Статті в журналах: "Polysulfide adsorption"

1

Xu, Jing, Dawei Su, Wenxue Zhang, Weizhai Bao, and Guoxiu Wang. "A nitrogen–sulfur co-doped porous graphene matrix as a sulfur immobilizer for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 44 (2016): 17381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta05878g.

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The combination of the physical adsorption of lithium polysulfides onto porous graphene and the chemical binding of polysulfides to N and S sites promotes reversible Li₂S/polysulfide/S conversion, realizing high performance Li–S batteries with long cycle life and high-energy density.

2

Klorman, Jake A., Qing Guo, and Kah Chun Lau. "First-Principles Study of Amorphous Al2O3 ALD Coating in Li-S Battery Electrode Design." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010390.

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The Li-S battery is exceptionally appealing as an alternative candidate beyond Li-ion battery technology due to its promising high specific energy capacity. However, several obstacles (e.g., polysulfides’ dissolution, shuttle effect, high volume expansion of cathode, etc.) remain and thus hinder the commercialization of the Li-S battery. To overcome these challenges, a fundamental study based on atomistic simulation could be very useful. In this work, a comprehensive investigation of the adsorption of electrolyte (solvent and salt) molecules, lithium sulfide, and polysulfide (Li2Sx with 2 ≤x≤ 8) molecules on the amorphous Al2O3 atomic layer deposition (ALD) surface was performed using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT results indicate that the amorphous Al2O3 ALD surface is selective in chemical adsorption towards lithium sulfide and polysulfide molecules compared to electrolytes. Based on this work, it suggests that the Al2O3 ALD is a promising coating material for Li-S battery electrodes to mitigate the shuttling problem of soluble polysulfides.

3

Azam, Sakibul, and Ruigang Wang. "Novel Adsorption-Catalysis Design of CuO Impregnated CeO₂ Nanorods As Cathode Modifier for Lithium-Sulfur Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022133mtgabs.

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Lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) are a promising candidate to be used in modern commodities like electric vehicles, grid energy storage, electric aviation, and many others because of the exceptionally high theoretical capacity of sulfur (1675 mAh g-1), almost 5 times higher than the conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, the problem of polysulfide shuttling effect originating from the dissolved lithium polysulfides in the electrolyte results in poor cycling stability, hindering the commercialization of LSB. Significant advancement has been made over the years due to a great deal of research on novel materials development and structural design for lithium polysulfide (Li2Sn: 4≤ n ≤8) adsorption synergy to counter the polysulfide shuttling effect 1. However, rather than focusing only on the adsorption synergy (Physical confinement and chemical binding), novel catalysts that can accelerate the polysulfide conversion reaction kinetics are needed to design the next generation LSB. Previously, our group investigated shape-controlled cerium oxide (CeO2) to accelerate the polysulfide conversion reactions by generating the intermediate steps of thiosulfate and polythionate 2, 3. Copper oxide (CuO), being a p-type semiconducting material, is another promising material that can activate thiosulfate formation as its redox potential is 2.53 V vs Li/Li+, which lies in the potential window of 2.4 V < E° ≤ 3.05 V that selectively triggers the formation of thiosulfate. Herein, we investigated 10 wt% of CuO impregnated on the CeO2 nanorods (10 wt%CuO/CeO2) as a cathode host for LSB. The CuO impregnation on the surface of CeO2 nanorods attributed strong interaction between the surface defect rich CeO2 nanorods and the copper oxides (CuOx: Cu2O and CuO) promoting excellent electrocatalytic activity. The 10 wt%CuO/CeO2 sample provides adsorption-catalysis dual synergy to chemically bind and further catalyze the polysulfide conversion by polythionate and thiosulfate generation. As a result, the derived LSB exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with high capacity of 1141 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C with a sulfur loading of 1.33 mg cm-2 and a capacity loss of only 0.04% per cycle after 60 cycles. Key words: lithium sulfur batteries, lithium polysulfides, shuttle effect, cerium oxide, catalysis. Xiong, D. G.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, X. Y.; Huang, Y.; Yu, J.; Cai, J. X.; Yang, Z. Y., Boosting the polysulfide confinement in B/N–codoped hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets via Lewis acid–base interaction for stable Li–S batteries. Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020, 51, 90-100. Azam, S.; Wei, Z.; Wang, R., Cerium oxide nanorods anchored on carbon nanofibers derived from cellulose paper as effective interlayer for lithium sulfur battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022, 615, 417-431. Wei, Z.; Li, J.; Wang, R., Surface engineered polar CeO2-based cathode host materials for immobilizing lithium polysulfides in High-performance Li-S batteries. Applied Surface Science 2022, 580.

4

Yuan, Meng, Haodong Shi, Cong Dong, Shuanghao Zheng, Kai Wang, Shaoxu Wang, and Zhong-Shuai Wu. "2D Cu₂₋ _x Se@graphene multifunctional interlayer boosting polysulfide rapid conversion and uniform Li₂S nucleation for high performance Li–S batteries." 2D Materials 9, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 025028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ac5ec6.

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Abstract Some vital challenges are main obstacles for further development of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries such as low capacity and poor cycle stability resulted from polysulfide shuttling behavior, the physical/chemical entrapment is regarded as an effective method to inhibit and catalyze polysulfides. Herein we design a cross-linked framework of reduced graphene oxide anchored with Cu2−x Se nanoparticles (Cu2−x Se@rGO) by building an electrolyte/Cu2−x Se/graphene triple-phase interface to be a high-efficiency electrocatalyst for Li–S batteries. Importantly, this three-dimensional conductive network possesses a large specific surface area with high ion transport capability, meanwhile providing strong physical constraint for efficient adsorption of soluble polysulfides. Further, this triple-phase catalytic interface provides strong chemical adsorption and abundant Cu2−x Se nanoparticle sulfiphilic active sites, effectively inhibiting the dissolution of polysulfides and guaranteeing the efficient polysulfide adsorption catalysis as well as rapidly uniform Li2S nucleation. Consequently, with the Cu2−x Se@rGO separator, a lower capacity decay rate about 0.059% per cycle after 500 cycles at 2 C is obtained. What’s more, with a higher areal sulfur loading of 3.0 mg cm−2, the capacity is still maintained at 805 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles. Therefore, this work will open new avenue to construct 2D transition metal selenide for superior performance Li–S batteries.

