Дисертації з теми "Population incomes"
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1
Dieden, Sten. "Income generation in the African and coloured population : three essays on the origins of household incomes in South Africa /." Göteborg : Department of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law, Göteborg University, 2005. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00004062/01/Dieden_full.pdf.
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Мівшук, Ю. І. "Регіональний аспект статистичного аналізу доходів населення України". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/11965.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти та основи статистичного дослідження доходів населення. Проаналізовано динаміку і структуру доходів населення, динаміку середнього доходу на одне домогосподарства в Україні, виконано регіональний аналіз доходів населення України. Запропоновано комплекс заходів для забезпечення достатнього рівня доходів населення.The paper considers the theoretical aspects and foundations of statistical research of household incomes. The dynamics and structure of household income, the dynamics of average income per household in Ukraine, the regional analysis of income of the population of Ukraine. A set of measures is proposed to ensure a sufficient level of income.
3
Ng, Hoi-tak Philip. "Three essays on population, income, and distribution." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3684990X.
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Ng, Hoi-tak Philip, and 吳凱特. "Three essays on population, income, and distribution." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3684990X.
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Delventhal, Matthew J. "Population and income across time and space." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/643302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En aquesta tesi investigo teòricament i empíricament l'evolució dels nivells de població i ingressos a tot el món. En el primer capítol, titulat "El Globus com a Xarxa", em pregunto: quina importància tenen els costos de transport en caiguda dels patrons de població i creixement dels ingressos des de 1000 CE? Per respondre a aquesta pregunta, edito un model espacial dinàmic quantitatiu amb un sector agrícola i no agrícola, i la fertilitat endogena, la migració, la innovació i la difusió de la tecnologia. En aquest model existeix un llindar endogen per als costos globals de transport, que es caracteritza per una simple estadística de xarxa. Si els costos de transport estan per sobre d'aquest llindar, el món convergeix a un estat de malaltia. Si els costos del transport cauen per sota d'aquest llindar, l'economia mundial entra en un procés de creixement sostingut de la població i els ingressos per càpita. Prenent aquest model a les dades, divideixo el món en 2.249 3 graus en quadrícules de 3 graus. Assigno a cada local un potencial agrícola determinat pel clima exògens i les característiques del sòl. Defecto els costos de transport bilaterals calculant la ruta més barata entre cada parell d'ubicacions, donada la col·locació natural de rius, oceans i muntanyes. Calculem el model perquè, l'any 1000, el món es trobi en estat de malaltia. A continuació, retiro el cost de l'aigua i el transport terrestre de forma exògena de manera coherent amb l'evidència històrica i fa un seguiment de l'evolució endogen de la població i els ingressos fins a l'any 2000. Qualitativament, aquest exercici genera un creixement lent però accelerat tant en la població com en la renda per càpita durant els primers 800 anys, un repunt abrupte en el creixement després de 1800 CE amb Europa al capdavant, i un gran augment en la dispersió d'ingressos per càpita després de 1800 CE. Quantitativament, el model representa el 55% de la variació de la densitat de població en 10 regions majors en 1000 CE, el 44% de la variació en ingressos per càpita entre regions en 1800 CE, i és capaç de generar un 43% de la dispersió total en ingressos per càpita el 2000 CE.
El segon capítol es titula "La transició demogràfica a través del temps i l'espai". La transició demogràfica, és a dir, el pas d'un règim d'alta fertilitat / alta mortalitat a un règim de baixa fertilitat / baixa mortalitat és un procés que gairebé tots els països de la Terra han sofert o estan experimentant. Són iguals totes les transicions demogràfiques? Han canviat amb la velocitat i la forma al llarg del temps? I com relacionen el desenvolupament econòmic? Busco respondre aquestes preguntes posant un conjunt de dades de taxes de naixement i mortalitat en 188 països amb més de 250 anys. Després, calculant dates d'inici i dates finals per a les transicions dels països de la nostra mostra, documento 3 fets nous. Em sembla, en primer lloc, que la velocitat mitjana de les transicions ha augmentat constantment amb el pas del temps. En segon lloc, documento que l'ingrés per càpita al començament d'aquestes transicions és més o menys constant al llarg del temps. En tercer lloc, descobrim l'evidència del contagi demogràfic, l'entrada d'un país en la transició demogràfica està fortament relacionada amb els veïns geogràfics i lingüístics que ja han entrat en la transició fins i tot després de controlar altres observables.
En el meu tercer capítol "La difusió de la demografia: una exploració quantitativa", construeixo un model transparent de la transició demogràfica en la tradició de Barro, Becker i Lucas amb diversos països. A més del compromís estàndard entre la quantitat i la qualitat entre el nombre de nens i la quantitat d'educació que hi ha, també hi ha difusió tecnològica entre ubicacions. Com a exercici quantitatiu, introduïm un canvi tecnològic esbiaixat per l'habilitat que s'allunya de la Gran Bretanya a la resta del món. Tot i la seva simplicitat, el model té bastant èxit en comparar els patrons observats de la transició demogràfica a tot el món, tant pel que fa al temps com a la ubicació geogràfica.In this thesis I investigate theoretically and empirically the evolution of population and income levels across the world. In the first chapter, titled "The Globe as a Network," I ask: how important are falling transport costs for patterns of population and income growth since 1000 CE? To answer this question, I build a quantitative dynamic spatial model with an agricultural and a non-agricultural sector, and endogenous fertility, migration, innovation and technology diffusion. In this model there exists an endogenous threshold for global transport costs, which is characterized by a simple network statistic. If transport costs are above this threshold, the world converges to a Malthusian steady state. If transport costs fall below this threshold, the world economy enters a process of sustained growth in population and income per capita. Taking this model to the data, I divide the globe into 2,249 3 degree by 3 degree quadrangles. I assign each location an agricultural potential determined by exogenous climate and soil characteristics. I infer bilateral transport costs by calculating the cheapest route between each pair of locations given the natural placement of rivers, oceans and mountains. I calibrate the model so that in the year 1000 the world is in a Malthusian steady state. I then drop the cost of water and land transport exogenously in a way that is consistent with historical evidence and track the endogenous evolution of population and income until the year 2000. Qualitatively, this exercise generates slow but accelerating growth in both population and income per capita for the first 800 years, an abrupt takeoff in growth after 1800 CE with Europe in the lead, and a large increase in the dispersion of income per capita after 1800 CE. Quantitatively, the model accounts for 55% of the variation in population density across 10 major regions in 1000 CE, 44% of the variation in income per capita across regions in 1800 CE, and is able to generate 43% of the overall dispersion in income per capita in 2000 CE. The second chapter is titled "The Demographic Transition Across Time and Space." The demographic transition, i.e., the move from a regime of high fertility/high mortality into a regime of low fertility/low mortality, is a process that almost every country on Earth has undergone or is undergoing. Are all demographic transitions equal? Have they changed in speed and shape over time? And, how do they relate to economic development? I seek to answer these questions by putting together a data set of birth and death rates for 188 countries that spans more than 250 years. Then, by estimating start dates and end dates for the transitions of the countries in our sample, I document 3 new facts. I find, first, that the average speed of transitions has increased steadily over time. Second, I document that income per capita at the start of these transitions is more or less constant over time. Third, we uncover evidence of demographic contagion the entry of a country into the demographic transition is strongly associated with its geographic and linguistic neighbors having already entered into the transition even after controlling for other observables. In my third chapter "The Diffusion of Demography: A Quantitative Exploration," I build a transparent model of the demographic transition in the tradition of Barro, Becker, and Lucas with multiple countries. In addition to the standard quantity-quality trade-off between how many children to have and how much to educate them, there is also technology diffusion between locations. As a quantitative exercise, we introduce a skill-biased technological change that diffuses away from Britain to the rest of the world. Despite its simplicity, the model is quite successful in matching observed patterns of the demographic transition across the globe, both in terms of timing and geographical location.
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Thomas, Amy N. "Pregnancy intendedness among a low income population." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1311.
