Статті в журналах: "Polystyrene nanoparticle"

1

Fang, Jingyue, Xinxing Li, Wenke Xie, and Kehui Sun. "A Novel Fabrication of Single Electron Transistor from Patterned Gold Nanoparticle Array Template-Prepared by Polystyrene Nanospheres." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 3102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183102.

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In this paper, polystyrene microspheres were firstly prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization, and the uniform monolayer of polystyrene microspheres was prepared on the substrate by the dipping method. Then, polystyrene monolayer film was used as a mask and a low dimensional array structure of gold was prepared by bottom-up self-assembly process. After that, the method of solution etching and annealing was used, and the gold nanoparticle array was post-processed. As a result, gold nanoparticles were recrystallized, with an average diameter of about 50 nm. Subsequently, the semiconductor process was adopted, with focused ion beams induced deposition and electron beam evaporation, and single electron transistors were fabricated, based on self-assembled gold nanoparticles. Finally, the devices were fixed in a liquid helium cryostat and Coulomb blockade was observed at 320 mK. It is a novel fabrication of a single electron transistor based on gold nanoparticle array template and prepared with polystyrene nanospheres.

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Khan, Madihah, Alyxandra Thiessen, I. Teng Cheong, Sarah Milliken, and Jonathan G. C. Veinot. "Investigation of Silicon Nanoparticle-Polystyrene Hybrids." Alberta Academic Review 2, no. 2 (September 15, 2019): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/aar60.

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Current LED lights are created with quantum dots made of metals like selenium, tellurium, and cadmium which can be toxic. Silicon is used as a non-toxic substance and is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. When silicon is prepared at a nanometer size, unique luminesce optical properties emerge that can be tuned using sized surface chemistry. Therefore, silicon nanoparticles can be used as an alternative emitter for LED lights. To produce hydride-terminated silicon nanoparticles we must synthesize the particles. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is processed at 1100 °C for one hour causing Si to cluster and form a SiO2 matrix, also known as the composite. The composite is then manually crushed in ethanol. The solution is further ground using glass beads, then filtered to get the composite powder. The final step is the HF etching. The hydride-terminated particles are then functionalized using three different methods to synthesize silicon nanoparticle-polystyrene hybrids, which determine the magnitude of luminosity and the quality of the hybrids. We spin coat each method and results were analyzed. Method 1 uses heat to functionalize hydride-terminated silicon nanoparticles with styrene. This process also causes styrene to attach to styrene to form a polystyrene chain. Method 1 gave a homogeneous mixture which yielded a consistent, bright and homogenous film. In method 2, dodecyl-terminated silicon nanoparticles are mixed with premade polystyrene. While this method gave better control of the amount of silicon nanoparticles inside the polymer hybrid, a homogeneous mixture was not created due to the different structures of polystyrene and dodecyl chains. Method 3 has dodecyl-terminated silicon with in-situ styrene polymerization. It generated a homogeneous mixture. The in-situ polymerization stabilizes the particles, allowing for brighter luminescence. Because of the stability and lower molecular weight, the mixture was easier to dissolve. We concluded that the different methods resulted in different polymer molecular weights and this created distinct properties between the polymer hybrids when spin-coating.

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Kim, Sanghee, Jaetae Seo, Roopchan Ramdon, Hyeon-Bong Pyo, Kyuho Song, and Byoung Hun Kang. "Solid-Phase Immunoassay of Polystyrene-Encapsulated Semiconductor Coreshells for Cardiac Marker Detection." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/693575.

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A solid-phase immunoassay of polystyrene-encapsulated semiconductor nanoparticles was demonstrated for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) detection. CdSe/ZnS coreshells were encapsulated with a carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticle to capture the target antibody through a covalent bonding and to eliminate the photoblinking and toxicity of semiconductor luminescent immunosensor. The polystyrene-encapsulated CdSe/ZnS fluorophores on surface-modified glass chip identified cTnI antigens at the level of ~ng/mL. It was an initial demonstration of diagnostic chip for monitoring a cardiovascular disease.

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Sabo, Y. T., D. E. Boryo, I. Y. Chindo, and A. I. Habib. "Nanocomposites Transformed from Polystyrene Waste/Antimony, Barium and Nickel Oxides Nanoparticles with Improved Mechanical Properties." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 11 (February 10, 2022): 1921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i11.11.

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In this experiment, the oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation and the nanocomposites were produced using in situ polymerization method with varying nanoparticles contents ranged from 0 to 5 g. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated and compared with the values obtained for untreated polystyrene. It was observed that the mechanical properties were higher for the nanocomposites and increase with increasing nanoparticle concentrations in the samples. It can be observed that the untreated polystyrene gave a tensile strength of 945.25 N/mm2. At high nanoparticle content of 5 g, the nanocomposite containing NiO nanoparticles showed a tensile strength of 973.83 N/mm2 while nanocomposite containing BaO nanoparticles gave a tensile strength of 968.19 N/mm2 and nanocomposite containing Sb2O3 nanoparticle gave a tensile strength of 955.53 N/mm2. The results indicate that the tensile strength and percentage elongation of all the nanocomposites improved with the addition of metal oxides nanoparticles compared with the untreated polystyrene. Slight decrease in percentage reduction in area of the nanocomposites was recorded. Conclusively, with these results, the PS/NiO nano composite showed a better trend of behaviour due to better interfacial interaction between the nanofillers and the polymer matrix followed by PS/BaO and PS/Sb2O3 nanocomposites. It is recommended that during the production of polymer nanocomposite, PS/NiO, PS/BaO and PS/Sb2O3 nanocomposites could be used as reinforcements in the construction of buildings to add structural stability to the building.

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XU, HAILONG, QIUYU ZHANG, HEPENG ZHANG, BAOLIANG ZHANG, and CHANGJIE YIN. "THE SIMULATION OF POLYSTYRENE/NANOPARTICLES COMPOSITE MICROSPHERES USING DISSIPATIVE PARTICLE DYNAMICS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 12, no. 02 (March 2013): 1250111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633612501118.

