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1
Vora, Nemi, Peter R. Christensen, Jérémy Demarteau, Nawa Raj Baral, Jay D. Keasling, Brett A. Helms, and Corinne D. Scown. "Leveling the cost and carbon footprint of circular polymers that are chemically recycled to monomer." Science Advances 7, no. 15 (April 2021): eabf0187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mechanical recycling of polymers downgrades them such that they are unusable after a few cycles. Alternatively, chemical recycling to monomer offers a means to recover the embodied chemical feedstocks for remanufacturing. However, only a limited number of commodity polymers may be chemically recycled, and the processes remain resource intensive. We use systems analysis to quantify the costs and life-cycle carbon footprints of virgin and chemically recycled polydiketoenamines (PDKs), next-generation polymers that depolymerize under ambient conditions in strong acid. The cost of producing virgin PDK resin using unoptimized processes is ~30-fold higher than recycling them, and the cost of recycled PDK resin ($1.5 kg−1) is on par with PET and HDPE, and below that of polyurethanes. Virgin resin production is carbon intensive (86 kg CO2e kg−1), while chemical recycling emits only 2 kg CO2e kg−1. This cost and emissions disparity provides a strong incentive to recover and recycle future polymer waste.
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Farshchi, Negin, and Yalda K. Ostad. "Sepiolite as a nanofiller to improve mechanical and thermal behavior of recycled high-density polyethylene." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 36, no. 3 (April 10, 2020): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477760620918596.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Regarding the current demand for controlling plastic pollution, recycling of polymer sounds a promising solution. However, recycling causes mechanical and thermal shortcomings in polymers. Addition of nanoparticles to recycled materials may overcome these shortcomings. Nanocomposites can be achieved either by blending or through polymerization. Sepiolite as a nanoparticle enhances the thermal properties of polymers. In this study, the effect of sepiolite as a nanoparticle has been investigated on the thermal and mechanical behavior of recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Hardness, density, Vicat softening temperature, melt flow rate (MFR), and differential scanning calorimetry has been investigated on recycled HDPE containing different amount of sepiolite. Results showed that both the amount of recycled HDPE and the sepiolite content affect the mechanical and thermal behavior of samples. Increasing the amount of recycled component resulted in increasing of MFR, a slight increase in density, and decrease in Vicat softening point, hardness, melting temperature, and degree of crystallization. As an opposite effect of these to factors on crystallinity of HDPE, sepiolite content has better effects to be considered separately for each recycle content. Sepiolite can be introduced as a low-cost reinforcement filler in recycling industry for tuning new compositions based on process condition, or vice versa.
3
Karuppannan Gopalraj, Sankar, and Timo Kärki. "A Study to Investigate the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Carbon Fibre/Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using a Novel Thermal Recycling Process." Processes 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080954.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Manufacturing-based carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wastes (pre-consumer waste) were recycled to recover valuable carbon fibres (CFs) and glass fibres (GFs), utilising a novel thermal recycling process with a cone calorimeter setup. The ideal conditions to recycle both the fibres occurred at 550 °C in atmospheric pressure. The processing time in the batch reactor to recycle CFs was 20–25 min, and to recycle GFs it was 25–30 min. The recovery rate of the recycled CFs was 95–98 wt%, and for GFs it was 80–82 wt%. Both the recycled fibres possessed a 100–110 mm average length. The resin phase elimination was verified by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the fibres were manually realigned, compression moulded at room temperature, and cured for 24 h by a laminating epoxy resin system. The newly manufactured CFRP and GFRP composites were continuous (uniform length from end to end), unidirectionally oriented (0°), and non-woven. The composites were produced in two fibre volumes: 40 wt% and 60 wt%. The addition of ≈20 wt% recycled CFs increased the tensile strength (TS) by 12%, young modulus (YM) by 34.27% and impact strength (IS) by 7.26%. The addition of ≈20 wt% recycled GFs increased the TS by 75.14%, YM by 12.23% and the IS by 116.16%. The closed-loop recycling approach demonstrated in this study can effectively recycle both CFRP and GFRP manufacturing wastes. Preserving the structural integrity of the recycled fibres could be an advantage, enabling recycling for a specified number of times.
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Ftnan, Amera H., and Ragheed F. Makki. "BEHAVIOR OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH FRP." Kufa Journal of Engineering 13, no. 4 (October 14, 2022): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/130402.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, the experimental work of this research included the test of seven concrete beams with dimensions (0.24 * 0.15 * 1.7) m. The mixing ratio is (1:2:3) and the water ratio(w/c) is 0.5. The first control beam has new aggregates and without strengthen with carbon fiber polymer sheet. The next three beams have the different ratio of recycled aggregate of (25%, 50%, 75%), and the last three beams have the different ratio of recycled aggregate of (25%, 50%, 75%) and with strengthen with carbon fiber polymer sheet. The experimental results showed that the ultimate load in the control beam (NC) became approximately (4,9,14) % respectively higher than the group of the recycle aggregate (B2. B3. B4) beams. When strengthening the beams by carbon fiber polymer sheet. The author notice the ultimate load in the control beam (NC) became approximately (20,16,0) % respectively lesser than the group of recycle aggregate (B5.B6.B7) strengthening beams.
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KAWABATA, Nariyoshi. "Recycle for Polymers. Polymeric Materials Premised for Recycled Use." Kobunshi 48, no. 10 (1999): 774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.48.774.
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Martikka, Ossi, and Timo Kärki. "Promoting Recycling of Mixed Waste Polymers in Wood-Polymer Composites Using Compatibilizers." Recycling 4, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling4010006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Millions of tons of plastics are produced and consumed annually and should be recycled in a sustainable way. The effects of different compatibilizers on the properties of wood-mixed waste polymer composites are studied to promote recycling of plastics and to determine the potential of using waste plastics in composites. The effect of different addition levels and blending of compatibilizers is examined as well. The studied properties are microstructure, tensile and flexural properties, impact strength, and water absorption and thickness swelling in immersion. The results show that the addition of the selected compatibilizers improved the properties of wood-mixed waste polymer composites remarkably—all the studied mechanical properties and moisture resistance were improved by 50% or more. The effects depend strongly on the level of addition and the compatibilizer used. Findings show that compatibilization provides a feasible means to recycle waste plastics as feedstock for wood–plastic composites.
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Salas, Miguel A., Heriberto Pérez-Acebo, Verónica Calderón, and Hernán Gonzalo-Orden. "Analysis and Economic Evaluation of the Use of Recycled Polyamide Powder in Masonry Mortars." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112657.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the considerable amount of waste plastics and polymers that are produced annually, the introduction of these waste products in construction materials is becoming a recurrent solution to recycle them. Among polymers, polyamide represents an important proportion of polymer waste. In this study, sustainable and lightweight mortars were designed and elaborated, substituting the aggregates by polyamide powder waste. Mortars were produced with various dosages of cement/aggregates, and the polyamide substitutions were 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the aggregates. The aim of this paper is to determine the density and the compressive strength of the manufactured mortars to observe the feasibility for being employed as masonry or rendering and plastering mortars. Results showed that with increasing polymer substitution, lower densities were achieved, ranging from 1850 to 790 kg/m3 in modified mortars. Mortars with densities below 1300 kg/m3 are cataloged as lightweight mortars. Furthermore, compressive strength also decreased with more polyamide substitution. Obtained values in recycled mortars were between 15.77 and 2.10 MPa, but the majority of the values (eight out of 12) were over 5 MPa. Additionally, an economic evaluation was performed, and it was observed that the use of waste polyamide implies an important cost reduction, apart from the advantage of not having to manage this waste material. Consequently, not only the mechanical properties of the new recycled materials were verified as well as its economic viability.