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Скворчевський, Олександр Євгенович, Тетяна Кравцова та Анастасія Свічкарь. "Економетрична оцінка залежності купівельної спроможності населення України від його доходів". Thesis, Львівська політехніка, 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/32787.
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Kofi, Ampofo-Twumasi. "Distribution of income among South African population groups." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to verify the extent to which income distribution among the population groups in South Africa has changed since the 199! population census. These were the findings: It was established in this study that, at October 1996 the income share of Whites had dropped from 71.2 percent (1970) to 51.9 percent. The White population constitute 12.6 percent of South Africa population in 1996 but they received more than 50 percent of personal income in the country. At October 1996 the per capita income of Whites was 8.8 times that of Africans, 4.5 times that of Coloureds and 2.3 times that of Indians. The study found that income disparities between the population groups have narrowed, but there are a lot left to be done to remove income inequalities in the country. The study found that the income which accrued to each population group was not uniformly distributed within the group. In all population groups, the poorest 40%, and the next 41-70% household income classes suffered losses in household income shares between 1991 and 1996. In all population groups it was the richest 10% households who received the lion's share of income which accrued to the group, between 1991 and 1996. The study further found a shift in African employees from elementary occupations to artisan and machine operators. Between 1995 and 1999 the proportion of Coloureds in elementary jobs declined in favour of artisans, machine operators, managers and professionals. Indians and Whites had the smallest proportion of their workforce engaged in elementary occupations Only 5.4 percent of Africans aged 20 and above were found to possess degrees, diplomas and certificates in 1999, compared to 6.5 percent Coloureds, 14.3 percent Indians, 31.5 percent Whites. As high as 15.5 percent of Africans had not received any formal education at October 1999 compared to 7.9 percent Coloureds, 3.5 percent Indians and 0.3 percent Whites. Unemployment in all population groups has increased since the 1996 South African population census.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was om die verandering in die omvang van die inkomsteverdeling tussen die bevolkingsgroepe sedert die 1991 bevolkingsopname te bevestig. Daar is bevind dat die inkomste aandeel van Blankes vanaf 71.2 persent in 1970 na 51.9 persent in 1996 afgeneem het. Die Blanke bevolking het 12.6 persent van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking in 1996 uitgemaak, maar hulle ontvang meer as 50 persent van persoonlike inkomste in die land. In Oktober 1996 was die per capita inkomste van Blankes 8.8 keer meer as dié van Swart Suid-Afrikaners en 6.8 keer meer as dié van Kleurlinge. Die studie het gevind dat inkomsteverskille tussen die bevolkingsgroepe verminder het, maar dat daar nog groot inkomste ongelykhede is. Die studie het verder bevind dat die verdeling van inkomste binne elke bevolkingsgroep ongelyk verdeel is. Tussen 1991 en 1996 het in alle bevolkingsgroepe, die armste 40%, en die volgende 41-70% huishoudelike inkomsteklasse 'n daling in hul aandeel van huishoudelike inkomste ondervind. In alle bevolkingsgroepe was dit die rykste 10% huishoudings wat die grootste aandeel aan inkomste ontvang het tussen 1991 en 1996. Die studie het ook gevind dat daar 'n verskuiwing van swart Suid-Afrikaanse werknemers van elementêre beroepe na ambagsmanne en masjienoperateurs plaasgevind het. Tussen 1995 en 1999 het die verhouding van anderskleuriges in elementêre beroepe afgeneem ten gunste van ambagsmanne, masjienoperateurs, bestuurders en professionele beroepe. Asiate en Blankes het die kleinste verhouding van hulle werksmag in elementêre beroepe gehad. In 1999 was slegs 5.4 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners, ouderdom 20 en ouer, in besit van grade, diplomas en sertifikate, in vergelyking met 6.5 persent Kleurlinge, 14.3 persent Asiate en 31.5 persent Blankes. Tot en met Oktober 1999 het 15.5 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners geen formele opleiding ontvang in vergelyking met 7.9% Kleurlinge, 3.5% Asiate en 0.3% Blankes. Werkloosheid het sedert 1996 in alle bevolkingsgroepe toegeneem sedert die 1996 Suid-Afrikaanse bevolkingsopname.
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Sanderson, Warren C., Sergei Scherbov, and Patrick Gerland. "The end of population aging in high-income countries." Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6882/1/0xc1aa5576_0x003a4447.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Will the population of today's high-income countries continue to age throughout
the remainder of the century? We answer this question by combining two
methodologies, Bayesian hierarchical probabilistic population forecasting and the
use of prospective ages, which are chronological ages adjusted for changes in life
expectancy. We distinguish two variants of measures of aging: those that depend
on fixed chronological ages and those that use prospective ages. Conventional
measures do not, for example, distinguish between 65-year-olds in 2000 and 65-
year-olds in 2100. In making forecasts of population aging over long periods of time,
ignoring changes in the characteristics of people can lead to misleading results. It is
preferable to use measures based on prospective ages in which expected changes
in life expectancy are taken into account. We present probabilistic forecasts of
population aging that use conventional and prospective measures for high-income
countries as a group. The probabilistic forecasts based on conventional measures
of aging show that the probability that aging will continue throughout the century
is essentially one. In contrast, the probabilistic forecasts based on prospective
measures of population aging show that population aging will almost certainly
come to end well before the end of the century. Using prospective measures of
population aging, we show that aging in high-income countries is likely a transitory
phenomenon.
10
Chilowa, W. R. "Housing for the low-income urban population in Malawi : Towards an alternative approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379372.
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Sundin, David, and Johan Karlsson. "An explanation to earned income disparities." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The earned income differ across municipalities in Sweden, where Stockholm is the location with the highest average earned income. One can ask whether this is depending on higher educational attainment, the disparity in population size and house prices. This paper aims to explain which parameter affects the income disparities between large and small cites. Using data from Statistics Sweden between the years 1991-2017. The above-mentioned topics are used in the three statistical models; Ordinary Least Squares, Pooled OLS, and Fixed-Effects. From this analyze, this paper can conclude that human capital is essential to explain earned income disparities. The discussion part includes limitations of the dataset and its consequences depending on geographical choice. Another exciting explanation of earned income differences is mentioned in the discussion, namely happiness level in each region.
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Wiebe, Gary Bernard. "The density and income patterns of metropolitan Vancouver." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27705.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is the belief in the discipline of Urban Land Economics that as one moves further from the city center population density decreases and average household income increases. These two hypotheses have shown to be accurate in describing cities in the United States, but few studies have been done to see if the two hypotheses are also true for Canadian cities. The general intent of the thesis, therefore, was to properly model the population density pattern and income pattern of Metropolitan Vancouver to see how well they could be explained and to see if they followed the patterns of American cities.
In order to address the general intent, several specific issues dealing with density and income studies had to be examined: the functional form of the models, the best proxy of access (straight-line distance or time spent in travel to the city center), whether determinants other than distance should be used in the density equation, and whether Metropolitan Vancouver should be modelled as a monocentric or multi-centric city.
The techniques applied to answer these questions and fulfil the general intent included reviewing the literature, applying theory to develop models and then using ordinary least squares to test the models.
The results were very good. Although no functional form could be derived for the income pattern, the negative exponential form proved, theoretically and practically, to work well for the density pattern. The distance variable was a better determinant of density than the travel time variable. Two variables, income and distance, proved to be the best determinants of population density by explaining almost half of the variation in population density. Finally, Metropolitan Vancouver was shown to be a multi-centric region but added effects of the extra center did little to help explain the density patterns.
The results also showed that population density in Metropolitan Vancouver does decrease and, although not conclusive, income does generally increase with distance from the city center. These facts support the hypotheses and suggest that the density and income patterns are much like those of major U.S. cities.Business, Sauder School of
Real Estate Division
Graduate
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Clawson, Cheyla Cabrales. "Chicano Y Chicana income differences among the largest U. S. Hispanic population /." Diss., Click here for available full-text of this thesis, 2006. http://library.wichita.edu/digitallibrary/etd/2006/t019.pdf.
