Дисертації: "Polymer Tribology"

1

Eichhorn, Sven, Brit Clauß, and Klaus Nendel. "Untersuchungen zum tribologischen Verhalten von hochgefüllten WPC (Wood Polymer Composite) als Maschinenbaukomponente." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-89811.

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Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, Grundlagen für den Einsatz von hochgefüllten WPC in tribologisch funktionalen Maschinenelementen, wie z. B. Gleitschienen in Stückgutförderern zu schaffen. Aufbauend auf einem Kurzzeitversuch verschiedener hoch gefüllter WPC mit Polypropylenmatrix (PP- Matrix), wurde untersucht, wie sich ein steigender Holzanteil, eine Wasserlagerung sowie die Matrix selbst durch Ersatz der PP durch eine Polyethylenmatrix (PE-Matrix) auf das tribologische Langzeitverhalten des Werkstoffes auswirken
The aim of the research was to create basic knowledge for the use of highly filled WPC in tribological functional machine elements, e. g. sliding rails in conveyors. Based on a short-term test of several highly filled WPCs with polypropylene matrix (PP matrix), the impact of several parameters on the long-term performance of WPC was investigated. These parameters were: a rising proportion of wood, an immersion in water over 700 hours and the matrix itself. In that case the PP matrix was replaced by a polyethylene matrix (PE matrix)

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2

Lind, Jonna. "Tribology of polymer composites for elevated temperature applications." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-332985.

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Polymers as construction material are common in the industry. Although more recently the use of polymer composites in more demanding applications has increased, requiring more of them mechanically, tribologically and thermally. To enhance the properties various fillers are used, from common glass fibers to more advanced nanoparticles. For this study three types of base polymers have been studied: poly-amide (PA), poly-phenylene-sulphide (PPS) and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK). They have been filled with glass fibers, carbon fibers, poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE), graphite and thermally conductive modifier in various combinations. Fibers are used to increase the mechanical properties, PTFE and graphite are added as lubricating additives to reduce the friction, and the thermally conductive modifier to increase the thermal conductivity. Five general groups of polymer composites were studied. Pure PEEK PPS, PA and PEEK filled with fibers PPS, PA and PEEK filled with fibers and lubricating additives PA filled with lubricating additives PEEK filled with fibers and additives for lubrication and thermal conductivity The polymer composites have been tribologically tested in a reciprocating sliding test set-up. Friction, wear and surface damage have been studied. Three types of counter surfaces have been used: ball bearing steel balls, stainless steel cylinders and anodized aluminum cylinders. Load, surface temperature of the polymer composites and number of cycles were varied to study any changes in friction and wear. The wear marks on the polymer composites were studied using an SEM. Cross sections of some tested samples were prepared to study any subsurface damage. From the tests the polymer composites showed similarities in friction. Lubricating additives gave lower friction, often around 0.05-0.15, while pure and only reinforced gave higher, often around 0.4-0.5. The wear was also less for polymer composites with lubricating additives. There was no clear influence of temperature but for most tests an increase in temperature gave lower friction. The only influence of load was that higher load gave wider wear tracks. Since no cross sections were prepared to compare subsurface damage due to different loads there might be a possibility that there were some differences below the surface as well. Otherwise cross sections showed that polymer composites with only fibers had cracks and cracked fibers below the surface due to the high stresses the polymer composite had been subjected to. With lubricating additives there was no large subsurface damage and it seems as if the lubricating additives formed a protective tribofilm in the wear track, giving both lower friction and wear. The presence of such a tribofilm was confirmed by XPS analysis that showed a surface layer containing F from PTFE. The conclusions are that the tribological properties of a polymer composite are strongly dependent on its fillers. Lubricating additives form a tribofilm that lowers friction and wear. Elevated temperatures might drastically change the tribological behavior of a polymer composite why it is important to do tests at higher temperatures. Cross sections can give information about subsurface damage and might help to understand the wear mechanisms and deformation of polymer composites better. More microscopy and mechanism studies are required in order to further understand the tribological behavior of polymer composites.

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3

Alharbi, Khalid Abdulkhaliq M. "The mechanical contact behaviour and tribology of polymer gears." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/103328/.

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Interest in using polymer gears has been growing dramatically in the last decade. Increasing understanding of their working behaviour has improved appreciation of their advantages compared to their limitations when selecting appropriate applications. However, restricted knowledge still leaves many unfulfilled areas that might benefit from their valuable advantages and control of their limitations, for example, in replacing. their metallic counterparts in more applications. Given their very different materials properties, it is important to develop bespoke design and rating methods for polymer gears, with properly validated rules, that are not mere modifications to metallic gearing rating methods. A major aim of this thesis is to provide a new deeper understanding for use when designing and rating some technologically important types of polymer gears for wider applications. Having identified an important research gap in polymer gearing theory and practice, this thesis covers mostly experimental studies involving continuously monitored wear and wear rate and microscopic evaluation of underlying tribologies. It examines the behaviour of polymer gears made of acetal, nylon (moulded and machine-cut) and polycarbonate, all common gearing materials, during and after running under different physically realistic conditions. Some modifications to test rigs uniquely designed to operate at a continually constant load enable study of surface thermal behaviour under dry and lubricated conditions and with simulations of moderate gear misalignments. In dry-running cases, gear load capacity and wear behaviour of different polymers and variations in underlying tribology all presented important relations between the gear tooth wear rate, the applied load and the tooth surface temperature. Quite similar patterns were seen under oil lubricated conditions. Typically, though, there was a nearly three-fold improvement in gear load capacity, the wear rate and gear tooth surface temperature were decreased, and SEM showed some changes in surface tribology. Finally, deliberately introduced angular misalignments between gear pairs indicated a reasonable tolerance of small but practical levels, with different tribological behaviours between the left and right sides of the tooth surfaces. A severe increase in wear rate and tooth failure arose from misalignments above 0.8ο yaw angle and 0.4ο pitch angle. After a unifying discussion, conclusions are drawn and further work is proposed for extended studies over different parameter ranges.

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4

Babak, LotfizadehDehkordi Dr. "RHEOLOGY AND TRIBOLOGY OF LUBRICANTS WITH POLYMERIC VISCOSITY MODIFIERS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1438208488.

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5

Eichhorn, Sven, Brit Clauß, and Ann-Kathrin Harsch. "Rad aus WPC (Wood Polymer Composite) zum Einsatz in der Fördertechnik." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-188694.

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Es wird die Bauteilentwicklung für ein Rad aus WPC (Wood Polymer Composite) vorgestellt. Das Rad ist der Demonstrator für eine WPC-Radbauweise zur Anwendung in der Intralogistik. Das Rad hat eine Lastgrenze von 150kg. Es werden statisch-mechanische Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Materialrezepturen und Radkonstruktionen vorgestellt. Ergänzend werden tribologische Versuche von ausgewählten Rädern dargestellt, um die Praxistauglichkeit des Demonstrators und der Bauweise abzuschätzen
A component- and material development for a wheel made from WPC (Wood Polymer Composite) is presented. The wheel is the demonstrator for a WPC-wheel design for the use in the intralogistics. The wheel has a load limit of 150kg. Staticmechanical investigations of different material compositions and wheel designs are presented. Tribological investigations of selected wheels are shown, to give an estimation of the prototype’s usability and the effectiveness of the general wheel design

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6

Cramer, Kay, and Sven Eichhorn. "Charakterisierende Untersuchungen zum Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten von Polyethylen (PE), gefüllt mit Haferspelzen." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-78594.

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Durch die Verwendung eines hochgefüllten Compounds aus Haferspelzen in einer Matrix aus Kunststoff ist es möglich tribologisch hochbelastbare Führungs- und Stützelemente für Zug- und Tragmittel im Anwendungsfeld der Fördertechnik aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen herzustellen. Die Werkstoffe weisen in Bereichen höherer tribologischer Belastungsintensitäten gegen die getesteten Reibpartner Vorteile hinsichtlich Reibwert und Verschleiß auf. Es werden Ergebnisse tribologischer Untersuchungen mit verschiedenen Reibpartnern und Oberflächenmodifikationen dargestellt. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf einer 60%/40% Mischung aus Haferspelzen und Polyethylen (PE).

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7

Ventura, Cervellón Alejandra Marcela. "Sustainable polymer-tribology : Developing novel multiscale thermoplastic composites using recycled high-performance fibers." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86910.

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The transition to a Circular Economy scheme that enables a more efficient usage of the resources is one of the most pressing needs in our society. From the industrial perspective this has been translated into new design philosophies and the search for more efficient systems. Polymeric composites have played a key role in the development of lighter components with good mechanical and tribological properties. Specifically, the demand of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) has had an increasing trend since 1970s-1980s, becoming one of the kind of composites with the highest demand in the market to supply industries such as aerospace, automotive, construction, renewable energies, among others. With the increasing demand of CFRP materials some of the main challenges that arise are their disposal, environmental impact and cost of production to maintain the required supply. The use of Carbon Fibers as a reinforcement for polymeric matrices has been widely documented over the last decades, however the characterization of recycled Carbon Fibers for tribological applications is still scarce. Therefore, this investigation is focused on the mechanical and tribological characterization under water lubricated conditions of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites reinforced with virgin and recycled Carbon Fibers and Graphene Oxide. The findings of this work provide an important panorama regarding the performance of recycled Carbon Fibers, showing that they can have a comparable performance in mechanical properties and tribological behavior. This enables the use of recycled Carbon Fibers without compromising performance while reducing the environmental impact and cost.

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8

Simmons, Gregory F. "Synthetic lubricants and polymer composites for large full film journal bearings." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26740.

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The rapid build-up of variable renewable power sources such as wind and solar are leading to increased instability in the electrical grid. Many methods of controlling this instability have been proposed but existing hydroelectric power plants in many cases already been enlisted to fill the regulating power needs of industry and the population. Filling this regulating power role necessitates that a machine changes load state more often and experiences an increase in starts and stops. Likewise, the push for a less environmentally intrusive society has raised the importance of utilizing equipment with reduced impact.This situation has created a host of opportunities to improve existing power plants and upgrade designs of new power plants to allow for reduced impact, better reliability, and increased efficiency. As one of the most critical and failure prone components of the power plant, the bearings hold great potential for improvements that together can reduce impact while increasing efficiency and reliability.To accomplish these opportunities, this work investigates the potential of new, environmentally adapted, lubricants to improve power plant efficiency. It then continues by developing guidelines for power plant operators when considering changing lubricants. Finally, the potential of polymer faced bearings to improve plant reliability at start up is investigated.A journal bearing test machine was constructed to investigate a number of new synthetic lubricants and polymer bearing materials. These tests found that a significant reduction in power loss could be accomplished without significantly affecting the bearing's minimum film thickness by changing from a traditional mineral oil based lubricant to a high viscosity index lubricant of much lower base viscosity grade.Further experimental work led to the development of practical guidance for power plant operators contemplating a lubricant change. This technique focuses on the importance of maintaining equivalent viscosity in the minimum film thickness region after a lubricant change. Efficiency improvements can then be calculated by comparing the viscosity in the bulk of the bearing to that with the original lubricant.Experimental work with polymer bearing facing materials demonstrated the dramatic reductions in break away friction that these materials can provide. A number of polymer composite materials were investigated for their friction characteristics at the moment of the start of sliding, finding that PTFE based materials were far superior to traditional Babbitt metal. The break away friction of PTFE materials was much lower than that of Babbitt and furthermore, the PTFE materials provided a much more stable friction than Babbitt through large variations in both pressure and oil bath temperature.Finally, experimental work with a full scale polymer faced bearing provided insight into the function of polymer faced bearings as well as valuable lessons in the further development of these bearings and their monitoring systems.
Godkänd; 2011; 20110204 (gresim); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Gregory F. Simmons Ämnesområde: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Uppsats: Synthetic Lubricants and Polymer Composites for Large Full Film Journal Bearings Examinator: Professor Sergei Glavatskih, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Patrick De Baets, Soete Laboratory, Ghent University, Belgium Tid: Måndag den 14 mars 2011 kl 10.00 Plats: E231, Luleå tekniska universitet

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9

Whitten, Philip Gregory. "Friction induced plastic deformation of high polymer surfaces." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050118.113517/index.html.