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Momanyi, Job, Michael Herzog, and Peter Muchiri. "Analysis of Thermomechanical Properties of Selected Class of Recycled Thermoplastic Materials Based on Their Applications." Recycling 4, no. 3 (August 19, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling4030033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polypropylene and polystyrene are petroleum-based thermoplastics which are commonly used and disposed of in the environment after their service life, leading to environmental degradation. There is a need to recycle polypropylene and polystyrene, but the effect of recycling on thermo-mechanical properties is not well understood. This study aims to determine thermo-mechanical properties of the recycled polypropylene and recycled polystyrene and compare them with corresponding virgin polypropylene and newly produced polystyrene (general purpose polystyrene 1540 and high impact polystyrene 7240). The study was carried out by preparing bar-shaped samples of recycled polypropylene, recycled polystyrene, general purpose polystyrene 1540, and high impact polystyrene 7240 by compression molding using a hot press and thermally characterizing them to determine glass transition temperature and melting temperature using differential scanning calorimetry. The changes in Young’s modulus, tensile strength, hardness, and toughness due to recycling activities were determined at room temperature (24 °C), 40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C. The thermo-mechanical properties of recycled polystyrene (PS) were found to be comparable to those of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) 7240. The study revealed that the hardness and toughness for the recycled polymers were higher than those of corresponding virgin polymers. On the other hand, tensile strength and Young’s modulus for the recycled polymers were lower than those of the virgin polymers. Understanding the thermo-mechanical properties of the recycled polymers will contribute to more industrial applications hence increase the rate of recycling, resulting in a reduction in environmental pollution.
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Zhao, Junliang, Chenhao Xu, Linzhu Sun, and Dongyan Wu. "Behaviour of FRP-confined compound concrete–filled circular thin steel tubes under axial compression." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 9 (January 20, 2020): 1772–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219900941.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents test results of a recent study on the axial compressive behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer–confined compound concrete–filled thin steel tubes. The usage of compound concrete, which is a mixture of fresh concrete and large pieces of recycled concrete lumps, can recycle waste concrete in a simple but effective way. Totally, three series of tests were conducted, with the parameters including the relative strength between fresh concrete and recycled concrete lumps, the volumetric percentage (i.e. mix ratio) of recycled concrete lumps, the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the steel tubes, and the thickness of the fibre-reinforced polymer jackets being investigated. The stress–strain curves of the steel tube and compound concrete core were derived and the effects of different parameters were then examined and discussed. An existing stress–strain curve model of fibre-reinforced polymer–confined normal concrete-filled steel tubes was also found performing well in predicting the behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer–confined compound concrete-filled steel tubes.
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Vidakis, Nectarios, Markos Petousis, Athena Maniadi, Emmanuel Koudoumas, Achilles Vairis, and John Kechagias. "Sustainable Additive Manufacturing: Mechanical Response of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene over Multiple Recycling Processes." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093568.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sustainability in additive manufacturing refers mainly to the recycling rate of polymers and composites used in fused filament fabrication (FFF), which nowadays are rapidly increasing in volume and value. Recycling of such materials is mostly a thermomechanical process that modifies their overall mechanical behavior. The present research work focuses on the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer, which is the second most popular material used in FFF-3D printing. In order to investigate the effect of the recycling courses on the mechanical response of the ABS polymer, an experimental simulation of the recycling process that isolates the thermomechanical treatment from other parameters (i.e., contamination, ageing, etc.) has been performed. To quantify the effect of repeated recycling processes on the mechanic response of the ABS polymer, a wide variety of mechanical tests were conducted on FFF-printed specimens. Regarding this, standard tensile, compression, flexion, impact and micro-hardness tests were performed per recycle repetition. The findings prove that the mechanical response of the recycled ABS polymer is generally improved over the recycling repetitions for a certain number of repetitions. An optimum overall mechanical behavior is found between the third and the fifth repetition, indicating a significant positive impact of the ABS polymer recycling, besides the environmental one.
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Wieser, Martin, Andreas Schaur, Seraphin Hubert Unterberger, and Roman Lackner. "On the Effect of Recycled Polyolefins on the Thermorheological Performance of Polymer-Modified Bitumen Used for Roofing-Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063284.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to meet the technical specifications in roofing applications, the bitumen used for this purpose is standardly modified by polymers. This, in general, allows the re-use of recycled polymer during the production of polymer-modified bitumen (PmB), simultaneously reducing the amount of polymeric waste. Recycling processes, however, may degrade or contaminate polymers, leading to reduced crystallinity and lower melting temperature. Six different recycled polyolefins (high crystallinity: iPP, HDPE; reduced crystallinity: APP, PP Copolymer; waxy polyolefins: Wax 105, Wax 115) were assessed on their suitability for roofing applications. Mixing characteristics, polymer distribution and thermo-mechanical properties of the PmB samples were determined, employing fluorescence microscopy, modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) and dynamic shear rheometry (DSR). Depending on mixing properties, two levels of polymer content (5 and 16 wt% or 16 and 30 wt%) were considered. High crystallinity polymers exhibited the biggest increase in |G*| and lowest phase angle. Reduced crystallinity polymers were more easily dispersed and showed improved |G*| and phase angle. Waxy polyolefins improved bitumen similarly to reduced crystallinity polymers and are easily dispersed. The results suggest, that a reduced crystallinity or lower melting temperature of the recycled polymers resulting from degradation or contamination may be beneficial, resulting in improved mixing behavior and a more homogeneous distribution of the polymer within the bitumen.
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Lahtela, Ville, and Timo Kärki. "A Study on the Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) Plastic Fractions on the Moisture and Resistance to Indentation of Wood-Polymer Composites (WPC)." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5080205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigated the moisture and strength properties of wood-polymer composites (WPC), which were made using three different recycled polymers using wood flour as filler. The recycled polymers were acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE), which were collected from among the construction and demolition waste (CDW) at a local waste management center. The commercial additives, such as a coupling agent and lubricant, were also included in the materials. Composite materials were manufactured with an agglomeration and an extrusion process. Water absorption and thickness swelling properties of composites, based on the recycled ABS and PE, were restricted compared to the recycled PP. The strength properties of WPC were determined with two methods, a traditional Brinell hardness and resistance to indentation. Using an ABS polymer as a matrix in the composite, the moisture and strength properties were improved. The recycled PP polymer caused these properties to be lowered, especially in the case of moisture properties. This study has shown that the method used can affect the measured value of certain properties. In addition, the sorting of recycled polymer fractions is desirable for the appearance of improved properties.
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SHIBUYA, Hiroshi. "Recycle for Polymers. Pyrolysis Technology for Polymer Wastes." Kobunshi 48, no. 10 (1999): 778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.48.778.