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Burns, Darren. "Foreign direct investment and population health in low and middle income countries." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2018. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67678/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Opinions are divided on the health impacts of multi-national corporations (MNCs), and their foreign direct investment (FDI) projects in low and middle income countries (LMICs). MNCs in LMICs have been associated with unsafe or unsanitary working conditions, pollution, and aggressively marketing of unhealthy foods. This suggests a harmful impact on population health. Yet, FDI also generates employment, income, and growth, implying some benefits to population health. FDI flows may not be the only factor determining their ultimate impact on health. It is currently unclear whether FDI into different industries or whole sectors is related to health impacts, and also whether geographic clustering of FDI is associated with an impact on population health. The relationship between FDI and population health is investigated here, beginning with a systematic review of quantitative literature surrounding international trade and non-nutritional health outcomes. This highlights four important messages: FDI is likely a determinant of health in LMICs; the importance of sample selection and considering heterogeneity; bi-directional causality between FDI and health; and the underuse of individual level datasets to investigate the association. Later chapters seek to respond in different ways to these messages, firstly using instrumental variable methods to investigate FDI and overall population health in LMICs. This indicates FDI to be associated with overall population health benefits, yet provides some evidence that manufacturing FDI is associated with harm. The second study utilises individual level data and spatial techniques to investigate FDI and nutritional health in Chinese adults, indicating that FDI is positively associated with increased BMI amongst Chinese adults. The final study investigates FDI and smoking in Russian adults, suggesting that FDI is associated with increased smoking. Overall, this thesis suggests that FDI has a positive effect in general on overall health, yet is harmful when looking in more specific contexts.
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Killen, Kelleigh Dawn. "Assessment of Physical Activity in Latina Mothers in the WIC Population." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31808.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that Latinos represented 12.6% of the total population in the United States. It is projected that by 2010 Latinos will account for 15.5% of the population (1,2). Latinos account for 32% of the population in Texas, and specifically in Corpus Christi, Latinos represent 54% of the population (3). The purpose of this study was to compare reported versus actual physical activity among limited resource Latina mothers. This study also aimed to explore the validity of the existing Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall (PAR) physical activity assessment tools.
Fifty-five Latina mothers from a Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinic in Corpus Christi, Texas were recruited to participate in this study. Data were collected through a combined (BRFSS and PAR) physical activity questionnaire as well as through step counts using pedometers. BRFSS and PAR reported significantly different levels of moderate physical activity (p=0.0312) using Chi Square tests when appropriate. The response rate in PAR for all levels of activity intensity was higher than BRFSS. There were significant trends between the number of steps reported and BRFSS and PAR moderate physical activity. Further, the majority of subjects who averaged greater than 5,000 steps per day did not perceive themselves to be moderately active in either BRFSS or PAR. These findings question the validity of these physical activity assessment tools with this population.Master of Science
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Atoloye, Abiodun Tolulope. "Accessing Healthy Food: Behavioral and Environmental Determinants Among Low-Income Populations." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On average, low-income individuals have poorer diet quality compared to their high-income counterparts. However, improved food access may offer opportunities to improve diet among this population. This study examines how the low-income population navigates between barriers, resources, and opportunities to acquire healthy foods in different settings.
Chapter 3 examined how the use of a farmers’ market incentive program among the low-income population impacts F&V consumption. We observed no effect on F&V consumption due to program participation but users of the program have a significantly higher F&V consumption than non-users. Chapter 4 identified transportation difficulties as a barrier to the uptake of farmer’s market incentive program and that larger families may be less likely to take advantage of opportunities provided by farmer’s market incentive programs. Chapter 5 examined the association between factors that influence food choices (taste, price, convenience, concern for nutrition, and concern for weight) and food access and availability in the home. We found that certain behaviors (concern for nutrition) exhibited within the food purchase environment may impact food access and availability in the home.
We conclude that more efforts and interventions that target improving consumer’s perceived importance for nutrition and transportation access to food resources are needed; especially among low-income population with low F&V consumption. In addition, information and financial access to food resource opportunities should be expanded, specifically among those with low F&V consumption and expanding the food incentives for larger families should be considered.
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Hemmer, Audrey C. B. S. "Reliability of the Food Literacy Assessment Tool (FLAT) in Low-Income Adults." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1592133854861655.
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Michel, Patricia Marie. "Food label reading habits of low-income women and women from the general population." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07292009-090255/.
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Dwivedi, Aditi. "An Integrated Optimization Model for Distribution Center Location with Considerations of Population and Income." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1353939479.
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Beyatte, Rachel Ann. "THE CHARACTERIZATION AND CALCULATION OF DIET QUALITY FOR A LOW-INCOME POPULATION IN QUITO, ECUADOR." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/77.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diet is an important factor in disease prevention and health promotion. According to Global Health, in 2006 four of the top five leading causes of death in Ecuador were heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and hypertensive diseases which are all associated with dietary intake. Knowledge of eating patterns enables the formulation of public policies directed toward health promotion and disease prevention. Studies using indices that measure dietary quality and summarize the main characteristics of healthful eating habits enables the evaluation of possible associations between health determinants and health indicators. Most studies using score-based approaches have generally shown more varied and healthful diets to be associated with higher income, higher education, lower obesity rates and reduced cardiovascular disease mortality. The purpose of this research was to characterize the health practices and diet quality of a low-income population in Quito, Ecuador. A diet quality index (MyPyramid Index) was developed to calculate diet scores for subjects and results show that the mean MPI was 34.1 out of a possible score of 70. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using heights and weights recorded. The mean BMI was 27.2 which would indicate that this sample is categorized as being overweight.
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OKIMOTO, Madoka. "International Price Competition among Food Industries Affected by Income, Population and Biased Preference of Consumers." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19913.
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Castoe, Minna, and Aalekhya Sanyal. "The Impact of Immigration on Income Inequality : Evidence from Sweden and the United States." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper studies data from a 25-year period in the history of Sweden and the US, ranging from 1993 to 2017. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the impact of immigration on the income inequality of the respective countries while also considering the impact of other specific variables. In order to estimate the impact of the variables, both static and dynamic models were used, with the Gini coefficient being the dependent variable. With the ordinary least square giving short-run estimates and the error correction model providing short- and long- run estimates simultaneously, the main variable for immigration, being the foreign-born population, showed a strong positive relationship with income inequality. For the estimation, the immigration variable was also split into high- and low-skilled immigrants as well as different age groups. In conclusion, we find that immigration in Sweden and the US has high levels of influence on the income inequality for both countries.
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Larsson, Anders. "Determinants of population health : A panel data study on 24 countries." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7650.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aim at investigating whether income inequality ceteris paribus is a determinant of population health measured by infant mortality rate and average expected lifetime. Earlier research has found results pointing in different directions but the income inequality hypothesis suggests that income inequality alone is something bad for the population. The study uses data on income distribution from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) and the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). Data on economic development and health indicators comes from the OECD database. An econometric model which applies country fixed effects is specified and the results indicates no effect from income inequality on infant mortality rate but some indications of a negative effect on average expected lifetime.
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Murton, John Evan. "Coping with more people : population growth, non-farm income and economic differentiation in Machakos District, Kenya." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363881.
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Cleverdon, Stephen Michael. "The effects of federal land on rural population, employment, and income in the Rocky Mountain West." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06012009-101138.
