Статті в журналах: "Polymer tip"

1

Latorre, R., A. Muller, J. Y. Billard, and A. Houlier. "Investigation of the Role of Polymer on the Delay of Tip Vortex Cavitation." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1792260.

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Cavitation tunnel measurements have shown tip vortex cavitation inception is delayed when polymers are injected from the hydrofoil tip. Experiments with polymers have also shown that the polymers cause the cavitation to become more violent. To better understand the role of polymer in the delay of tip vortex cavitation, a theoretical analysis of tip vortex cavitation inception in pure water and in polymer solution is presented. The analysis shows that while polymer injection causes instability in small bubbles, its main effect is an increase in tip vortex core radius, resulting in the delay of tip vortex cavitation inception.

2

Engler, Anthony, Jared Schwartz, and Paul Kohl. "(Student Award, 1st Place, Invited) Rapid Nanometer Scale Patterning Using New High-Sensitivity, Dry-Develop Resists." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 18 (October 9, 2022): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0218867mtgabs.

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A family of high-resolution, photo-thermal resists based on low ceiling temperature copolymers has been developed and used in a nanometer scale, direct-write thermal patterning tool. The polymer resists are composed of cyclic, low ceiling temperature (Tc) poly(aldehydes). Tc is the thermodynamic temperature which separates polymer from monomer. The Tc of the polymers is below room temperature making the polymer meta-stable at room temperature. The resists very rapidly and cleanly decompose into monomer only when triggered during patterning because the mechanism of depolymerization is suppressed. Cleaving a single bond in the polymer chain initiates the spontaneous and complete depolymerization of the polymer. The use of these low Tc polymers in thermal scanning probe lithography to resolve nanometer size features will be described. Laser ablation of the same polymers has been demonstrated in thermal scanning probe tools allowing for the rapid removal of large areas of the resist adding speed to the hot-tip thermal patterning capability. A particular advantage of the laser assisted thermal scanning probe patterning tools is the ability to form three-dimensional features both by hot-tip patterning and laser ablation.

3

Han, Chung-Souk, Seyed H. R. Sanei, and Farid Alisafaei. "On the origin of indentation size effects and depth dependent mechanical properties of elastic polymers." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0030.

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Abstract Indentation size effects have been observed in both polymers and metals but, unlike in metals, the origin of size effects in polymers is not well understood. To clarify the role of second order gradients of displacements, a model polymer is examined with spherical and Berkovich tips at probing depths between 5 and 25 μm. Applying different theories to determine the elastic modulus, it is found that with a pyramidal tip, the elastic modulus increases with decreasing indentation depth, while tests with the spherical tip yielded essentially constant values for the elastic modulus independent of indentation depth. The differences between these tips are attributed to second order displacement gradients, as they remain essentially constant with a spherical tip while they increase in magnitude with decreasing indentation depth applying a Berkovich tip.

4

King, William P., and Kenneth E. Goodson. "Thermomechanical Formation of Nanoscale Polymer Indents With a Heated Silicon Tip." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 11 (January 15, 2007): 1600–1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2764088.

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In thermomechanical data storage, a heated atomic force microscope cantilever tip is in contact with and scans over a polymer film. Heating in the cantilever and cantilever tip induces local deformation of the polymer near the tip, with indents as small as 22nm. This paper reports a simple modeling approach for predicting heat and mass transfer in the cantilever tip and polymer with the goal of predicting indent formation conditions. The model accounts for subcontinuum conduction in the cantilever tip and for the time- and temperature-dependent mechanical properties of the polymer. Simulations predict steady state and transient indent formation, and the results compare well with data. For loading forces 30–200nN and a tip radius of 20nm, a cantilever temperature of 200°C is required to form an indent at steady state. For heating pulses as short as 5μs, the cantilever temperature required for bit formation is as high as 500°C. By quantifying the conditions required for indent formation, this work may improve the operation of heated probes for thermomechanical data storage.

5

OKAWA, Yuji, Daisuke TAKAJO, and Masakazu AONO. "Polymer Nanowires Fabricated Using a Tip." Kobunshi 56, no. 6 (2007): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.56.436.