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Kawakami, Atsushi, Kazuyuki Kubo, Iwao Sasaki, and Takashi Kano. "Study on the Recycling Method for Drainage Asphalt Pavement and Evaluation for its Durability." Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.664.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Japan, drainage asphalt pavement (DAP) is widely used especially on the highway and the express way. However, because of the existing porous asphalt materials consist of DAP use polymer modified bitumen, and the aggregate gradation of DAP is differ from conventional mixture, it is difficult to use those porous asphalt materials as the recycled aggregate for reclaimed asphalt pavement. Therefore, the recycling method for recycled DAP which were consisted of recycled porous asphalt materials and virgin aggregates has not been established yet. This paper describes that the recycling method for recycled DAP was considered, and the workability and five years durability was also verified by trial construction of the recycle DAP and new DAP which were consisted of virgin aggregate on the national highway.
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Satayeva, Safura, Aibarsha Аbdrakhmanova, and Anar Kurmangaliyeva. "Study of performance properties of an asphalt modified with polyethylen." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/cb1028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The quality of road bitumen is one of the most important factors determining the service life and quality of road asphalt concrete pavements. Current trends in oil refining and, in particular, increasingly deeper processing of crude oil, require consideration of the characteristics of its chemical composition and structure for the production of road bitumen, and, accordingly, the physical and mechanical properties of the bitumen produced. In this study the BOR 70/100 oil asphalt from the Aktau Bitumen Factory LLP “CaspiBitum” was considered. An asphalt was modified with polymer waste to upgrade operating properties. The I-40 industrial oil was used as a softener. Indicators like penetration, extensibility (ductility), brittleness temperature and softening temperature of bitumen were explored in this study. It was shown, that physical-mechanical properties of bitumen increased after modification: needle penetration depth decreased, extensibility decreased, softening temperature increased. Also, the influence of polymers on the structure of bitumen and the effect of their action in the composition were examined. Structure of polymer waste in Republic of Kazakhstan was analyzed. It was proved, that the usage of the recycled polyethylene as a modifier is a rational approach, and it lets to recycle stocks of secondary polymeric materials. Also problems of improving the properties of polymer-bitumen binder and ecology solved.
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Al-Hasan, Soleen Jaber Ahmad, R. Balamuralikrishnan, and Motasem Altarawneh. "Eco-Friendly Asphalt Approach for the Development of Sustainable Roads." Journal of Human, Earth, and Future 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hef-2020-01-03-01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, various types of recyclable materials are used in civil engineering applications. One of the future challenges in the civil engineering field facing sustainability and the bulk utilization of waste materials without affecting the performance of the product related to the civil engineering field. Presence of bulk amounts of disposed and demolished materials including aggregates and undecomposed recycled polymers can be recycled. The main aim of reducing environmental impact and also reduction in the cost. Present research focusing on recycled polymers as partial replacement of bitumen in addition to recycled coarse aggregate in different percentages are investigated for its feasibility used in road construction. To achieve the objectives of the current research, 6 batches of bituminous samples were prepared and each case considered three samples for repeatability. The first batch is considered as a control sample without adding Recycled Coarse Aggregates (RCA) and recycled polymer. The second batch consists of 15% partial replacement of bitumen using polymer without recycled aggregate. Remaining batches 3 to 6 were 15% partial replacement of bitumen with polymer and partial replacement of coarse aggregates using recycled coarse aggregate say 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Each batch was tested by reliable and standard tests in order to determine the most efficient mix (batch). The testing methods followed in this investigation are sieve analysis test, impact test, Los Angeles test, penetration test and marshal test. The results of sieve analysis test showed that the fineness modulus value for RCA equals to 4% with uniform graded graph. The specific gravity test results showed that RCA specific gravity is 2.61 which indicates that RCA is considered as coarse grained soils. Moreover, the Impact test for RCA equals 9.3%. In addition, the result for Los Angeles for RCA value is 19.07% and comparing it with the standard and it should be less than 30% is suitable for road construction. Furthermore, penetration test results of 15% partial replacement of bitumen using polymer showed that the average value equals 58 mm compared to 63.7 mm for bitumen without polymer. Finally, the result obtained from the Marshall Stability test showed that batch 5 partial replacement of bitumen 15% using polymer and the partially replaced normal coarse aggregate 75% with RCA gives better results in all aspects. A fruitful conclusion from this study is to follow the approach of utilization of recycled coarse aggregate along with recycled polymers in road construction. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2020-01-03-01 Full Text: PDF
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Geier, Norbert, Dániel István Poór, Csongor Pereszlai, and Péter Tamás-Bényei. "Drilling of recycled carbon fibre–reinforced polymer (rCFRP) composites: analysis of burrs and microstructure." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 120, no. 3-4 (February 13, 2022): 1677–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-08847-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSince governments encourage sustainability, industries are making great efforts to reuse or recycle carbon fibre–reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. Despite the promising early results concerning the material properties of recycled CFRP, there is no published knowledge available about their machinability. In this study, drilling-induced micro and macro-sized geometrical defects were analysed and compared in virgin and recycled CFRP. A total of 180 drilling experiments were carried out using uncoated solid carbide cutting tools. Six different CFRP composites were tested at different feeds. The burr characteristics and microstructure were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results suggest that the formation of drilling-induced burrs in CFRP reinforced by recycled chopped and nonwoven mats is less pronounced than in virgin CFRP. Micro- and macro-sized geometrical defects in both recycled and virgin milled CFRP were negligible. This study found no relevant objection to using recycled CFRP from the point of view of drilling-induced burrs and microstructure damage.
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Sharifah Shahnaz, Syed Bakar, Rita Khanna, Sahajwalla Veena, Hussin Kamarudin, N. Z. Noimam, and Sung Ting Sam. "Characterizations on the Effect of Processing of Polymers Blend with Petroleum Coke (Part I)." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.644.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global demand for plastics has grown significantly over the past decades, and will continue to expand with rising income levels in emerging economies; a number of approaches have been used to recycle polymer waste. While chemical recycling is one of the key methods used as it recovers and reuses the polymer in high-end product; new avenues for waste recycling need to be developed. In-depth interfacial behaviour investigation was carried out to study interactions between polymers and petroleum coke (PC). Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) polymers are three major polymers that abundantly found in waste streams were chosen and their properties and the effect of petroleum coke presence on the degradation process of polymer have been characterized. The polymer was mixed and homogenized prior pyrolysis up to 600C. The residues yield after pyrolysis was collected and analyzed.
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Mirski, Radosław, Aleksandra Banaszak, and Pavlo Bekhta. "Selected Properties of Formaldehyde-Free Polymer-Straw Boards Made from Different Types of Thermoplastics and Different Kinds of Straw." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research investigated the effects of different thermoplastics types and different kinds of straw on selected properties of polymer-straw boards. Polyethylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene of virgin and of recycled origin were used for bonding the boards. Three kinds of straw were used: rape (Brassica napus L. var. napus), triticale (Triticosecale Witt b m.), and rye (Secale L.). Five-layer polymer-straw boards were produced. The obtained boards differed in both the materials they were made of and the moisture content (7, 25, and 2% for the core, the middle, and the face layers, respectively), and 30% of straw particles were substituted with thermoplastics added to the face layers. It was found that properties of polymer-straw boards strongly depend on both the kind of straw and the type of polymer used. The best mechanical properties were obtained for rye straw and polystyrene or recycled polymers, whereas the best hydrophobic properties were observed for rape straw combined with recycled polyethylene or polypropylene. Although recycled polymers improved the hydrophobic properties of the boards, they impaired their mechanical properties in comparison with the reference ones. However, in terms of bending strength, they still met the requirements for heavy duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions (20 MPa for P7 boards according to EN 312).