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Postiglione, Maryann. "Eating healthfully on a limited income : a multisystemic approach to the barriers low-income populations face in obtaining adequate nutrition in the U.S." Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17658.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Human Nutrition
Mary Meck Higgins
Because of the ever-changing nature of the economy and the food environment, research as recent as 2010 may not be relevant to today’s discussion on food insecurity, food deserts, obesity rates, and nutritional quality in the U.S. population’s diet. Today, people of low socioeconomic status in the U.S. are at risk for overweight, obesity, and chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. In this report, I investigate published research about low-income populations in the U.S. relative to the food environment and describe implications for healthcare professionals implementing interventions with these populations, discussed in the following categories: Dietary Intake Quality and Socioeconomic Status; Food Insecurity; Barriers to Quality Food Access in the U.S. Food Environment; Communities Alleviating Food Insecurity; Food-Related Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behaviors; Homelessness and Food-Related Behaviors; Why Do People Buy What They Buy?; Nutrition Assistance Programs and Policies; Current U.S. Food Costs; and Comparing the Nutritional Value Versus Price of Foods. Although the literature on the subject of low-income diet quality is thorough, much of it needs to be updated with current data on food prices, food environments, and U.S. diet quality. For this purpose, I compiled the most recent data from the National Bureau of Labor & Statistics on food prices to discuss the elevated food prices of healthful foods as opposed to less healthful foods. I also created a one-month menu based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Thrifty Food Plan budget allowance in order to follow a healthful diet in this harsh economic climate utilizing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 and the Affordable Nutrients Index.
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Goncharsky-Hibbs, Amber Lynne. "Using Positive Reinforcement as an Intervention to Increase Breastfeeding for New Mothers in a Low-income Population." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/369959.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Special EducationM.S.Ed.
According to professionals breastfeeding is the preferred method of providing nutrition for newborns worldwide. Breastfeeding rates among low-income mothers are very low due to the lack of support and early introduction of formula. The present study examined the effects of providing these mothers with reinforcement to encourage breastfeeding. The mothers tracked their feedings using a simple breastfeeding mobile application in order to receive reinforcement. The mothers were also offered breastfeeding support if they were having any difficulties. Keywords: breastfeeding, reinforcement, mobile application, support
Temple University--Theses
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Hess, Melody L. "Development of a Nutrition Education Program Aimed at Diabetes Prevention and Management in an Urban Appalachian Population." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378109309.
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Hasin, Afroza. "APPLYING THE THEORY OF DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS TO UNDERSTAND ELECTRONIC BENEFIT TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AT MID-WEST FARMERS MARKETS." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, previously ‘food stamps’), is the nation’s largest federal entitlement nutritional assistance program which assists individuals and households living below the federal poverty level in order to reduce the amount of money they spend on food. With the conversion of food stamps coupons to Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT), vendors at farmers markets are unable to accept SNAP benefits due to lack of necessary technology adoption. The number of farmers markets has increased 39 percent since 2010 yet only 21 percent of the nation’s farmers markets are equipped to accept EBT (USDA AMS, 2015a). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to apply the theory of Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) to explain EBT technology adoption at mid-west farmers markets (Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin). This study intended to identify the socio-demographic characteristics and levels of communication of farmers market managers, market compatibilities, and perceived EBT attributes that might influence EBT adoption at farmers markets. A survey was administered electronically to market managers of three mid-west states to collect the necessary information to answer the research objectives. A total of 181 managers completed the survey. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify effects of several variables on EBT adoption. Analysis of Variance and Chi-square test were utilized to compare the states and adopter groups. Results of logistic regression showed significant effects of specific variables on EBT adoption. Market managers’ level of communication (Farmers Market Association membership and having partnerships with other organizations), market characteristics (availability of public transports to the market and number of SNAP recipients living in the area), and market managers’ perceptions of EBT attributes (perceived usefulness, ability to try-out, and acceptability) were statistically significant predictors of EBT adoption. For market managers and organizers who are seeking resources and considering EBT adoption assessment of compatibility and level of communication prior to adoption should be considered. In conclusion, the theory of DOI was able to explain effects of market characteristics, market managers’ level of communication, and perceived attributes of EBT on its adoption among the respondents of mid-west farmers markets. Findings of the study can be useful for policymakers in navigating through financial, human, organizational, and political constraints to develop a reachable goal in providing EBT to farmers markets across the nation. Improving the rate of EBT adoption will ultimately have a positive impact on the health of low-income population and sustainability of local agriculture.
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Barone, Cristina. "Transportation options in rural communities the costs of travel for low-income populations in Alachua County /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025098.
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Barriére, Marcella M. "The economics of housing lower income populations in South Africa : challenges and opportunities in KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in Conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2013.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 123).
Since 1994, approximately three million homes have been built for lower income households in South Africa, but as a result of population growth, immigration, increasing urbanization and systemic inefficiencies, such as corruption, the backlog of formal housing units stands at almost 1.5 million. This persistent unmet need for low-income and affordable housing is putting tremendous pressure on South African leaders to more efficiently implement the policies they have created and take a new approach to this decades old problem. The purpose of this thesis is to develop an understanding of the South African affordable housing market and the factors that are contributing to the chasm that exists between the demand for affordable housing and the limited supply of stock in this sector of the market. The study focuses on four major drivers -- three can be considered conventional market drivers and are land reform, construction processes and technology and access to financing. The fourth driver is an unconventional but significant factor and that is, corruption and its economic and societal impact. Of these four issues the most critical are land reform, due to well-designed but poorly executed policies, and corruption due to its profound impact on the affordable housing market. The seeming inability of the South African government to make effective progress in meeting the extreme shortfall in housing for lower income populations is leading to increased incidences of undeveloped, well-located land being informally settled, and is creating unrest in the population and political instability. This thesis discusses the discrete challenges within the land, construction and finance sectors, with special attention given to the industry-wide crippling force of corruption, which was uncovered during in-person interviews with South African developers, businessmen, educators and students. The author outlines potential solutions to mitigate corruption's impact through strengthened eradication efforts combined with economic approaches based on the concept of double marginalization.
by Marcella M. Barriére.
S.M.in Real Estate Development
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Kong, Meg C. "Racial disparities in antiretroviral therapy adherence and related outcomes in low-income populations with HIV/AIDS." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276213307.
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Anton, Eugene J. "Economic mobility behaviors due to earned income tax credit policy| A case study of a southern California population." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3603299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to understand earned income tax credit (EITC) policy influences on the development of economic mobility for individuals receiving EITC. Policymakers have declared that improving the economic mobility of low-wage workers a major objective of the EITC. This study addressed identifying factors that contribute to economic mobility, and testing the punctuated equilibrium theory to determine whether exogenous forces influence EITC policymakers' decisions.
Utilizing the survey data of 2,252 EITC respondents from the Legal Aid Society of Orange County, California, the study found that saving, education, race, and being banked were factors contributing to economic mobility. Age was not a factor contributing to economic mobility. Results from testing the punctuated equilibrium theory indicated that at the .05 level there was not a significant association between exogenous forces and EITC policymaking decisions.
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Richie, Kevin Anthony. "THE IMPACT OF A FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FARMERS' MARKET VOUCHER PRESCRIPTION PROGRAM ON A LOW-INCOME RURAL POPULATION." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/foodsci_etds/65.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: Measures the impact of the Farmers’ Market Voucher program on weight, body mass index, waist circumference, during the 2016 summer on a rural, low-income population residing in Appalachian Kentucky.
Background: Rural communities often have limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables (FV) which contributes to low levels of consumption. FV are calorie poor, nutrient dense and are inversely associated with inflammation markers, obesity, hypertension, and high blood glucose levels. Appalachian rural communities have a higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes, strokes, and death by heart attack when compared to the U.S. Farmers’ markets
Methods: Pre-experimental intervention design examining FV consumption and variety. T-test used measuring biochemical outcomes, pre and post, participation, and voucher amount.
Results: Medical clinic patients (n=308) and household members (n=89) participated in study. Patients had a decrease in blood glucose and waist circumference (p=0.0231, p=0.0014 respectively). Patients had greater blood glucose reductions when compared to household members (p < 0.001). Patients reported consuming more FV with greater variety.
Conclusion: The Farmers’ Market Voucher program successfully increased FV consumption and had a positive effect on blood glucose and waist circumference. Future studies should examine cooking methods of this population.
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Davis, Roberta Lee. "Short Nutritional Videos and Knowledge Change in a Population of Low-Income Individuals in a Community Outreach Setting." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313423270.