5

Zhao, Wenyang, Li-Chun Xu, Yuhong Guo, Zhi Yang, Ruiping Liu, and Xiuyan Li. "TiS₂-graphene heterostructures enabling polysulfide anchoring and fast electrocatalyst for lithium-sulfur batteries: A first-principles calculation." Chinese Physics B 31, no. 4 (March 1, 2022): 047101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac3227.

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Lithium-sulfur batteries have attracted attention because of their high energy density. However, the “shuttle effect” caused by the dissolving of polysulfide in the electrolyte has greatly hindered the widespread commercial use of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this paper, a novel two-dimensional TiS2/graphene heterostructure is theoretically designed as the anchoring material for lithium-sulfur batteries to suppress the shuttle effect. This heterostructure formed by the stacking of graphene and TiS2 monolayer is the van der Waals type, which retains the intrinsic metallic electronic structure of graphene and TiS2 monolayer. Graphene improves the electronic conductivity of the sulfur cathode, and the transferred electrons from graphene enhance the polarity of the TiS2 monolayer. Simulations of the polysulfide adsorption show that the TiS2/graphene heterostructure can maintain good metallic properties and the appropriate adsorption energies of 0.98–3.72 eV, which can effectively anchor polysulfides. Charge transfer analysis suggests that further enhancement of polarity is beneficial to reduce the high proportion of van der Waals (vdW) force in the adsorption energy, thereby further enhancing the anchoring ability. Low Li2S decomposition barrier and Li-ion migration barrier imply that the heterostructure has the ability to catalyze fast electrochemical kinetic processes. Therefore, TiS2/graphene heterostructure could be an important candidate for ideal anchoring materials of lithium-sulfur batteries.

6

Yan, Nannan, Xuan Zhuang, Hua Zhang, and Han Lu. "A Novel Approach of Sea Urchin-like Fe-Doped Co3O4 Microspheres for Li-S Battery Enables High Energy Density and Long-Lasting." Nanomaterials 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2023): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13101612.

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The poor cycle stability caused by the shuttle effect of polysulfides which have been key scientific issue in the development of high-efficiency lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In this work, the authors report a Fe-doped Co3O4 (named FCO) that was used as a sulfur-loaded host material for Li–S batteries. We demonstrate the important roles of well-designed Co3O4 particles and Fe atoms in regulating polysulfide conversion due to the strong adsorption of polysulfides by polar Co3O4, whereas Fe atoms and Co3O4 catalyze polysulfide conversion. Therefore, the LiS batteries with FCO-180 (When the hydrothermal temperature is 180 °C) sea urchinlike composites exhibited a high superior energy density (992.7 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, after 100 cycles) and long-term cyclability (649.4 mAh g−1 at 1 C, 300 cycles) with high sulfur loading (75 wt%). This work confirms that the FCO-180 sea urchinlike increases not only the capacity of high-rate but also a generic and feasible strategy to construct practical Li–S batteries for emerging energy-storage applications.

7

Cao, Jianghui, Sensen Xue, Jian Zhang, Xuefeng Ren, Liguo Gao, Tingli Ma, and Anmin Liu. "Enhancing Lithium-Sulfur Battery Performance by MXene, Graphene, and Ionic Liquids: A DFT Investigation." Molecules 29, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010002.

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The efficacy of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries crucially hinges on the sulfur immobilization process, representing a pivotal avenue for bolstering their operational efficiency and durability. This dissertation primarily tackles the formidable challenge posed by the high solubility of polysulfides in electrolyte solutions. Quantum chemical computations were leveraged to scrutinize the interactions of MXene materials, graphene (Gr) oxide, and ionic liquids with polysulfides, yielding pivotal binding energy metrics. Comparative assessments were conducted with the objective of pinpointing MXene materials, with a specific focus on d-Ti3C2 materials, evincing augmented binding energies with polysulfides and ionic liquids demonstrating diminished binding energies. Moreover, a diverse array of Gr oxide materials was evaluated for their adsorption capabilities. Scrutiny of the computational outcomes unveiled an augmentation in the solubility of selectively screened d-Ti3C2 MXene and ionic liquids—vis à vis one or more of the five polysulfides. Therefore, the analysis encompasses an in-depth comparative assessment of the stability of polysulfide adsorption by d-Ti3C2 MXene materials, Gr oxide materials, and ionic liquids across diverse ranges.

8

Liu, Fan, Yani Guan, Xiaohang Du, Guihua Liu, Daolai Sun, and Jingde Li. "A conductive and ordered macroporous structure design of titanium oxide-based catalytic cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries." Nanotechnology 33, no. 12 (December 24, 2021): 125704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac3f15.

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Abstract The application of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is hindered by the insulating characteristic of sulfur and slow reaction kinetics of lithium polysulfides. Here, we propose a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) structured conductive polar Ta-doped TiO2 framework with supported Co active site (CoTa@TiO2) to enhance the conversion kinetics of polysulfides. The 3DOM structure serves as an efficient sulfur host for the active sulfur through abundant pores and adsorption site. At the same time, the macropores can buffer the volume expansion of sulfur and enlarged mass transfer. The strong electrostatic attraction between Ti–O bond and polysulfide also promotes the adsorption of polysulfides. Moreover, the doped-Ta improves the conductivity of TiO2 by narrowing the band gap, whereas the supported Co can accelerate the catalytic transformation. Benefited from advanced structural design and synergistic effect of Co and Ta doped TiO2, the Li–S cell with 3DOM CoTa@TiO2 cathode exhibits an impressive areal capacity of 3.4 mAh cm−2 under a high sulfur loading of 5.1 mg cm−2. This work provides an alternative strategy for the development of carbon-based cathode materials for Li–S batteries.

9

Guo, Xiaotong, Xu Bi, Junfeng Zhao, Xinxiang Yu, and Han Dai. "Tunnel Structure Enhanced Polysulfide Conversion for Inhibiting “Shuttle Effect” in Lithium-Sulfur Battery." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 2752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162752.