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Park, KeumHwan, Cheolmin Shin, Ye-Seul Song, Hee-Jin Lee, Chiho Shin, and Youngmin Kim. "Recyclable and Mendable Cellulose-Reinforced Composites Crosslinked with Diels–Alder Adducts." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Owing to their natural abundance and exceptional mechanical properties, cellulose fibers (CFs) have been used for reinforcing polymers. Despite these merits, dispersing hydrophilic CFs in a hydrophobic polymer matrix is challenging. To address this, an amphiphilic ammonium salt was employed as the dispersant for CFs in this study. The hydrophobic CFs were mixed with a healable polymer to produce CF-reinforced composites. As the thermosetting polymer was crosslinked with Diels–Alder (DA) adducts, it was mended and recycled via a retro DA reaction at 120 °C. Interestingly, the CF-reinforced polymer composites were mended and recycled as well. When 5 wt % of the hydrophobic CFs was added to the polymer, maximum tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, and toughness increased by 70%, 183%, 75%, and 420%, respectively. After recycling, the CF-reinforced composites still featured better mechanical properties than recycled polymer.
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Fan, Ping, Can Xue, Xiantai Zhou, Zujin Yang, and Hongbing Ji. "Dynamic Covalent Bonds of Si-OR and Si-OSi Enabled A Stiff Polymer to Heal and Recycle at Room Temperature." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102680.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As stiff polymers are difficult to self-heal, the balance between polymers’ self-healing ability and mechanical properties is always a big challenge. Herein, we have developed a novel healable stiff polymer based on the Si-OR and Si-OSi dynamic covalent bonds. The self-healing mechanism was tested and proved by the small molecule model experiments and the contrast experiments of polymers. This polymer possesses excellent tensile, bending properties as well as room temperature self-healing abilities. Moreover, due to the sticky and shapeable properties under wetting conditions, the polymer could be used as an adhesive. Besides, even after four cycles of recycling, the polymer maintains its original properties, which meets the requirements of recyclable materials. It was demonstrated that the polymer exhibits potential application in some fields, such as recyclable materials and healable adhesives.
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Hamarat, Ibrahim, Emel Kuram, and Babur Ozcelik. "Investigation the mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blends with different recycling number content." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408917717994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer was exposed to 12 injection cycles to investigate the influence of recycling number on the mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties. Also, binary and ternary blends including different weight percentages and recycling number of virgin–recycled polymers were prepared. A slight decrement was found in the tensile strength values with recycling number. All blends including recycled polymer (binary or ternary) gave lower tensile strength values with respect to 100% virgin polymer. Strain at break value was decreased after twelve times recycling; however, no clear tendency was observed with the presence of different ratios of virgin polymer to recycled polymer. Impact strength of the polymer decreased with recycling number. There was relatively large drop in the third recycling, from 72 kJ/m2 to 38.5 kJ/m2; however, further recycling induced in a slower drop in the impact strength to 32.5 kJ/m2. All blends including recycled material gave lower impact strength values as compared to 100% virgin polymer. It was observed that the melt flow index values increased with the recycling number, a total of 26.53% after twelve times recycling. All blends containing recycled material showed higher melt flow index values as compared to 100% virgin polymer.
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Mihelčič, Mohor, Alen Oseli, Miroslav Huskić, and Lidija Slemenik Perše. "Influence of Stabilization Additive on Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polypropylene." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 5438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245438.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To decrease the amount of plastic waste, the use of recycling techniques become a necessity. However, numerous recycling cycles result in the mechanical, thermal, and chemical degradation of the polymer, which leads to an inefficient use of recycled polymers for the production of plastic products. In this study, the effects of recycling and the improvement of polymer performance with the incorporation of an additive into recycled polypropylene was studied by spectroscopic, rheological, optical, and mechanical characterization techniques. The results showed that after 20 recycling steps of mechanical processing of polypropylene, the main degradation processes of polypropylene are chain scission of polymer chains and oxidation, which can be improved by the addition of a stabilizing additive. It was shown that a small amount of an additive significantly improves the properties of the recycled polypropylene up to the 20th reprocessing cycle. The use of an additive improves the rheological properties of the recycled melt, surface properties, and time-dependent mechanical properties of solid polypropylene since it was shown that the additive acts as a hardener and additionally crosslinks the recycled polymer chains.
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Tayh, Sady, and Doua Yousif Khalif Khalif. "INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF STONE MASTIC ASPHALT MIXTURES MODIFIED BY RECYCLED WASTE POLYMERS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 27, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 429–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.4.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The usage of polymer-modified asphalt binders has increased as a result of the significant increase in the number of conventional cars operating on Iraqi roads in recent years. This has resulted in increased strains being placed on pavement structures and materials. Global exploration has focused on the development of stabilizing Stone Mastic Asphalt mixtures for improved pavement behavior. Numerous effective efforts were made to stabilize stone mastic asphalt mixes with polymers and fibers. Iraq produces a considerable amount of waste polymer materials each year. Usually, they are sent to landfills for disposal. These wastes are dumped, occupying a sizable portion of landfill space and creating various serious environmental issues. The study focuses on how waste polymer additions, such as recycled plastic bottles, shopping boxes, and tire crumb rubber, affect the mechanical performance and durability of stone mastic asphalt mixtures. The mechanical performance attributes were assessed. It is evident from the findings that the drain-down amounts were within the permissible requirement range. The findings also showed that the indirect tensile strength, Marshall Stability, moisture damage resistance, and resistance for permanent deformation of stone mastic asphalt mixtures have all increased as a result of the use of waste polymer components. The recycled polymer-modified mixes are the combinations that are most resistant to rutting, according to the results of the repeated load axial creep tests. Iraq may have new options to employ the significant volumes of recycled polymers that are becoming accessible as a result of recycling waste polymers.