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Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) was initially used to simulate the polystyrene/nanoparticle composite microspheres (PNCM) in this paper. The coarse graining model of PNCM was established. And the DPD parameterization of the model was represented in detail. The DPD repulsion parameters were calculated from the cohesive energy density which could be calculated by amorphous modules in Materials Studio. The equilibrium configuration of the simulated PNCM shows that the nanoparticles were actually "modified" with oleic acid and the modified nanoparticles were embedded in the bulk of polystyrene. As sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was located in the interface between water and polystyrene, the hydrophilic head of SDS stretched into water while the hydrophobic tailed into polystyrene. All simulated phenomena were consistent with the experimental results in preparation of polystyrene/nanoparticles composite microspheres. The effect of surface modification of nanoparticles on its dispersion in polystyrene matrix was also studied by adjusting the interaction parameters between the OA and NP beads. The final results indicated that the nanoparticles removed from the core of composite microsphere to the surface with increase of a OA-NP . All the simulated results demonstrated that our coarse–grained model was reasonable.

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Kudryashov, Andrey, Svetlana Baryshnikova, Sergey Gusev, Dmitry Tatarskiy, Ivan Lukichev, Nadezhda Agareva, Andrey Poddel’sky, and Nikita Bityurin. "UV-Induced Gold Nanoparticle Growth in Polystyrene Matrix with Soluble Precursor." Photonics 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100776.

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It is demonstrated that UV (LED at 365 nm) irradiation with subsequent heating (90–110 °C) of the polystyrene matrix containing a soluble Au(I) compound ((Ph3P)Au(n-Bu)) results in the growth of gold nanoparticles within the sample bulk, as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM electron microscopy. Pure heating of the samples without previous UV irradiation does not provide gold nanoparticles, thereby facilitating optical image printing. Comparing the nanoparticles’ growth kinetics in samples with different precursor content suggests the nanoparticle growth mechanism through Au(I) autocatalytic reduction at the surface of a gold nanoparticle. Within the polymer matrix, this mechanism is suggested for the first time.

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7

Tsirikis, Peter, Kirsty Wilson, Ying Kong, Sue Xiang, Cordelia Selomulya, and Magdalena Plebanski. "Differential antibody induction to surface textured silica nanoparticle adjuvants (VAC3P.1055)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 71.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.71.2.

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Abstract Nanoparticles have been shown to be a potent adjuvant in vaccine design. Previous studies demonstrated that carboxylated 40-50 nm polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) with covalently bound antigen offer a new class of vaccine with only two elements (antigen and particle) but with no added inflammatory stimuli. Herein, we report on a deconstructed two-part vaccine whereby the adjuvant and protein carrier are co-administered to elicit potent antibody responses in vivo. Recent works indicate that particle shape can also influence the immune response. As such, we investigate the influence of surface morphology using smooth and rough surfaced silica nanoparticle adjuvants, showing smooth nanoparticles as the more potent antibody inducers. MTT assay confirms that both silica nanoparticle adjuvant and polystyrene protein carrier display excellent biocompatibility with over 95% viability with COS-7 cells. Preliminary in vitro dendritic cell (DC) culture experiments indicate that silica nanoparticle adjuvants, similarly to PSNPs, do not induce the up-regulation of maturation markers, CD80, CD86 and MHC II on CD11c+ gated DCs. This suggests the particle carrier itself is non-inflammatory, a required feature for our vaccine approach. Ongoing studies are focusing on the cytokines induced in vitro and in vivo by these novel constructs. The outcomes from this study provide key design criteria in the development of novel nanoparticle immunotherapeutics for the treatment of disease.

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8

Bartucci, Roberta, Alex Z. van der Meer, Ykelien L. Boersma, Peter Olinga, and Anna Salvati. "Nanoparticle-induced inflammation and fibrosis in ex vivo murine precision-cut liver slices and effects of nanoparticle exposure conditions." Archives of Toxicology 95, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-02992-7.

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AbstractChronic exposure and accumulation of persistent nanomaterials by cells have led to safety concerns on potential long-term effects induced by nanoparticles, including chronic inflammation and fibrosis. With this in mind, we used murine precision-cut liver tissue slices to test potential induction of inflammation and onset of fibrosis upon 72 h exposure to different nanomaterials (0–200 µg/ml). Tissue slices were chosen as an advanced ex vivo 3D model to better resemble the complexity of the in vivo tissue environment, with a focus on the liver where most nanomaterials accumulate. Effects on the onset of fibrosis and inflammation were investigated, with particular care in optimizing nanoparticle exposure conditions to tissue. Thus, we compared the effects induced on slices exposed to nanoparticles in the presence of excess free proteins (in situ), or after corona isolation. Slices exposed to daily-refreshed nanoparticle dispersions were used to test additional effects due to ageing of the dispersions. Exposure to amino-modified polystyrene nanoparticles in serum-free conditions led to strong inflammation, with stronger effects with daily-refreshed dispersions. Instead, no inflammation was observed when slices were exposed to the same nanoparticles in medium supplemented with serum to allow corona formation. Similarly, no clear signs of inflammation nor of onset of fibrosis were detected after exposure to silica, titania or carboxylated polystyrene in all conditions tested. Overall, these results show that liver slices can be used to test nanoparticle-induced inflammation in real tissue, and that the exposure conditions and ageing of the dispersions can strongly affect tissue responses to nanoparticles.

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9

Chu, Liang-Kai, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Xianghong Qian, and Andrew L. Zydney. "Retention and Fouling during Nanoparticle Filtration: Implications for Membrane Purification of Biotherapeutics." Membranes 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030299.