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10

Cramer, Kay, Sven Eichhorn, Thomas Rolle, Franziska Seidel, and Katharina Frohberg. "Hochbelastbare Führungs- und Stützelemente für Zug- und Tragmittel in der Fördertechnik auf Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-78583.

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Анотація:

Durch die Verwendung eines hochgefüllten Compounds aus Haferspelzen in einer Matrix aus Kunststoff ist es möglich tribologisch hochbelastbare Führungs- und Stützelemente für Zug- und Tragmittel im Anwendungsfeld der Fördertechnik aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen herzustellen. Die Werkstoffe weisen in Bereichen höherer tribologischer Belastungsintensitäten gegen die getesteten Reibpartner Vorteile hinsichtlich Reibwert und Verschleiß auf. Es werden Ergebnisse bezüglich der Verarbeitung der Spelzen bzw. des Compounds sowie mechanische und tribologische Untersuchungen dargestellt.

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11

TECHENS, CHLOE. "Metal-on-Polymer Wear for Orthopaedic Hand Prostheses : Metall-på-polymer-slitage för ortopediska handproteser." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230798.

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Metal-on-polymer prostheses in orthopaedics are often subject to high wear level producing large polyethylene particles that the body has difficulties to eliminate. Those debris can lead to prosthesis loosening. This study investigates the wear behaviour of TA6V, a CoCr alloy, M30NW and 316L stainless steels against UHMWPE on a pin-on-disc tribometer under lubricated conditions. Friction coefficient of 316L showed an inflection in their rise while the increase of others was linear. 316L also produced the most friction and wear. On the contrary, CoCr confirmed its good properties. Both stainless steels showed similar behaviour and metal manufacturing process only modified UHMWPE loss and not the wear rates.

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12

Eichhorn, Sven, Brit Clauß, Klaus Nendel, and Michael Gehde. "Entwicklung eines kompletten Trag- und Gleitprofils aus WPC (Wood Polymer Composite) für ein Hängefördersystem." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-129718.

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Aufbauend auf Forschungsarbeiten mit einer Hybridstruktur aus Aluminium und WPC (Wood Polymer Composite) werden die wichtigsten Entwicklungsschritte zur Synthese eines kompletten Tragprofils aus WPC vorgestellt. Dieses Tragprofil ist für den Einsatz in Hängefördersystemen vorgesehen
Based on research with an sectional beam in hybrid design made from aluminium and WPC (Wood Polymer Composite), the important steps for developing a fully implemented sectional WPC-beam are presented. This sectional beam is intended for the use in an overhead conveying system

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13

Mary, Charlotte. "Physico-chemistry, high pressure rheology and film-forming capacity of polymer-base oil solutions in EHL." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0013/document.

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Le développement de lubrifiants à haute valeur ajoutée subissant des conditions opératoires de plus en plus draconiennes, économes en carburant et performants pendant une longue durée reste un défi considérable pour les fabricants d’huiles. Cette thèse concerne l’étude du rôle et des actions des améliorants d’indice de viscosité (ou Viscosity Index Improvers (VII)) dans les lubrifiants moteurs. Le premier objectif visé dans ce travail est la caractérisation des comportements rhéologiques et la modélisation de la viscosité en fonction de conditions réelles de température, pression et contrainte de cisaillement pour des solutions d’huile de base et de polymère sans additifs fonctionnels. Plusieurs polymères (PAMA, OCP et PISH) de masses moléculaires et conformations (peigne, linéaire et étoile) différentes sont utilisés à 1,2% en masse dans une huile de base minérale hydrocraquée. L’originalité de la thèse réside dans l’utilisation de rhéomètres non-commerciaux à haute pression (jusqu’à 800 MPa). Un deuxième défi réside dans la compréhension de la relation entre la réponse rhéologique des lubrifiants automobiles simplifiés et les mécanismes présents à l’échelle moléculaire en explorant les notions de conformation, de solubilité et de rayon hydrodynamique grâce à l’extension de la loi d’Einstein à haute pression. Enfin, l’étude se concentre sur le lien entre rhéologie et tribologie et par extension, entre la composition chimique du lubrifiant et la tribologie. Les épaisseurs de film sont mesurées et comparées avec les prédictions analytiques de Hamrock-Dowson et avec les simulations numériques basées sur l’équation de Reynolds généralisée en incluant les modèles rhéologiques. Les données expérimentales et numériques sont en adéquation
The development of high value-added lubricants overcoming more and more drastic operating conditions, fuel-efficient and providing excellent performance during a long time remains a huge challenge for oil makers. This thesis is dedicated to the study of the role and the actions of Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) in engine lubricants. The first objective targeted in this work is the characterization of the rheological behaviors and the modeling of viscosity in function of realistic conditions of temperature, pressure and shear stress for polymer-thickened base oil solutions without functional additives. Several polymers (PAMA, OCP and PISH) with different molecular weights and conformations (comb, linear and star) are used with a concentration of 1.2% (w/w) in a hydrocracked mineral base oil. The originality of the thesis lies in the use of non-commercial rheometers under high pressure (up to 800 MPa). A second challenge is the understanding of the relationship between the rheological response of simplified engine lubricants and the mechanisms occurring at the molecular scale by exploring the notions of conformation, solubility and hydrodynamic radius by the extension of the Einstein’s law at high pressure. Finally, the study focuses on the link between rheology and tribology and by extrapolation, between the chemical composition of the lubricant and tribology. The film thickness is measured and compared with the Hamrock-Dowson analytical predictions and with the numerical simulations based on the generalized Reynolds’ equation including the rheological models. Both experimental and numerical data are in good agreement

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14

Dutta, Madhuri. "Modified epoxy coatings on mild steel: A study of tribology and surface energy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12119/.

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A commercial epoxy was modified by adding fluorinated poly (aryl ether ketone) and in turn metal micro powders (Ni, Al, Zn, and Ag) and coated on mild steel. Two curing agents were used; triethylenetetramine (curing temperatures: 30 oC and 70 oC) and hexamethylenediamine (curing temperature: 80 oC). Variation in tribological properties (dynamic friction and wear) and surface energies with varying metal powders and curing agents was evaluated. When cured at 30 oC, friction and wear decreased significantly due to phase separation reaction being favored but increased when cured at 70 oC and 80 oC due to cross linking reaction being favored. There was a significant decrease in surface energies with the addition of modifiers.

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15

Jain, Ayush. "Development and Characterization of Multi-scale Polymer Composite Materials for Tribological Applications." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65241.

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With industries aiming at higher efficiencies, lightweight parts, and easier manufacturability there has been a recent trend of replacing the metallic materials with polymeric materials and its composites. Particularly in the automotive industry, there is a demand of replacing metallic material of bushes and bearings with polymer based materials (PBM). For these heavy performance requirements (as in automobiles), the commonly used industrial polymers like Acetal and Nylon fail to provide good mechanical and tribological performance. High-performance polymer like Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) is a relatively newer material and shows a potential of being a PBM alternative for metallic bearings in automobiles if their tribological performance can be improved. One of the ways of improving the tribological performance of the polymer is by the addition of filler material, hence making a polymer composite. In this study, we used Short Carbon Fibre as micro-reinforcement material and Nano-diamonds and Graphene Oxide as nano-reinforcement material to make PPS composites. The varying mechanical and tribological behaviour of PPS composites with different weight percentage of reinforcement materials was investigated. The optimum composition of the reinforcement materials was identified, which resulted in significant improvement in mechanical and tribological properties of the base material.

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16

Al-Kawaz, Ammar. "Development and rheological analysis of a surface polymer nanocomposite anti-friction." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAE025/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est l'identification de couplages (nanoparticules / matrice de poly(methyl-methacrylate) PMMA) qui renforcent la rigidité de surface du PMMA tout en conservant le maximum de transparence. Le choix s'est porté sur trois type de nanoparticules carbonées : du graphène multicouches (FLG), de l'oxyde de graphène (GO) et des nanotubes de carbones (MWCNT). Une première décrit la préparation et la fonctionnalisation de ces trois types de nanoparticules pour assurer une meilleure dispersion dans la matrice. Deux méthodes ont été retenues pour réaliser ces matériaux composites : la polymérisation en masse et le mélange en solution. Une seconde partie présente la caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques de ces revêtements en trois étapes : en volume, en surface et sous forme de revêtement en couches minces (15-20µm). Les résultats majeurs montrent que les nano-composites réalisés retardent l'apparition de la plasticité comparé à un PMMA pur, même à faible pourcentage, et permettent ainsi de limiter les effets de rayures de surfaces. Le faible pourcentage de renfort permet de conserver la transparence et plus l'épaisseur diminue plus on peut augmenter ce taux de renfort sans dégrader les propriétés mécaniques du revêtement. Les nanoparticules choisies comme agents de renfort de la matrice polymère s'avèrent être également de très bons candidats pour la diminution du frottement comparée à un plastifiant type Erucamide
The goal of this thesis is the identification of couplings (nanoparticles / matrix poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA) which ensure PMMA surface rigidity while maintaining maximum transparency. The choice fell on three types of carbonaceous nanoparticles: Few layer graphene (FLG), graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). A first part describes the preparation and functionalization of these three types of nanoparticles to provide a better dispersion in the matrix. Two methods were used to prepare nanocomposite materials: bulk polymerization and solution blending. A second part presents the characterization of the mechanical properties of these coatings in three stages: volume, surface and thin layer coating (15-20μm). The main results show that nanocomposites made delay the onset of plasticity compared with pure PMMA, even at a low percentage, and help to limit the effects of surface scratches. The small percentage of reinforcement keeps the transparency and the more the thickness decreases the more the rate of reinforcement can increase without degrading the mechanical properties of the coating. Moreover, nanoparticles chosen as the polymer matrix of reinforcing agents prove to be very good candidates for reduction in friction compared to a plasticizer such Erucamide

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17

Cusseau, Pauline. "The role of polymer additives on the behavior of engine lubricants in elastohydrodynamic and thin film regimes : From rheology to tribology." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI020.

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Анотація:

Le développement de lubrifiants haute performance pour réduire le frottement dans les moteurs et limiter la consommation de carburant, demeure un défi majeur pour les fabricants d’huiles. Les améliorants d'indice de viscosité (VII) sont des polymères couramment utilisés pour réduire la dépendance en température de la viscosité du lubrifiant, afin de maintenir une lubrification hydrodynamique acceptable à haute température. Ce travail se concentre sur la compréhension du rôle des VII dans les lubrifiants moteur afin de relier leur réponse tribologique et leur comportement rhéologique. Des lubrifiants simplifiés sont étudiés, composés de divers polymères de différents poids moléculaires et conformations, ajoutés à une huile de base minérale. Premièrement, la dépendance de la viscosité à la température et la pression de ces lubrifiants est étudiée. Il est montré que leur comportement rhéologique résulte de mécanismes se produisant à l'échelle moléculaire, en considérant les notions de solubilité, rayon hydrodynamique et d’effets de conformation. Ensuite, la dépendance viscosité-cisaillement est discutée en fonction de la structure des polymères et prédite sur une large gamme de températures et de pressions à travers un modèle conventionnel. Cependant, les hypothèses qui sous-tendent ce modèle nous amènent à proposer une relation plus appropriée prenant en compte la viscoélasticité des lubrifiants. Enfin, des mesures d'épaisseur de film sont effectuées pour explorer comment l'addition de polymère affecte la réponse du lubrifiant dans les régimes élastohydrodynamique et thin film. Elles sont comparées aux prévisions analytiques basées sur les modèles rhéologiques établis précédemment. Il est montré i) une bonne adéquation entre les prévisions et les données expérimentales dans le régime EHD et ii) la présence d’une épaisseur critique pour certains polymères à partir de laquelle les résultats s’écartent significativement des prévisions. Ce régime thin film, aux faibles épaisseurs, est expliqué par le comportement non newtonien des lubrifiants et l'adsorption des polymères aux surfaces
The development of high-performance lubricants to reduce engine friction and consequently fuel consumption remains a major challenge for oil manufacturers. Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) are polymer additives used for decades to limit the dependency of the lubricant’s viscosity on temperature, to maintain an acceptable hydrodynamic lubrication at high temperature, without experiencing excessive frictional and thermal losses at low temperature. This work focuses on understanding the role of VII in engine lubricants with the aim to bridge their tribological response with their rheological behavior. Simplified lubricants are studied, composed of various polymers of different molecular weights and conformations added to a mineral base oil. In a first part, the viscosity-temperature-pressure dependence of these lubricants is investigated. Their rheological behavior is shown to result from mechanisms occurring at molecular scale, by considering the notions of solubility, hydrodynamic radii and conformation effects. In a second part, the viscosity-shear stress dependence is discussed according to the polymers structure and predicted on a large range of temperatures and pressures through a conventional model. However, the strong assumptions behind this model lead us to propose a more appropriate relationship which takes into account the viscoelastic properties of the lubricants. Finally, film thickness measurements are conducted to explore how the polymer addition affects the lubricant’s response in the Elastohydrodynamic and Thin Film regimes. They are compared with analytical predictions based on the rheological models established previously. It is shown that i) there is a good agreement between predictions and measured film thicknesses in the EHD regime and ii) at lower thickness, i.e. in the Thin Film regime, some polymers show a critical thickness from which the film thickness significantly departs from the predictions. Several explanations are considered, among them the non-Newtonian behavior of the lubricants and the adsorption of polymers on the solid bodies