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TRACHEVSKYI, V. V., K. O. IVANENKO, and O. M. FAINLEIB. "MODIFICATION OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS." Polymer journal 43, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.43.03.149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The review is devoted to the analysis of modern research in the development of formulations and technology for the manufacture of composites based on bituminous binders for the creation of improved asphalt concrete. Methods for modification of bitumen by polymer additives, chemical stabilizers, industrial wastes (recycled polymers, ground tire rubber, fly ash, etc.), nanodispersed additives and carbon nanomaterials to obtain the necessary predetermined properties are considered. The positive and negative aspects of using various modifiers are analyzed. The efficiency of modification of bituminous binders with recycled polymers and nano(ultra)dispersed fillers is shown, which makes it possible to create composites based on bituminous binders for asphalt concrete pavements with high performance characteristics. The optimal content of additives to the bitumen binder has been analyzed: the amount of thermoplastic polymers and thermoplastic elastomers in the range of 3-10 wt.%, thermosetting polymers − over 10 wt.%, elastomers − up to 15 wt.%, and nano-sized additives: nano-oxides ≥ 5 wt.%, nanoclay ~ 3 wt. %, carbon nanotubes, graphene < 1.2 wt.%. Modification of bitumen with recycled polymers and partial replacement of expensive polymer modifiers with cheaper polymer waste, composite modifiers, namely recycled polymer mixed with ground tire rubber and / or fly ash are considered. This allows solving the environmental problems (waste utilization and secondary use) and reduce the cost of asphalt concrete. From the analysis of the experimental results, it becomes clear that for prediction of the properties of modified asphalt concrete, the basic characteristics of the original bitumen, which can differ significantly, are important, as well as the type of modifier (combination of modifiers), its chemical nature, and the efficiency of its dispersing in bitumen. The different chemical composition of the initial bitumen and its physicochemical properties probably play a primary role in imparting high and low temperature properties to asphalt concrete. Modification of a bituminous binder with waste polymers and nanofillers, first of all, makes it possible to improve such important performance characteristics of bitumen and asphalt concrete, such as softening temperature, penetration, penetration index, ductility, viscosity, moisture resistance, complex shear modulus, rutting parameter, resistance to cracking, etc.
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Malley, James P. "The use of selective and direct DAF for removal of particulate contaminants in drinking water treatment." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1995): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0515.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cationic polymers were found to coat bubbles resulting in charge reversal and increasingly positive EPM. Batch bench-scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) studies show promising benefits from the addition of cationic or non-ionic polymers to the saturated recycle line of conventional DAF. In cases where low turbidity, low color waters are being treated, direct DAF compared well with conventional DAF. Polymer addition improved the percentage solids of the float. Anionic polymers were not found to be effective. Further research at the pilot and full-scale is needed to verify these findings.
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da Silva, D. F., Renê Anísio da Paz, E. M. Araújo, and T. J. A. de Melo. "Preparation of Polyamide 6/PE-g-MA/Compound by Recycled Rubber (SBRr) Blends." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.659.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polymer blends are better technological response to generate "new" high performance polymers from commercially available polymers and are an alternative to obtaining polymer materials with properties that generally are not found in a single material. The thermoplastic modified with elastomer and/or thermoplastic elastomers have attracted great interest from researchers and industries due to the attractive cost/benefit ratio and the possibility of a significant increase in the toughness of brittle polymers or temperatures subenvironment with the incorporation of a dispersed rubber phase. The destination of compound by recycled rubber has been one of the main problems faced by humanity, because its natural degradation occurs after a long time due to the presence of cross-links, stabilizers and other additives in their structure, causing damage to the environment. This study aimed to prepare blends of polyamide 6/PE-g-MA /compound by recycled rubber (SBRr).
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Rung, Christian, Frank Welle, Anita Gruner, Arielle Springer, Zacharias Steinmetz, and Katherine Munoz. "Identification and Evaluation of (Non-)Intentionally Added Substances in Post-Consumer Recyclates and Their Toxicological Classification." Recycling 8, no. 1 (February 9, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to the European circular economy strategy, all plastic packaging placed on the market by 2030 has to be recyclable. However, for recycled plastics in direct contact with food, there are still major safety concerns because (non-)intentionally added substances can potentially migrate from recycled polymers into foodstuffs. Therefore, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has derived very low migration limits (e.g., 0.1 µg/L for recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and 0.06 µg/L for recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE)) for recycled polymers. Thus, the use of recyclates from post-consumer waste materials in direct food contact is currently only possible for PET. A first step in assessing potential health hazards is, therefore, the identification and toxicological classification of detected substances. Within this study, samples of post-consumer recyclates from different packaging-relevant recycling materials (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, PET, and PS) were analyzed. The detected substances were identified and examined with a focus on their abundance, toxicity (Cramer classification), polarity (log P values), chemical diversity, and origin (post-consumer substances vs. virgin base polymer substances). It was demonstrated that polyolefins contain more substances classified as toxic than PET, potentially due to their higher diffusivity. In addition, despite its low diffusivity compared to polyolefins, a high number of substances was found in PS. Further, post-consumer substances were found to be significantly more toxicologically concerning than virgin base polymer substances. Additionally, a correlation between high log P values and a high Cramer classification was found. It was concluded that PET is currently the only polymer that complies with EFSA’s requirements for a circular economy. However, better-structured collection systems and cleaning processes, as well as more analytical methods that enable a highly sensitive detection and identification of substances, might offer the possibility of implementing other polymers into recycling processes in the future.
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Choudhury, Arup, Mandira Mukherjee, and Basudam Adhikari. "Recycling of Edible Oil Pouches: Composition and Thermal Stability." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 21, no. 2 (May 2005): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060502100203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recycled polyethylene containing very small amounts of nylon-6 or PET, which is the source of flexible oil pouches, may find applications as raw materials for other polymer products after the recycled polymer is properly identified and characterized before reprocessing. Proper identification and characterization of the polymer components present in the waste has considerable importance for obtaining value-added products. In this investigation, post-use oil pouch films, collected from municipal garbage, were first subjected to sorting, washing and drying. Then the dried films were fractionated by dissolving in solvents. The isolated component polymers were characterized and identified by solvent fractionation, FTIR, DSC-TGA and WAXD analysis.
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Gonopolsky, A. M., E. A. Mazlova, D. A. Makarenkov, and E. A. Milaeva. "Electret Effects Impact on the Electrostatic Separation of Mixed Polymeric Waste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-3-46-51.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electret effects of the selective electrostatic separation of crushed particles of recycled polymers were examined. Polymer electrets properties dependence on fissuring and chemical activation environments of synthetic polymeric wastes surfaces was revealed.
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Esfandiari, Puria, João Francisco Silva, Paulo Jorge Novo, João Pedro Nunes, and Antonió Torres Marques. "Production and processing of pre-impregnated thermoplastic tapes by pultrusion and compression moulding." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 11 (March 25, 2022): 1667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983221083841.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although there is no doubt that composite materials are the future of lightweight structures and components, most of composites currently produced are made from thermoset polymers, which are not able to be recycled or reprocessed. In contrast, thermoplastic polymers offer the possibility to recycle and reprocess and when combined with a fibrous reinforcement, provide interesting mechanical properties. This work reviews the production of two thermoplastic pre-impregnated materials in a tape form, one of which is produced on new prototype equipment developed in our laboratories. The method for the production of tape is described, and the prepregs presented here were subjected to two processing techniques. The first processing method, pultrusion, is an efficient and autonomous method to produce composite profiles, marking itself as a continuous and cost-effective way to produce these materials. Pultrusion bars were then subjected to heated compression moulding, a process that allows to obtain more complex-shaped parts. The second method, heated compression moulding, is a relatively simple process which was used to obtain composite laminates. The pultrusion bars and composite laminates were then subjected to mechanical testing to evaluate the levels of consolidation of the final material. A microscope testing was also carried out to analyse the dispersion of fibres and polymer, as well as the amount of voids present in the composite.