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One major challenge in the development of nanoparticle-based therapeutics, including viral vectors for the delivery of gene therapies, is the development of cost-effective purification technologies. The objective of this study was to examine fouling and retention behaviors during the filtration of model nanoparticles through membranes of different pore sizes and the effect of solution conditions. Data were obtained with 30 nm fluorescently labeled polystyrene latex nanoparticles using both cellulosic and polyethersulfone membranes at a constant filtrate flux, and both pressure and nanoparticle transmission were evaluated as a function of cumulative filtrate volume. The addition of NaCl caused a delay in nanoparticle transmission and an increase in fouling. Nanoparticle transmission was also a function of particle hydrophobicity. These results provide important insights into the factors controlling transmission and fouling during nanoparticle filtration as well as a framework for the development of membrane processes for the purification of nanoparticle-based therapeutics.

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10

Li, Yunbo, Linlin Song, and Yisha Qiao. "Spontaneous assembly and synchronous scan spectra of gold nanoparticle monolayer Janus film with thiol-terminated polystyrene." RSC Adv. 4, no. 101 (2014): 57611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra10811f.

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This communication presents a facile method for preparing ordered hydrophilic metal nanoparticles into gold nanoparticle monolayer Janus film. It also reveals the enhanced light source spectrum properties of the gold nanoparticle film.

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11

Nawaz, Qamar, and Y. Rharbi. "An Inquisitive into the Indirect Measurement and Comparison of the Viscosity of Nanoconfined Polystyrene Nanoparticles." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.58.

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The effects of nanoconfinement on the dynamic and the glass transition (Tg) of polymers remains the focus of a lot of research since over a decade. Particularly, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the dynamic of polystyrene (PS) were found to be altered by nanoconfinement in thin films and on the bulk free-surface. However, the dynamic of polymer nanoconfined in nanoparticles has not been investigated, even though the close-packed nanoparticle geometry is commonly used in many applications such as waterborne coatings. We investigate the dynamic of polystyrene in nanoparticles by monitoring the closure of voids (interstices) between PS nanoparticles in the close-packed structure. Void-closure during the passage from the close-packed particles to bulk PS is monitored using small angle neutron scattering at the bulk Tg (100 °C). The relaxation time (τ) and the apparent viscosity (η) of nanoconfined polystyrene estimated from the void-closure decay is found to decrease only by ~2 times for particle diameters between 93 nm and 42 nm. These results infer that dynamic of nanoconfined PS in nanoparticles at the bulk Tg is not different from that of bulk polystyrene.

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12

Yacobi, Nazanin R., Lucas DeMaio, Jiansong Xie, Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez, Zea Borok, Kwang-Jin Kim, and Edward D. Crandall. "Polystyrene nanoparticle trafficking across alveolar epithelium." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 4, no. 2 (June 2008): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2008.02.002.

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13

Fazlollahi, Farnoosh, Susanne Angelow, Nazanin R. Yacobi, Ronald Marchelletta, Alan S. L. Yu, Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez, Zea Borok, Kwang-Jin Kim, and Edward D. Crandall. "Polystyrene nanoparticle trafficking across MDCK-II." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 7, no. 5 (October 2011): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2011.01.008.

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14

Sherman, Robert L., and Warren T. Ford. "Semiconductor Nanoparticle/Polystyrene Latex Composite Materials." Langmuir 21, no. 11 (May 2005): 5218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0468139.

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15

Pomposo, José A., Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga, Agustín Etxeberria, and Javier Rodríguez. "Key role of entropy in nanoparticle dispersion: polystyrene-nanoparticle/linear-polystyrene nanocomposites as a model system." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, no. 5 (2008): 650–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b714107f.

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Stanglmair, Christoph, Frank Neubrech, and Claudia Pacholski. "Chemical Routes to Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) Substrates." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 232, no. 9-11 (August 28, 2018): 1527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2018-1132.

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Abstract Bottom-up strategies for fabricating SEIRA substrates are presented. For this purpose, wet-chemically prepared gold nanoparticles are coated with a polystyrene shell and subsequently self-assembled into different nanostructures such as quasi-hexagonally ordered gold nanoparticle monolayers, double layers, and honeycomb structures. Furthermore elongated gold nanostructures are obtained by sintering of gold nanoparticle double layers. The optical properties of these different gold nanostructures are directly connected to their morphology and geometrical arrangement – leading to surface plasmon resonances from the visible to the infrared wavelength range. Finally, SEIRA enhancement factors are determined. Gold nanoparticle double layers show the best performance as SEIRA substrates.

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Ranoszek-Soliwoda, Katarzyna, Maria Girleanu, Beata Tkacz-Szczęsna, Marcin Rosowski, Grzegorz Celichowski, Martin Brinkmann, Ovidiu Ersen, and Jaroslaw Grobelny. "Versatile Phase Transfer Method for the Efficient Surface Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles: Towards Controlled Nanoparticle Dispersion in a Polymer Matrix." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9058323.

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In electronic devices based on hybrid materials such as nonvolatile memory elements (NVMEs), it is essential to control precisely the dispersion of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in an insulating polymer matrix such as polystyrene in order to control the functionality of the device. In this work the incorporation of AuNPs in polystyrene films is controlled by tuning the surface functionalization of the metallic nanoparticles via ligand exchange. Two ligands with different structures were used for functionalization: 1-decanethiol and thiol-terminated polystyrene. This paper presents a versatile method for the modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with thiol-terminated polystyrene ligands via phase transfer process. An organic colloid of AuNPs (5±1 nm diameter) is obtained by the phase transfer process (from water to toluene) that allows exchanging the ligand adsorbed on AuNPs surface (hydrophilic citrate/tannic acid to hydrophobic thiols). The stability, size distribution, and precise location of modified AuNPs in the polymer matrix are obtained from UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron tomography. TEM tomographic 3D imaging demonstrates that the modification of AuNPs with thiol-terminated polystyrene results in homogeneous particle distribution in the polystyrene matrix compared to 1-decanethiol modified AuNPs for which a vertical phase separation with a homogeneous layer of AuNPs located at the bottom of the polymer matrix was observed.