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6

Fruman, D. H., and S. S. Aflalo. "Tip Vortex Cavitation Inhibition by Drag-Reducing Polymer Solutions." Journal of Fluids Engineering 111, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243625.

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This paper presents previous and recent results obtained by the authors concerning the modification of the tip vortex cavitation of a finite span hydrofoil by drag-reducing polymer solutions. Experiments were conducted with homogeneous solutions and with semidilute solutions ejected at the tip of the wing. Measurements of the onset cavitation number for tip vortex cavitation, hydrodynamic forces on the hydrofoil and tangential velocities in the tip vortex have been conducted. The results show that tip vortex cavitation is inhibited in all cases but for different reasons. In homogeneous polymer solutions the lift of the hydrofoil, and hence the circulation, is considerably reduced leading to a less intense vortex as shown by tangential velocity measurements. With semidilute polymer solution ejections there is no noticeable change of the hydrodynamic forces but a significant modification of the tangential velocities in the core region. The mechanism for tip vortex cavitation inhibition is thus completely different in these two situations.

7

Donescu, Dan, Sever Serban, Kristiana Gosa, and Cristian Petcu. "Polymer-Titanium hybrids obtained by radical polymerization and Sol-Gel process." Open Chemistry 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02476234.

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AbstractThe possibility to prepare hybrids made by poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and/or poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEtA) with TiO2 was studied. The processes of polymer formation-radical polymerization and sol-gel process for inorganic network —were achieved simultaneously. Due to a high reactivity of titanium isopropoxide (TIP) in the sol-gel process, a complexant comonomer, allyl acetoacetate (AlAcAc), was used. Covalent bonds between polymer and inorganic chains were obtained by addition of trialkoxysilane derivates with vinyl (VTES) or methacryloyl (MPTS) groups. The presence of TIP inhibits the radical polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc). The PVAc-TiO2 hybrids were produced by the sol-gel process of TIP in the presence of pre-obtained PVAc. Except for VTES and MPTS, trialkoxysilane derivates with methyl (MeTES), octyl (OTES) and phenyl (PTES) groups were used. The thermal stability of hybrids is strongly affected by TiO2 presence and by the type of trialkoxysilane derivates. The thermal stability of PVAc hybrids decreases in the presence of TiO2 inorganic network. The glass transition temperature of polymers increases in the presence of the inorganic network.

8

Klapperich, C., K. Komvopoulos, and L. Pruitt. "Nanomechanical Properties of Polymers Determined From Nanoindentation Experiments." Journal of Tribology 123, no. 3 (July 25, 2000): 624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1330736.

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The nanomechanical properties of various polymers were examined in light of nanoindentation experiments performed with a diamond tip of nominal radius of curvature of about 20 μm under conditions of maximum contact load in the range of 150–600 μN and loading/unloading rates between 7.5 and 600 μN/s. The elastic modulus of each polymer was determined from the unloading material response using the compliance method, whereas the hardness was calculated as the maximum contact load divided by the corresponding projected area, obtained from the known tip shape function. It is shown that while the elastic modulus decreases with increasing indentation depth, the polymer hardness tends to increase, especially for the polymers possessing amorphous microstructures or less crystallinity. Differences in the material properties, surface adhesion, and time-dependent deformation behavior are interpreted in terms of the microstructure, crystallinity, and surface chemical state of the polymers. Results obtained at different maximum loads and loading rates demonstrate that the nanoindentation technique is an effective method of differentiating the mechanical behavior of polymeric materials with different microstructures.

9

Hosseini, Nahid, Matthias Neuenschwander, Oliver Peric, Santiago H. Andany, Jonathan D. Adams, and Georg E. Fantner. "Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (November 29, 2019): 2357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.226.

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Employing polymer cantilevers has shown to outperform using their silicon or silicon nitride analogues concerning the imaging speed of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode (intermittent contact mode with amplitude modulation) by up to one order of magnitude. However, tips of the cantilever made out of a polymer material do not meet the requirements for tip sharpness and durability. Combining the high imaging bandwidth of polymer cantilevers with making sharp and wear-resistant tips is essential for a future adoption of polymer cantilevers in routine AFM use. In this work, we have developed a batch fabrication process to integrate silicon nitride tips with an average tip radius of 9 ± 2 nm into high-speed SU8 cantilevers. Key aspects of the process are the mechanical anchoring of a moulded silicon nitride tip and a two-step release process. The fabrication recipe can be adjusted to any photo-processable polymer cantilever.