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The Lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery has a great potential to replace lithium-ion batteries due to its high-energy density. However, the “shuttle effect” of polysulfide intermediates (Li2S8, Li2S6, Li2S4, etc.) from the cathode can lead to rapid capacity decay and low coulombic efficiency, thus limiting its further development. Anchoring polysulfide and inhibiting polysulfide migration in electrolytes is one of the focuses in Li-S battery. It is well known that polar metal oxides-manganese oxides (MnO2) are normally used as an effective inhibitor for its polysulfide inhibiting properties. Considering the natural 1D tunnel structure, MnO2 with three kinds of typical tunnel-type were screened to study the effects of the tunnel size on the adsorption capacity of polysulfide. We found that MnO2 with larger tunnel sizes has stronger chemisorption capacity of polysulfide. It promotes the conversion of polysulfide, and corresponding cathode exhibits better cycle reliability and rate performance in the cell comparison tests. This work should point out a new strategy for the cathode design of advanced Li-S battery by controlling the tunnel size.

10

Haridas, Anupriya K., and Chun Huang. "Advances in Strategic Inhibition of Polysulfide Shuttle in Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries via Electrode and Interface Engineering." Batteries 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2023): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040223.

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Room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries (RT-NaSBs) with high theoretical energy density and low cost are ideal candidates for next-generation stationary and large-scale energy storage. However, the dissolution of sodium polysulfide (NaPS) intermediates and their migration to the anode side give rise to the shuttle phenomenon that impedes the reaction kinetics leading to rapid capacity decay, poor coulombic efficiency, and severe loss of active material. Inhibiting the generation of long-chain NaPS or facilitating their adsorption via physical and chemical polysulfide trapping mechanisms is vital to enhancing the electrochemical performance of RT-NaSBs. This review provides a brief account of the polysulfide inhibition strategies employed in RT-NaSBs via physical and chemical adsorption processes via the electrode and interfacial engineering. Specifically, the sulfur immobilization and polysulfide trapping achieved by electrode engineering strategies and the interfacial engineering of the separator, functional interlayer, and electrolytes are discussed in detail in light of recent advances in RT-NaSBs. Additionally, the benefits of engineering the highly reactive Na anode interface in improving the stability of RT-NaSBs are also elucidated. Lastly, the future perspectives on designing high-performance RT-NaSBs for practical applications are briefly outlined.

11

Li, Deng, Huinan Pan, Zhonghai Lin, Xiulian Qiu, Xinyu Zhao, Wei Yang, Wenzhi Zheng, and Fengming Ren. "Synergistic Effect of Zn–Co Bimetallic Selenide Composites for Lithium–Sulfur Battery." Batteries 9, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060307.

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Compared with monometallic selenides, heterogeneous bimetallic selenides have rich phase boundaries and superior electrical conductivity. ZnSe/CoSe2 composites were prepared by introducing Zn metal and using ZIF-8/67 as the precursor through the synergistic effect between Zn and Co after selenification. The electrocatalytic conversion of polysulfide is accelerated by ZnSe through chemical adsorption and the catalytic effect. The conductive CoSe2 surface provides a rapid diffusion path for lithium ions, accelerating the conversion of the polysulfide. On the basis of their individual strengths, ZnSe and CoSe2 can jointly promote the smooth adsorptive–diffuse–catalytic conversion process of polysulfide and induce the growth of lithium sulfide around its heterogeneous interface, thus enhancing the electrochemical performance of the lithium–sulfur battery cathode materials. The ZnSe/CoSe2–S electrode, at the optimal Zn-to-Co ratio of 1:1, has a 790.06 mAh g−1 initial specific capacity at 0.2 C and excellent cycling stability at 1 C. After 300 cycles, the final capacity is 300.85 mAh g−1, and the capacity retention rate reaches 82.71%.

12

Wang, Chong, Jian-Hao Lu, An-Bang Wang, Hao Zhang, Wei-Kun Wang, Zhao-Qing Jin, and Li-Zhen Fan. "Oxygen Vacancies in Bismuth Tantalum Oxide to Anchor Polysulfide and Accelerate the Sulfur Evolution Reaction in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203551.

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The shuttling effect of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the sluggish conversion kinetics of polysulfides into insoluble Li2S2/Li2S severely hinders the practical application of Li-S batteries. Advanced catalysts can capture and accelerate the liquid–solid conversion of polysulfides. Herein, we try to make use of bismuth tantalum oxide with oxygen vacancies as an electrocatalyst to catalyze the conversion of LiPSs by reducing the sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) nucleation energy barrier. Oxygen vacancies in Bi4TaO7 nanoparticles alter the electron band structure to improve instinct electronic conductivity and catalytic activity. In addition, the defective surface could provide unsaturated bonds around the vacancies to enhance the chemisorption capability with LiPSs. Hence, a multidimensional carbon (super P/CNT/Graphene) standing sulfur cathode is prepared by coating oxygen vacancies Bi4TaO7−x nanoparticles, in which the multidimensional carbon (MC) with micropores structure can host sulfur and provide a fast electron/ion pathway, while the outer-coated oxygen vacancies with Bi4TaO7−x with improved electronic conductivity and strong affinities for polysulfides can work as an adsorptive and conductive protective layer to achieve the physical restriction and chemical immobilization of lithium polysulfides as well as speed up their catalytic conversion. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of different components, the S/C@Bi3TaO7−x coin cell cathode shows superior cycling and rate performance. Even under a high level of sulfur loading of 9.6 mg cm−2, a relatively high initial areal capacity of 10.20 mAh cm−2 and a specific energy density of 300 Wh kg−1 are achieved with a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 3.3 µL mg−1. Combined with experimental results and theoretical calculations, the mechanism by which the Bi4TaO7 with oxygen vacancies promotes the kinetics of polysulfide conversion reactions has been revealed. The design of the multiple confined cathode structure provides physical and chemical adsorption, fast charge transfer, and catalytic conversion for polysulfides.

13

Taha, Fatima Mohammed, Abbas Khalaf Mohammad, and Nawras S. Sabeeh. "Treatment of oily wastewater by using polysulfide polymer." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 14, no. 3 (February 11, 2022): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v14i3.777.