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Shan, Jiahui. "Synthesis Approaches of Bio-Degradable Polymer Materials." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 52 (July 4, 2023): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v52i.8887.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Numerous polymer materials are used in various fields of human’s life. However, for traditional petro-based polymer materials, because of the pollutants produced during the process of fabrication, as well as their difficulty in degradation and recycle, they contribute to major environmental issues such resource waste, global warming, and white pollution. In order to address those problems, an important way is to produce and apply more biodegradable polymer materials, which can be easily cycled in nature. Biodegradable polymers can be produced using a variety of synthetic approaches, including directly chemical synthesis, natural polymer modification, microbial synthesis, and enzymatic synthesis. These approaches offer biodegrable polymer materials both better mechanical or thermal properties as well as biodegradability, which make them desirable and appropriate for the application in diverse fields. The basic concept and mechanism of biodegradation of biodegradable polymers are discussed in this review, along with a presentation of various synthesis approaches and their related studies recently.
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Thonglor, Thanathip, and Pollawat Charoeythornkhajhornchai. "Recycle Ability of Post-Consumer Recycled Plastic (PCR) from the Chlorine Tank." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 8 (March 29, 2022): 3459. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.3459.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plastic waste that used in our daily life is a major problem of environmental contaminate because it produces microplastics after degradation resulting in the harmful of living organisms, including humans. Therefore, this research has an idea to solve this problem by recycling the plastic waste. High density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste from the chlorine tank in fishing industry is considered. This work was designed to blend it with virgin HDPE plastic pellets. The ratio of blended plastics between virgin HDPE pellets and HDPE plastic waste from the chlorine tank which was defined as post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) was 100:0, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80 and 0:100 wt%, respectively. The result shows unchanged thermal properties of plastic blends caused by the same type of polymer, thus the PCR without blending with the virgin HDPE plastic is selected for recycle ability studies. The PCR was rerun in the twin screw extruder in the range of 0 - 80 extruded recycle time to observe the thermal, rheological, mechanical, and physical properties. It was found from our result that 20 recycling time of PCR was appropriate for maximum recycling process due to slightly change rheological characteristics, mechanical properties as well as product’s color.
HIGHLIGHTS
Thermal properties of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling and its blending with virgin HDPE
Rheological change of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling
Mechanical and physical properties of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling to meet a customer need
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Shi, Jian, Li Min Bao, and Kiyoshi Kemmochi. "Effect of Solvent on Adhesion Property of Glass Fiber Recycled by Superheated Steam." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.286.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We developed a kind of technology to recycle FRP by superheated steam. In order to achieve the good adhesion between unsaturated polyester resin and recycled glass fiber on which there were some char impurities, a surface treatment should be carried out to remove them. After surface cleaning, the recycled glass fibers were remanufactured to glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) for adhesion test. It was carried out to evaluate the effects of solution and soaking time. Samples of treated, recycled and virgin fibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to determine visual signs of residual char impurities. SEM picture showed char impurities would decrease after surface cleaning by ultrasonic cleaning machine. Although detergent can make work life more environmental friendly, SEM micrographs indicated that there were less residual char impurities on glass fiber which cleaned by acetone. Results of adhesion test showed that adhesion property of remanufactured GFRP can be preserved about 90% of that of virgin GFRP. The recycled glass fibers were able to be used as feedstock for remanufactured GFRP with high mechanical properties.
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Volfson, Svetoslav Isaakovich, Larisa Yuryevna Zakirova, Yulia Sergeevna Karaseva, and Alina Ildusovna Nigmatullina. "Effect of the Technological Additives on the Properties of Recycled Polyolefins." Key Engineering Materials 816 (August 2019): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.816.90.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recycling of polymers is an important environmental task. However, during the recycling of polymers many technological problems arise because usually not only one polymer, but also mixtures of polymers are recycled. To improve technological properties, such as increasing fluidity, improving processability and quality, reducing the melt pressure in the spinneret head, addressing surface defects caused by viscosity anomaly and excessive shear stresses, preventing the formation of deposits and residue on the forming tool, increasing productivity, reducing the amount gelic, etc., use processing and technological additives. In the research, the effect of technological additives manufactured by Weihai CY Dendrimer Technology Co., Ltd (China) on the technological and thermal properties of recycled polyolefins was studied. It was shown that the technological additives improved the technological properties of recycled polymers: the mixing energy decreased when receiving compositions, the melt flow index values increased, the thermal properties did not deteriorate. The results show the possibility of using of the technological additives in production to increase the productivity of processing equipment and reducing its energy consumption.
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Titone, Vincenzo, Maria Chiara Mistretta, Luigi Botta, and Francesco Paolo La Mantia. "Toward the Decarbonization of Plastic: Monopolymer Blend of Virgin and Recycled Bio-Based, Biodegradable Polymer." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 5362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Decarbonization of plastics is based on two main pillars: bio-based polymers and recycling. Mechanical recycling of biodegradable polymers could improve the social, economic and environmental impact of the use of these materials. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate whether concentrations of the same recycled biopolymer could significantly affect the rheological and mechanical properties of biodegradable monopolymer blends. Monopolymer blends are blends made of the same polymers, virgin and recycled. A sample of commercially available biodegradable blend was reprocessed in a single-screw extruder until two extrusion cycles were completed. These samples were exposed to grinding and melt reprocessed with 75% and 90% of the same virgin polymer. The blends were characterized by tensile tests and rheological tests. The results obtained showed that while multiple extrusions affected the mechanical and rheological properties of the polymer, the concentration of the reprocessed material present in the blends only very slightly affected the properties of the virgin material. In addition, the experimentally observed trends were accurately predicted by the additive model adopted.
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Valeev, S. F., and E. A. Kalinenko. "Recycled Polymers: Market Trends, Regulation, Advanced Technology Routes." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 640, no. 6 (2023): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2023-640-6-12-18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last 5 years, a significant number of technologies for recycling plastic waste into petrochemical products with high added value have emerged: plastic waste can be recovered for processing into petrochemical products with added value, including aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogen, synthesis gas and bio feedstock, using various technologies including thermochemical, catalytic conversion and chemolysis. The article discusses the prospects of the polymer recycling market and production of secondary polymers,basics of regulation and stimulation, and overviews the expertise of LINK (LUKOIL's production and service center) on the topic of polymer waste recycling and carbon footprint assessment.
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Turner, Richard, Catherine Kelly, Rod Fox, and Bill Hopkins. "Re-Formative Polymer Composites from Plastic Waste: Novel Infrastructural Product Application." Recycling 3, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling3040054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A novel re-formative polymer composite manufacturing route has been developed by UK and Qatar-based Universities. This novel process recycles domestic-waste thermoplastic material, without the requirement for intensive filtering or washing operations. The produced polymer can be reinforced with recycled glass fibres, forming a structurally load-bearing composite, which may potentially be suitable for use in applications, including utility poles, railway sleepers, and fencing. Thus, infra-red (IR) analysis showed the presence of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the commingled material. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine glass transition temperatures and melting temperatures of each of the associated polymer types. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was used to determine the storage and loss modulus of the bulk commingled component. Lastly, flexural and tensile strengths of the re-formative polymer with differing proportions of glass fibre were assessed, giving a range of strengths at each glass fibre proportion for possible compositional variation in the polymer type. The recycled polymer is considered a viable structural material for replacing both wooden and concrete components, generating a polymer recycling route with concomitant environmental benefits. This plastic recycling route therefore offers a solution towards achieving climate change targets with a purposeful end-product component.