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18

Salih, Sihama I. "DEVELOPMENT DESIRED PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE NANO COMPOSITES BY ADDING POLYMERIC MODIFIERS." IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING 19, no. 2 (May 26, 2019): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32852/iqjfmme.v19i2.319.

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The introduction of polymeric blend-based nanomaterials has encouraged the developmentof flexible nanocomposites for structural applications in need of superior mechanical,performance. In current research, three groups of polystyrene blend-based nanocompositessamples were fabricated by melting technique using a twin-screw extruder. These samplesconsist of polymer blend (polystyrene (PS): 1% copolymer (polystyrene (PS)-co- maleicanhydride (MA)): 3%ABS) as a matrix material, was strengthen by three different type ofpowders in nanometer size (silica (SiO2), cement kiln dust (CKD) and Fly ash (FA))individually, with selected weight ratio (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 & 0.8 wt. %) for each of them.Experimental investigation was carried out for tensile properties and fatigue strength besidesFTIR test and morphology analyzing of fracture surfaces by SEM. The results showed thattensile strength values and modulus of elasticity increased as the nanoparticle content incomposite increased, but according to specific percentages of nanoparticle content in thecomposites samples, for three groups of the prepared nanocomposites samples. Moreover,the fatigue test revealed the super-improvement in the fatigue properties of the selectedhybrid nanocomposites samples, as compared with neat polystyrene and polymer blend (PS:1% (PS-co-MA): 3% ABS) and fatigue limit was apparent for all types of hybridnanocomposites materials produced in this work. Morphology of the fracture surface wasshowed a homogeneous structure formation for optimal samples of each group ofcomposites, indicating a good compatibility between the component materials of polymerblend and the reinforcement nanoparticles.

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19

TAMAKI, KOICHI, and MASATSUGU SHIMOMURA. "FABRICATIONS OF LUMINESCENT POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES CONTAINING LANTHANIDE (III) ION COMPLEXES." International Journal of Nanoscience 01, no. 05n06 (October 2002): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x02000620.

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Luminescent poly(ethylene glycol)-coated polystyrene (PSt) nanometer-sized particles (nanoparticles) containing trivalent europium or terbium ion were prepared by free-radical dispersion copolymerization of styrene, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromonomer, and the lanthanide complex which was coordinated with 1,10-phenanthroline possessing acryl group. Red and green luminescences with narrow band width were observed from each nanoparticle containing europium and terbium complexes, respectively.

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20

Sabo, Y. T., D. E. A. Boryo, I. Y. Chindo, and A. M. Auwal. "Nanocomposites transformed from polystyrene waste/antimony, barium and nickel oxides nanoparticles with improved thermal and electrical properties." Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research 26, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v26i2.7.

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In this experiment, the oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation and the nanocomposites were produced using in situ polymerization method with varying nanoparticles contents ranged from 0.1 g to 1.0 g for electrical conductivity and from 0.05 g to 0.25 g for thermal conductivity. The electrical and thermal conductivities of nanocomposites were investigated and compared with the values obtained for untreated polystyrene. It was observed that the electrical and thermal properties were higher for the nanocomposites and increase with increasing nanoparticle concentrations in the samples. It can be observed that nanocomposite containing NiO nanoparticles gave a better electrical and thermal conductivity followed by nanocomposite containing BaO nanoparticles and nanocomposite containing Sb2O3 nanoparticles respectively. It can also be observed that nanocomposite containing NiO nanoparticle showed increase in rate of heat transfer from 1.60 W to 2.60 W, while nanocomposite containing BaO nanoparticles recorded increase in rate of heat transfer from 1.40 W to 2.45 W and nanoomposite containing Sb2O3 nanoparticle showed increase in rate of heat transfer from 1.07 W to 2.21 W, as concentration of nanoparticles increased from 0.05 g to 0.25 g respectively. Conclusively, with these results, the nanocomposite containing NiO nanoparticles gave a better thermal and electrical conductivity by having a better conducting filler network inside the matrix than nanocomposite containing BaO nanoparticles and nanocomposite containing Sb2O3 nanoparticles. It is recommended that during the production of polymer nanocomposite, PS/NiO, PS/BaO and PS/Sb2O3 nanocomposites could be used in electrically conductive devices as well as suitable materials for heat transfer applications.

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Watanabe, Kodai, Satoshi Katsuhara, Hiroaki Mamiya, Yukihiko Kawamura, Takuya Yamamoto, Kenji Tajima, Takuya Isono, and Toshifumi Satoh. "Highly asymmetric lamellar nanostructures from nanoparticle–linear hybrid block copolymers." Nanoscale 12, no. 31 (2020): 16526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr05209d.

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The compositionally asymmetric nanoparticle-linear hybrid block copolymers with a polystyrene single-chain nanoparticle and a long linear polylactide demonstrated the astonishing capability to produce the highly asymmetric lamellar nanostructures.

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22

Wang, Haixia, Rui Ma, Karin Nienhaus, and G. Ulrich Nienhaus. "Protein Adsorption Onto Polystyrene Nanoparticles and its Effect on Nanoparticle Agglomeration." Biophysical Journal 118, no. 3 (February 2020): 625a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.3368.

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23

LIAO, YUANBAO, JIAJIA WU, LING XU, FEI YANG, WENQING LIU, JUN XU, LIANGCAI WU, ZHONGYUAN MA, and KUNJI CHEN. "FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY ORDERED SUB-30-nm PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (GST) NANOPARTICLE ARRAYS." Surface Review and Letters 17, no. 04 (August 2010): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x10014259.