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The discharge of water from oil fields is become one of the most significant environmental concerns associated with the oil sector. This study features a low-density polysulfide polymer prepared by Sulfur and used sunflower oils react directly. Because both sulfur and cooking oils are hydrophobic, the polymer can easily extract hydrocarbons like crude oil and diesel fuel from saltwater. Sulfur is a petroleum industry by-product, and leftover sunflower oil may be utilized as a raw material. 150 g food-grade used sunflower oil, 150 g sulfur, and 700 g finely powdered sodium chloride were used in an experiment to make polysulfide. The reaction temperature was adjusted at 180°C. The resulting polymer (a soft rubber) is friable; therefore, it was ground down using a mechanical grinder and screened for particles between 0.5 and 3 mm. The polymer was repeatedly rinsed with DI water to eliminate the sodium chloride porogen. The polymer was filtered through a sieve (0.5 mm) and pressed with a piece of flat plastic to remove surplus water after the final wash. The polymer was then dried in a sieve by putting it in a drying oven (UNB400, Germany) for 24 hours at 42 degrees Celsius. Kinetics of adsorption was examined with pseudo−first order, pseudo−second order and intra particle diffusion models. The experimental results show good fitting with pseudo−second order model for south oil adsorption on polysulfide polymer. Adsorption of north and south oils onto the prepared polysulfide polymer was done experimentally using batch apparatus with controlled conditions of temperature and stirring. Effects of temperature and initial oil concentration for the adsorption process were examined for the ranges (20−40) ◦C and (10−90) (g/l), respectively. The experimental data follows the Freundlich isotherm model with coefficient of variance (R2) equals, according to the study of adsorption equilibrium isotherms (0.99). According to the findings of the study, the greatest g/l of south oil removal equals 93 percent at the lowest temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

14

Liu, Hui, Yuanke Wu, Pan Liu, Han Wang, Maowen Xu, and Shu-juan Bao. "Anthozoan-like porous nanocages with nano-cobalt-armed CNT multifunctional layers as a cathode material for highly stable Na–S batteries." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 4 (2022): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qi01406d.

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15

Zuo, Pengjian, Junfu Hua, Mengxue He, Han Zhang, Zhengyi Qian, Yulin Ma, Chunyu Du, Xinqun Cheng, Yunzhi Gao, and Geping Yin. "Facilitating the redox reaction of polysulfides by an electrocatalytic layer-modified separator for lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 22 (2017): 10936–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02245j.

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16

Wang, Yizhou, Wenhui Liu, Ruiqing Liu, Peifeng Pan, Liyao Suo, Jun Chen, Xiaomiao Feng, Xizhang Wang, Yanwen Ma, and Wei Huang. "Inhibiting polysulfide shuttling using dual-functional nanowire/nanotube modified layers for highly stable lithium–sulfur batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 37 (2019): 14708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03320c.

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17

Lee, Felix, Meng-Che Tsai, Ming-Hsien Lin, Yatim Lailun Ni'mah, Sunny Hy, Chao-Yen Kuo, Ju-Hsiang Cheng, John Rick, Wei-Nien Su, and Bing-Joe Hwang. "Capacity retention of lithium sulfur batteries enhanced with nano-sized TiO2-embedded polyethylene oxide." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 14 (2017): 6708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10755a.

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18

Schneider, Artur, Jürgen Janek, and Torsten Brezesinski. "Improving the capacity of lithium–sulfur batteries by tailoring the polysulfide adsorption efficiency of hierarchical oxygen/nitrogen-functionalized carbon host materials." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 12 (2017): 8349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08865a.

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19

Ji, Jiapeng, Ying Sha, Zeheng Li, Xuehui Gao, Teng Zhang, Shiyu Zhou, Tong Qiu, et al. "Selective Adsorption and Electrocatalysis of Polysulfides through Hexatomic Nickel Clusters Embedded in N-Doped Graphene toward High-Performance Li-S Batteries." Research 2020 (June 26, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/5714349.

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The shuttle effect hinders the practical application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries due to the poor affinity between a substrate and Li polysulfides (LiPSs) and the sluggish transition of soluble LiPSs to insoluble Li2S or elemental S. Here, we report that Ni hexatomic clusters embedded in a nitrogen-doped three-dimensional (3D) graphene framework (Ni-N/G) possess stronger interaction with soluble polysulfides than that with insoluble polysulfides. The synthetic electrocatalyst deployed in the sulfur cathode plays a multifunctional role: (i) selectively adsorbing the polysulfides dissolved in the electrolyte, (ii) expediting the sluggish liquid-solid phase transformations at the active sites as electrocatalysts, and (iii) accelerating the kinetics of the electrochemical reaction of multielectron sulfur, thereby inhibiting the dissolution of LiPSs. The constructed S@Ni-N/G cathode delivers an areal capacity of 9.43 mAh cm-2 at 0.1 C at S loading of 6.8 mg cm-2, and it exhibits a gravimetric capacity of 1104 mAh g-1 with a capacity fading rate of 0.045% per cycle over 50 cycles at 0.2 C at S loading of 2.0 mg cm-2. This work opens a rational approach to achieve the selective adsorption and expediting of polysulfide transition for the performance enhancement of Li-S batteries.

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Niu, Aimin, Jinglin Mu, Jin Zhou, Xiaonan Tang, and Shuping Zhuo. "Cation Vacancies in Feroxyhyte Nanosheets toward Fast Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13050909.

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Lithium–sulfur batteries have attracted extensive attention owing to their environmental friendliness, abundant reserves, high specific discharge capacity, and energy density. The shuttling effect and sluggish redox reactions confine the practical application of Li–S batteries. Exploring the new catalyst activation principle plays a key role in restraining polysulfide shuttling and improving conversion kinetics. In this respect, vacancy defects have been demonstrated to enhance the polysulfide adsorption and catalytic ability. However, inducing active defects has been mostly created by anion vacancies. In this work, an advanced polysulfide immobilizer and catalytic accelerator is developed by proposing FeOOH nanosheets with rich Fe vacancies (FeVs). The work provides a new strategy for the rational design and facile fabrication of cation vacancies to improve the performance of Li–S batteries.

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Chen, Lai, Chenying Zhao, Yun Lu, Lingyi Wan, Kang Yan, Youxiang Bai, Zhiyu Liu, Xulai Yang, Yuefeng Su, and Feng Wu. "Facile Synthesizing Yolk-Shelled Fe3O4@Carbon Nanocavities with Balanced Physiochemical Synergism as Efficient Hosts for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Batteries 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2023): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060295.