10

Vacher, Robin, and Astrid S. de Wijn. "Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 13 (January 14, 2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.4.

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Friction and wear of polymers at the nanoscale is a challenging problem due to the complex viscoelastic properties and structure. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate how a graphene sheet on top of the semicrystalline polymer polyvinyl alcohol affects the friction and wear. Our setup is meant to resemble an AFM experiment with a silicon tip. We have used two different graphene sheets, namely an unstrained, flat sheet, and one that has been crumpled before being deposited on the polymer. The graphene protects the top layer of the polymer from wear and reduces the friction. The unstrained flat graphene is stiffer, and we find that it constrains the polymer chains and reduces the indentation depth.

11

Stolz, Lukas, Martin Winter, and Johannes Kasnatscheew. "Perspective on the mechanism of mass transport-induced (tip-growing) Li dendrite formation by comparing conventional liquid organic solvent with solid polymer-based electrolytes." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 13, no. 5 (August 9, 2023): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1724.

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A major challenge of Li metal electrodes is the growth of high surface area lithium during Li deposition with a variety of possible shapes and growing mechanisms. They are reactive and lead to active lithium losses, electrolyte depletion and safety concerns due to a potential risk of short-circuits and thermal runaway. This work focuses on the mechanism of tip-growing Li dendrite as a particular high surface area lithium morphology. Its formation mechanism is well-known and is triggered during concentration polarization, i.e. during mass (Li+) transport limitations, which has been thoroughly investigated in literature with liquid electrolytes. This work aims to give a stimulating perspective on this formation mechanism by considering solid polymer electrolytes. The in-here shown absence of the characteristic “voltage noise” immediately after complete concentration polarization, being an indicator for tip-growing dendritic growth, rules out the occurrence of the particular tip-growing morphology for solid polymer electrolytes under the specific electrochemical conditions. The generally poorer kinetics of solid polymer electrolytes compared to liquid electrolytes imply lower limiting currents, i.e. lower currents to realize complete concentration polarization. Hence, this longer-lasting Li-deposition times in solid polymer electrolytes are assumed to prevent tip-growing mechanism via timely enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation on fresh Li deposits, while, as stated in previous literature, in liquid electrolytes, Li dendrite tip-growth process is faster than solid electrolyte interphase formation kinetics. It can be reasonably concluded that tip-growing Li dendrites are in general practically unlikely for both, (i) the lower conducting electrolytes like solid polymer electrolytes due to enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation and (ii) good-conducting electrolytes like liquids due to an impractically high current required for concentration polarization.

12

Li, Hui-Min, Gang-Feng Wang, and T. J. Wang. "Effect of crack-tip shape on the near-tip field in glassy polymer." International Journal of Solids and Structures 45, no. 3-4 (February 2008): 1087–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.09.029.

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13

Nygren, Garrett, and Ryan L. Karkkainen. "Simulation of anisotropic crack tip deformation processes and particle interactions in toughened polymers." Polymers and Polymer Composites 28, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119856168.

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This study develops a finite element-based simulation of submicrometer crack tip deformation processes in polymers to investigate local toughening effects. An initial study of how these processes interact with stiff inclusions is presented to enable further investigation of particulate toughening. Crack tip and process zone mechanisms, including polymer chain disentanglement, directional chain realignment with consequent anisotropy, and crack propagation, are considered in a dedicated user-defined material law. Such processes are generally homogenized on higher scale continuum levels analyses, but direct simulation can provide insight into toughening mechanisms that have been widely observed but not fully explained. The user material law herein was employed in a parametric study to investigate the relative importance of (1) the extent of local inelastic polymer chain realignment and (2) consequent anisotropic hardening of the realigned polymer chains. In order to explore the interaction of fracture processes with nanometer-scale inclusions, silica particles with varied spacing were also included in the simulations. The interaction between local stress concentration and energy dissipation mechanisms has been quantified. It is shown that in neat polymers, local yielding is the dominant toughening effect accounting for over 90% of the local energy absorption, whereas local stiffening alone would decrease toughness. Stiff inclusions were shown to generally decrease toughness, except in cases where local yielding greatly outweighs local stiffening effects. Roughly 45% increase in toughness was shown for a 250-nm particle spacing that balances the acceleration of elastic failure with the formation of a larger local yield zone size. This demonstrates the utility of employing dedicated material laws to microstructural scale analyses in providing design targets in material design.