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MacDonald, Allan J., and Onita D. Basu. "Influence of Polymer Selection on Nutrient Phase Separation for Waste Activated Sludge Thickening at Bench Scale." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The use of polymers to condition waste activated sludge prior to thickening is a common practice at domestic wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the performance of various commercially available granular polymers was observed. Thickening by gravity belt thickener was simulated at the bench scale, and the thickened sludge and filtrate produced were examined. Laboratory analysis was used to determine the differences in nutrient chemical concentration in the thickened solids and filtrate produced by different polymers. By examining the content of nutrient chemicals such as total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorous, this research showed that polymer choice could affect the chemical composition of thickened sludge and filtrate with respect to nutrients. Results showed that the total phosphorous and TKN concentrations in the thickened sludge and filtrate were affected by polymer selection, which suggested that the chemical loading on the plant due to filtrate recycle, and the nutrient content of thickened sludge delivered to the digester are affected by polymer choice. Polymer optimization studies that examine nutrient properties of filtrate and thickened sludge beyond the basic total suspended solids analysis may be advantageous to minimize recycling of these compounds into the filtrate phase.
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Zattini, Giorgio, Laura Mazzocchetti, Tiziana Benelli, Emanuele Maccaferri, Gianluca Brancolini, and Loris Giorgini. "Mechanical Properties and Fracture Surface Analysis of Vinyl Ester Resins Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibres." Key Engineering Materials 827 (December 2019): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.827.110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work is focused on the mechanical characterization and fracture surfaces analysis of thermosetting polymers reinforced with short, randomly oriented, recycled carbon fibres (rCFs). This work aims at evaluating fibre/matrix adhesion between recycled CFs - reclaimed via pyrolysis followed by controlled oxidation of the pyrolytic char - and different polymer matrices, namely epoxy and vinyl ester resins. The latter is the main focus in this work, being amongst the most widely used thermosetting resins in SMC processes, which are the typical target for short rCFs. The evaluation of the properties of this new recycled carbon fibre reinforced polymer (rCFRP) has been via thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, stress/strain tests in tensile mode, and a subsequent analysis of the fracture surfaces by means of images analysis obtained by macrophotography, Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The comparison amongst the results allowed to evaluate the influence of the polymer nature and of the adhesion quality between fibres and polymeric matrix, mainly on the mechanical properties of the rCFRPs.
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Majka, Tomasz M., Krzysztof Adam Ostrowski, and Marcin Piechaczek. "Research on the Development of a Way to Modify Asphalt Mixtures with PET Recyclates." Materials 16, no. 18 (September 18, 2023): 6258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16186258.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the growing need to recycle plastics, new possibilities for their reuse are intensively sought. In the Asian market, waste polymers are increasingly used to modify road bitumen. This solution is beneficial in many aspects, especially in economic and ecological terms. In this work, recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (RPET), obtained from storage points located in Lesser Poland, was subjected to material recycling, and its properties were examined using three analyses: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The most important point of this research was the selection of conditions for obtaining modified asphalt mixtures through the addition of RPET. Subsequently, the effect of the polymer on the properties of road bitumens was assessed on the basis of penetration tests, softening point, elastic recovery, and structure. In the last stage of our research work, asphalt mixtures with the addition of modified waste PET (PMA) containing mineral filler in the form of basalt dust were obtained. The properties of the obtained mineral–polymer–asphalt mixtures were compared in terms of frost resistance, structure, and abrasion resistance with the properties of mineral–asphalt mixtures that were taken from damaged road surfaces in four points in the city of Tarnów (Lesser Poland) in the winter of 2022. It has been shown that the modification of road bitumen with the use of recyclate and mineral filler has a significant impact on its performance properties.
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Lanzalaco, Sonia, and Brenda G. Molina. "Polymers and Plastics Modified Electrodes for Biosensors: A Review." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 24, 2020): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102446.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polymer materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. The present study reviews the field of electrochemical biosensors fabricated on modified plastics and polymers, focusing the attention, in the first part, on modified conducting polymers to improve sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility and mechanical properties, whereas the second part is dedicated to modified “environmentally friendly” polymers to improve the electrical properties. These ecofriendly polymers are divided into three main classes: bioplastics made from natural sources, biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals and eco/recycled plastics, which are made from recycled plastic materials rather than from raw petrochemicals. Finally, flexible and wearable lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices, based on plastic supports, are also discussed. This review is timely due to the significant advances achieved over the last few years in the area of electrochemical biosensors based on modified polymers and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
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Goergen, Christian, Stephan Baz, Peter Mitschang, and Götz T. Gresser. "Recycled Carbon Fibers in Complex Structural Parts - Organic Sheets Made of rCF Staple Fiber Yarns." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to sustainably establish carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPC) in the market on an industry scale, solutions on how to recycle these new materials have to be developed. Quasi-continuously aligned carbon staple fiber structures in organic sheets made of recycled carbon are one approach which will be dealt with in this article. The process chain as well as the mechanical properties will be presented. Moreover, the specific feature of staple fiber yarns to be able to plastically deform under process temperature, enabling new degrees of deep-drawing of CFRPC organic sheets in the thermoforming process, will be highlighted.
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Isa, Amiruddin, Norlin Nosbi, Mokhtar Che Ismail, Hazizan Md Akil, Wan Fahmin Faiz Wan Ali, and Mohd Firdaus Omar. "A Review on Recycling of Carbon Fibres: Methods to Reinforce and Expected Fibre Composite Degradations." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 4991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144991.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon fibres are widely used in modern industrial applications as they are high-strength, light in weight and more reliable than other materials. The increase in the usage of carbon fibres has led to the production of a significant amount of waste. This has become a global issue because valuable carbon fibre waste ends up in landfill. A few initiatives have been undertaken by several researchers to recycle carbon fibre waste; however, the properties of this recycled material are expected to be worse than those of virgin carbon fibre. The incorporation of polymers, nanoparticles and other hybrid materials could enhance the overall properties of recycled carbon fibre waste. However, the degradation of fibre composites is expected to occur when the material is exposed to certain conditions and environments. The study of fibre composite degradation is crucial to enhance their properties, strength, safety and durability for future applications.
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Woern, Aubrey, Dennis Byard, Robert Oakley, Matthew Fiedler, Samantha Snabes, and Joshua Pearce. "Fused Particle Fabrication 3-D Printing: Recycled Materials’ Optimization and Mechanical Properties." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2018): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fused particle fabrication (FPF) (or fused granular fabrication (FGF)) has potential for increasing recycled polymers in 3-D printing. Here, the open source Gigabot X is used to develop a new method to optimize FPF/FGF for recycled materials. Virgin polylactic acid (PLA) pellets and prints were analyzed and were then compared to four recycled polymers including the two most popular printing materials (PLA and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)) as well as the two most common waste plastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP)). The size characteristics of the various materials were quantified using digital image processing. Then, power and nozzle velocity matrices were used to optimize the print speed, and a print test was used to maximize the output for a two-temperature stage extruder for a given polymer feedstock. ASTM type 4 tensile tests were used to determine the mechanical properties of each plastic when they were printed with a particle drive extruder system and were compared with filament printing. The results showed that the Gigabot X can print materials 6.5× to 13× faster than conventional printers depending on the material, with no significant reduction in the mechanical properties. It was concluded that the Gigabot X and similar FPF/FGF printers can utilize a wide range of recycled polymer materials with minimal post processing.