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The severe “shuttle effect” of dissolved polysulfide intermediates and the poor electronic conductivity of sulfur cathodes cause capacity decay of lithium–sulfur batteries and impede their commercialization. Herein, we synthesized a series of well-designed yolk-shelled Fe3O4@carbon (YS-Fe3O4@C) nanocavities with different proportions of Fe3O4 as efficient sulfur hosts to stabilize polysulfide intermediates. The yolk-shelled nanocavity architectures were prepared through a facile method, which could effectively confine the active materials and achieve high conductivity. The polysulfide intermediate shuttle was successfully suppressed by a physiochemical synergism effect combining the retention of carbon shells and the adsorption of Fe3O4 nanoparticle cores. The highly conductive carbon shell provides efficient pathways for fast electron transportation. Meanwhile, the visible evolution of active materials and a reversible electrochemical reaction are revealed by in situ X-ray diffraction. With the balanced merits of enhanced electrical conductivity of carbon shell and optimal adsorption of Fe3O4 cores, the S/YS-27Fe3O4@C cathode (Fe3O4 accounts for 27 wt% in YS-Fe3O4@C) had the best electrochemical performance, exhibiting a high reversible specific capacity of 731.9 mAh g−1 and long cycle performance at 1 C (capacity fading rate of 0.03% over 200 cycles).

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Ahmed, Ejaz, and Alexander Rothenberger. "Adsorption of volatile hydrocarbons in iron polysulfide chalcogels." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 199 (November 2014): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.08.014.

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23

Qiu, Sheng-You, Chuang Wang, Liang-Liang Gu, Ke-Xin Wang, Xiao-Tian Gao, Jian Gao, Zaixing Jiang, Jian Gu, and Xiao-Dong Zhu. "A hierarchically porous TiO₂@C membrane with oxygen vacancies: a novel platform for enhancing the catalytic conversion of polysulfides." Dalton Transactions 51, no. 7 (2022): 2855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt04067g.

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A self-supported TiO2−x@C membrane with superiorities relating to the presence of defects, its structure, and its components achieves efficient polysulfide adsorption and catalytic transformation performance, supporting its use in Li–S batteries.

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Zeng, Xingyan, Yakun Tang, Lang Liu, Qingtao Ma, Yang Gao, Mao Qian, and Dianzeng Jia. "Restraining polysulfide shuttling by designing a dual adsorption structure of bismuth encapsulated into carbon nanotube cavity." Nanoscale 13, no. 23 (2021): 10320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr01456k.

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1D cowpea-like CNTs@Bi/S composites were synthesized by a facile method. Under the collaboration of the physical detention of CNTs and the chemical adsorption of bismuth nanorods, the polysulfide shuttling can be effectively curbed.

25

Bao, Jian, Xin-Yang Yue, Rui-Jie Luo, and Yong-Ning Zhou. "Cubic MnSe₂ microcubes enabling high-performance sulfur cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 22 (2021): 5699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se01263k.

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The cycle performance and rate capability of sulfur cathodes are greatly enhanced by introducing cubic MnSe2 microcubes. The Shuttle effect is suppressed effectively by the adsorption between MnSe2 and polysulfide via binding of Se and S.

26

Sun, Jinmeng, Yuhang Liu, Hongfang Du, Song He, Lei Liu, Zhenqian Fu, Linghai Xie, Wei Ai, and Wei Huang. "Molecularly designed N, S co-doped carbon nanowalls decorated on graphene as a highly efficient sulfur reservoir for Li–S batteries: a supramolecular strategy." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 11 (2020): 5449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta13999k.

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A supramolecular strategy has been successfully employed to molecularly design and synthesize N, S co-doped carbon nanowalls decorated graphene, which provides strong adsorption and fast conversion of polysulfide for long-cycle life Li–S batteries.

27

Azam, Sakibul, Zhen Wei, and Ruigang Wang. "Nickel Cobalt Oxide Decorated Cerium Oxide Nanorods for Polysulfide Trapping and Catalytic Conversion in Advanced Lithium Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024539mtgabs.

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Lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) are promising candidates for next-generation rechargeable batteries due to the active material sulfur being earth abundant, low cost and environmentally friendly element. But the most important feature of LSBs is that the theoretical capacity of sulfur is ~1645 mAh g-1 which is ~5 times higher than the conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, even with these valuable assets, LSB has not yet been commercialized due to the inherent problems of fast capacity loss resulting in low cycle lifetime. This capacity loss originates from the migration of dissolved sulfur discharge products in the electrolyte known as the notorious polysulfide shuttling effect. To deal with this issue, several research efforts have been made to trap the high order lithium polysulfides by a) physically encapsulation using high surface area carbonaceous materials and b) chemically binding the lithium polysulfides in its cathode host. Several materials are very popular to efficiently bind the lithium polysulfides such as transition metal oxides, nitrides, sulfides and have helped making significant advances to long cycle life lithium sulfur batteries. However, to make the transition to design next generation LSBs, there is a need for materials that can facilitate fast polysulfide conversion by catalytic reaction that will reduce the diffusion and agglomeration of polysulfides in the liquid organic electrolyte, resulting in high capacity and long cycle lifetime. With this strategy in mind, we have designed NiCoOx decorated on CeO2 nanorods support as cathode host material for LSBs to provide dual adsorption-catalysis synergy. The CeO2 nanorods with enriched surface defects can effectively bind the lithium polysulfides whereas the NiCoOx nanoclusters can provide highly efficient electrocatalytic sites to improve the conversion kinetics of elemental sulfur to high order lithium polysulfides to finally the lower order polysulfides. As a result, the derived LSBs exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with high capacity of 1236 mAh g-1 at 0.2C with a sulfur loading of 1.33 mg cm-2. Even with high sulfur loading 2.66 mg cm-2 the LSBs exhibits 755 mAh g-1 at 0.2C with a capacity decay of only 0.08% per cycle after 170 cycles. The battery also operates at the sulfur loading of 4 mg cm-2 and 5.33 mg cm-2 for more than 100 which is convincing considering commercialization of LSB. Key words: lithium sulfur batteries, lithium polysulfides, shuttle effect, cerium oxide, catalysis.

28

Lee, Sang-Kyu, Hun Kim, Sangin Bang, Seung-Taek Myung, and Yang-Kook Sun. "WO3 Nanowire/Carbon Nanotube Interlayer as a Chemical Adsorption Mediator for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020377.

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We developed a new nanowire for enhancing the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this study, we synthesized WO3 nanowires (WNWs) via a simple hydrothermal method. WNWs and one-dimensional materials are easily mixed with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form interlayers. The WNW interacts with lithium polysulfides through a thiosulfate mediator, retaining the lithium polysulfide near the cathode to increase the reaction kinetics. The lithium-sulfur cell achieves a very high initial discharge capacity of 1558 and 656 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 3 C, respectively. Moreover, a cell with a high sulfur mass loading of 4.2 mg cm−2 still delivers a high capacity of 1136 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 C and it showed a capacity of 939 mAh g−1 even after 100 cycles. The WNW/CNT interlayer maintains structural stability even after electrochemical testing. This excellent performance and structural stability are due to the chemical adsorption and catalytic effects of the thiosulfate mediator on WNW.