14

Sorkhabi, Tannaz, Mehrab Samberan, Krzysztof Ostrowski, Paulina Zajdel, Agata Stempkowska, and Tomasz Gawenda. "Electrospinning of Poly (Acrylamide), Poly (Acrylic Acid) and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Nanofibers: Characterization and Optimization Study on the Effect of Different Parameters on Mean Diameter Using Taguchi Design of Experiment Method." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 5876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175876.

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In this study, nanofibers of poly (acrylic acid) (PAAc), polyacrylamide (PAAm) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) were prepared using the electrospinning technique. Based on the Taguchi DOE (design of experiment) method, the effects of electrospinning parameters, i.e., needle tip to collector distance, polymer solution concentration, applied voltage, polymer solution feed rate and polymer type, on the diameter and morphology of polymer nanofibers were evaluated. Analyses of the experiments for the diameters of the polymer nanofibers showed that the type of polymer was the most significant factor. The optimal combination to obtain the smallest diameters with minimum deviations for electrospun polymer nanofibers was also determined. For this purpose, the appropriate factor levels were determined as follows: polymer PAAm, applied voltage 10 kV, delivery rate 0.1 mL/h, needle tip to collector distance 10 cm, and polymer solution concentration 8%, to obtain the thinnest nanofibers. This combination was further validated by conducting a confirmation experiment, and the average diameter of the polymer nanofibers was found to be close to the optimal conditions estimated by the Taguchi DOE method.

15

Furlan, R., S. V. Arroyo, R. O. F. Torres, J. A. M. Rosado, and A. N. R. Da Silva. "Study of Nanofiber Formation by Injecting Polymeric Solutions Inside Intense Electric Fields Using Different Electrode Configurations." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 5, no. 2 (November 21, 2010): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v5i2.321.

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Electrospinning has been considered a straightforward way of producing nanofibers. In this work we are analyzing non-conventional approaches of the electrospinning process to better understand and explore the effect of electrostatic interactions. The processes we are investigating include the insertion of polymer inside the electric field keeping the capillary for polymer injection at a floating potential. Also, we are investigating different electrode configurations including: same as electrospinning (with and without polarization of the capillary for polymer injection), parallel macro electrodes and, microelectrodes (with tip to tip alignment). Image analysis reveals the occurrence of instabilities/oscillations of the polymer flow (caused by redistribution of charges). Improvement of polymer flow directionality and fiber diameter reduction are observed in comparison with conventional electrospinning. Fiber orientation can be obtained using parallel macro electrodes and micro electrodes.

16

Vipulanandan, C., and N. Dharmarajan. "Critical crack tip opening displacement for polymer composites." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 33, no. 3 (January 1989): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(89)90090-8.

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17

Hocine, M., R. Bachelot, C. Ecoffet, N. Fressengeas, P. Royer, and G. Kugel. "End-of-fiber polymer tip: manufacturing and modeling." Synthetic Metals 127, no. 1-3 (March 2002): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(01)00645-2.

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18

Xie, Zhuang, Youde Shen, Xuechang Zhou, Yong Yang, Qing Tang, Qian Miao, Jing Su, Hongkai Wu, and Zijian Zheng. "Polymer Pen Lithography Using Dual-Elastomer Tip Arrays." Small 8, no. 17 (July 6, 2012): 2664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201200849.

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19

VanLandingham, M., J. Villarrubia, G. Meyers, and M. Dineen. "Advancing Nanoscale Indentation Measurements Toward Quantitative Characterization of Polymer Properties." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 1108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600038034.