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Chalcogenide phase change material Ge1Sb2Te4 (GST) nanoparticle arrays with long-range-order were fabricated by using a monolayer of self-assembled polystyrene (PS) spheres as mask. The morphology of nanoparticle arrays can be controlled via changing RIE processing conditions. Images of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that highly uniform GST nanoparticle arrays with particle density around 109 cm-2 were formed. The sizes of nanoparticles can be reduced to a tiny diameter in the range of 30–40 nm (top diameter). The GST nanoparticle arrays exhibit a prominent peak near 580 nm in reflectance spectra, which indicates that they possess a photonic band gap. These results confirm that GST nanoparticle arrays have a 2D periodicity and long-range order. The method of nanosphere lithograph may apply to manufacturing of high density memory devices based on phase change-based memory materials.

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24

Montes, Sarah, Agustín Etxeberria, Javier Rodriguez, and Jose A. Pomposo. "Homogenization of Mutually Immiscible Polymers Using Nanoscale Effects: A Theoretical Study." Research Letters in Physical Chemistry 2008 (June 9, 2008): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/504917.

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A theoretical study to investigate homogenization of mutually immiscible polymers using nanoscale effects has been performed. Specifically, the miscibility behavior of all-polymer nanocomposites composed of linear-polystyrene (PS) chains and individual cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate)-nanoparticles (PMMA-NPs) has been predicted. By using a mean field theory accounting for combinatorial interaction energy and nanoparticle-driven effects, phase diagrams were constructed as a function of PMMA-NP size, PS molecular weight, and temperature. Interestingly, complete miscibility (i.e., homogeneity) was predicted from room temperature to 675 K for PMMA-nanoparticles with radius less than ~7 nm blended with PS chains (molecular weight 150 kDa, nanoparticle volume fraction 20%) in spite of the well-known immiscibility between PS and PMMA. Several nanoscale effects affecting miscibility in PMMA-NP/PS nanocomposites involving small PMMA-nanoparticles are discussed.

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25

Wang, Jianan, Chao Tian, and Zhengguo Cao. "One-Pot Synthesis Bodipy Nano-Precipitations for Prostate Cancer Treatment." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 1537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2022.3070.

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Here in this study, we proposed a polystyrene maleic anhydride (PSMA) stabilized Bodipy nanoparticles (PB NPs) in a one-pot approach for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of prostate cancer. The nanoparticle formed by precipitation method was then employed to treat PC-3 cells and PC-3 tumor bearing nude mice model. It was shown that this platform showed promising anticancer performance than free bodipy with reduced side effects.

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Liu, Bin, Stéphanie Exiga, Etienne Duguet, and Serge Ravaine. "Templated Synthesis and Assembly of Two-, Three- and Six-Patch Silica Nanoparticles with a Controlled Patch-to-Particle Size Ratio." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164736.

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We report a fabrication route of silica nanoparticles with two, three or six patches with an easily tunable patch-to-particle size ratio. The synthetic pathway includes two main stages: the synthesis of silica/polystyrene multipod-like templates and the selective growth of their silica core through an iterative approach. Electron microscopy of the dimpled nanoparticles obtained after dissolution of the polystyrene nodules of the multipod-like nanoparticles provides evidence of the conformational growth of the silica core. Thanks to the presence of some polymer chains, which remained grafted at the bottom of the dimples after the dissolution of the PS nodules, the solvent-induced assembly of the patchy nanoparticles is performed. Chains, hexagonal suprastructures and cubic lattices are obtained from the assembly of two-, three- and six-patch silica nanoparticles, respectively. Our study can guide future work in both patchy nanoparticle synthesis and self-assembly. It also opens new routes towards the fabrication of specific classes of one-, two- and three-dimensional colloidal lattices, including complex tilings.

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27

Landry, Markita P. "Protein Corona Formation on Hard and Polymeric Nanoparticles – Towards Understanding Biocompatibility, Biodistribution, and Efficacy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 8 (July 7, 2022): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-018707mtgabs.

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Unpredictable protein adsorption on both hard and soft nanoparticles remains a considerable challenge towards effectively applying nanotechnologies in biological environments. Hard nanoparticles form the basis of many chemical nanosensors. Conversely, soft nanoparticles such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are vital for the successful delivery of mRNA-based vaccines, and offer promising applications in neonatal gene therapy, immunotherapy, and protein replacement therapy. Understanding the biological interactions that both hard and soft nanoparticles undergo upon introduction into biological systems is central to optimize the outcomes of nanoparticle-based delivery biotechnologies in clinical settings. Herein, we present a multimodal study of protein corona composition and dynamics, first on ‘hard’ nanoparticles: spherical polystyrene nanoparticles (a previously studied model nanoparticle) and high aspect ratio single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs, an understudied nanoparticle). These nanoparticles are exposed to two biofluids of interest: blood plasma (relevant for intravenous applications) and cerebrospinal fluid (relevant for brain imaging and sensing applications). To study these protein coronas, we develop a methodology based on quantitative proteomic mass spectrometry [1] and chemical thermodynamic analysis of real-time protein binding to identify protein corona ‘fingerprints’, enabling quantification of protein abundance and enrichment/depletion relative to the native biofluid, transient kinetics [2], and end-state topology. Interestingly, we find that the heavily studied polystyrene nanoparticles are relatively agnostic in the formation of their protein coronas, demonstrating little preference for particular protein classes or physicochemical properties. Conversely, we find that SWCNTs show strong preference for certain protein classes. Our additional work in machine learing-based analysis shows that corona compositions, and more broadly nanoparticle biofouling, can be drastically different for each nanoparticle type [3]. Lastly, we study nano-bio interactions encountered by ‘soft’ nanoparticles: LNPs commonly used for the therapeutic delivery of mRNA. We investigate how modifying (i) the mRNA packaged inside the LNPs and (ii) the ionizable lipid within the LNPs modulate the subsequently formed protein corona in (iii) various biological environments of relevance for delivery applications. Importantly, this workflow is readily translatable across soft polymer-based nanotechnologies of interest, which are understudied due to the experimental complexity of separating nanoparticle-corona complexes from free proteins. This fundamental understanding of protein-LNP interactions could enable more seamless design and clinical application of next-generation LNP carriers to bolster the safe and effective delivery of mRNA and other therapeutics to patients. References Pinals, R.L., et al., Quantitative Protein Corona Composition and Dynamics on Carbon Nanotubes in Biological Environments. Angewandte Chemie (2020). Pinals, R. L., Yang, D., Lui, A., Cao, W. & Landry, M. P. Corona Exchange Dynamics on Carbon Nanotubes by Multiplexed Fluorescence Monitoring. JACS (2020). Ouassil, N.*, Pinals, R.L.*, O’Donnell, J.T.D., Wang, J., Landry, M.P.‡ Supervised Learning Model to Predict Protein Adsorption to Nanoparticles. Science Advances (2022).