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18

Silva, Ruthilene Catarina Lima da. "Desgaste de pol?meros estruturais de engenharia em contato de deslizamento com cilindro met?lico." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15565.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RuthileneCL _TESE.pdf: 6178470 bytes, checksum: b0cae8fac326f39bc2fe0d49e1a7bcc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-29
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Present work proposed to map and features the wear mechanisms of structural polymers of engineering derived of the sliding contact with a metallic cylindrical spindle submitted to eccentricity due to fluctuations in it is mass and geometric centers. For this it was projected and makes an experimental apparatus from balancing machine where the cylindrical counterbody was supported in two bearings and the polymeric coupon was situated in a holder with freedom of displacement along counterbody. Thus, the experimental tests were standardized using two position of the two bearings (Fixed or Free) and seven different positions along the counterbody, that permit print different conditions to the stiffness from system. Others parameters as applied normal load, sliding velocity and distance were fixed. In this investigation it was used as coupon two structural polymers of wide quotidian use, PTFE (polytetrafluroethylene) and PEEK (poly-ether-ether-ketone) and the AISI 4140 alloy steel as counterbody. Polymeric materials were characterized by thermal analysis (thermogravimetric, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic-mechanical), hardness and rays-X diffractometry. While the metallic material was submitted at hardness, mechanical resistance tests and metallographic analysis. During the tribological tests were recorded the heating response with thermometers, yonder overall velocity vibration (VGV) and the acceleration using accelerometers. After tests the wear surface of the coupons were analyzed using a Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) to morphological analysis and spectroscopy EDS to microanalysis. Moreover the roughness of the counterbody was characterized before and after the tribological tests. It was observed that the tribological response of the polymers were different in function of their distinct molecular structure. It were identified the predominant wear mechanisms in each polymer. The VGV of the PTFE was smaller than PEEK, in the condition of minimum stiffness, in function of the higher loss coefficient of that polymer. Wear rate of the PTFE was more of a magnitude order higher than PEEK. With the results was possible developed a correlation between the wear rate and parameter (E/ρ)1/2 (Young modulus, E, density, ρ), proportional at longitudinal elastic wave velocity in the material.
O presente trabalho prop?s-se a mapear e caracterizar os mecanismos de desgaste de pol?meros estruturais de engenharia oriundos do contato de deslizamento com um eixo-?rvore cil?ndrico rotativo met?lico submetido a excentricidades decorrentes de flutua??es em seu centro de massa e centro geom?trico. Para isso projetou-se e confeccionou-se uma bancada experimental a partir de uma m?quina balanceadora, onde o contracorpo cil?ndrico era apoiado em dois mancais e o corpo-de-prova polim?rico era posicionado em um portaamostra com liberdade de deslocamento ao longo do contracorpo. Desta forma, os ensaios experimentais foram parametrizados utilizando duas posi??es dos mancais (Fixos ou livres) e sete posi??es distintas ao longo do contracorpo, o que permitiu imprimir condi??es diferentes para a rigidez do sistema. Demais par?metros como carga normal aplicada, velocidade e dist?ncia de deslizamento foram mantidas constantes. Nesta investiga??o utilizou-se como corpos-de-prova dois pol?meros estruturais de engenharia de largo uso cotidiano, PTFE (politetrafluoretileno) e PEEK (poli-?ter-?ter-cetona) e o a?o liga AISI 4140 comocontracorpo. Caracterizou-se os materiais polim?ricos atrav?s de an?lises t?rmicas (termogravim?trica, calorimetria explorat?ria diferencial e din?mico-mec?nica), dureza e difra??o de raios-X. J? o met?lico foi submetido a ensaios de dureza, resist?ncia mec?nica e an?lise metalogr?fica. Durante os ensaios tribol?gicos eram coletadas as respostas de aquecimento com o aux?lio de termopares, al?m da velocidade global de vibra??o (VGV) e a acelera??o utilizando aceler?metros. Ap?s os ensaios, as superf?cies de desgaste dos corposde- prova foram analisadas utilizando um Microsc?pio Eletr?nico de Varredura (MEV) para an?lise morfol?gica e espectroscopia EDS para microan?lise, juntamente com a rugosidade do contracorpo, caracterizada antes e ap?s os ensaios tribol?gicos. Observou-se que as respostas tribol?gicas dos pol?meros foram diferentes e que eram fun??o de suas estruturas moleculares e capacidades de amortecimento distintas. Foram identificados mecanismos de desgaste predominantes em cada pol?mero. A VGV do PTFE foi menor que a do PEEK, na condi??o de m?nima rigidez e atribu?do ao maior coeficiente de perda daquele pol?mero. A taxa de desgaste do PTFE foi mais de uma ordem de grandeza maior que a do PEEK. Os resultados permitiram desenvolver uma correla??o entre a taxa de desgaste e o par?metro (E/ρ)1/2 (m?dulo de elasticidade, E, massa espec?fica, ρ), proporcional ? velocidade de propaga??o de uma onda el?stica longitudinal no material.

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19

Bartsch, Ralf, Jens Sumpf, André Bergmann, and Marcus Bona. "Approach for Predicting the Friction Temperature between Thermoplastics in Dry-Running Sliding Friction with Periodically Recurring Contacts." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31813.

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A variety of analytical and numerical approaches for calculating the friction temperature have been developed in the past. However, none is capable to estimate the friction temperature of thermoplastic friction pairings. Therefore, a semi-analytical model for predicting the friction temperature has been developed. Dry friction and periodically recurring contact is a premise. In the article the derivation is shown und influencing parameters are explained. A validation is made by experimental studies on a conveyor system. The model can be applied to sliding chain conveyor as well as perspectively similar tribological systems.

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20

Hsu, Shu-Yao. "Fabrication of Well-Defined Architectures of Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polymers by Living Radical Polymerization." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215574.

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21

Bergmann, André, Jens Sumpf, Ralf Bartsch, Sebastian Weise, Karsten Faust, and Rene Illek. "Tribologische Untersuchung und Beurteilung fördertechnisch relevanter polymerer Werkstoffe." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-230868.

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Für die Stetigförderung von Gütern werden zunehmend Kunststoffgleitketten und Führungsschienen eingesetzt. Einerseits wird dies durch Möglichkeiten wie die Herstellung im Spritzgieß- oder Extrusionsverfahren, der Verzicht auf Schmierung im Betrieb und eine hohe Anpassungsmöglichkeit der Werkstoffe nach Einsatzbedingungen begünstigt. Andererseits untermauert das Eigenschaftenportfolie wie geringe Dichte, hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit und gute tribologische Eigenschaften den Einsatz von Kunststoffen in Förderanlagen. Die Förderanlage selbst weist dabei vielerlei tribologische Kontaktstellen auf. Je nach Aufbau der Kette (gerad- oder kurvengängig) entstehen verschiedene Kontaktbereiche, welche diversen Pressungen (0,05 – 15 MPa) und unterschiedlich andauernden Belastungszeiträumen unterliegen. Allen Kettensystemen gemein ist die Kontaktpaarung Kette/ Abstützung (Gleitschiene). Besondere Bedeutung hinsichtlich der Energieeffizienz erlangt diese Paarung aufgrund der Tatsache, dass ein Bewegungswiderstand zwischen Gleitkette und der entsprechenden Abstützung überwunden werden muss. Der Reibwert beeinflusst maßgeblich die benötigte Antriebsenergie und hat Auswirkungen auf die Belastung und den Verschleiß des Kettensystems. Als Kettenwerkstoffe haben sich besonders die technischen Kunststoffe Polyoxy-methylen (POM), Polybutylenterephthalat (PBT) und Polyamid (PA) am Markt bewiesen, für Gleitschienen wird meist ultrahochmolekulares Polyethylen (PE UHMW) verwendet. Trotz der Beschränkung auf diese Polymere ergibt sich durch die Zugabe von Additiven und/ oder Fasern ein sehr breites Werkstoffspektrum. Im Beitrag werden gesammelte Erkenntnisse und Phänomene der tribologischen Modellprüfung am eigens entwickelten Prüfstand des Institutes für Fördertechnik und Kunststoffe (ifk) der TU Chemnitz beschrieben. Es werden Erklärungsansätze für den Einfluss der Umgebungs- und Kontakttemperatur, Oberflächenstrukturierung und die Wirkung einzelner Gleitadditive auf das Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten erörtert.

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22

Daloia, Debora. "Friction and Wear Behavior of Graphene Reinforced Epoxy." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1403532384.

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23

Golchin, Arash. "Tribological behaviour of polymers in lubricated contacts." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25695.

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An important issue in hydropower and other industries is the increasing demand for introduction of environment friendly solutions. Mineral oil based lubricants have long been used in various sliding bearings in hydropower stations. Their use in aqueous environments however raises concerns about the environmental impact if they leak into downstream water. This has necessitated research in replacing mineral oils with more bio-degradable lubricants and the ultimate goal of ‘oil-free’ hydropower generating machines. Replacing oil with water however poses many challenges. Due to considerably lower viscosity of water compared to that of turbine oils, the water lubricated bearings are likely to operate in boundary/mixed lubrication regime for relatively longer period. Therefore choice of the materials and their tribological performance are very important for the bearings operating in the boundary/mixed lubrication regimes. Application of compliant polymers in water lubricated bearings introduces many advantages which cannot be achieved with coatings (DLC, etc.) or ceramics. Most previous tribological studies on polymers have been carried out in dry conditions and only a few studies in presence of water have been reported. This work is thus aimed at investigating the tribological behavior of some selected polymer materials in water lubricated conditions. The results of these studies provide an insight into polymers’ tribological performance in boundary/mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regime and associated wear mechanisms in presence of water. Polymers also enhance performance of oil lubricated bearings. Application of polymers in the oil lubricated bearings provides a smooth transition from oil lubricated Babbitt bearings to water lubricated polymer bearings. Therefore a part of this thesis is also aimed at investigating the tribological characteristics of several polytetrafluoroethylene based materials at the onset of sliding (break-away friction) at different pressures and temperatures. The results of this study show significantly lower breakaway friction of PTFE materials compared to Babbitt at all pressures and temperatures. SEM investigations revealed wear modes of the PTFE materials and the abrasive nature of hard fillers. Bronze-filled, carbon-filled and pure PTFE were found to provide lower and more stable break-away friction and generally superior properties compared to the other materials.
Godkänd; 2013; 20130410 (aragol); Tillkännagivande licentiatseminarium 2013-05-03 Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Arash Golchin Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Uppsats: Tribological Behaviour of Polymers in Lubricated Contacts Examinator: Professor Braham Prakash, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Klaus Friedrich, Tech. Univ. of Kaiserslautern, Germany Tid: Fredag den 24 maj 2013 kl 09.30 Plats: E231, Luleå tekniska universitet

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24

Bergmann, André, Jens Sumpf, Ralf Bartsch, Sebastian Weise, Karsten Faust, and Rene Illek. "Tribologische Untersuchung und Beurteilung fördertechnisch relevanter polymerer Werkstoffe: Tribologische Untersuchung und Beurteilungfördertechnisch relevanter polymerer Werkstoffe." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2013. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20825.