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Heise, Lori L. "Determinants of partner violence in low and middle-income countries : exploring variation in individual and population-level risk." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2012. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682451/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Lack of understanding of factors that contribute to an individual woman's risk of partner violence as well as factors that collectively account for the distribution of violence across settings, continues to compromise efforts to design effective prevention programs. Likewise, key methodological questions remain unanswered, most notably how best to conceptualize, capture, and measure partner violence for the purposes of research. This thesis attempts to bridge these gaps by analyzing the risk and protective factors of partner violence across a variety of low and middle-income settings, with an emphasis on Brazil and Peru. Methods: The analysis herein draws on data from the WHO Multi-Country Study of Domestic Violence and Women's Health, a population-based survey that interviewed over 24,000 reproductive age women, in 15 sites about their experiences of violence. The thesis examines the patterning of partner violence in Brazil and Peru and explores the relative utility of using Latent Class analysis (LCA) compared with traditional WHO case definitions, to identify and classify cases of partner violence. It then uses generalized estimating equations to develop an explanatory model of the factors that best predict an individual woman's risk of experiencing severe partner violence, as identified by LCA. Later chapters present two ecological analyses: one that identifies the cluster- level factors in Brazil and Peru that emerge as most predictive of cluster-level prevalences of domestic violence; and a second analysis that uses the full WHO data set, 18 Demographic and Health Surveys, and a variety of United Nations and independent data bases to test various theories on how macro-level factors work to influence a country's overall level of partner violence. Results: LCA categorizes cases of partner violence differently than the WHO case definition, although both tend to identify similar risk factors. The WHO approach, however, seriously underestimates the effect size for cases of serious violence. Without further research it remains unclear whether the categories identified through LCA represent fundamentally different "types" of partner violence as suggested by some research in high income countries, or merely differential groupings by serverity. At an individual level, partner-related factors emerge as the most predictive of a woman's lifetime risk of partner violence, including exposure to violence as a child, level of controlling behavior, frequency of drunkenness, history of fights with other men and having outside sexual partners. Marital conflict, having more than two children, living together versus being married, not completing secondary school, and poor communication between the couple are also strongly associated with partner violence in both Brazil and Peru. At a cluster level, the proportion of women completing secondary school, norms around male dominance, and the proportion of households in which a partner routinely comes home drunk are among the strongest variables predicting the cluster-level mean of partner violence. At a macro level, a range of variables related to women's status, gender inequality, social norms and overall level of socio-economic development predict a country's prevalence of partner violence. in multivariate analysis, norms related to the acceptability of wife beating and male control of female behavior, as well as women's access to formal wage employment appear the most strongly linked to the distribution of past year partner violence. A country's level of male drinking or male binge 2 drinking does not predict levels of abuse, illustrating that the factors that predict individual level risk can be different from those that predict population-level risk. Conclusion: The next generation of research should focus on longitudinal and mixed method studies to help clarify the temporal associations among variables and identify how and why certain factors emerge as markers for risk.
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Koga, Fernando Akira [UNESP]. "Parada cardíaca perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia: revisão sistemática com meta-análise proporcional e análise de metarregressão." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa (PROPe UNESP)
Introdução: A incidência de parada cardíaca (PC) pode ser utilizada como um indicador de qualidade para promover melhorias quanto à segurança do paciente no período perioperatório. Até o momento, não há na literatura mundial nenhuma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de PC relacionada à anestesia. Este estudo buscou analisar dados globais de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia de acordo com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e com a variável tempo. Além disso, comparou-se as incidências de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia dos países com baixo e elevado IDH em 2 períodos de tempo. Método: Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada por meio de plataformas eletrônicas de busca para identificar estudos em que pacientes submetidos à anestesia tenham apresentado PC perioperatória e/ou relacionada à anestesia. A meta-análise proporcional e análise de metarregressão foram realizadas utilizando um intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% para avaliar os dados globais de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia de acordo com o IDH e tempo, e para comparar suas incidências de acordo com o IDH (baixo versus elevado IDH) dos países e de acordo com período (pré 1990 versus período de 1990 - 2014), respectivamente. Resultados: Cinquenta e três estudos provenientes de 21 países, abrangendo 11,9 milhões de anestesias foram incluídos. A meta-análise proporcional demonstrada na proporção de n eventos para 10.000 anestesias apresentaram declínio na incidência de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia em países com elevado IDH (de 8,1 [IC 95%: 5,1-11,9] pré 1990 para 6,2 [IC 95%: 5,1-7,4] no período de 1990-2014, p<0,001, e 2,3 [IC 95%: 1,2-3,7] pré 1990 para 0,7 [IC 95%: 0,5-1,0] no período de 1990-2014, p<0,001; respectivamente). Os países com baixo IDH apresentaram aumento significativo na incidência de PC perioperatória (de 16,4 [IC 95%: 1,5-47,1] pré 1990 para 19,9 [IC 95%: 10,9-31,7] no período de 1990-2014, p=0,03) diferentemente da incidência de PC relacionada à anestesia, que não apresentou alteração significativa (9,2 [IC 95%: 2,0-21,7] pré 1990, para 4,5 [IC 95%: 2,4-7,2] no período de 1990-2014, p=0,14). A metarregressão demonstrou que as incidências de PC perioperatória (slope: -2,4071; IC 95%: -4,0482 a -0,7659; p=0,005) e relacionada à anestesia (slope: -3,5729; IC 95%: -6,6306 a -0,5152; p=0,024) decresceram com o aumento do IDH, mas não com o tempo. Conclusão: Existe uma redução clara e consistente na incidência de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia nos países com elevado IDH, mas um aumento na incidência de PC perioperatória sem alteração significativa na incidência de PC relacionada à anestesia nos países com baixo IDH comparando esses dois períodos de tempo. As incidências de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia reduziram com o aumento do IDH dos países, mas não ao longo do tempo.
Background: The anesthesia-related cardiac arrest (CA) rate is a quality indicator to improve patient safety in the perioperative period. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the worldwide literature related to anesthesiarelated CA rate has not yet been performed. This study aimed to analyze global data on perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates according to country’s Human Development Index (HDI) and by time. Additionally, we compared the perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates in low- and high-income countries in two time periods. Methods: A systematic review was performed using electronic databases to identify studies in which patients underwent anesthesia with perioperative and/or anesthesia-related CA rates. Proportional meta-analysis and metaregression were performed with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare the perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates by country’s HDI status (low-HDI versus high-HDI) and by time period (pre-1990s versus 1990s-2010s), and to evaluate global data on perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates according to country’s HDI and by time, respectively. Results: Fifty-three studies from 21 countries assessing 11.9 million anesthetic administrations were included. Meta-analysis showed per 10,000 anesthetics that perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates declined in high-HDI (8.1 [95% CI: 5.1-11.9] before the 1990s to 6.2 [95% CI: 5.1-7.4] in the 1990s-2010s, P<0.001, and 2.3 [95% CI: 1.2-3.7] before the 1990s to 0.7 [95% CI: 0.5- 1.0] in the 1990s-2010s, P<0.001; respectively). In low-HDI countries, perioperative CA rates increased significantly (16.4 [95% CI: 1.5-47.1] before the 1990s to 19.9 [95% CI: 10.9-31.7] in the 1990s-2010s, P=0.03) while anesthesia-related CA rates did not alter significantly (9.2 [95% CI: 2.0-21.7] before the 1990s to 4.5 [95% CI: 2.4-7.2] in the 1990s-2010s, P=0.14). Metaregression showed that perioperative (slope: -2.4071; 95% CI: -4.0482 to -0.7659; P=0.005) and anesthesia-related (slope: -3.5729; 95% CI: -6.6306 to -0.5152; P=0.024) CA rates decreased with increasing HDI, but not with time. Conclusions: There is a clear and consistent reduction in perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates in high-HDI countries, but an increase in perioperative CA rates without significant alteration in the anesthesia-related CA rates in low-HDI countries comparing the two time periods. Both perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates decrease with increasing HDI but not with time by meta-regression.