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28

Cho, Yi Je, Lingchen Kong, Rezawana Islam, Meitong Nie, Wei Zhou, and Kathy Lu. "Photothermal self-healing of gold nanoparticle–polystyrene hybrids." Nanoscale 12, no. 40 (2020): 20726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr05621a.

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29

Usfoor, Zohair, Katharina Kaufmann, Al Shahriar Hossain Rakib, Roland Hergenröder, and Victoria Shpacovitch. "Features of Sizing and Enumeration of Silica and Polystyrene Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA)." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 6611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226611.

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Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) allows for the simultaneous determination of both size and concentration of nanoparticles in a sample. This study investigates the accuracy of particle size and concentration measurements performed on an LM10 device. For experiments, standard nanoparticles of different sizes composed of two materials with different refractive indices were used. Particle size measurements were found to have a decent degree of accuracy. This fact was verified by the manufacturer-reported particle size—determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)—as well as by performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. On the other hand, concentration measurements resulted in overestimation of the particle concentration in majority of cases. Thus, our findings confirmed the accuracy of nanoparticle sizing performed by the LM10 instrument and highlighted the overestimation of particle concentration made by this device. In addition, an approach of swift correction of the results of concentration measurements received for samples is suggested in the presented study.

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30

Deville, Sarah, Birgit Honrath, Quynh T. D. Tran, Gyorgy Fejer, Ivo Lambrichts, Inge Nelissen, Amalia M. Dolga, and Anna Salvati. "Time-resolved characterization of the mechanisms of toxicity induced by silica and amino-modified polystyrene on alveolar-like macrophages." Archives of Toxicology 94, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02604-5.

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Abstract Macrophages play a major role in the removal of foreign materials, including nano-sized materials, such as nanomedicines and other nanoparticles, which they accumulate very efficiently. Because of this, it is recognized that for a safe development of nanotechnologies and nanomedicine, it is essential to investigate potential effects induced by nano-sized materials on macrophages. To this aim, in this work, a recently established model of primary murine alveolar-like macrophages was used to investigate macrophage responses to two well-known nanoparticle models: 50 nm amino-modified polystyrene, known to induce cell death via lysosomal damage and apoptosis in different cell types, and 50 nm silica nanoparticles, which are generally considered non-toxic. Then, a time-resolved study was performed to characterize in detail the response of the macrophages following exposure to the two nanoparticles. As expected, exposure to the amino-modified polystyrene led to cell death, but surprisingly no lysosomal swelling or apoptosis were detected. On the contrary, a peculiar mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization was observed, accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes of metabolic activity, ultimately leading to cell death. Strong toxic responses were observed also after exposure to silica, which included mitochondrial ROS production, mitochondrial depolarization and cell death by apoptosis. Overall, these results showed that exposure to the two nanoparticles led to a very different series of intracellular events, suggesting that the macrophages responded differently to the two nanoparticle models. Similar time-resolved studies are required to characterize the response of macrophages to nanoparticles, as a key parameter in nanosafety assessment.

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31

Blattler, Aran, Panart Khajornrungruang, Keisuke Suzuki, and Soraya Saenna. "A Novel Method for 3D Nanoscale Tracking of 100 nm Polystyrene Particles in Multi-Wavelength Evanescent Fields Microscopy – Absolute Difference Height Verification –." International Journal of Automation Technology 15, no. 6 (November 5, 2021): 831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2021.p0831.

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Total internal reflection is an optical imaging technique for nanoparticle tracking and observation employing the scattered light from an evanescent field near the interface or reference surface. Generally, the nanoparticle behavior is the three-dimensional Brownian motion in an aqueous medium. The motion can be traced by an optical microscopy, but it cannot be traced by an electron microscopy technique. In the three-dimensional nanoparticle moving position, the X and Y positions are parallel to the surface, which can be traced by the general microscopy techniques. However, the height position Z of a nanoparticle perpendicular to the surface could not be traced without the longitudinal scanning method. Here, a novel method is proposed to investigate the 3D position of nanoparticles by applying multi-wavelength evanescent fields microscopy, which has a high spatial resolution in the Z-direction without longitudinal scanning. This paper focuses on the verification of measurement in the Z-direction. A piezoelectric actuator was employed to control the nanoparticle displacement in height Z. Standard polystyrene 100 nm particles were randomly adhered on a spherical tip that connected with the piezoelectric actuator. The spherical tip was essentially made from an optical adhesive (n = 1.348) with a refractive index close to the water for decreasing the unnecessary signal from the tip-self during nanoparticle observation in the water. The proposed method could obtain the multi-wavelength scattering lights from the observed nanoparticles by an 8-bit color camera with higher than 50 frames per second recording to investigate the 3D nanoscale tracking. The X and Y positions of nanoparticles were determined by the centroid of the scattering light intensities. The height Z was determined from the logarithm ratios between the detected scattering light intensities of both wavelengths. The measurement repeatability of the absolute difference in height between nanoparticles could be measured less than ±16 nm by using the proposed method. The penetration height measurability range was approximated at 250 nm from the reference surface.