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Für die Stetigförderung von Gütern werden zunehmend Kunststoffgleitketten und Führungsschienen eingesetzt. Einerseits wird dies durch Möglichkeiten wie die Herstellung im Spritzgieß- oder Extrusionsverfahren, der Verzicht auf Schmierung im Betrieb und eine hohe Anpassungsmöglichkeit der Werkstoffe nach Einsatzbedingungen begünstigt. Andererseits untermauert das Eigenschaftenportfolie wie geringe Dichte, hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit und gute tribologische Eigenschaften den Einsatz von Kunststoffen in Förderanlagen. Die Förderanlage selbst weist dabei vielerlei tribologische Kontaktstellen auf. Je nach Aufbau der Kette (gerad- oder kurvengängig) entstehen verschiedene Kontaktbereiche, welche diversen Pressungen (0,05 – 15 MPa) und unterschiedlich andauernden Belastungszeiträumen unterliegen. Allen Kettensystemen gemein ist die Kontaktpaarung Kette/ Abstützung (Gleitschiene). Besondere Bedeutung hinsichtlich der Energieeffizienz erlangt diese Paarung aufgrund der Tatsache, dass ein Bewegungswiderstand zwischen Gleitkette und der entsprechenden Abstützung überwunden werden muss. Der Reibwert beeinflusst maßgeblich die benötigte Antriebsenergie und hat Auswirkungen auf die Belastung und den Verschleiß des Kettensystems. Als Kettenwerkstoffe haben sich besonders die technischen Kunststoffe Polyoxy-methylen (POM), Polybutylenterephthalat (PBT) und Polyamid (PA) am Markt bewiesen, für Gleitschienen wird meist ultrahochmolekulares Polyethylen (PE UHMW) verwendet. Trotz der Beschränkung auf diese Polymere ergibt sich durch die Zugabe von Additiven und/ oder Fasern ein sehr breites Werkstoffspektrum. Im Beitrag werden gesammelte Erkenntnisse und Phänomene der tribologischen Modellprüfung am eigens entwickelten Prüfstand des Institutes für Fördertechnik und Kunststoffe (ifk) der TU Chemnitz beschrieben. Es werden Erklärungsansätze für den Einfluss der Umgebungs- und Kontakttemperatur, Oberflächenstrukturierung und die Wirkung einzelner Gleitadditive auf das Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten erörtert.

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25

Solouki, Bonab Vahab. "Polyurethane (PU) Nanocomposites; Interplay of Composition, Morphology, and Properties." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1542634359353501.

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26

Bartsch, Ralf. "Erweiterung der Dimensionierungsgrundlagen für Gleitkettenfördersysteme." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-229404.

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Im Zuge der kontinuierlichen Weiterentwicklung von Verarbeitungs- und Verpackungsmaschinen werden immer höhere Anforderungen an die für den Gütertransfer eingesetzte Fördertechnik gestellt. Neben der erhöhten Förderleistung sind zudem ein schmiermittelfreier Betrieb sowie eine hundertprozentige Verfügbarkeit gefordert. Durch die zunehmende Leistungssteigerung kommt es zu hohen Beanspruchungen, die bei falscher Auslegung zu mechanischem oder thermischem Versagen der Kunststoff-Bauteile im Fördersystem führen können. Während das mechanische Versagen mit den aktuellen Dimensionierungen vermieden werden kann, gibt es bezüglich des thermischen Versagens keine hinreichend genaue Auslegungsvorschrift. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der thermischen Analyse von Gleitketten-Fördersystemen sowie den darin eingesetzten thermoplastischen Kunststoff-Kunststoff-Gleitpaarungen. Diesbezüglich werden die Gleitkontakte eines Gleitkettenförderers und deren Belastungen analysiert. Durch Abstraktion des Kette–Schiene-Systems wird ein semi-analytisches Berechnungsmodell zur Abschätzung der Reibtemperatur entwickelt, welches mittels experimenteller Untersuchungen auf einem Tribo-Prüfstand und an einem Fördersystem verifiziert wird. Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen konnte ein thermisches Auslegungskriterium für Kunststoff-Kunststoff-Gleitpaarungen abgeleitet werden, welches sowohl auf Gleitketten-Förderer als auch perspektivisch auf ähnliche tribologische Systeme übertragen werden kann
In the course of the continuous enhancements of processing and packaging machines, higher demands are set on conveying technology used for transferring goods. In addition to an increased delivery rate, a lubricant-free operation as well as a hundred percent availability are claimed. Increasing performance leads to high stresses that can result to mechanical or thermal failure of plastic components in the conveying system, if incorrectly designed. While mechanical failure can be avoided with up to date dimensioning, there is no sufficiently precise dimensioning criterion in regard to thermal failure. The present thesis is concerning with the thermal analysis of sliding chain conveyor systems as well as the thermoplastic plastic-plastic sliding pairs used therein. In this regard, the sliding contacts of a sliding chain conveyor and their loads are analyzed. By abstraction of the chain–rail system, a semi-analytical model for estimating the frictional temperature is developed, which is verified by experimental studies on a tribo test bench and a conveyor system. From the study results, a thermal dimensioning criterion for plastic plastic pairings could be derived, which can be applied to sliding chain conveyor as well as perspectivly similar tribological systems

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27

Bostan, Luciana Elena. "Matériaux polymères avec hydrophilie contrôlée. Applications en ingénierie tissulaire du cartilage articulaire." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743464.

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Les maladies ostéoarticulaires représentent environ 10% de l'ensemble des pathologies identifiées en France chaque année. Ces maladies inflammatoires et dégénératives des articulations sont pour la plupart consécutives au vieillissement ou à un traumatisme et évoluent vers l'usure des cartilages, d'où un handicap sévère. Comme aucun traitement ne permet la réparation totale du tissu cartilagineux, la recherche médicale développe des techniques d'ingénierie tissulaire. Ces techniques utilisent des substrats polymériques et des cellules souches qui sont " contraints " de se développer pour former du tissu cartilagineux. Cependant, ces techniques ne peuvent pas encore être utilisées à l'échelle d'une articulation complète car il n'est pas possible de reproduire ex vivo à grande échelle la structure et les propriétés mécaniques et physicochimiques du cartilage articulaire. Dans ce contexte, les travaux de cette thèse ont permis de développer des matériaux polymères capables d'être implantés à l'échelle macroscopique dans les articulations pathologiques afin de combler l'usure des cartilages. Pour se faire, de nouveaux biomatériaux - hydrogels p(HEMA) - ont été obtenus en contrôlant le caractère hydrophile des hydrogels p(HEMA) au cours de leur synthèse chimique en présence de différents co-monomères (acide acrylique, acrylamide, acrylate d'éthylène et acrylate de butyle). Partant de là, les propriétés physicochimiques, mécaniques et tribologiques de ces nouveaux hydrogels ont été optimisées afin d'obtenir des propriétés similaires à celles du cartilage articulaire sain. Ensuite, la libération contrôlée de médicaments par ces hydrogels a été étudiée afin de minimiser les risques inflammatoires lors de leur utilisation en ingénierie tissulaire du cartilage articulaire.

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28

Chen, Yong Kang. "Tribology of polymers and composites in unlubricated rolling and sliding contact." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629939.

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A reliable and simple twin-disc test rig has been designed and built and used for rolling-sliding tests. The real-time measurement system has allowed a detailed study of tribological behaviour of polymers and reinforced polymer composites under unlubricated, non-conformal and rolling-sliding contact. A mathematical model has been established to enable the disc surface temperature to be predicted. Both polyoxymethylene, polyamide 66 and short glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 66 composites have been investigated in the present work. A comprehensive set of results has been obtained for polyoxymethylene over a range of slip ratios, loads and speeds, and for polyamide 66 and short glass fibre reinforced polyamide 66 composites over a range of slip ratios and loads with a constant speed. This experimental information has revealed major differences in tribological behaviour between these materials. The predominant wear mechanisms were studied by surface and subsurface analysis and surface temperature characterisation. An attempt to apply the current results to engineering components made from these materials has been made. It is shown that friction-generated heat has a major influence on the performance of unreinforced POM and PA 66. The maximum surface temperature when these materials are in contact dominates their wear transitions. An attempt to establish an envelope for engineering applications has been made. POM appears to exhibit better wear resistance than P A 66 which was always inferior with higher wear rates and a tendency to form deep cracks in the surface. Experimental results show that the tribological behaviour of short glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 66 composites can be improved significantly by changing the crystallinity of the materials. The effects of moulding conditions have been investigated. The key is a thin film which exists on the contact surfaces when two discs run against each other under these test conditions. The film plays a dominant role in the "self-lubricating" property of the composite.

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29

Villavicencio, Rojas Maria Daniela. "Predictive modelling of the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating composite materials." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI040.

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Dans les matériaux composites autolubrifiants, la génération de particules d’usure est nécessaire pour assurer la lubrification. Dans les roulements à billes, ce type de lubrification est possible grâce au matériau de la cage, composé d’un matériau composite autolubrifiant, tandis que le reste du roulement est fait en métal (AISI 440C). Pour les applications spatiales, le RT/Duroid 5813 est un composite autolubrifiant reconnu pour les cages de ce type de roulements. Ce matériau a été largement utilisé car il a répondu aux besoins de la lubrification sèche dans l’espace. Cependant, la production de ce matériau a été arrêtée dans les années 90. Cette situation a conduit à la recherche d’un « matériau équivalent » , répondant à la fois aux besoins du marché spatial et aux « besoins tribologiques ». Aujourd’hui, le principal inconvénient lié à ces matériaux est le manque de prévisibilité de leur comportement tribologique. Dans ce travail, une approche couplée expérimentale et numérique a été proposée afin de modéliser le comportement tribologique des matériaux composites autolubrifiants. Le modèle numérique proposé a été nourri par des caractérisations expérimentaux (comme la tomographie à rayons X pour la création de la morphologie du matériau numérique, ou la microscopie à force atomique pour informer la valeur de l’adhésion entre les composants). Le but d’une telle démarche numérique est de palier les limites d’une approche entièrement expérimentale qui ne permet pas d’observer in-situ le contact de par son caractère confiné. L’objectif du présent travail est de donner une réponse au problème de compréhension du comportement tribologique de matériaux composites autolubrifiants dans le mécanisme de double transfert. Ceci en vue de contribuer au développement d’un nouveau matériau tribologique répondant aux besoins des applications spatiales. Parmi tous les matériaux autolubrifiants, le PGM-HT a été sélectionné dans cette étude car sa morphologie grossière a permis de construire une version numérique du matériau (avec la résolution du tomographe à rayons X utilisé dans ce travail). Néanmoins, l’approche proposée ici pour construire le modèle numérique peut être étendue à d’autres matériaux composites autolubrifiants. Le modèle numérique proposé dans ces travaux ouvre de nouvelles perspectives en termes de conception de matériaux, car il permet d’étudier directement les scénarios de dégradation et d’usure des matériaux composites. D’un point de vue général, il est à noter que la tribologie numérique est un outil offrant de multiples possibilités pour la compréhension des matériaux autolubrifiants, et permet d’aider dans le processus de prédiction du comportement tribologique des matériaux autolubrifiants
In self-lubricating composite materials, the generation of a stable third body layer is necessary to ensure contact lubrication. This is specially true for the contact in which these materials are directly involved, and also in other contacts implicating its counterface. Such type of lubrication is possible in self-lubricating bearings thanks to its cage material, which is made of the self-lubricating composite, while the rest of the bearing is usually made of AISI 440C. For space applications, RT/Duroid 5813 is a recognized self-lubricating composite cage material for this kind of bearings. This material has been widely used not only because of the space heritage, but also because it has satisfied the needs of space dry lubrication. However, the production of this material has been stopped in the 90’s, and it has placed the latter out of the market. This situation has led to the search for an equivalent material, that meets both the needs of the space market and the "tribological needs." Today, the main inconvenient related to these materials is the lack of predictability of their tribological behaviour. In this work, the "making of" a coupled numerical-experimental approach has been proposed in order to carry out the understanding of these materials. The goal of this numerical approach is to let to "complement" the limitations of a fully experimental or a fully numerical approach (the confined nature of the contact does not allow in situ observation). Such numerical approach has been informed with experimental test (as X-ray tomography for the creation of the numerical morphology, or atomic force microscopy to inform the value of adhesion between the components). Among all the self-lubricating materials, PGM-HT has been selected in this study because its coarse morphology let to build a numerical version of the material (with the resolution of the X-ray tomograph used in this work). Nevertheless, the approach that has been proposed here to build the numerical model, can be extended to other self-lubricating composite materials. The numerical model developed in this work opens new perspectives in terms of material design, as it makes it possible to directly study the scenarios of damage and wear of self-lubricating composite materials. From a general point of view, from this work it can be highlighted that numerical tribology is a tool that offers multiple possibilities in the understanding of self-lubricating materials, and that helps in the predictionof the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating materials. This work has then let to advance in the understanding of these materials

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Oster, Frank. "Hochtemperaturbeständige Polymer-Beschichtungen für tribologische Anwendungen." Kaiserslautern Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&docl̲ibrary=BVB01&docn̲umber=013337632&linen̲umber=0001&funcc̲ode=DBR̲ECORDS&servicet̲ype=MEDIA.