29

Baranova, Mariya, Evgeniya Chernysheva, and Nikolay Korchevin. "THE ADSORPTION TECHNOLOGY REMOVAL OF THE CADMIUM COMPOUNDS FROM SEWAGE." Scientific Papers Collection of the Angarsk State Technical University 2018, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-7788-2018-1-3-7.

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The possibility of using lignin based sorbents for removal of the cadmium compounds from sewage is researched. The sorbents were obtained by polycondensation of chlorlignin, wastewaresepichlorgidrin production and sodium polysulfide. The data about removal of cadmium from model solutions: the pH influence and process kinetic are discussed.

30

Baumann, Avery E., Gabrielle E. Aversa, Anindya Roy, Michael L. Falk, Nicholas M. Bedford, and V. Sara Thoi. "Promoting sulfur adsorption using surface Cu sites in metal–organic frameworks for lithium sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 11 (2018): 4811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01057a.

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31

Du, Lingyu, Xueyi Cheng, Fujie Gao, Youbin Li, Yongfeng Bu, Zhiqi Zhang, Qiang Wu, Lijun Yang, Xizhang Wang, and Zheng Hu. "Electrocatalysis of S-doped carbon with weak polysulfide adsorption enhances lithium–sulfur battery performance." Chemical Communications 55, no. 45 (2019): 6365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc02134e.

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S-doped carbon boosts the conversion of lithium polysulfides by electrocatalysis as revealed by kinetic analysis and theoretical calculation, which suppresses the serious polarization effect and thus enhances the Li–S battery performance, despite its weak adsorption to polysulfides.

32

Jun, H. K., M. A. Careem, and A. K. Arof. "A Suitable Polysulfide Electrolyte for CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/942139.

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A polysulfide liquid electrolyte is developed for the application in CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). A solvent consisting of ethanol and water in the ratio of 8 : 2 by volume has been found as the optimum solvent for preparing the liquid electrolytes. This solvent ratio appears to give higher cell efficiency compared to pure ethanol or water as a solvent. Na2S and S give rise to a good redox couple in the electrolyte for QDSSC operation, and the optimum concentrations required are 0.5 M and 0.1 M, respectively. Addition of guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN) to the electrolyte further enhances the performance. The QDSSC with CdSe sensitized electrode prepared using 7 cycles of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) produces an efficiency of 1.41% with a fill factor of 44% on using a polysulfide electrolyte of 0.5 M Na2S, 0.1 M S, and 0.05 M GuSCN in ethanol/water (8 : 2 by volume) under the illumination of 100 mW/cm2white light. Inclusion of small amount of TiO2nanoparticles into the electrolyte helps to stabilize the polysulfide electrolyte and thereby improve the stability of the CdSe QDSSC. The CdSe QDs are also found to be stable in the optimized polysulfide liquid electrolyte.

33

Prudnikov, Maksim, Natal'ya Russavskaya, and Evgeniy Podoplelov. "ADSORPTION TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER GENERATED DURING THE DEMERCURIZATION OF MERCURY-CONTAMINATED SOILS." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2021-1-1-70-71.

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The soils of industrial enterprises operating plants for the production of chlorine and alkali with a mercury cathode are contaminated with mercury. Demercurization of the soil leads to the formation of mercury-containing wastewater. To remove mercury from wastewater, an adsorption method is proposed using a sorbent based on lignin, organochlorine waste, and sodium polysulfide

34

Pan, Qing-qing, and Hui-qing Peng. "Effect of Copper and Iron Ions on the Sulphidizing Flotation of Copper Oxide in Copper Smelting Slag." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4656424.

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The treatment of smelting slag has attracted much attention nowadays. This study investigates the influence of Na2S, CuSO4, and FeCl3 on sulphidizing flotation of copper oxide. The results show that a proper Cu2+ concentration can increase the sulphidizing effect of copper oxide, while Fe3+ inhibits the sulphidizing effect. Further analysis shows that Cu2+ ions can reduce the surface potential, increase the S2− adsorption, then generate more polysulfide, and therefore promote the sulphidizing flotation. However, Fe3+ ions would increase the surface potential, reduce the S2− adsorption, generate more sulfur element, and therefore inhibit the sulphidizing flotation.

35

Wei, Benben, Chaoqun Shang, Xiaoying Pan, Zhihong Chen, Lingling Shui, Xin Wang, and Guofu Zhou. "Lotus Root-Like Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanofiber Structure Assembled with VN Catalysts as a Multifunctional Host for Superior Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 1724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121724.

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Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are regarded as one of the most promising energy-recycling storage systems due to their high energy density (up to 2600 Wh kg−1), high theoretical specific capacity (as much as 1672 mAh g−1), environmental friendliness, and low cost. Originating from the complicated redox of lithium polysulfide intermediates, Li–S batteries suffer from several problems, restricting their application and commercialization. Such problems include the shuttle effect of polysulfides (Li2Sx (2 < x ≤ 8)), low electronic conductivity of S/Li2S/Li2S2, and large volumetric expansion of S upon lithiation. In this study, a lotus root-like nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber (NCNF) structure, assembled with vanadium nitride (VN) catalysts, was fabricated as a 3D freestanding current collector for high performance LSBs. The lotus root-like NCNF structure, which had a multichannel porous nanostructure, was able to provide excellent (ionically/electronically) conductive networks, which promoted ion transport and physical confinement of lithium polysulfides. Further, the structure provided good electrolyte penetration, thereby enhancing the interface contact with active S. VN, with its narrow resolved band gap, showed high electrical conductivity, high catalytic effect and polar chemical adsorption of lithium polysulfides, which is ideal for accelerating the reversible redox kinetics of intermediate polysulfides to improve the utilization of S. Tests showed that the VN-decorated multichannel porous carbon nanofiber structure retained a high specific capacity of 1325 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, with a low capacity decay of 0.05% per cycle, and demonstrated excellent rate capability.

36

Jiang, Wen, Lingling Dong, Shuanghui Liu, Shuangshuang Zhao, Kairu Han, Weimin Zhang, Kefeng Pan, and Lipeng Zhang. "NiFe2O4/Ketjen Black Composites as Efficient Membrane Separators to Suppress the Shuttle Effect for Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081347.