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32

Schadler, Linda S., Sarah L. Lewis, Jun Wei Yang, and Brian C. Benicewicz. "Polymer Nanocomposites with Designed Interfaces." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.909.

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This paper shows preliminary results for polymer nanocomposites consisting of “hairy” silica particles with grafted polystyrene in polystyrene matrices of controlled molecular weight and polydispersity. The goal of the work is to tailor the degree of wetting / interaction between the particles and polymer by controlling the graft density and molecular weight of the grafted polymer. This is providing an opportunity to study the properties of the interface region and to control the bulk composite properties. We have found that the predictions for flat brushes are qualitatively, but not quantitatively, applicable and that the highly curved surfaces of nanoparticles present several challenges for the design of nanoparticle interfaces. The talk will present more complete results in this system and provide an overview of other work in our group using tailored interfaces to control nanocomposite properties.

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33

Lu, Bin, Tyler Smith, and Jacob J. Schmidt. "Nanoparticle–lipid bilayer interactions studied with lipid bilayer arrays." Nanoscale 7, no. 17 (2015): 7858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr06892k.

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34

Soto, Ernesto R., Abaigeal C. Caras, Lindsey C. Kut, Melissa K. Castle, and Gary R. Ostroff. "Glucan Particles for Macrophage Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles." Journal of Drug Delivery 2012 (October 13, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/143524.

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Glucan particles (GPs) are hollow, porous 2–4 μm microspheres derived from the cell walls of Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The 1,3-β-glucan outer shell provides for receptor-mediated uptake by phagocytic cells expressing β-glucan receptors. GPs have been used for macrophage-targeted delivery of soluble payloads (DNA, siRNA, protein, and small molecules) encapsulated inside the hollow GPs via core polyplex and layer-by-layer (LbL) synthetic strategies. In this communication, we report the incorporation of nanoparticles as cores inside GPs (GP-NP) or electrostatically bound to the surface of chemically derivatized GPs (NP-GP). GP nanoparticle formulations benefit from the drug encapsulation properties of NPs and the macrophage-targeting properties of GPs. GP nanoparticle formulations were synthesized using fluorescent anionic polystyrene nanoparticles allowing visualization and quantitation of NP binding and encapsulation. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (Dox) were bound to cationic GPs. Dox-MSN-GPs efficiently delivered Dox into GP phagocytic cells resulting in enhanced Dox-mediated growth arrest.

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35

Kockmann, A., J. C. Porsiel, R. Saadat, and G. Garnweitner. "Impact of nanoparticle surface modification on the mechanical properties of polystyrene-based nanocomposites." RSC Advances 8, no. 20 (2018): 11109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra00052b.

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36

Sadowska, Marta, Zbigniew Adamczyk, and Małgorzata Nattich-Rak. "Mechanism of Nanoparticle Deposition on Polystyrene Latex Particles." Langmuir 30, no. 3 (January 13, 2014): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la404046c.

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37

Yang, Myung-Seok, Sunil Jeong, Taewook Kang, and Dongchoul Kim. "Equilibrium Morphology of Plasmonic Au/Polystyrene Dimeric Nanoparticle." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 11 (March 5, 2015): 6148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp509508s.

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38

Al-Muzaiqer, Mohammed Ali Y. Ali, Tair E. Esenbaev, Nikolai S. Kubochkin, Maria D. Goreva, and Natalya A. Ivanova. "Influence of substrate wettability and air humidity on self-assembly of nanoparticles in evaporating droplets of colloidal solutions." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 5, no. 3 (October 14, 2019): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2019-5-3-83-96.

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This article discusses the influence of substrate wettability and air humidity on the process of nanoparticle patterns formation in evaporating microdroplets. The process of self-assembly of polystyrene and aluminum oxide particles on the glass covered with titanium, tungsten, carbon, and teflon was investigated.<br> The droplet evaporation time and the obtained packing of particles with increasing hydrophobicity of substrates were evaluated. The influence of air humidity on the evaporation dynamics and on the process of nanoparticles self-assembly is revealed.

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39

Chen, K. H., D. J. Lundy, E. K. W. Toh, C. H. Chen, C. Shih, P. Chen, H. C. Chang, et al. "Nanoparticle distribution during systemic inflammation is size-dependent and organ-specific." Nanoscale 7, no. 38 (2015): 15863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr03626g.

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40

Chen, Liang-Chia, and Bao-Hong Ji. "An On-Line Measurement and Control System for Submerged Arc Spray Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.d249.

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This article presents the development of an on-line measurement and control system for process characterization and optimization of the nanoparticle manufacturing process, called the submerged arc-spray nanoparticle synthesis system (SANSS). To achieve optimized control of particle uniformity, this research investigates the feasibility of employing optical fiber probe and the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique to monitor and control particle sizes. According to the theory of DLS, an on-line nanoparticle sampling and measurement system was developed and integrated with the SANSS as an important step to verify the measurement performance of the proposed method. To examine the measurement accuracy of the developed system, calibrated polystyrene latex particles with known accurate sizes were employed to verify the particle sizing accuracy of the proposed system. The data conformity between the measurement results of TiO2 nanoparticles obtained by various methods, including TEM, a calibrated commercial particle sizing system and the on-line measurement system, has indicated that the developed method was feasible and effective.

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41

Šutka, Andris, Linda Mežule, Viktorija Denisova, Jochen Meier-Haack, Akshay Kulkarni, Sanda Bitina, Krisjanis Smits, and Svetlana Vihodceva. "Straightforward Approach for Preparing Durable Antibacterial ZnO Nanoparticle Coatings on Flexible Substrates." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 7672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227672.