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The ultimate objective of instrumented indentation testing is to obtain absolute measurements of material properties and behavior. To achieve this goal, accurate knowledge of the shape of the indenter tip is required. For indentation measurements involving sub-micrometer scale contacts, accurate knowledge of the tip shape can be difficult to achieve. In this presentation, a technique referred to as blind reconstruction is applied to the measurement of tip shapes of indenters used with the atomic force microscope (AFM) to indent polymeric materials.The AFM has been used recently to make nanoscale indentation measurements and is particularly useful for evaluating the mechanical response of polymeric materials. These measurements can be made using AFM cantilever probes and operating the AFM in force mode with some modifications to account for lateral tip motion. Because the AFM was not specifically designed as an indentation device, other complications can arise due to instrumental uncertainties such as piezo hysteresis, piezo creep, and photodiode nonlinearities.

20

Chakravarty, Rubel, Rakesh Shukla, Shyamla Gandhi, Ramu Ram, Ashutosh Dash, Meera Venkatesh, and A. K. Tyagi. "Polymer Embedded Nanocrystalline Titania Sorbent for 99Mo-99mTc Generator." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 4447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.280.

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A new sorbent material, polymer embedded nano crystalline titania (Titanium Polymer-TiP) has been developed, from titanium (IV) chloride and isopropyl alcohol, for the adsorption of 99Mo, which is a precursor to 99mTc, a workhorse in radio-pharmaceuticals. The infrared absorption spectra of the TiP showed peaks corresponding to Ti-O groups. X-ray diffraction pattern of the adsorbent corresponded to rutile TiO2. The surface area of this polymer was 30 m2/g with an average pore size of 40 nm. The average crystallite size of TiO2, embedded in polymer, was found to be 5 nm. TEM micrograph of the adsorbent revealed the networkof polymer with dispersed titania phase. Potential of this adsorbent for the preparation of 99Mo-99mTc generator has been explored. 99Mo could be adsorbed on to the adsorbent column containing TiP at pH 1 from which 99mTc could be eluted with normal (0.9%) saline solution with an elution yield of ∼80%. The quality of the 99mTcO−4 obtained was in accordance with the international specifications applicable for radiopharmaceutical use. A process demonstration run was carried out with 1.1 GBq (30 mCi) 99Mo activity level making use of the above adsorbent and consistent results were obtained over a period of one week, which is generally the shelf life of 99Mo-99mTc generator.

21

Wood, Sylvia H., Salvador J. Pastor, and Charles L. Wilkins. "Examination of the Surface of a Maldi-Ftms Probe Tip using SEM and Determination of Detection Limits for Poly(Ethylene Glycol)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600022601.

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Exploratory synthetic strategies may yield limited quantities of sample. Characterization of such limited-quantity samples is facilitated by the use of sensitive analytical methods and smart sample preparation. Polymers may be analyzed by mass spectrometry for molecular weight distributions, structural information (such as endgroups), and impurities. However, polymer research using mass spectrometry has not focused on detection limits; in some work the amount of polymer used is not even mentioned. Studies to determine detection limits of polymers and studies that characterize sample preparation techniques can provide valuable information.Examination of the sample surface on a probe tip, generated by the use of an aerospray technique for sample deposition, was accomplished by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aerospraying the polymer and matrix solutions allowed signal averaging of mass spectra from up to 400 shots on the same sample spot. SEM images showed the surface of the probe to have a fairly uniform coating of the sample and matrix.

22

Liu, Ruixuan, Xiaoniu Li, De Yu, Teng Cao, Jia Cao, Boquan Wang, and Dawei Wu. "A 3D printed sandwich-type piezoelectric motor with a surface texture." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 105003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107009.

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Polymer-based piezoelectric motors have excellent properties, such as lightweight and corrosion resistance. In addition, 3D printing and customized additive manufacturing of polymers provide new opportunities for the development of piezoelectric motors with complex or special structures. In this paper, a 3D printed polymer-based sandwich-type piezoelectric motor operating in a single longitudinal mode is developed. A vibration decomposition model of the motor and an analytical model considering polymer viscoelasticity are established to analyze the dynamic characteristics and to determine the geometric structure of the motor. To increase the coefficient of friction, a polymer surface texture is utilized on the contacts. The experimental results show that the friction coefficient of the contact tip with surface texture is about 0.16, which increased by 45.5% compared to a smooth surface. The resonance frequency is 28.648 kHz, and the maximum no-load speed under 300 Vp-p is 54 r/min. Our study shows the promise of polymer-based materials in the development of the piezoelectric motor.