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Lima, Lonetá Lauro 1982. "Contribuição à fabricação e caracterização de hidrogéis de pHEMA com objetivo de produção de cartilagem artificial." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263527.

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Orientadores: Cecília Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia, Vanessa Petrilli Bavaresco
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: A área de biomateriais tem crescido e desenvolvido tecnologias para acompanhar e suprir as demandas que tem surgido a cada dia na área médica. Os novos biomateriais são produtos versáteis que atuam, combatem ou reparam inúmeras limitações e patologias. Dentro da classe de biomateriais poliméricos os hidrogéis têm sido cada vez mais estudados devido as suas características serem adequadas para várias aplicações biomédicas, dentre elas a cartilagem articular. As tecnologias de fabricação também tem acompanhado o desenvolvimento dos biomateriais. A prototipagem rápida tem impulsionado as pesquisas na área biomédica e permitido a biofabricação de estruturas complexas que existe no corpo humano e de animais. A biofabricação integra os fundamentos da engenharia e o conhecimento da área biomédica para produzir dispositivos biocompatíveis que possam ser utilizados na área biomédica. Esse trabalho é um estudo para verificar a viabilidade de fabricar substratos de poli (metacrilato de 2-hidroxietila) (pHema) usando um equipamento desenvolvido pelo grupo de pesquisadores do INCT Biofabris da Unicamp. Esse equipamento de biofabricação utiliza os princípios da estereolitografia por irradiação direta com luz UV-Visível para fabricar dispositivos médicos Os substratos foram produzidos utilizando seis diferentes composições químicas, para verificar a influência da composição química nas propriedades mecânicas, biológicas e biotribológicas dos hidrogéis. Foi verificado que os substratos produzidos com maior densidade de reticulação promove maior proliferação celular
Abstract: The development of biomaterials area has grown and has developed technologies aimed to satisfy the demands that emerge every day in the medical field. New biomaterials are versatile products that act and repair numerous limitations and diseases. Within the class of polymeric biomaterials, hydrogels have been increasingly studied due to their characteristics that are suitable for various biomedical applications, such as articular cartilage. Manufacturing technologies have also followed the development of biomaterials. Rapid prototyping has driven research in the biomedical field and has allowed the biomanufacturing of complex structures that exist in the human and animals' body. The biomanufacturing integrates the fundamentals of engineering and biomedical knowledge to produce biocompatible devices that can be used in the biomedical field. This work is a study to verify the feasibility for fabrication of substrates of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHema) using an equipment developed by the research group of INCT Biofabris Unicamp. This equipment is based on the principle of stereolithography by direct irradiation with UV- visible light to fabricate medical devices. The substrates were produced using six different chemical compositions in order to verify the influence of the chemical composition on the mechanical properties, biological and biotribological properties of hydrogels. It was found that the substrate produced with higher crosslinking density promotes greater cell proliferation
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutora em Engenharia Mecânica

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Rodrigues, Aline Alves. "Investigação das características tribológicas e ambientais de termoplásticos de engenharia especiais para uso em materiais de atrito." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-10012008-104113/.

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Os revestimentos orgânicos de embreagem são compostos basicamente por matriz orgânica, cargas, lubrificantes sólidos e fibras de reforço. A matriz orgânica possui função estrutural e tem grande influência nas propriedades tribológicas do sistema, isto é, no coeficiente de atrito e taxa de desgaste tanto do material de atrito, quanto do contra-corpo metálico. Baseado nas normas ambientais para indústria automobilística, o presente trabalho estuda a viabilidade de substituir a resina fenólica, utilizada como matriz estrutural na composição de revestimentos de embreagem, por termoplásticos de engenharia especiais. O principal objetivo da substituição é a eliminação do fenol livre no produto final, e conseqüentemente a geração de um refugo classificado, de acordo com a norma NBR 10004, como não perigoso. Plásticos de engenharia especiais apresentam alta temperatura de uso contínuo e manutenção das propriedades mecânicas em altas temperaturas e são, geralmente, empregados em materiais que suportam alta pressão, tais como engrenagens, freios, rolamentos e embreagens. Avaliou-se a influência da velocidade de deslizamento e da carga normal no comportamento tribológico tanto do compósito de resina fenólica (base de comparação) como dos compósitos de resina poli (amida imida) e resina poli (éter éter cetona) quando estes deslizavam a seco em um contra-corpo usinado de ferro fundido cinzento, mesmo material utilizado nas placas de pressão. Foram avaliadas características térmicas e mecânicas dos compósitos, por meio de análises termogravimétricas, dinâmicomecânica e dureza. Após os ensaios tribológicos, as superfícies desgastadas dos corpos poliméricos e dos contra-corpos metálicos foram avaliadas por meio de microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e composição química. Embora os compósitos de resina PAI e resina PEEK sejam classificados como produtos não perigosos, a substituição não é viável pois, nas condições de velocidade de deslizamento e carga normal estudadas, os compósitos de resina PAI e resina PEEK apresentaram menor resistência ao desgaste em comparação ao compósito de resina fenólica.
Organic clutch friction facings are basicly composed of an organic matrix, fillers, solid lubricants and reinforcing fibers. An organic matrix has a structural function and has a large influence over the tribological properties of the system (coefficient of friction and wear rate in both, friction material as for the metal counterpart). Based on the automotive industry environmental standards, this analysis studies the viability of substituting the phenolic resin, used as the structural matrix in the clutch facing composition by high performance polymers. The principle objective for this substitution is to eliminate the free phenol in the final product and consequently produce a classified non-dangerous waste in accordance to the NBR 10004 norm. High performance polymers have high temperature working resistance when in continuous use and also maintain their mechanical properties and are normally used in products that support high pressures, such as gears, brakes, bearings and clutches. The influence of the sliding speed and the normal load under tribological behaviour was evaluated for phenolic composites (comparative basis) and for poly (amide imide) composites and poly (ether ether ketone) composites when these slip under dry conditions against a grey iron machined counterpart, the same material as used for pressure plates. Thermal and mechanical characteristics of the composites, obtained by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic-mechanical and hardness were analysed. After the tribological tests the worn surfaces of the composites samples and of the metallic counterparts were evaluated with optical microscopy, electro scanning microscopy and chemical composition. The environmental characteristics of these materials classify both materials as not being dangerous, but under the sliding speed and load studied the PAI and PEEK composites showed lower wear resistance than the phenolic composites.

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Hagg, Lobland Haley E. "Definition of Brittleness: Connections Between Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Polymers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9097/.

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The increasing use of polymer-based materials (PBMs) across all types of industry has not been matched by sufficient improvements in understanding of polymer tribology: friction, wear, and lubrication. Further, viscoelasticity of PBMs complicates characterization of their behavior. Using data from micro-scratch testing, it was determined that viscoelastic recovery (healing) in sliding wear is independent of the indenter force within a defined range of load values. Strain hardening in sliding wear was observed for all materials-including polymers and composites with a wide variety of chemical structures-with the exception of polystyrene (PS). The healing in sliding wear was connected to free volume in polymers by using pressure-volume-temperature (P-V-T) results and the Hartmann equation of state. A linear relationship was found for all polymers studied with again the exception of PS. The exceptional behavior of PS has been attributed qualitatively to brittleness. In pursuit of a precise description of such, a quantitative definition of brittleness has been defined in terms of the elongation at break and storage modulus-a combination of parameters derived from both static and dynamic mechanical testing. Furthermore, a relationship between sliding wear recovery and brittleness for all PBMs including PS is demonstrated. The definition of brittleness may be used as a design criterion in selecting PBMs for specific applications, while the connection to free volume improves also predictability of wear behavior.

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Kurdi, Abdulaziz Adel H. "Developing high performance polymeric nano-composites for tribological applications." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20504.

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Polymers and their composites have been widely applied in different industrial sectors as alternatives to conventional metal-based materials, for the better performance of the system, increasing efficiency and cutting down operational costs. In those applications polymeric materials are sometime subjected to tribological loading conditions where external lubricants are not permissible and polymers’ self-lubricating ability is desirable in such tribo-contacts. In particular, high temperature is often the key factor determining the working conditions of polymers. Hence, high performance polymers (HPPs) have received increasing attention in last decades. In view of above-mentioned facts, the present research investigated the tribological performance of some important engineering polymers and their nanocomposites such as epoxy, PEEK, PPP and PBI. For example, nano-silica (SiO2), nano-rubber (CBTN) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-particles have been incorporated in thermosetting epoxy resin and PEEK, respectively, to improve their tribological properties. To explore the effect of harsh environments during sliding wear, pin-on-disk tests of above-mentioned materials were carried out in dry, wet and elevated temperature regimes. Finally, attempts have been made to establish correlations between the basic mechanical properties of HPPs and their sliding wear behaviour. Various wear models to correlate the tribological aspects of HPPs and polymer nanocomposites with associated mechanical properties were examined along with experimental validation. In addition to that, underlying wear mechanisms were taken into account towards model developments. To develop a quantitative solution for wear prediction, the new computer techniques such as artificial neural network (ANN) may be helpful in the area. Accordingly, the ANN was employed to find the general wear trend of materials.

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Teixeira, Lucila Maria Rebello [UNESP]. "Avaliação do comportamento ao desgaste de compósitos poliméricos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99667.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_lmr_me_bauru.pdf: 2955970 bytes, checksum: 9c4dd10bf0cccd45933b2a6dc6c58e31 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Embora os materiais poliméricos têm sido empregados na indústria como alternativa na substituição de outros materiais, por apresentarem vantagens como redução de custo e peso do produto, ainda há questões que limitam a sua utilização. Uma das principais questões enfrentadas é o comportamento tribológico destes materiais. Este trabalho visa o estudo do comportamento tribológico de desgaste dops compósitos terroplásticos de engenharia: Poli (amida-imida) com fibra de carbono e PTFE, Poli (amida-imida) com grafite e PTFE, Poli (éter éter cetona) com fibra de carbono e PTFE, Poli (aril éter cetona) com fibra de carbono e de um polímero termofixo a base de resina fenólica, com fibra de vidro e carga mineral contra o aço à seco. Para a avaliação da resistência ao desgaste foi utilizado o método de esfera sobre a placa. A influência da carga aplicada e da distância de deslizamento foi avaliada. Esferas de aço SAE52100 (100Cr6) foram utilizadas como contra corpos. Antes dos ensaios a dureza, a densidade e as características térmicas dos compósitos poliméricos foram analisadas. Para avaliação do contra corpo metálico, foi realizado um ensaio metalográfico e medições de dureza. Após a elaboração dos corpos de prova, os valores de rugosidade foram obtidos para avaliar a padronização das superfícies. As dimensões das crateras após os ensaios de desgaste foram identificadas através de microcospia óptica. Os mecanismos de desgaste foram observados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a composição química foi verificada após o ensaio tribológico por espectrometria de energia dispersiva. No geral, os resultados revelaram que os compósitos termoplásticos apresentaram melhor desempenho tribológico frente ao termofixo, com redução do volume desgastado de 60% a 99%, aproximadamente
While polymeric materials have been used in industry as an alternative for the substitution of other materials, because they have advantages such as cost and weight reduction of the product, there are issue that limit their use. One of the major issues facing is the tribological behavior of these materials. This dissertation aims to study the tribological behavior of engineering thermoplastics composites: Poly (amide-imide) with carbon fiber and PTFE, Poly (amide-imide) with graphite and PTFE, Polly (ether ether ketone) with carbon fiber and PTFE, Poly (aryl ether ketone) with carbon fiber and a thermosetting composite based on phenolic resin with glass fiber and mineral filler against steel in dry condition. To evaluate the wear resistance, the method used was the ball cratering. Tests were performed without the presence of lubricants. The influence of the applied load and the sliding distance was measured. In all essays steel balls of SAE52100 (100Cr6) were used as counter bodies. Before testing, the hardness, density and thermal characteristics of the polymeric composites were analyzed. For evaluate the metallic counter face, metallographic essay was carried out and hardness measurements were done. After the preparation of tests speciments the surface roughness were measured, to ensure standardization of the surfaces. The size of the craters made up with the wear tests were identified by optical microscopy. The wear mechanisms were observed by scanning electron microscopy and chemical composition was observed after the tribological test by energy dispersive spectrometry. Overall, the results revealed that thermoplastic composities showed 60% to 99%, approximately on the volume removed

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Teixeira, Lucila Maria Rebello. "Avaliação do comportamento ao desgaste de compósitos poliméricos /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99667.