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Lithium-sulfur batteries exhibit great potential as one of the most promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical energy density and specific capacity. However, the shuttle effect of the soluble polysulfide intermediates could lead to a severe self-discharge effect that hinders the development of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this paper, a battery separator has been prepared based on NiFe2O4/Ketjen Black (KB) modification by a simple method to solve the shuttle effect and improve the battery performance. The as-modified separator with the combination of small-size KB and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles can effectively use the physical and chemical double-layer adsorption to prevent polysulfide from the shuttle. Moreover, it can give full play to its catalytic effect to improve the conversion efficiency of polysulfide and activate the dead sulfur. The results show that the NiFe2O4/KB-modified separator battery still maintains a discharge capacity of 406.27 mAh/g after 1000 stable cycles at a high current density of 1 C. Furthermore, the coulombic efficiency remains at 99%, and the average capacity attenuation per cycle is only 0.051%. This simple and effective method can significantly improve the application capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries.

37

Han, Jing, Shu Gao, Ruxing Wang, Kangli Wang, Mao Jiang, Jie Yan, Qianzheng Jin, and Kai Jiang. "Investigation of the mechanism of metal–organic frameworks preventing polysulfide shuttling from the perspective of composition and structure." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 14 (2020): 6661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta00533a.

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38

Wu, Jingyi, Xiongwei Li, Hongxia Zeng, Yang Xue, Fangyan Chen, Zhigang Xue, Yunsheng Ye, and Xiaolin Xie. "Fast electrochemical kinetics and strong polysulfide adsorption by a highly oriented MoS2 nanosheet@N-doped carbon interlayer for lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 13 (2019): 7897–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00458k.

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39

Fang, Zhengsong, Xuanhe Hu, Chenhao Shu, Junhua Jian, Jie Liu, and Dingshan Yu. "Crosslinked cyanometallate–chitosan nanosheet assembled aerogels as efficient catalysts to boost polysulfide redox kinetics in lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 37 (2020): 19262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta04910g.

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40

Li, Miaoran, Huiyuan Peng, Yang Pei, Fang Wang, Ying Zhu, Ruyue Shi, Xuexia He, Zhibin Lei, Zonghuai Liu, and Jie Sun. "MoS2 nanosheets grown on hollow carbon spheres as a strong polysulfide anchor for high performance lithium sulfur batteries." Nanoscale 12, no. 46 (2020): 23636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr05727d.

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The MoS₂ nanosheets grown at the surface of hollow carbon spheres with uniform morphology exhibit excellent electrochemical properties and strong adsorption ability on lithium polysulfides.

41

Pereira, Rhyz, Anthony Ruffino, Stefan Masiuk, Neal A. Cardoza, Hussein Badr, Michel W. Barsoum, Jonathan Spanier, and Vibha Kalra. "In-Operando Raman Study on the Use of 2D and Suboxide Titanium Host Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 1 (August 28, 2023): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-011388mtgabs.

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While Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries have promised high capacities and low-cost material inputs, their potential has yet to be realized due to inherent issues with sulfur cathodes. In particular the polysulfide shuttle effect and sulfur’s intrinsic insulating properties stand in the way of a commercial battery, the demands of which include high sulfur loading and high cycling stability. Engineering the sulfur cathode, via the use of promising new materials has been an avenue of research pursued in the hopes of mitigating the shuttle effect via polysulfide entrapment and introducing more conductive materials. Of particular interest have been titanium oxide based materials which have shown polysulfide adsorption capabilities. However, the most common titanium oxide, anatase titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) acts as an insulator, limiting its use in high sulfur loading batteries. Therefore, the use of more conductive titanium oxide materials is an attractive avenue of research. A previously reported freestanding titanium suboxide (TiO) carbon nanofiber cathode demonstrated excellent capacities (~790 mAh/g, ~2 mg/cm2). A rare lepidocrocite phase has also been observed via Raman spectroscopy in a newly discovered titanium carbide derived titanium oxide nanofilament (1D-NF). This material demonstrates properties that makes it attractive as a sulfur host material, having a high surface area of ~1700 m2/g, improved polysulfide reduction kinetics via the formation of polythionates, and polysulfide-cathode host interactions. The inclusion of these nanofilaments in sulfur cathodes yields capacities of ~800 mAh/g with ~1 mg/cm2 sulfur loading. The proposed mechanism via which these titanium oxide based materials function has never been investigated in-operando, and herein we conduct an in-operando Raman study to understand the behavior of these materials. Principally we will investigate the Eg band whose vibration can be moderated by the interaction of terminal sulfur atoms acting as Lewis bases and titanium atoms acting as Lewis acids, due to their vacant valance electrons. This interaction has been observed via postmortem XPS. The use of in-operando Raman allows us to uniquely observe transient behavior of the host material as well as the impact of crystal structure on polysulfide host interactions.

42

Wang, Cunguo, Hewei Song, Congcong Yu, Zaka Ullah, Zhixing Guan, Rongrong Chu, Yingfei Zhang, Liyi Zhao, Qi Li, and Liwei Liu. "Iron single-atom catalyst anchored on nitrogen-rich MOF-derived carbon nanocage to accelerate polysulfide redox conversion for lithium sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 6 (2020): 3421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta11680j.

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43

Muthuraj, Divyamahalakshmi, Raja Murugan, Pavul Raj Rayappan, Ganapathi Rao Kandregula, and Kothandaraman Ramanujam. "Dual-role magnesium aluminate ceramic film as an advanced separator and polysulfide trapper in a Li–S battery: experimental and DFT investigations." New Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 7 (2022): 3185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj05347g.

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44

Chen, Ao, Weifang Liu, Jun Yan, and Kaiyu Liu. "A novel separator modified by titanium dioxide nanotubes/carbon nanotubes composite for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries." Functional Materials Letters 12, no. 02 (April 2019): 1950016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604719500164.

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The rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries were investigated as the most promising energy storage system. Although the composites of carbonaceous materials and metal oxides as the hosts of sulfur have been applied to improve the performance, their structures usually collapsed due to huge volumetric expansion of sulfur. Therefore, interlayer reported as a novel cell configuration could efficiently restrict the shuttle effect of polysulfide. Here, we design a unique separator modified by a functional “polysulfide trapping net” which consists of intertwined TiO2 nanotubes and carbon nanotubes to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium sulfur batteries. Benefiting from the network structure, there are abundant ion pathways, meanwhile, TiO2 nanotubes provide strong chemical and physical adsorption, carbon nanotubes serve as a conductive network which accelerates the transport of electrons. With the modified separator, the electrode exhibits an initial capacity of 936[Formula: see text]mAh[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 1[Formula: see text]C rate and maintains a stable cycling performance over 200 cycles.