FAPESP: 2013/11006-7
PROPe: 0143/004/13
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Silveira, Florencia. "The Influence of Foreign-Born Population on Immigrants' Academic Achievement: A Multilevel Analysis of Students in High-Income Countries." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6796.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Scholars have linked multiple background characteristics to academic achievement; among these are student SES and race/ethnicity. A largely understudied student characteristic in relation to academic achievement is student immigrant status. I contextualize this relationship by considering a macro social setting: country-level foreign-born population. To do this, I examine mathematics achievement from the 2015 PISA assessment in 41 high-income countries. Using mixed-effects modeling, I examine student- and country-level factors and their effects on mathematics achievement. I use within- and cross-level interactions to examine the relationship between 1) immigrant status and student SES and between 2) immigrant status and foreign-born population. To examine the relationship between student immigrant status and student SES and between immigrant status and foreign-born-population, I use within- and cross-level interactions. My findings indicate that immigrant students perform similarly to native-born students when considering other contextual factors at the student-, school-, and country- levels. Furthermore, SES moderates the effect of immigrant status, with second-generation immigrants exhibiting a smaller achievement gain with increased SES. Additionally, everyone – immigrants and non-immigrants alike – benefits from higher foreign-born population rates, suggesting that immigration is advantageous for all students.
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CORREA, ALESSANDRA BAIOCCHI ANTUNES. "THE EXCLUSION OF THE LOW INCOME POPULATION FROM THE MARKET EXCHANGE SYSTEMS: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS FROM A MARKETING PERSPECTIVE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17977@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEsta dissertação estuda, sob a perspectiva do marketing, a exclusão da população de baixa renda dos sistemas de trocas comerciais ao longo da história. Usando os três padrões de integração de Polanyi - reciprocidade, redistribuição e troca de mercado - investiga de que forma o pobre se relaciona com a sociedade e como interage no sistema econômico. A análise se concentra na Grécia Clássica, Roma Antiga, Paris Medieval e regiões da Europa Ocidental no início da Idade Moderna. Os resultados sugerem que os pobres sempre estiveram à margem das atividades de marketing, excluídos dos processos de troca, sem possibilidade de manifestar suas necessidades e desejos conforme propõe a teoria do comportamento do consumidor. Sugere também que o marketing, por ter a capacidade de fazer o vínculo entre a micro e macro análise, pode contribuir para o entendimento da exclusão da população de baixa renda dos sistemas de trocas comerciais, tanto em problemas revelados na história quanto em situações contemporâneas. Portanto, o marketing, quando lida com o comportamento do consumidor, produz conceitos e análises que ajudam a olhar o pobre como indivíduo, da mesma forma como considera o consumidor no mundo atual.
Starting from the premise that poverty has always existed and has never been resolved; this dissertation examines, from a marketing perspective, the exclusion of the low-income population from trading systems over the course of history. This paper investigates how the poor lived and interacted with social/political/economic systems, using the exchange patterns of Karl Polanyi: reciprocity, redistribution and market exchange. The following regions and periods are drawn on as examples: Classical Greece, between the fifth and fourth centuries before Christ; ancient Rome, during the first four centuries after Christ; medieval Paris in the thirteenth century; parts of Western Europe in the early modern age, between 1320 and 1420. Initially, the study advances two postulates. First, that by placing marketing in a historical perspective of poverty, an understanding is achieved that until now was considered unlikely or superfluous. Thus, the importance is stressed, not of rewriting history, but of venturing a look at the low-income consumer from the perspective of marketing. This means, specifically, repositioning the poor as the central unit of analysis, following standard practice in the discipline of marketing. Second, it assumes that by giving the poor a voice to manifest themselves as consumers, an imported door is opened to marketing becoming present in studies of poverty. The contemporary, so-called subjective approach, proposes just that and is allied to the multidimensional view of poverty that transcends income in order to identify poverty and exclusion.
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Saldanha, Carlos Sergio Valdez. "Os consumidores das camadas de baixa renda e o valor percebido do seu consumo : uma abordagem qualitativa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78678.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever o valor percebido dos consumidores das camadas de baixa renda, moradores de bairros notadamente pobres de Porto Alegre, sobre o seu consumo de alimentos e produtos de limpeza, adquiridos preferencialmente em estabelecimentos comerciais (pequenos mercados) de bairros. Ao partir da premissa de que os consumidores das camadas de baixa renda pagam mais por seus alimentos e produtos de limpeza, se buscou investigar seus hábitos de consumo, procurando entender as motivações que norteiam seu consumo, aspectos cujo entendimento nos leva também a compreender o valor percebido que estes consumidores atribuem ao seu universo de consumo. Para tanto, o trabalho foi apoiado num referencial teórico essencialmente da área de marketing, transitando por aspectos essenciais da disciplina, como preço, comportamento de consumo, níveis de envolvimento e percepção de valor (noção de justiça X noção de injustiça). A opção pela abordagem qualitativa deve-se ao fato de que o objeto de estudo não demanda um resultado que possa ser expresso em números, mas a descrição e o melhor entendimento de um fenômeno social. Recentemente, Deighton; MacInnis; McGill & Shiv (2010) destacaram as pesquisas conceituais como ricas em ideias, na maior parte das vezes inovadoras, interessantes, fundamentadas teoricamente e capazes de estimular outras pesquisas, além de proporcionarem novas maneiras de se pensar o comportamento do consumidor. A utilização de uma etapa de observação ao trabalho proporcionou uma vivência fundamental do universo de estudo e sedimentou o terreno para a elaboração e execução das entrevistas em profundidade, instrumento este que propiciou uma riqueza significativa de informações na sua coleta. Por fim, a análise de conteúdo, apoiada nos trabalhos de Bardin (1979) e Minayo (2012), trouxe à tona resultados que demonstram um valor percebido de seu consumo altamente positivo pelas camadas de baixa renda da população, afastando a ideia de injustiça pelos preços mais altos que pagam e colocando os estabelecimentos comerciais (pequenos mercados) de bairros de baixa renda no centro de um processo de sociabilização das comunidades, aonde as pessoas encontram confiança, ética e, em especial, um universo de consumo com o qual tem afinidade cultural, colocando o valor percebido em um patamar muito distante dos modelos tradicionais de preço, qualidade e conveniência.This monograph aims to describe the perceived value of low-income consumers, residents of poor neighborhoods in Porto Alegre, on their consumption of food and cleaning products, preferably acquired in neighborhood’s shops (small markets). Based on the premise that consumers of low income populations pay more for their food and cleaning products, seek to investigate their consumption habits, trying to understand the motivations that guide their consumption, aspects whose understanding leads us also to understand the perceived value these consumers attach to their universe of consumption. Therefore, the work was supported by a theoretical framework mainly in the area of marketing, moving through the essential aspects of the discipline, such as price, to consumer behavior, levels of involvement and perceived value (notion of justice X notion of injustice). The choice of a qualitative approach is due to the fact that the object of study does not require a result that can be expressed in numbers, but an understanding, as it is a description of a social phenomenon at its best. Recently, Deighton; MacInnis; Shiv & McGill (2010) highlighted the research conceptual as rich in ideas, in most cases innovative, interesting, theoretically grounded and able to stimulate further research, in addition to providing new ways of thinking about the behavior of consumer. Using an observation phase the work experience provided a fundamental study of the universe and cemented the ground for the development and implementation of in-depth interviews, this instrument that provided a significant wealth of information in its collection. Finally, content analysis, supported by the work of Bardin (1979) and Minayo (2012), brought up results that demonstrate a perceived value of their consumption highly positive by layers of low-income population, pushing the idea of injustice by higher prices they pay and putting commercial establishments (small markets) of low-income neighborhoods in the center of a process of socialization of communities, where people are trusted, ethical and, in particular, a universe with which the consumer has an cultural affinity, placing the perceived value at a level far away from the traditional models of price, quality and convenience.