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Анотація:

Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi
Coorientador: Sandro Donnini Mancini
Banca: Gilberto de Magalhães Bento Gonçalves
Banca: Carlos Alberto Fortulan
Resumo: Embora os materiais poliméricos têm sido empregados na indústria como alternativa na substituição de outros materiais, por apresentarem vantagens como redução de custo e peso do produto, ainda há questões que limitam a sua utilização. Uma das principais questões enfrentadas é o comportamento tribológico destes materiais. Este trabalho visa o estudo do comportamento tribológico de desgaste dops compósitos terroplásticos de engenharia: Poli (amida-imida) com fibra de carbono e PTFE, Poli (amida-imida) com grafite e PTFE, Poli (éter éter cetona) com fibra de carbono e PTFE, Poli (aril éter cetona) com fibra de carbono e de um polímero termofixo a base de resina fenólica, com fibra de vidro e carga mineral contra o aço à seco. Para a avaliação da resistência ao desgaste foi utilizado o método de esfera sobre a placa. A influência da carga aplicada e da distância de deslizamento foi avaliada. Esferas de aço SAE52100 (100Cr6) foram utilizadas como contra corpos. Antes dos ensaios a dureza, a densidade e as características térmicas dos compósitos poliméricos foram analisadas. Para avaliação do contra corpo metálico, foi realizado um ensaio metalográfico e medições de dureza. Após a elaboração dos corpos de prova, os valores de rugosidade foram obtidos para avaliar a padronização das superfícies. As dimensões das crateras após os ensaios de desgaste foram identificadas através de microcospia óptica. Os mecanismos de desgaste foram observados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a composição química foi verificada após o ensaio tribológico por espectrometria de energia dispersiva. No geral, os resultados revelaram que os compósitos termoplásticos apresentaram melhor desempenho tribológico frente ao termofixo, com redução do volume desgastado de 60% a 99%, aproximadamente
Abstract: While polymeric materials have been used in industry as an alternative for the substitution of other materials, because they have advantages such as cost and weight reduction of the product, there are issue that limit their use. One of the major issues facing is the tribological behavior of these materials. This dissertation aims to study the tribological behavior of engineering thermoplastics composites: Poly (amide-imide) with carbon fiber and PTFE, Poly (amide-imide) with graphite and PTFE, Polly (ether ether ketone) with carbon fiber and PTFE, Poly (aryl ether ketone) with carbon fiber and a thermosetting composite based on phenolic resin with glass fiber and mineral filler against steel in dry condition. To evaluate the wear resistance, the method used was the ball cratering. Tests were performed without the presence of lubricants. The influence of the applied load and the sliding distance was measured. In all essays steel balls of SAE52100 (100Cr6) were used as counter bodies. Before testing, the hardness, density and thermal characteristics of the polymeric composites were analyzed. For evaluate the metallic counter face, metallographic essay was carried out and hardness measurements were done. After the preparation of tests speciments the surface roughness were measured, to ensure standardization of the surfaces. The size of the craters made up with the wear tests were identified by optical microscopy. The wear mechanisms were observed by scanning electron microscopy and chemical composition was observed after the tribological test by energy dispersive spectrometry. Overall, the results revealed that thermoplastic composities showed 60% to 99%, approximately on the volume removed
Mestre

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Galuschko, André. "Molecular dynamics simulations of sheared polymer brushes." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/GALUSCHKO_Andre_2010.pdf.

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Shimizu, Yoshihiko. "Systematic Studies on Novel Polymeric Nanocomposites Embedded with a Well-Defined Fine Network." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242533.

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Palmeira, Belotti Luca. "Tribological Performance of Hygrothermally Aged UHMWPE Hybrid Composites." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70680.

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Stricter environmental regulations and trend of decreasing cost and increasing operational efficiency are the driving forces for the improvement of the tribological performance in many different industries. For example, in the case of hydropower plants, there has been increasing research carried out to achieve oil-free stations, which would substitute the oil-based lubricants with environmentally accepted lubricants or water. In this application, water could be a good alternative due to its availability and low cost. Also, water is non-toxic and has high heat capacity. Although advantageous, using water as a lubricant presents many challenges that limit its application such as corrosiveness and thin lubricant film due to its physical properties. Therefore, the material selection for the interacting surfaces needs to be correctly performed when considering water-lubricated conditions because of the harsher tribological conditions to which they will be susceptible. Polymeric materials, such as Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), are good candidates for such water-lubricated applications due to versatile mechanical and thermal properties, as well as good tribological characteristics. Today, these materials find use in different tribological components, such as, bearings, liners, and gears. However, high wear rates limit their applications, due to the reduced operating life. The performance can be improved in different ways, including surface modification, polymer blending, and use of reinforcements. A novel research area is hybrid and multiscale reinforced composites, which combines the use of micro and nanofillers to obtain improved performances. UHMWPE has been thoroughly studied, including mechanical, thermal and tribological behavior. However, there are limited studies on the effects of hygrothermal aging on the friction and wear response of UHMWPE. The studies are even more restricted when considering reinforced materials. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the effect of hygrothermal aging in the tribological performance of UHMWPE composites in water-lubricated conditions. Aging exposure and tribological tests were performed to evaluate the response of the materials, and the main conclusion of this work is that the tribological response of UHMWPE composites was not significantly affected by the test exposure conditions.

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Souza, Jo~ao Henrique Corrêa de. "New design approaches for sheet metal forming dies using polymeric materials." [Frankfurt, M.] MAT-INFO, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994916590/04.

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Nilsson, Rickard. "Optimization of pneumatic activity sensor : Development of a low friction seal." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74540.

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Анотація:

In this thesis, the development of a new type of seal is presented along with the steps taken to attain the conclusive design. The results are presented in this paper as a cross-sectioned CAD-model along with the selection of materials and suggestions for future work. The project was commissioned by the multi-discipline engineering consultancy company Projektengagemang AB in Karlstad, Sweden, and carried out as a master’s thesis at Karlstad University. The commission was due to a demand for a new type of sealing solution, as friction is a problem within the field of micro-pneumatics. The work done consists of a study of different low-friction materials where a 30/70 PTFE/PEEK compound was selected as it displayed promising friction and wear properties. The material was then implemented into a design concluded by employing a product development process. The result rendered a prototype for a new kind of low-friction seal which uses the fluid pressure to achieve a sealing contact load between a piston/rod and the seal, which also was the goal set to achieve at the start of the project. Additionally, a design of experiments study was conducted to settle what design parameters were significant with respect to the contact load. For proceeding, making the concept a product ready for production, additional work is needed in the form of experimental material testing, development of a leakage model to optimize the contact load, determination of temperature and creep behaviour, as well as sufficient field testing. Lastly, a die tool must be designed for manufacturing with injection moulding as well as determining if any further processing is required.
Detta arbete behandlar utvecklingen av en ny sorts tätning samt arbetet som utförts för att nå en slutlig design. Resultaten presenteras i form av en CAD-modell tillsammans med materialval och förslag till fortsatta studier. Projektet utfördes efter förfrågan av konsultconcernen Projektengagemang AB i Karlstad, Sverige och utfördes som ett examensarbete för civilingenjörsexamen i maskinteknik vid Karlstads universitet. Detta gjordes eftersom det finns en efterfrågan på lågfriktionstätningar inom mikropneumatik där friktion är ett rådande problem. Arbetet består av en studie över att antal lågfriktionsmaterial där en komposit med 30/70 PTFE/PEEK valdes på grund av dess lovande nötnings- och friktionsegenskaper. Materialet implementerades sedan i design som togs fram genom en produktutvecklingsprocess. Resultatet är en prototyp för en ny sorts lågfriktionstätning som utnyttjar fluidtryck för att uppnå en tätande effekt mellan tätning och kolv vilket även var målsättningen för projektet. Flerfaktorförsök har under processen utnyttjats för att hitta vilka geometriska parametrar som påverkar kontaktkraften mellan tätning och motliggande yta. För att ta konceptet till en färdig produkt krävs fortsatt arbete innehållande experimentella materialtester, framtagning av en läckagemodell att optimera kontaktkraften mot, studier kring temperatur- och krypberoende samt fälttester för att verifiera funktionen över tid. Slutligen behöver ett verktyg för formsprutning tas fram tillsammans med eventuell ytterligare bearbetning för slutlig tillverkning av produkten.

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42

Dorenge, Justine. "Etude du comportement d'additifs polymères épaississants dans les huiles moteur." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1012.

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La réduction de la consommation en carburant des voitures est une préoccupation importante. L'objectif est de réduire les frottements entre pièces mobiles du moteur à travers la formulation du lubrifiant.Un lubrifiant est composé d'une huile de base et d'additifs afin d'ajuster les propriétés de l'huile moteur. En particulier, des polymères sont utilisés pour limiter la perte de viscosité avec la température afin de protéger au mieux les pièces du moteur. Le fonctionnement de ce type d'additifs, appelés améliorants de viscosité (AVI), est basé sur le gonflement avec la température des chaines polymères. Le paramètre le plus important à prendre en compte dans la formulation d'un lubrifiant est sa viscosité ainsi que sa dépendance en température. Le but de ce travail a été d'étudier l'influence de polymères AVI récemment commercialisés afin de sélectionner le plus efficace dans le cadre d'une application moteur, tout en éclaircissant les mécanismes d'action en jeu à l'échelle moléculaire dans ce type de systèmes. Les propriétés rhéologiques de poly(alkyle méthacrylates) en solution ont été étudiées à l'aide de tests standards dans le but de comprendre l'influence des lubrifiants sous pression et dans des conditions confinées. La dégradation de ce type de polymère a également été considérée à travers un test standard afin de vérifier si les performances du polymère sont conservées dans le temps. Les comportements en dégradation et en tribologie ont pu être rationalisés par des considérations de volume occupé par le polymère
The reduction of car fuel consumption is one of the biggest concerns for oil companies. It involves the reduction of friction between moving parts through the formulation of lubricants.A lubricant is composed of base oil and several additives used to improve the properties of engine oils. Polymeric compounds are used to limit the decrease of viscosity with temperatures to efficiently protect the motor. This type of additives, called Viscosity Index Improver (VII), is based on the swelling of polymer chains with temperature. The most important parameter in the lubricant formulation is the viscosity and its dependance on temperature. The aim of the work was to study the influence of recently developed families of VII additives in different base oils in ordrer to select the most efficient type of polymer for engine lubricant uses, by understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible of the VII behavior. Various polyalkylmethacrylates were investigated to establishing the rheological properties of the solutions, namely as a function of temperature (dependence of intrinsic viscosity). For a given base oil, the efficiency of a VII varies with its chemical structure, its molecular weight and its concentration. Then, tribological properties were investigated using standard tests with the aim to obtain an overview of the lubricant's behavior under pressure. We also considered the degradation of this kind of polymers in a representative test in order to check the performance's durability. Degradation and tribological behaviors were rationalized in terms of volume occupied by polymer chains

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43

Ghasemi, Hamid-Reza M. R. "Fundamental studies of the tribological behavior of thin polymeric coatings in fretting contact using infrared and photo/video techniques." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39591.

