue mortgage debt. The stability of the population's income contributes to an increase in the number and total volume of bank residential mortgage. As a result of econometric modeling, the maximum significant effect of the unemployment rate on the share of overdue mortgage debt has been established.
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Sarioglo, V. Н. "Methodical Aspects of Indirect Assessment of Household Incomes in Determining the Eligibility for Government Social Support." Statistics of Ukraine 88, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(88)2020.01.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In present-day Ukraine, a large number of families and individuals are beneficiaries of programs for social support of the population. Economic and political crises, reforms in tariff and social policies, added by the pandemic of coronavirus infection in the latest time, result in the worsening life standards of a considerable share of the population in certain periods of time. In was in 2015–2018 that in some of the quite populated localities social programs covered as many as 70% of the population. This triggered a respective growth in the social support from the central and local budgets. Such situation aggravated the problem of targeting of the government social support, decreasing the number of cases when a social aid is assigned in an improper or baseless manner, and the scopes of fraud in this sphere.
One of the ways for reforming the system of social support in the present days is to adopt the method of assigning all the categories of support with consideration of incomes and property status of applicants. The property status of families or individuals can be quite accurately measured given the access to the registers containing data on houses, land plots, transport vehicles etc. either possessed or disposed by them. However, given a high level of employment in the informal sector, large scales of the shadow economy and external labor migration, assessment of the actual income level of families constitutes a serious problem. Quite often the stated incomes do not correspond with actual ones, and applicants do not have stimuli to disclose their real life standards.
The article’s objective is to expose a methodological approach to operational assessment of potential incomes of applicants and recipients of social support. Approaches based on statistical models of correlation between life standards and sets of households’ or individuals’ characteristics have been constructed and used in many developing countries where the conditions for formation of the population incomes are similar to the ones in Ukraine. The article highlights methodological foundations for building up the models for operational assessment of the population income, with due account to issues of information support to modeling and use of income assessment results. Examples of computations by the proposed models are given.
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Cheremisina, Natalia V., and Elena V. Veiss. "Assessment of the level of living of the population in Tambov region." Statistics and Economics 16, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-1-76-84.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose of the study.To assess the standard of living of the population of the Tambov region through statistical methods.Materials and methods.The study used the methods of analysis of the composition and structure, the calculation of absolute and relative indicators of dynamics, average values, comparative analysis, graphical method of analysis, as well as the general theoretical method of analysis of Russian and foreign literary sources. The main information sources for the study were the data from the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service, its territorial office in the Tambov region, as well as the data from the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System. In addition, the works of such authors as R. Zhukov, M. Malkina, N. Zotkina, S. Ignatova, E. Sadovaya, V. Sautkina and others were analyzed.Results.The main results of the study include the following:– Over 6 years (from 2012 to 2017) in the Tambov region, the largest share of the population, namely 23.0% in 2012 and 27.1% in 2017, had an average per capita cash income of 15 to 25 thousand rubles; – In 2012, the average per capita income of a resident of the studied region was most often met for 16,381.5 rubles (fashion value), and in 2017 – 18,561.0 rubles;– In the Tambov region from 2012 to 2017, the average absolute deviation of the studied indicator from the average in Russia is 5434.1 rubles;– The purchasing power of money incomes of the population has decreased for almost all food and non-food products; – The main sources of monetary incomes of the population of the Tambov region in 2017 are the wages of employees and receipts from social benefits (their share in the income structure is more than 20%);– The structure of the budget expenditures of the population of the Tambov region in 2017 is as follows: the purchase of goods and payment for services amounted to 77.5; mandatory payments and fees - 7.7%; real estate purchase - 1.9%; growth of financial assets - 12.9%;– The size of the average per capita monetary income of the population is inversely related to the unemployment rate of the region.Conclusion.In general, summing up the study, we can draw the following conclusion. For a number of indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population of the Tambov region, there is a positive trend, for example, an increase in the average per capita cash income of the population. Another positive trend was found: an inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and average per capita income. However, despite this, in our region it is lower than the average in Russia. Half of the population has incomes less than 17,730 rubles, and the most common income is in the amount of 18,561 rubles, which is significantly lower than the average for the Tambov region.
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Aliluiko, Andrii, Valerii Yeromenko, and Natalia Stefurak. "ASSESSMENT OF INEQUALITY OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE BY SOURCES OF INCOME." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 3-4 (2021): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2021.3-4.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose. The aim of the article is the analysis of inequality of the population of Ukraine by sources of income. Methodology of research. A set of general scientific and specific methods of economic research was used in the course of the research, in particular, methods of theoretical generalizations: analysis, abstract and logical method (at substantiation of modern tendencies of inequality of the population of Ukraine on incomes); economic and statistical methods (in assessing the dynamics of inequality of the population of Ukraine in terms of monetary income); methods of mathematical statistics (when calculating the Gini index and the decomposition of income); methods of graphic display of the received results of research. Findings. The Gini index was calculated using the spline interpolation method to construct the Lorentz function. The Gini index is compared with known calculation methods, the description of the extended method of decomposition of the Gini index is carried out, and also this method is applied on statistical data of distribution of households of Ukraine on the level of monetary incomes. The influence of changes in sources of income on the general level of differentiation is analysed. According to the results of the study, the main factors influencing the level of income distribution and the possibility of reducing the level of stratification of the population of Ukraine were identified. Originality. It is proposed to use the spline interpolation method to construct the Lorentz function, which involves the calculation of the Gini index. The method of the Gini index decomposition identifies the sources of income that have the greatest impact on the growth of income inequality in Ukraine in the period 2014-2020. Practical value. The obtained results of the research are useful in the study of determining the reasons for the influence of certain factors on the level of income distribution and the possibility of reducing the level of stratification of the population of Ukraine. Key words: population inequality, Lorentz curve, Gini index, Gini index decomposition, spline interpolation.