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Oladele, Isiaka Oluwole, Christian Junior Okoro, Anuoluwapo Samuel Taiwo, Linus N. Onuh, Newton Itua Agbeboh, Oluwayomi Peter Balogun, Peter Apata Olubambi, and Senzeni Sipho Lephuthing. "Modern Trends in Recycling Waste Thermoplastics and Their Prospective Applications: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 5 (May 13, 2023): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7050198.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics are two major classes of polymers in that have recently become materials that are indispensable for humankind. Regarding the three basic needs of human beings—food, shelter, and clothing—polymers and polymer-based materials have gained pre-eminence. Polymers are used in food production, beginning with farming applications, and in the health sector for the development of various biomaterials, as well as in shelter and clothing for a variety of applications. Polymers are the material of choice for all modern-day applications (transportation, sporting, military/defence, electronics, packaging, and many more). Their widespread applications have created many negative challenges, mainly in the area of environmental pollution. While thermoplastics can be easily reprocessed to obtain new products, thermosetting plastics cannot; thus, this review focuses more on the use of waste from thermoplastics with less emphasis on thermosetting plastics. Hence, the review presents a concise summary of the availability of waste thermoplastics as raw materials for product development and the anticipated benefits. The prospects for waste thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics, the possibility of cleaning the environment, and the uncovering of opportunities for further research and development are presented. The limitations of the current methods of waste polymer recycling are highlighted with possible future prospects from newly introduced methods. With zero tolerance for polymer waste in our environments, potential uses for recycled thermosetting plastics are described. Waste polymers should be seen as potential raw materials for research and development as well as major materials for new products. Recycled polymers are expected to be processed for use in advanced materials applications in the future due to their availability. This review shows that the major source of environmental pollution from polymers is the packaging, hence the need to modify products for these applications by ensuring that most of them are biodegradable.
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Korkees, Feras, Abdullah Aldrees, Imad Barsoum, and Dalal Alshammari. "Functionalised graphene effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled PA6/PA6,6 blends." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 16 (January 14, 2021): 2211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320987897.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Limiting the generation of polymers waste and maximizing their recyclability and recovery have been the main focus of the research and industry in recent years. Recycling of polyamides leads to the loss in mechanical and thermal properties, therefore, in order to reuse recycled nylons, an enhancement in their properties is desired. Enhancing the properties of recycled polyamides by the addition of functionalised graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) was the goal of this study. Recycled PA6/PA6,6 blends and functionalised graphene nanocomposites were prepared using hot-melt extrusion process. Two types of functionalised graphene were used: O2-GNPs and Amine-GNPs. The nanofillers didn’t affect the crystallinity of the recycled nylon, while the presence of functionalised graphene increased the thermal conductivity by enabling better heat transfer routes within the polymer. The microstructure of the materials was characterised confirming the successful dispersion but with a slight variation in GNPs/Polymer bonding depending on the functionalisation type. The strong nylon-to-graphene interfacial hydrogen bonding increased the mechanical properties of the recycled nylon nanocomposites. The functionalised nanoparticles slowed down the segmental motion of the polymer chain and decreased the ductility with increasing GNPs contents up to 10 wt%. The overall behaviour of recycled nylon nanocomposites showed dependency on the type of functionalisation and concentration of GNPs with better improvement in the overall properties using 2 wt% Amine-GNPs. These enhanced properties make functionalised graphene/recycled nylon nanocomposites a promising new class of advanced materials.
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Ovchinnikov, Vasily, Elena E. Mastalygina, and Petr Pantyukhov. "Investigation of Novel Polymer Composites Based on Recycled Multilayer Combined Packaging Materials." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.94.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polymer composite based on multilayer combined packaging wastes was prepared and investigated. The composite was made of tetrahedral package wastes, where cardboard part was removed. It was found that obtained composite material has blended polymer matrix that consists of low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene and polypropylene. Melting temperature of individual polymers in composite shifts to lower temperatures than that of the initial components. It is the evidence of destruction process or interaction between polymers. The hard particles of aluminum and cellulose are uniformly distributed in the composite. For that reason, these particles do not reduce melt fluidity significantly. The tensile strength and elasticity modulus are higher for the obtained material compared to pure polyethylene. The results show a high potential for the use of the developed composite material.
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Kuan, Hoo Tien Nicholas, Mohd Khairul Afiq, and Scollastica Jane Lumpong. "Mechanical Properties of Luffa Fiber Reinforced Recycled Polymer Composite." Defect and Diffusion Forum 432 (March 25, 2024): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-jrgi9s.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental issues over the eventual fate of post-consumer polymers can be dealt with in two separate ways which is recycling or using biodegradable polymers. However, it is evident that recycling polymers from post-consumer polymers can decrease the mechanical properties over time. Hence, to strengthen the recycled polymers, integrating fibers, such as luffa, into the High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) matrix, was carried out to produce a fiber reinforced recycled polymer (FRrP) composite. The tensile testing of the FRrP composite shows that the 10% fiber volume fraction (FVF) composite exhibits a higher tensile strength of 3.9% than the neat recycled HDPE (RHDPE). In terms of Young’s Modulus, the 5% FVF of FRrP is shown to have a higher value than the neat RHDPE by 54%. The low density of luffa fibers also contributes to the composites lightweight character. The impact testing shows that the FRrP enhances the impact properties when compared to the neat RHDPE. The peak load, perforation energy, and the total energy absorbed by the FRrP indicate an increasing trend when luffa, of up to 15% FVF, is added as the reinforcement. Thus, the addition of luffa as reinforcement in RHDPE shows significant potential as a high-performance, sustainable, and environmentally friendly material, such as automotive parts and protective gear.
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Roux, Maxime, Nicolas Eguémann, Clemens Dransfeld, Frédéric Thiébaud, and Dominique Perreux. "Thermoplastic carbon fibre-reinforced polymer recycling with electrodynamical fragmentation." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 3 (August 4, 2016): 381–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715599431.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The end of life of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) structures represents a major challenge to the aerospace industry, as new European regulations are demanding recycling solutions that can be complicated and expensive to apply. This study aims to address new practical ways to recycle CFRP materials. CFRP materials with a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) matrix were fragmented via electrodynamical fragmentation, which exhibits several benefits compared to mechanical shredding processes, especially for composites commonly found in the aerospace industry. The fragments are characterized and reused to produce new CFRP aerospace parts. Structural testing of recycled composite parts revealed a 17% decrease of the mechanical properties compared to the novel material. The combination of these manufacturing and recycling techniques closes the cradle to cradle loop of thermoplastic CFRP.