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Direct measurements of surface temperatures produced during fretting contact are an unknown area in the discipline of tribology; in addition, the possible effects of such temperatures on the behavior of protective anti-fretting coatings (e.g., polymeric) have never been investigated. An oscillating contact device was designed and built to study fretting contact behavior in tribological processes. The contact geometry consisted of a stationary spherical test specimen loaded against a vibrating sapphire disk driven by an electromagnetic shaker. Surface temperatures generated by frictional heating were measured during fretting contact using an infrared microscope. A photo/video technique was developed to view the fretting contact interface during an experiment and to measure the size and distribution of real area(s) of contact. The effects of size and distribution of the areas on the experimental surface temperatures for polymer-coated steel spheres-on- sapphire were investigated. Archard's theoretical model was also modified to account for multiple contact areas, and the calculated surface temperatures were compared to the experimental results. Polymeric coatings - including polystyrene (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polysulfone (PSO), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polyvinylidenechloride (PVDC) were studied at a given load (20 N), frequency (150 Hz), amplitude (100 JLm), and film thickness (55 p.m). The surface temperatures generated were generally low and below the glass transition temperatures of the rigid polymers studied. The magnitude of the surface temperatures was found to be particularly dependent on the size and distribution of real area(s) of contact. The most extensive studies were performed using polystyrene coatings. Effects of load, frequency, amplitude, and film thickness on surface temperature rise and the size and distributions of real area of contact were examined. In addition, uncoated steel specimens were studied under various loads and fretting amplitudes. The observed formation of iron oxide at low surface temperature (60°C) tribologica1 experiments was explained in terms of exoelectron emission. There were considerable differences observed in the behavior of polymeric coatings under various fretting conditions. The fretting behavior of the coatings was explained in terms of mechanical and thermo-elastic effects. Thermo-elastic predictions of size distributions of real contact areas (patches) showed good agreement with the observed photo/video studies. A mechanism was proposed for tribological behavior and fretting protection of polystyrene coatings.
Ph. D.

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44

Guilleaume, Christina, Alexander Brosius, and Ali Mousavi. "Investigation of Alternative Polymer Composite Materials for Forming Applications." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-235022.

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In diesem Paper werden Untersuchungen eines Tiefziehwerkzeugs aus Mineralguss vorgestellt. Der Grund für die Verwendung von Mineralguss als alternativen Werkstoff für schnelle Werkzeuge liegt in den relativ geringen Initialkosten zur Herstellung und seiner Eignung für Kleinserien und Prototypenversuche. Ähnliche Konzepte mit Werkzeugen aus Mineralguss haben gezeigt, dass eine entscheidende Grenze in der Tribologie und dem bei diesem Werkstoff großen Oberflächenverschleiß liegt. Daher fokussiert das vorliegende Paper auf die Ergebnisse der Analyse verschiedener Mineralgussmischungen unter Anwendung von Streifenzugbiegeversuchen. Die Reibzahl wurde hierbei berechnet und vergleichend einem Stahlwerkzeug gegenübergestellt
This paper presents the investigation of polymer concrete drawing tools for deep drawing operations. The goal of using polymer concrete as an alternative material is a rapid tooling process at relatively low initial tools costs that is suitable for small batch production. Similar concepts based on hydraulic concrete and polymer composites have shown that the surface tri-bology and consequently wear is the main limiting factor. Therefore, this paper focusses on the results of strip draw-bending tests with different polymer concrete mixtures. The friction coefficient is calculated and compared to a steel tool

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45

Eichhorn, Sven, and Brit Clauß. "Charakterisierende Untersuchungen zum Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten von WPC (Wood Polymer Composite)." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200901840.

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Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit resultierte aus dem Ansatz, die theoretisch ableitbaren Vorteile der Werkstoffgruppe WPC (Wood Polymer Composite) zur Herstellung von Gleitelementen für fördertechnische Anwendungen (z.B. Gleitschienen in Stückgutförderern) zu nutzen. Diesem Ansatz lag der Gedanke zu Grunde, dass der anfängliche abrasive Verschleiß der polymeren Komponente als Schmiermittel den Abrieb und den Reibwert der stärker tragenden Holzkomponente verringert. Im WPC würde damit eine Funktionstrennung zwischen „tragendem“ Holz und „schmierendem“ Kunststoff vorherrschen. Darauf aufbauend erschien die These zulässig, dass sich im tribologisch aktiven Maschinenteil (Gleitschienen) die typischen Verschleißursachen hochbelasteter polymerer Gleitelemente wie einer starke Abrasion der Reibpartner, mechanische Überlast und damit Deformation in den Kontaktstellen und thermisch bedingter Verschleiß durch Temperaturstau in der Reibzone durch gezielten Holzzusatz in eine Kunststoffmatrix minimieren bzw. zu höheren Grenzen hin verschieben lassen. Diese These wurde in verschiedenen tribologischen Untersuchungen an spritzgegossenen und extrudierten Versuchskörpern grundlegend bestätigt. Die dargestellten Ausführungen zu den Untersuchungen gliedern sich inhaltlich in drei Schwerpunkte. Im ersten Punkt werden die Ergebnisse aus einfachen Tests zum grundlegenden Reibungsverhalten von WPC unter Nutzung des Stift–Scheibe–Versuches und einer nach praxisnahen fördertechnischen Anforderungen konzipierten Versuchseinrichtung vorgestellt sowie in den Stand der Technik eingeordnet. Die Praxisnähe der Versuche wird dabei durch die Probeauswahl weiter erhöht, indem Versuchskörper aus extrudierten Halbzeugen (Terrassendecks aus kommerziellen WPC) und Segmenten aus Förderketten ausgewählt werden. Die daraus resultierenden Aussagen ermöglichen erste Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich des dynamischen Reibwertes des WPC im relevanten tribologischen Belastungsspektrum für Gleitschienen. Im zweiten Punkt wird, aufbauend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen, eine Betrachtungsweise vorgestellt, die neben dem Reibwert Aussagen zum Verschleißverhalten beinhaltet und eine vereinfachte Möglichkeit bietet, mittels des „Tribologiewertes“ die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in einer praxisnahen Sichtweise darzustellen. Zudem wird die Versuchsmatrix hinsichtlich der verwendeten Parameter (Reibpartner, Reibgeschwindigkeit, theoretischer Flächenpressung) konkretisiert und erweitert. Die vorgestellte Betrachtungsweise und das verwendete Parameterfeld werden an spritzgegossenen Proben aus tribologisch „bekannten“ Materialien (Stand der Technik) und den Bestandteilen des untersuchten WPC (PP, PE, Fichte) überprüft. Weiterhin wird an vergleichbaren Proben aus WPC (50% PP / 50% Weichholz Fichte/Tanne) das tribologische Verhalten des Holzkunststoff - Verbundes klassifiziert. Dieses Verhalten wird hinsichtlich der tribologisch „bekannten“ Materialien in den Stand der Technik eingeordnet und eine These zum Wirkmechanismus bezüglich des Reibungs- und Verschleißverhaltens von WPC vorgestellt. Der dritten Punkt beinhaltet vertiefende Untersuchungen an spritzgegossenen Proben aus WPC mit 50% Weichholz und 50% PP - Matrix hinsichtlich des Einflussesder Spritzrichtung bzw. Holzpartikelorientierung, einer Wasserlagerung, der Konzentration des Haftvermittlers, einer Oberflächenbearbeitung. Weiterhin werden Aussagen zum Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten von WPC mit PE-Matrix an spritzgegossenen Proben erarbeitet und eine erste Gegenüberstellung der Herstellungsverfahren Spritzguss und Extrusion vorgenommen. Die Untersuchungen ermöglichten in Summe das Gleitreibungs- und Verschleißverhalten des WPC grundlegend aber nicht vollständig zu charakterisieren. Die tribologischen Betrachtungen zur Werkstoffgruppe WPC stehen noch am Anfang ihrer Entwicklung. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse sind somit zudem als Startpunkt eines wissenschaftlichen Diskurses zu sehen.

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46

Santana, Janaina Silva de. "Avalia??o tribol?gica dos pol?meros NBR, PTFE e PTFE gravitado em contato com a?o AISI 52100." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15591.

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Анотація:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JanainaSS.pdf: 6774864 bytes, checksum: 445b5e932b89fcc09c4b97403b959e26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-02
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Low cost seals are made of NBR, Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, a family of unsaturated copolymers that is higher resistant to oils the more content of nitrile have in its composition, although lower its flexibility. In Petroleum Engineering, NBR seal wear can cause fluid leakage and environmental damages, promoting an increasing demand for academic knowledge about polymeric materials candidate to seals submitted to sliding contacts to metal surfaces. This investigation aimed to evaluate tribological responses of a commercial NBR, hardness 73 ? 5 Sh A, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), hardness 60 ? 4 HRE and PTFE with graphite, 68 ? 6 HRE. The testings were performed on a sliding tribometer conceived to explore the tribological performance of stationary polymer plane coupons submitted to rotational cylinder contact surface of steel AISI 52100, 20 ? 1 HRC Hardness, under dry and lubricated (oil SAE 15W40) conditions. After screening testings, the normal load, relative velocity and sliding distance were 3.15 N, 0.8 m/s and 3.2 km, respectively. The temperatures were collected over distances of 3.0?0.5 mm and 750?50 mm far from the contact to evaluate the heating in this referential zone due to contact sliding friction by two thermocouples K type. The polymers were characterized through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The wear mechanisms of the polymer surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). NBR referred to the higher values of heating, suggesting higher sliding friction. PTFE and PTFE with graphite showed lower heating, attributed to the delamination mechanism
Retentores de baixo custo s?o comercialmente dispon?veis de NBR, copol?meros insaturados de borrachas de nitrilo-butadieno que s?o mais resistentes aos ?leos quanto mais altos forem seus teores de nitrila, ? custa de uma menor flexibilidade. Em Engenharia de Petr?leo, o desgaste dos retentores de NBR causa vazamento de fluidos e danos ambientais, provocando uma crescente demanda de conhecimento acad?mico sobre materiais polim?ricos candidatos a retentor submetidos a contatos de deslizamento com superf?cies de metal. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar respostas tribol?gicas de tr?s pol?meros comercialmente dispon?veis, NBR, dureza 73 ? 5 Sh A, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), dureza 60 ? 4 HRE e PTFE com grafite, 68 ? 6 HRE. Os ensaios foram realizados em um trib?metro de deslizamento concebido para explorar o desempenho tribol?gico de corpos-de-prova polim?ricos estacion?rios de superf?cie plana submetidos a um contato seco ou lubrificado (?leo SAE 15W40) de uma superf?cie rotativa cil?ndrica de a?o 52100, dureza 20 ? 1 HRC. A carga normal, a velocidade relativa e a dist?ncia de deslizamento foram, respectivamente, 3,15 N, 0,8 m/s e 3,2 km, determinadas ap?s ensaios explorat?rios iniciais. As temperaturas foram medidas por dois termopares tipo K a 3,0?0,5 mm e 750?50 mm de dist?ncia do contato para avaliar-se o aquecimento em uma mesma regi?o devido ao atrito de deslizamento no contato. Os pol?meros foram caracterizados atrav?s de An?lises Termogravim?tricas (TGA), Calorimetria Diferencial Explorat?ria (DSC) e An?lises Din?mico-Mec?nica (DMA). Os mecanismos de desgaste das superf?cies dos pol?meros foram analisados por Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV) e EDS (Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X). NBR apresentou os maiores valores de aquecimento, sugerindo maior atrito de deslizamento. PTFE e PTFE grafitado apresentaram um menor aquecimento, atribu?do ao mecanismo de desgaste por delamina??o

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47

Pras, Maxime. "Influence de l’état de dispersion de nanotubes de carbone sur leur relargage et aérosolisation lors de la sollicitation tribologique de nanocomposites MWNT/polymère." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0020/document.