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Astell-Burt, T., and X. Feng. "Investigating ‘place effects’ on mental health: implications for population-based studies in psychiatry." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 24, no. 1 (November 26, 2014): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204579601400050x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background.Interest in features of our local environments that may promote better mental health and wellbeing continues to rise among decision makers. Our purpose was to highlight a selection of these challenges and some promising avenues for enhancing the quality of evidence.Method.An analysis of approximately 267, 000 people was used to test the local relative deprivation hypothesis, wherein the shortfall of a person's socioeconomic circumstances from their neighbours is said to impact negatively upon mental health. This case was used to anchor further discussion of challenges to identifying and interpreting genuine ‘place effects’ from spurious correlations.Results.A Median Odds Ratio of 1.29 computed via multilevel logistic regression showed that the odds of experiencing psychological distress (as measured by the Kessler score) varied by geographical area. Approximately 67% of this was attributed to a cross-classified measure of household income and neighbourhood deprivation. Compared to people on high incomes living in affluent neighbourhoods, the odds ratio of psychological distress for people on low incomes in affluent areas was 4.73 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.39, 5.09), whereas that for people on low incomes in deprived areas was significantly higher at 5.83 (95% CI 5.41, 6.28).Conclusions.While no evidence was found to support local relative deprivation hypothesis, the pattern suggests that more affluent areas may contain features that are conducive to better mental health. Selection of bespoke geographical boundaries, use of directed acyclic graphs and more evaluations of natural experiments are likely to be important in taking the field of enquiry onwards.
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Nolan, Anne. "The impact of income on private patients’ access to GP services in Ireland." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 13, no. 4 (October 2008): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2008.008048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives: To examine the extent to which proximity to the income threshold for free GP care results in significant differences in GP visiting. Approximately 30% of the Irish population receives free GP care (medical card patients), while the remaining 70% pays in full (private patients). Medical card eligibility exerts a significant influence on GP visiting, but how do GP visiting rates differ among private patients on differing incomes, and has the differential in visiting among private patients changed over time? Methods: Using micro-data from three nationally representative surveys of the Irish population undertaken in 1987, 1995 and 2001, multivariate models of GP utilization are estimated. Results: There is little evidence that proximity to the income threshold results in significant differences in GP visiting. The most significant difference is between medical card and private patients, rather than between private patients on differing incomes. There is also little evidence that the differential in GP visiting between private patients on different incomes changed over time. Conclusions: While recent commentary has focused on the plight of individuals just above the income threshold for free GP care, these results suggest that the key difference in GP visiting is between those with, and without, eligibility for free care. If private patients are prevented from accessing GP care due to cost, this is as much an issue for those at the top of the income distribution as for those at the bottom.
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GUSTMAN, ALAN L., THOMAS L. STEINMEIER, and NAHID TABATABAI. "Mismeasurement of pensions before and after retirement: the mystery of the disappearing pensions with implications for the importance of Social Security as a source of retirement support." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000176.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractA review of the literature suggests that when pension values are measured by the wealth equivalent of promised defined benefit pension benefits and defined contribution balances for those approaching retirement, pensions account for more support in retirement than is suggested when their contribution is measured by incomes received directly from pension plans by those who have already retired. Estimates from the Health and Retirement Study for respondents in their early fifties suggest that pension wealth is about 82% as valuable as Social Security wealth. In data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), for members of the same cohort, measured when they are 65–69, pension incomes are about 58% as valuable as incomes from Social Security. Our empirical analysis uses data from the HRS to examine the reasons for these differences in the contributions of pensions as measured in income and wealth data. Key factors accounting for these differences include: a difference in methodology between surveys affecting what is included in pension income; some pension wealth ‘disappears’ at retirement because respondents change their pension into other forms that are not counted as pension income; and the form of annuitization may influence the measure of pension income. A series of caveats notwithstanding, the bottom line is that CPS data on pension incomes received in retirement understates the full contribution pensions make to supporting retirees.
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Belov, V. I., and T. A. Kabatchikova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REAL DISPOSABLE INCOME IN THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT." Juvenis scientia, no. 1 (2019): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2019.01.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the problems of reducing the real disposable income of Russian citizens over the past few years. The main sources of income formation of the population and, above all, wages of workers are analyzed. The dynamics of real incomes of the population (since 2013) has a negative value. Experts consider various reasons for the fall in the level of real disposable income of citizens in the Russian Federation for these periods. As a solution to this problem, the authors propose a solution associated with the introduction of some changes in the legal framework of the country. These changes can contribute to the increase of the income level of the Russian population.
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Ilyashenko, V. V. "Incomes of the Russian Population in the Conditions of Inflation." Zhurnal Economicheskoj Teorii 15, no. 2 (2018): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2018.15-2.3.
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Leonidova, E. G. "Problems of formation and use of population incomes: regional aspect." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2019-2-68-71.
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Васильева and Svetlana Vasileva. "Incomes of the population as a base of class affiliation." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (April 21, 2014): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3372.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In economic theory, society on income in the social-class structure is divided into "low", "medium" and "high" classes. Worldwide, there are certain conditions for membership to a particular level. In Russia, there are no clear criteria yet. The country there is a clear distinction between the "rich" wealthy people and "poor" living on the poverty line. Basis for any advanced economy is the middle class that meets the requirements, since having a certain type of property and the amount received per capita income.
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Gulyaeva, T. I., and E. V. Takmakova. "DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN INCOMES OF RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION IN RUSSIA." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 4 (April 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/214-77.
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