45

Zhou, Guangmin, Hongzhen Tian, Yang Jin, Xinyong Tao, Bofei Liu, Rufan Zhang, Zhi Wei Seh, et al. "Catalytic oxidation of Li2S on the surface of metal sulfides for Li−S batteries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 5 (January 17, 2017): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615837114.

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Polysulfide binding and trapping to prevent dissolution into the electrolyte by a variety of materials has been well studied in Li−S batteries. Here we discover that some of those materials can play an important role as an activation catalyst to facilitate oxidation of the discharge product, Li2S, back to the charge product, sulfur. Combining theoretical calculations and experimental design, we select a series of metal sulfides as a model system to identify the key parameters in determining the energy barrier for Li2S oxidation and polysulfide adsorption. We demonstrate that the Li2S decomposition energy barrier is associated with the binding between isolated Li ions and the sulfur in sulfides; this is the main reason that sulfide materials can induce lower overpotential compared with commonly used carbon materials. Fundamental understanding of this reaction process is a crucial step toward rational design and screening of materials to achieve high reversible capacity and long cycle life in Li−S batteries.

46

Liu, Ruliang, Jiaxin Ou, Lijun Xie, Yubing Liang, Xinyi Lai, Zhaoxia Deng, and Wei Yin. "Aqueous Supramolecular Binder for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 7, 2023): 2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122599.

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Developing an advanced electrode structure is highly important for obtaining lithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries with long life, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Some bottlenecks, such as large volume deformation and environmental pollution caused by the electrode preparation process, are still hindering the practical application of Li–S batteries. In this work, a new water-soluble, green, and environmentally friendly supramolecular binder (HUG) is successfully synthesized by modifying natural biopolymer (guar gum, GG) with HDI-UPy (cyanate containing pyrimidine groups). HUG can effectively resist electrode bulk deformation through a the unique three-dimensional nanonet-structure formed via covalent bonds and multiple hydrogen bonds. In addition, abundant polar groups of HUG have good adsorption properties for polysulfide and can inhibit the shuttle movement of polysulfide ions. Therefore, Li–S cell with HUG exhibits a high reversible capacity of 640 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1C with a Coulombic efficiency of 99%.

47

Lu, Qian, Xiaohong Zou, Ran Ran, Wei Zhou, Kaiming Liao, and Zongping Shao. "An “electronegative” bifunctional coating layer: simultaneous regulation of polysulfide and Li-ion adsorption sites for long-cycling and “dendrite-free” Li–S batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 39 (2019): 22463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07999h.

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Liquid-phase delaminated H_xMnO_2+x nanosheets can be utilized to create an “electronegative” coating layer for Li–S batteries to suppress the polysulfide shuttling and Li-dendrite growth.

48

Jin, Zhanshuang, Tianning Lin, Hongfeng Jia, Bingqiu Liu, Qi Zhang, Lihua Chen, Lingyu Zhang, Lu Li, Zhongmin Su, and Chungang Wang. "in situ engineered ultrafine NiS2-ZnS heterostructures in micro–mesoporous carbon spheres accelerating polysulfide redox kinetics for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries." Nanoscale 12, no. 30 (2020): 16201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr04189k.

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49

Li, Jianbo, Yanru Qu, Chunyuan Chen, Xin Zhang, and Mingfei Shao. "Theoretical investigation on lithium polysulfide adsorption and conversion for high-performance Li–S batteries." Nanoscale 13, no. 1 (2021): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr06732f.

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50

Shah, Vaidik, and Yong Lak Joo. "Incorporating Heteroatom-Doped Graphene in Electrolyte for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 8 (October 9, 2022): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-028656mtgabs.

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Despite dominating the current commercial energy storage landscape, Li-ion batteries are fast approaching their theoretical limit. Meanwhile, Lithium Sulphur (Li-S) batteries, owing to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density of about 2600 Whkg-1, low-cost, Earth-abundant, and environmentally friendly sulfur (S) cathode, are seen as promising replacements to realize energy densities beyond 500 Whkg-1. Despite these advantages, the large-scale implementation of Li-S technology has been stymied due to several issues, one of the most deleterious of them is the dissolution and shuttling of polysulfide intermediates during cycling resulting in severe self-discharge, lowered S utilization and coulombic efficiency. Over the past decades, substantial amount of research towards mitigating ‘polysulfide shuttling’ shuttling has been focused on cathodic modification strategies such as infiltration of S in porous carbon, metal oxide or conducting polymer scaffold matrix which retard the mobility and loss of active material. However, such simple confinement strategies have been shown to be lacking over long cycling due to the relatively weak intermolecular interactions between the host and polysulfide molecules. An effective solution comes in the form of engineering ‘sulfiphilic’ materials that adsorb polysulfide species. For example, surface modification of cathodes with rGO and functionalized carbon species have shown success in reducing the redox shuttling. However, these approaches require elaborate preparation and hence, are limited in their practical usage. To overcome this, we propose a facile approach to improve cell performance via incorporation of functionalized graphenic species in the Li-S electrolyte. In this work, we have probed the impact of using tailored single-layer, heteroatom-doped graphene as electrolyte additives. We have studied the impact of their morphology and functionalization on the electrochemical performance of the cell. Results show a marked improvement in the discharge capacity and a high capacity retention of 84% over 105 cycles at 0.2 C cycling rate. The GCD cycle analysis showed an improvement in first cycle discharge plateau suggesting improved S utilization which was further substantiated by extensive postmortem analysis and polysulfide adsorption testing. Further, the electrolyte-modified cells showed an impressive three-fold and two-fold improvement in capacity at 1C and 2C cycling rates, respectively. These results demonstrated that tailored heteroatom-doped graphene in the form of electrolyte additive is an effective strategy to improve electrochemical performance via enhanced polysulfide encapsulation, cell conductivity and anode stabilization. Finally, we will present the effect of heteroatom-doped graphenic species on mitigation of polysulfide shuttling and cell performance when they are incorporated in the gel electrolyte system.

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