23

Knápek, Alexandr, Rashid Dallaev, Daniel Burda, Dinara Sobola, Mohammad M. Allaham, Miroslav Horáček, Pavel Kaspar, Milan Matějka, and Marwan S. Mousa. "Field Emission Properties of Polymer Graphite Tips Prepared by Membrane Electrochemical Etching." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071294.

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This paper investigates field emission behavior from the surface of a tip that was prepared from polymer graphite nanocomposites subjected to electrochemical etching. The essence of the tip preparation is to create a membrane of etchant over an electrode metal ring. The graphite rod acts here as an anode and immerses into the membrane filled with alkali etchant. After the etching process, the tip is cleaned and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, investigating the chemical composition of the tip. The topography information is obtained using the Scanning Electron Microscopy and by Field Emission Microscopy. The evaluation and characterization of field emission behavior is performed at ultra-high vacuum conditions using the Field Emission Microscopy where both the field electron emission pattern projected on the screen and current–voltage characteristics are recorded. The latter is an essential tool that is used both for the imaging of the tip surfaces by electrons that are emitted toward the screen, as well as a tool for measuring current–voltage characteristics that are the input to test field emission orthodoxy.

24

Balakrishnan, Vinod Kumar, Behnam Pourdeyhimi, and Alexander L. Yarin. "Effect of inter-needle distance on jet roping and laydown structure in solution blowing." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 18 (November 14, 2022): 184903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0127700.

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Here, a model lab-scale solution blowing setup was developed. Experiments were carried out in a model situation of two needles at several inter-needle distances and air velocities to investigate jet roping. Polymer jets issued from two needles were employed at the inter-needle distances of L = 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, and 2.5 mm. Polymer jet intersections and merging near the needle tip and at a distance of ∼150 mm from the needle tip and near the collector were recorded employing a high-speed camera. The laydown images captured for each inter-needle distance were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to link the laydown morphology to roping, which stems from the polymer jet–jet intersection in flight.

25

Osman, Azlin Fazlina, Asfa Amalia Ahmad Fauzi, Muaz Baderul Amin, Khairul Anwar Abdul Halim, and Anwar Ul-Hamid. "Size Reduction of Dolomite into Nano-Size Range through Milling and Tip-Sonication Processes." Materials Science Forum 1075 (November 30, 2022): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3zkle9.

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Dolomite has great potential to be employed as filler or nanofiller in polymer composite/nanocomposite system. However, the research on dolomite as filler or nanofiller in polymer composite is still immature, requiring further investigations on how to optimize the dispersion of the dolomite in the polymer matrix, thus improving its properties. Particle size reduction of dolomite can be an efficient approach to increase its surface area and facilitate its dispersion and distribution within polymer matrix in order to develop homogeneous composite/nanocomposite system. In this study, the dolomite in pulverized form was obtained from Perlis Dolomite Industry, Malaysia with the average particle size of 150μm. In order to reduce the size of this dolomite, we have initially employed the planetary ball milling method. Results indicate that the particle size of dolomite has been reduced from 150μm to 2μm after subjected to ball milling process. This shows that upon ball milling procedure, the size of dolomite particle is still in micronmeter. Next, the ball milled dolomite was subjected to tip-sonication process to obtain dolomite in nanosize range. Several tip-sonication parameters, which were; amplitude and number of sonication repetition were applied in order to select the best parameters that can produce the finest dolomite powder. SEM and TEM were used to characterize the microstructure of the raw dolomite and the size reduced dolomite. Our results show that when the ball milled dolomite was tip-sonicated, much smaller particle size was obtained. Dolomite with the smallest particle size (~200nm) was obtained when the tip-ultrasonication was performed 3 times at amplitude of 50. These findings indicate that the combination of ball milling and tip-sonication is an efficient method to produce very fine dolomite particles, up to nanosize range. Furthermore, it is a clean, simple method and not involved any toxic and harmful chemicals.

26

Gao, Haitao, Danping Xu, Yongyi Ye, Yanan Zhang, Jian Shen, and Chaoyang Li. "Fiber-tip polymer filled probe for high-sensitivity temperature sensing and polymer refractometers." Optics Express 30, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 8104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.449852.