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Les composites renforcés avec des nanotubes de carbone présentent un réel potentiel en terme de renforcement mécanique, d’amélioration de conductivités électrique et thermique des matériaux cependant les effets toxicologiques des nanotubes de carbone sur la santé humaine sont toujours à l’étude, et tout laisse à penser que ceux-ci feront prochainement l’objet de normes et autres législation. C’est pourquoi les fabricants de composites renforcés nanotubes de carbone ont tout intérêt à prendre les devants sur de futures législations en contrôlant le relargage de nanotubes isolés lors de différentes sollicitations de ces matériaux telles que la casse ou l’abrasion. Un bon état de dispersion des nanotubes au sein de la matrice est un paramètre qui améliore les performances du composite et que l’on suppose faire baisser le relargage de nanotubes de carbone isolé dans l’environnement. Le but final de cette étude est donc ici de savoir si la qualité de l’état de dispersion des nanotubes influe sur la nature des particules relarguées suite à une dégradation d’un composites. Il faut savoir si l’on a relargué des nanotubes isolés, ou bien des particules de polymère dans lesquelles des nanotubes seraient complètement enrobés, d’où l’intérêt de bien maitriser cette étape de dispersion. Pour contrôler la dispersion des nanotubes de carbone dans un système polymère, différentes méthode peuvent être utilisées, notamment la microscopie électronique (MEB et MET), mais également des méthodes telles que la caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques, la conductivité électrique, thermique ou encore la rhéologie des suspensions. Ces différentes méthodes étant plus ou moins efficaces et simple à mettre en œuvre pour indiquer si les nanotubes sont individuellement dispersés, en fagots, voire en agglomérats. Une fois l’état de dispersion des composites biens caractérisés, il s’agit de le corréler avec une prédisposition plus ou moins prononcée de ce nanocomposite au relargage. La théorie prédit que l’interface entre un nanotube et le polymère est supposé bien plus forte que celle entre un nanotube entouré par d’autres nanotubes au sein d’un agrégat. Des observations microscopiques de fractures ainsi que la caractérisation des particules relarguées lors des tests en abrasion standardisés (mesures granulométriques combinées à des observations par microscopie électronique) menées sur ces matériaux modèles permettent alors de confirmer les prédictions théoriques et de caractériser les particules relarguées en termes de taille, nombre et nature. Les résultats ne permettent pas d’affirmer que des nanotubes de carbone isolés sont relargués pendant la sollicitation mécanique des nanocomposites, quel que soit l’état de dispersion des nanotubes de carbone. En revanche, les interactions entre les particules de matrice polymère et les nanotubes de carbone observés sur celles-ci, apparaissent extrêmement dépendantes de cet état de dispersion
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) reinforced polymer-based composites represent a significant opportunity in terms of mechanical reinforcement and electrical and thermal conductivity improvements. However specific issues for nanotubes and related composites on human health are still under studied. It is strongly expected that standards and regulations on carbon nanotubes and on carbon nanotubes composites should appear soon. Due to their high aspect ratio they could migrate into breathing apparatus (because of their small diameter) and remain stuck to the walls (due to their length) causing damages like pulmonary fibrosis or cancer. Exposition of human people to carbon nanotubes must be controlled and an occupational exposure limit must be defined. That is why suppliers of carbon nanotubes have large interest to predict rules in controlling carbon nanotube release during the use of materials prepared from nanotubes, especially under abrasion or other cyclic mechanical solicitations. A key point is to check if a good dispersion state is a required condition to decrease isolated carbon nanotubes release. As the dispersion state of carbon nanotubes in polymer-based nanocomposites was known and controlled, standardized abrasion tests were performed in a glove box in order to simulate the wear use of a nanocomposite during its lifecycle, i.e. to generate particles. Released particles were collected on TEM grids and by particle sizing devices and these ones were analyzed in term of number, size and nature thanks to different characterization methods. Granulometric data, TEM micrographs and EDX measurements were all performed and founded to be influenced by several parameters amongst which the carbon nanotubes dispersion state. Carbon nanotubes were found in the abraded particles but never isolated from other polymer particles but could be linked to released polymer particles via Van der Waals interactions and physical entanglement. It clearly appears that the dispersion state of CNT has an influence on the shape and the aspect of released particles

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48

Eichhorn, Sven, and Christine Schubert. "Component analysis of a fully implemented sectional WPC-beam with tribologic value as sliding rail utilized in a overhead conveyor system." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-153125.

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The sectional beam is the essential detail of an overhead conveyor. The construction element is stressed by time-varying mechanical and tribological loads. Here, we discuss the influence of the manufacturing process on the mechanical properties and the serviceability of the extruded profile in a selected application. The development of existing formulas and processing parameters are shown with the objective to expand the material application from WPC-decking to use in mechanical engineering
Das Tragprofil ist das zentrale Element in einem Hängefördersystem. Das Bauteil wird durch zeitlich veränderliche mechanische und tribologische Lasten beansprucht. Nachfolgend wird der Einfluss des Herstellungsprozesses auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Gebrauchsfähigkeit eines extrudierten Trag- und Gleitprofils aus WPC im gewählten Anwendungsfall vorgestellt. Die notwendige Weiterentwicklung bestehender Rezepturen und Verarbeitungsverfahren wird aufgezeigt, um den Anwendungsbereich des Werkstoffes WPC vom Bereich Terassendielen auf den Maschinenbau zu erweitern

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49

Chaveroux, Damien. "Relations structures-propriétés de polymères améliorants de viscosité dans les lubrifiants moteur." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA1002.

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Le développement des lubrifiants est un véritable levier pour les constructeurs automobiles et les pétroliers pour minimiser les pertes d'énergie dues aux frottements dans les moteurs. La viscosité est le principal paramètre sur lequel les formulateurs peuvent jouer pour abaisser les frottements. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude du rôle et des actions des additifs améliorants de viscosité (AVI) dans les lubrifiants moteur. L'objectif de cette thèse est de corréler l'étude portée à l'échelle moléculaire aux propriétés macroscopiques ainsi qu'aux performances des lubrifiants moteur pour pouvoir orienter les formulateurs vers une ou des molécules cibles qui permettront de répondre le mieux possible à ces problématiques. Ce travail est consacré à des poly-diène-styrène hydrogénés (P-diène-SH) et des copolymères éthylène propylène (EPC). Dans un premier temps, des études structurales des polymères AVI et rhéologiques des solutions ont permis de mettre en évidence l'influence des différentes chimies et structures des polymères sur leurs propriétés rhéologiques. Cette étude a porté sur une large gamme de températures (-20 à +135°C), taux de cisaillement (0 à 107s-1) et concentrations permettant de caractériser la configuration des polymères dans des conditions correspondant à l’application. Dans un second temps, ces propriétés rhéologiques ont été corrélées avec les coefficients de frottement et les épaisseurs de film centrales dans un contact de type sphère/plan en tribologie.Enfin, la capacité des chaînes de ces polymères à se rompre sous la contrainte d’un fort taux de cisaillement en écoulement pulsé ou continu a été étudiée et reliée à la configuration des polymères AVI en solution ainsi que leurs structures. L’ensemble de ces données a été utilisé pour proposer une structure chimique et une architecture présentant des propriétés AVI, une bonne résistance mécanique et un comportement tribologique satisfaisant
The development of lubricants is a real challenge for the automotive and the petroleum industries to reduce the energy losses in engines due to frictions. The viscosity is the main parameter that the lubricant formulators can vary to reduce the frictions. This PhD deals with the role and mode of actions of viscosity modifier polymers (VM polymers) in lubricants.The purpose of this PhD is to correlate the study at the molecular scale with the macroscopic properties and the lubricant performances in order to orient the formulators towards one or several target molecules which could present the best properties.This work consisted in characterizing hydrogenated Poly-diene-styrene (P-diene-SH) and ethylene-propylene-copolymers (EPC).First, studies on the structure of VM polymers and on rheological properties of the solutions have shown the influence of the different chemical structures and polymer architectures on their rheological properties. This study was carried out on a large scale of temperatures (-20 à +135°C), shear rates (0 à 107s-1) and concentrations leading to characterizations under conditions corresponding to practical conditions.Secondly, these rheological properties were correlated with frictions coefficients and the film thickness in a sphere/plate contact in tribology.Finally, the ability of the polymer chains to break when a high shear rate was applied in a continuous or pulsed flow was studied and related to the chains configurations of the VM polymer and their structure.All these data were further used to propose a chemical structure and a polymer architecture leading to viscosity improved properties, a good resistance to degradation and a satisfactory behavior in tribology

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Svensson, Erik, and Marcus Wiechert. "Abrasiv nötning av polymerer tillverkade genom 3D-skrivning." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11124.

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Volvo Cars in Skövde manufacture and assemble Volvo engines. When attaching the ignition coil to all 4-cylinder engines, a special mounting tool is required. This mounting tool is currently manufactured from injection-molded polyoxymethylene (POM), a thermoplastic. It has been noted that the life span of the tool is shortened as a result of abrasive wear that occurs during the attachment process of the ignition coil. An investigation of the possibility of manufacturing the mounting tool with a 3D-printer is undertaken in cooperation with ÅF, a consultant to Volvo Cars. A literature study is first presented to introduce broader knowledge on the subject. The abrasive wear and other material characteristics such as tensile strength, compressive strength and elongation of POM and an alternative material for 3D-printing, Ultem™, an amorphous thermoplastic polyetherimide are discussed. These material characteristics are studied further and considered in tandem with both a theoretical analysis and a wear experiment, based on the pin-on-disc method. It is shown in the theoretical analysis that the wear is approximately six times larger for Ultem™ when compared to POM. The wear resistance of Ultem™ is highest when wear occurs parallel to the direction of the printed layers. In contrast, the experiment shows that the wear is about three times larger in Ultem™ than in POM. The highest tensile strength of Ultem™ is also found in the direction of the printed layers. Some issues with the small elongation of the 3D-printed material are presented. It is recommended that ÅF apply the 3D-printing technique with Ultem™ only for construction details with complex geometries and where the material elongation will not exceed 5%. It is also recommended that ÅF both support and contribute to this innovative technique in order to develop leading edge competence in the subject.
Volvo Cars i Skövde tillverkar och monterar Volvomotorer. Vid monteringen av tändspolen till alla 4-cylindriga motorer behövs ett monteringsverktyg. Detta monteringsverktyg tillverkas för närvarande från formsprutad termoplast polyoximetylen (POM). Det har noterats att livslängden av verktyget förkortas på grund av abrasiv nötning som uppkommer under monteringsprocessen av tändspolen. Möjligheterna att tillverka monteringsverktyget med en 3D-skrivare utvärderas i samverkan med ÅF, en konsult till Volvo Cars. En litteraturstudie presenteras för att introducera en bredare kunskap i ämnet. Den abrasiva nötningen och materialegenskaper såsom draghållfasthet, tryckhållfasthet samt töjning hos POM och ett alternativt material för 3D-skrivning, Ultem™, en amorf termoplast polyeterimid, behandlas. Dessa materialegenskaper studeras vidare och tas i beaktning med både en teoretisk analys och ett nötningsexperiment, baserat på pin-on-disc metoden. Enligt den teoretiska analysen är nötningen hos Ultem™ approximativt 6 gånger större vid jämförelsen med POM. Nötningsbeständigheten hos Ultem™ är högst då nötning sker parallellt med 3D-skrivningsriktningen av lagren. Nötningsexperimenten visar att nötningen hos Ultem™ är ungefär 3 gånger större vid jämförelsen med POM. Den högsta draghållfastheten hos Ultem™ uppkommer också parallellt med 3D-skrivningsriktningen av lagren. Problem med den låga töjningen hos det 3D-skrivna materialet behandlas. ÅF rekommenderas att tillämpa 3D-skrivning med materialet Ultem™ främst för detaljer med komplexa geometrier med en töjning som inte överskrider 5 %. ÅF rekommenderas även att både stödja och bidra till denna innovativa teknik för att kunna skapa en ledande expertis i ämnet.

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