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Randhawa, Kirat. "Illness and healthcare experiences of recent low-income international migrants in a UK city." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51574/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Multiple factors account for inequality in health outcomes and in access to healthcare in the UK, including ethnicity and length of residence in the country. This thesis explores the subjective experiences of a group of recent low-income international migrants who live in Brighton and Hove and have used local health services to seek care for a range of illnesses and conditions. The project was formulated in collaboration with Brighton and Hove City Council and the then NHS Brighton and Hove (now Brighton and Hove Clinical Commissioning Group), using local professional knowledge and experience to recruit participants and collect narratives from a ‘hard to reach' social group. The theoretical background of this thesis draws on ‘lived' experience in the context of illness. Analysis of qualitative interviews, using narrative typologies derived from the work of Frank (1991), revealed both the commonalities across and the specificities of illness experiences, and highlighted a multi-factorial web of bio-psychosocial and economic factors at play. The interviews overwhelmingly fitted with a chronic, ‘chaos' typology, in which diagnoses were commonly contested. The particularities of recent migrant status impacted upon participants' illness experiences and healthcare use. Migrants made comparisons with health systems in their countries of origin and managed healthcare through social networks. The findings from the data analysis around patient experience showed that the overall experience was negative, characterised by disappointment, with communication and access problems as recurrent themes. These outcomes may be explained by both direct and indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination and stigma were perceived by many participants in the attitudes and practices of staff, which some participants linked to their own ethnicity, immigration status and faith. From this study it is possible to hypothesise that healthcare practices and policy may give rise to some of the perceptions of discrimination.
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Jackson, Tanjanesia. "The Impacts of Exclusionary Zoning Practices and Gentrification on Low-Income and Minority Populations in America's Inner Cities." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2004. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/89.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis will examine the effects of residential segregation, exclusionary zoning, and gentrification on low-income minorities in inner cities. The research will show the relationship between housing inequalities and institutional classism and racism. In addition, the research will examine the use of public policies and regulations that maintain the existing isolation and concentration of minorities and low-income families through disinvestment.
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Sanusi, Olufolake Modinat. "The impact of the tax reform act of 1986 on the black population with particular reference to the individual income tax." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The primary intent of this degree paper is to discuss some of the probable impact of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on Blacks. An attempt has been made to show the economic status of the Black population and to explain the probable impact of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on it.
The old tax system had several shortcomings which prompted the need for tax reform. Among the several reasons for a new tax system were lack of efficiency and equity in the old system. Black politicians advocated more support for the equity side due to the disproportional distribution of the Black population, the distribution of income (majority of Black incomes are found in the lower income brackets and only about 20 percent of their income comes from property while majority of it comes from employment). Also, proportionally, more Black female head of households are found in that category (head of household) than White females. These circumstances would put the Black population in a position to bear more of the tax burden proportionally, than the White population.
The major findings of the study were that (1) the restructuring of the tax rates could lower the progressivity of the tax system (this could probably have a disproportional adverse impact on the Black population), and (2) that the increase in the standard deduction and personal exemptions would probably compensate for this adverse impact on Blacks and other minority groups.
It was concluded that the impact of the overall tax system on the tax burdens of the Black population, depends on the extent to which the system stresses progressive versus regressive taxes. There is still room for improvement and reform, and that through more research, income tax reforms can be made better.
The main sources of information for this paper include The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Consumer Reports, National Tax Journal, publications from the Bureau of the Census, and the Internal Revenue Service. Also, a wide variety of primary and secondary information was used.
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Chunga, R. "The drivers of demand for ecological sanitation & barriers affecting its adoption in low-income and high population density urban areas." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2572613/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines sanitation technology choices of property owners, their attitude towards ecological sanitation (alternative sanitation technology) and local adaptation strategies they adopt where there is concern about space for replacing pit latrines. Data were collected from two cities in Malawi through mixed methods research which targeted 1,300 property owners from 27 low-income and high population density urban settlements. The results showed that nearly 100% of the property owners liked the concept of ecological sanitation because it offers users technologies that are designed to be emptied and reused (permanent facilities), less likely to collapse, safer for children to use and less smelly. However, only 13% had intention to adopt ecological sanitation but when microfinance for sanitation was offered, the proportion of property owners that had intention to adopt ecological sanitation increased to 32%. Ecological sanitation was perceived as unaffordable and potentially unworkable as a shared sanitation solution due to its small chamber size and the inconvenience of emptying its vaults and handling human excreta. Where there is concern about space for replacing pit latrines, property owners prefer to adapt by changing the way they build, operate and maintain pit latrines to adoption of ecological sanitation. Adaptation strategies property owners adopt are easier and cheaper to implement and are compatible with the way property owners and their tenants have traditionally been building, operating and maintaining sanitation facilities. The results suggest that as cities rapidly urbanise, property owners will prefer to address the limitations of pit latrines by improving the build quality of the pit latrines and changing the way they operate and maintain them to adoption of alternative sanitation technologies. To reach scale, alternative sanitation technologies should be affordable, easy to use, compatible with users from multiple households and compatible with the needs and practices of the target audience. However, without microfinance for sanitation, the promotion of alternative sanitation technologies will not significantly increase the proportion of urban residents gaining access to sustainable sanitation.
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Phillips, Lora A. "Places on the Margin: Economic Insecurity and Recovery across County Populations." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1568918559566362.
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Delnord, Marie. "Understanding geographic and temporal variations in preterm birth rates and trends : an international study in 34 high-income countries." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB059/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La prématurité, définie par une naissance avant 37 semaines d’aménorrhées (SA), est une cause majeur de mortalité et de morbidité infantile. Comparés aux enfants nés à terme, les prématurés font face à des risques importants de troubles moteurs et cognitifs durant l'enfance, ainsi que de maladies chroniques et décès prématurés à l’âge adulte. La prématurité constitue un enjeu important de santé publique et en Europe, les taux varient entre 5 et 10%. Notre objectif pour cette thèse était de mieux comprendre les sources d’hétérogénéité des taux à l’échelle des pays. Dans un premier temps, nous avons effectué une revue exhaustive de la littérature qui montre que les caractéristiques maternelles, les pratiques médicales, et les méthodes d'estimation de l'âge gestationnel ont un impact sur les taux de prématurité. Cependant, ces facteurs n'expliquent pas l’ampleur des différences observées entre les pays. Puis, en utilisant des données sur les femmes enceintes, les nouveau-nés et les mort-nés dans 34 pays à revenus élevés de 1996 à 2010, nous avons établi que: 1) les différences d'enregistrement des naissances dans les pays à revenus élevés ont un impact limité sur les taux, sauf pour les naissances à 22-23 SA, 2) les tendances de PTB dans les pays sont associées à des variations plus importantes dans la distribution des âges gestationnels 3) et enfin, en utilisant les données d'un échantillon représentatif des naissances en France en 2010, qu’il existe des facteurs de risques maternels prénatals et socio-démographiques communs aux naissances avant terme (<37SA) et proche du terme à 37-38 SA. Viser à réduire les facteurs de risques de la naissance proche du terme et de la prématurité dans une approche conjointe pourrait apporter un nouvel élan à la prévention de la prématurité. Comparés aux enfants prématurés, les enfants nés proche du terme sont individuellement moins à risque, mais à l’échelle des pays ces enfants représentent environ une naissance sur quatre et ils contribuent de manière importante au fardeau de morbi-mortalité néonatale et infantile. Au niveau national, élargir les efforts de prévention de la prématurité à cette nouvelle population-cible pourrait avoir un plus grand impact sur la santé publiquePreterm birth (PTB), defined as birth before 37 weeks, is a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity. Compared to term infants, preterm infants face important risks of motor and cognitive impairments throughout childhood, as well as chronic diseases and premature death later in life. PTB represents a significant public health burden and in Europe, rates range between 5 and 10%. Such wide differences suggest that reductions may be possible, but there are few effective interventions, and these tend to target selected groups of high-risk pregnancies, based on clinical risk factors. Our aim for this thesis was to better appraise sources of population-level PTB rate variations and trends. First, we conducted an exhaustive review of the literature and found that maternal characteristics, reproductive policies, medical practices and methods of gestational age (GA) estimation affected PTB rates, but could not explain observed differences across countries. Next, using population-based data on pregnant women, newborns and stillbirths in 34 high-income countries from 1996 to 2010, we showed that: 1) reporting criteria for births and deaths affected PTB rates at early gestations and PTB rankings, but differences between countries with high and low rates are not just due to artefact 2) PTB trends were associated with broader shifts in countries’ gestational age GA distribution of births, and 3) using data from a representative sample of births in France in 2010, that there were shared maternal prenatal and socio-demographic risk factors for deliveries that did not reach full term, at 39 weeks GA. Our work confirms that recording differences in high-income countries have a limited impact on PTB rate variations. However, a broader focus on earlier delivery, including early term birth at 37-38 weeks, could shed light on the determinants of low PTB rates and provide a useful public health prevention paradigm
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Korpi, Martin. "Migration, wage inequality, and the urban hierarchy : empirical studies in international and domestic population movements, wage dispersion and income: Sweden, 1993-2003." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1482.