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Flexible antibacterial materials have gained utmost importance in protection from the distribution of bacteria and viruses due to the exceptional variety of applications. Herein, we demonstrate a readily scalable and rapid single-step approach for producing durable ZnO nanoparticle antibacterial coating on flexible polymer substrates at room temperature. Substrates used are polystyrene, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene, high density polyethylene and a commercial acrylate type adhesive tape. The deposition was achieved by a spin-coating process using a slurry of ZnO nanoparticles in toluene. A stable modification layer was obtained when toluene was a solvent for the polymer substrates, namely polystyrene and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). These coatings show high antibacterial efficiency causing >5 log decrease in the viable counts of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia. coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in 120 min. Even after tapping these coated surfaces 500 times, the antibacterial properties remained unchanged, showing that the coating obtained by the presented method is very robust. In contrast to the above findings, the coatings are unstable when toluene is not a solvent for the substrate.

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42

Sabouri, Hadi, Yun Huang, Kohji Ohno, and Sébastien Perrier. "Silica core–polystyrene shell nanoparticle synthesis and assembly in three dimensions." Nanoscale 7, no. 45 (2015): 19036–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr06400g.

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43

Kulkarni, Akshay S., Ashok M. Sajjan, Ashwini M, Nagaraj R. Banapurmath, Narasimha H. Ayachit, and Geeta G. Shirnalli. "Novel fabrication of PSSAMA_Na capped silver nanoparticle embedded sodium alginate membranes for pervaporative dehydration of bioethanol." RSC Advances 10, no. 38 (2020): 22645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra01951h.

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Polystyrene-4-sulfonic acid co maleic acid sodium salt (PSSAMA_Na) capped silver nanoparticle (Ag_Np) embedded sodium alginate (Na-Alg) nanocomposite membranes have been developed to improve the pervaporation (PV) dehydration of bioethanol.

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44

Lima, Tânia, Stefán B. Gunnarsson, Elisabete Coelho, Dmitry V. Evtuguin, Alexandra Correia, Manuel A. Coimbra, Tommy Cedervall та Manuel Vilanova. "β-Glucan-Functionalized Nanoparticles Down-Modulate the Proinflammatory Response of Mononuclear Phagocytes Challenged with Candida albicans". Nanomaterials 12, № 14 (19 липня 2022): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142475.

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Systemic fungal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and Candida albicans is the most common causative agent. Recognition of yeast cells by immune cell surface receptors can trigger phagocytosis of fungal pathogens and a pro-inflammatory response that may contribute to fungal elimination. Nevertheless, the elicited inflammatory response may be deleterious to the host by causing excessive tissue damage. We developed a nanoparticle-based approach to modulate the host deleterious inflammatory consequences of fungal infection by using β1,3-glucan-functionalized polystyrene (β-Glc-PS) nanoparticles. β-Glc-PS nanoparticles decreased the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12p40 detected in in vitro culture supernatants of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophage challenged with C. albicans cells. Moreover, β-Glc-PS nanoparticles impaired the production of reactive oxygen species by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells incubated with C. albicans. This immunomodulatory effect was dependent on the nanoparticle size. Overall, β-Glc-PS nanoparticles reduced the proinflammatory response elicited by fungal cells in mononuclear phagocytes, setting the basis for a targeted therapy aimed at protecting the host by lowering the inflammatory cost of infection.

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45

Jiang, Liwen, Xuqing Sun, Hongyao Liu, Ruxue Wei, Xue Wang, Chang Wang, Xinchao Lu, and Chengjun Huang. "Label-Free Imaging of Single Nanoparticles Using Total Internal Reflection-Based Leakage Radiation Microscopy." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040615.

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Label-free, fast, and single nanoparticle detection is demanded for the in situ monitoring of nano-pollutants in the environment, which have potential toxic effects on human health. We present the label-free imaging of single nanoparticles by using total internal reflection (TIR)-based leakage radiation microscopy. We illustrate the imaging of both single polystyrene (PS) and Au nanospheres with diameters as low as 100 and 30 nm, respectively. As both far-field imaging and simulated near-field electric field intensity distribution at the interface showed the same characteristics, i.e., the localized enhancement and interference of TIR evanescent waves, we confirmed the leakage radiation, transforming the near-field distribution to far-field for fast imaging. The localized enhancement of single PS and Au nanospheres were compared. We also illustrate the TIR-based leakage radiation imaging of single polystyrene nanospheres with different incident polarizations. The TIR-based leakage radiation microscopy method is a competitive alternative for the fast, in situ, label-free imaging of nano-pollutants.

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46

Mawélé Loudy, Coste, Joachim Allouche, Antoine Bousquet, Laurent Billon, and Hervé Martinez. "Functional nanoparticle-driven self-assembled diblock copolymer hybrid nano-patterns." Polymer Chemistry 13, no. 13 (2022): 1920–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2py00121g.

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Herein, we report how functional gold nanoparticles can drive the block copolymer BCP thin film morphologies of polystyrene-block-poly(vinylbenzyl-3-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)prop-1-yne (PS-b-PVBEG).

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47

Deborah Mbakaogu, Chioma, Ngozi Claribelle Nwogu, Nkemakolam Chinedu Izuwa, and Stanley Toochukwu Ekwueme. "Oil-Water Emulsion Separation Using Nanoparticle-Coated Polystyrene Membrane." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering 8, no. 6 (2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20200806.15.

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48

P L, Jagadeshvaran, Harsha Nallabothula, Aishwarya V. Menon, and Suryasarathi Bose. "Nanoinfiltration for Enhancing Microwave Attenuation in Polystyrene–Nanoparticle Composites." ACS Applied Nano Materials 3, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 1872–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02521.

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49

Kim, Jung Kil, and Heejoon Ahn. "Fabrication and characterization of polystyrene/gold nanoparticle composite nanofibers." Macromolecular Research 16, no. 2 (February 2008): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03218846.

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50

Chan, Angel T., and Jennifer A. Lewis. "Electrostatically Tuned Interactions in Silica Microsphere−Polystyrene Nanoparticle Mixtures." Langmuir 21, no. 19 (September 2005): 8576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0510073.

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