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Ramos, Bonilla Gabriela. "No one is old here! Uses and interpretations of services provided by a Senior Activity Center in a low-income urban district of Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/78647.
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El artículo analiza la forma en que son usados e interpretados los servicios del programa Centros del Adulto Mayor (CAM) del Seguro Social en Salud por los usuarios y profesionales que lo ejecutan en un distrito popular del sur de Lima. Sobre la base de investigación etnográfica, se muestra la forma en que una política construye una “forma de vejez ideal” que es promovida a través de los servicios que ofrece. Lo planteado por el programa no es asumido de manera pasiva por los profesionales que lo implementan a nivel local. Ellos reinterpretan sus lineamientos en función de sus sentidos comunes y experiencias lo cual genera grandes contradicciones así como una reproducción parcial de prejuicios relacionados a la vejez. Por otro lado, los usuarios utilizan el programa como mecanismo para afrontar crisis experimentadas en esta etapa de sus vidas, así como para oponerse al discurso hegemónico que los destina a vivir su vejez que no los satisface. El CAM les ofrece estas oportunidades pero no pueden ser aprovechadas uniformemente ya que no todos los miembros cuentan con los recursos o capacidades para hacerlo, así como también genera malestar al aislarlos conceptual y espacialmente denominándolos “adultos mayores”.The article analyzes the uses and interpretations of the services of a Senior Activity Center program (Centros del Adulto Mayor - CAM) by its users and the professionals who direct it in a low-income urban district of Lima, Peru. Based on ethnographic research, and revealed the way a public policy builds an «ideal old age» which is promoted by their services. This is not passively assumed by the professionals who implement the program locally. They reinterpret their guidelines based on their common sense and experience which generates contradictions and a partial reproduction of prejudices related to old age. On the other hand, users use the program as a mechanism to deal with moments of crisis that were experienced at this stage of their lives. Also to oppose the hegemonic discourse of old age that doesn’t satisfy them. The CAM offers these opportunities but they don’t benefit all members uniformly because they don’t have the same resources or capacity. The program also creates discomfort between these elders because it isolates them conceptually and spatially when it calls them «seniors».
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Virk, Amrit Kaur. "Expanding health care services for poor populations in developing countries : exploring India's RSBY national health insurance programme for low-income groups." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3e65305c-ba60-408a-8c0a-8957767f6596.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Health is deemed central to a nation’s development. Accordingly, health care reform and expansion are key policy priorities in developing countries. Many such nations are now testing various methods of funding and delivering health care to local disadvantaged populations. Similarly, India launched the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) national health insurance programme for low-income groups in 2008. The RSBY intends preventing catastrophic health-related expenditure by improving recipients’ access to hospital-based care. This thesis is an in-depth qualitative evaluation of the RSBY in Delhi state. It examines the RSBY’s effectiveness in fulfilling its goals and meeting local health care needs. Walt and Gilson’s (1994) actors-content-process-context model informs the research design and an actor-centred “responsive” (Stake 1975) or “constructivist” approach guides data analysis. Three research questions are examined: (i). Why was a health insurance programme launched and why now? Why was this model favoured over alternate methods of service expansion? (ii). Is the RSBY delivered as intended? If not, why? (iii) How does the RSBY affect patients’ access to services? The findings are based on documentary sources, observation of implementation sites and activities and 164 semi-structured interviews with RSBY policymakers, insurers, NGOs, doctors, and patients. The results show improved access to curative and surgical care for RSBY patients. However, RSBY’s focus on hospitalisation and omission of primary and outpatient services had undesired negative effects. The lack of ambulatory facilities led RSBY patients to self-medicate or use dubious quality informal providers. By only allowing inpatient care, the RSBY also seemingly encouraged the substitution of outpatient care with costlier hospitalisations. In effect, the RSBY’s design contributed to cost increases and poor patient outcomes. While more funds and human resources were needed to improve RSBY implementation, the performance of frontline agencies could potentially improve through more stable, longer-term contracts. Similarly, modifying RSBY’s monetary incentives for doctors may lead to better service delivery by them. By evaluating the RSBY’s strong points and shortcomings, this thesis provides key lessons on strengthening policy design and health service delivery in developing countries. Thereby, it makes a broader contribution to understanding the determinants of successful policymaking.
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Gamburzew, Axel. "La méthode du marketing social appliquée à une intervention nutritionnelle en magasin." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA005/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les populations défavorisées sont souvent peu réceptives aux messages de santé publiques, perçus comme trop complexes et peu adaptés. De nombreuses interventions nutritionnelles ont été menées, y compris en magasin, mais l’impact de ces interventions sur les comportements d’achats reste peu convaincant. L’utilisation des principes et des techniques issus du marketing pourrait constituer une stratégie efficace pour développer des interventions adaptées à ces populations.L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer, mettre en oeuvre et évaluer une intervention nutritionnelle dans deux magasins dans les quartiers Nord de Marseille, selon la méthode du marketing social. Pendant 6 mois, une sélection d’aliments peu coûteux et de bonne qualité nutritionnelle ont été mis en avant via un étiquetage en rayon, soutenu par une campagne de communication et des actions promotionnelles en magasin : dépliants, affiches, tête de gondole, stand de dégustation. L’analyse des achats des clients a montré un effet positif de l’intervention sur l’achat de féculents et de fruits et légumes. Un questionnaire rapide à la sortie des magasins a montré que 31 % des clients ont remarqué l’opération, et que ce pourcentage était plus élevé à la fin de l’intervention. Un questionnaire plus approfondi a montré que les clients ayant remarqué l’intervention obtenaient des scores plus élevés à un quiz sur la nutrition et comprenaient mieux le système d’étiquetage que les clients ne l’ayant pas vue.Bien que ces résultats soient plutôt encourageants, un certain nombre de questions demeurent, en particulier sur la temporalité du changement de comportement, l’importance de la segmentation de la cible et la prise en compte des comportements irrationnels et inconscients dans le marketing socialLow-income populations are often unreceptive to public health messages that may be perceived as too complex and poorly adapted. Many nutrition interventions have been conducted, including store-based interventions, but their impact on purchase behaviors is not convincing. The use of marketing principles and techniques could be an effective strategy for developing interventions adapted to these populations.The objective of this PhD was to develop, implement and evaluate a nutrition intervention in two stores in the northern districts of Marseille (France), using a social marketing approach. For six months, a selection of inexpensive foods of good nutritional quality was promoted through shelf labeling, supported by a communication campaign and in-store promotional actions: leaflets, posters, endcap placement, tasting booth. Analysis of customer purchases showed a positive effect of the intervention on the purchases of starchy foods and fruits and vegetables. An exit survey revealed that 31% of customers had seen the intervention, and that this rate was higher at the end of the intervention. A more in-depth survey showed that customers who saw the intervention scored higher on a quiz about nutrition and had better understanding of the labeling system than did customers who had not seen the intervention.Although these results are rather encouraging, questions remain, in particular about the temporality of behavioral change, the importance of target segmentation and the consideration of irrational and unconscious behavior in social marketing