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27

Chahine, G. L., G. F. Frederick, and R. D. Bateman. "Propeller Tip Vortex Cavitation Suppression Using Selective Polymer Injection." Journal of Fluids Engineering 115, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910166.

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This paper presents results of experiments where selective injection of a drag-reducing polymer solution into the tip vortex region of the blades of an 11.5 in. diameter propeller was effective in significantly delaying tip vortex cavitation. The most critical phase of the investigation was the selection of the position of the injection ports. For well-positioned injection ports, at a fixed water channel speed the propeller cavitation number had to be decreased by as much as 35 percent in order to reestablish cavitation inception. Injections of water and a viscous mixture of water and glycerin for the same conditions did not affect the inception characteristics of the modified blades. Preliminary analysis of the results indicates that the viscoelastic properties of the Polyox solution injected in the vortex core played a significant role in thickening the viscous core of the tip vortex and thus reducing the pressure drop at the vortex center without affecting circulation or lift.

28

Li, Shu Feng. "Effect of Thickness and Length of Ion Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) on its Actuation Properties." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.401.

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IPMC (ionic polymer metal composite), a kind of ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) has wide applications in the filed of bionics and artificial apparatus for its fast and large bending deformation under the low driving voltages. In this paper, thick IPMCs with various numbers of films were first fabricated by the hot-pressing method. Then the effect of the thickness on its properties, such as the tip forces and water uptake capability, were investigated. The effect of length of the IPMC on its tip forces was further studied. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) micrographs of IPMC specimen were also examined.

29

Todo, Mitsugu, Yoshihiro Fukuya, Seiya Hagihara, and Kazuo Arakawa. "Finite Element Modeling of Damage Formation in Rubber-Toughened Polymer." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1019.

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Microscopic studies on the toughening mechanism of rubber-toughened PMMA (RTPMMA) were carried out using a polarizing optical microscope (POM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). POM result showed that in a typical RT-PMMA, a damage zone was developed in the vicinity of crack-tip, and therefore, it was considered that energy dissipation due to the damage zone development was the primary toughening mechanism. TEM result exhibited that the damage zone was a crowd of micro-crazes generated around rubber particles in the vicinity of notch-tip. Finite element analysis was then performed to simulate such damage formations in crack-tip region. Macro-scale and micro-scale models were developed to simulate damage zone formation and micro-crazing, respectively, with use of a damage model. It was shown that the damage model introduced was successfully applied to predict such kind of macro-damage and micro-craze formations.

30

Dey, Pradip Kumar, Soumen Das, and Pranabendu Ganguly. "Fabrication of polymer micro-tip by optical lensing technique." Microsystem Technologies 18, no. 5 (March 22, 2012): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-012-1483-3.

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31

Barber, A. H., S. R. Cohen, and H. D. Wagner. "Stepped Polymer Morphology Induced by a Carbon Nanotube Tip." Nano Letters 4, no. 8 (August 2004): 1439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl049281p.

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32

Yaacob, Y., O. Mikami, C. Fujikawa, S. Nakajima, and S. Ambran. "Polymer microlens fabricated on fiber tip for optical interconnect." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 210 (June 2017): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/210/1/012029.

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33

Zhang, Bo, Rui Shi, Weili Duan, Zhonglong Luo, Zhong-yuan Lu, and Shuxun Cui. "Direct comparison between chemisorption and physisorption: a study of poly(ethylene glycol) by means of single-molecule force spectroscopy." RSC Advances 7, no. 54 (2017): 33883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra05779b.

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34

Shang, Chunyu, Hui Sun, and Yongqin Hao. "Investigation of the Propagation of Electrical Trees in a Polymer Matrix in the Corona Condition." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10090984.

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In a corona environment, the initiation and propagation of electrical trees in a polymer matrix originate from the field enhancement effect. Driven by the macroscopic alternating electric field, a weak alternating current (AC) was passed through the decomposition channel of an electrical tree, and a small amount of alternating electric quantity was present on the tip of the electrical tree, resulting in an enhanced local electric field around the tip of the electrical tree. The emissions of electrons accelerated in the enhanced local electric field resulted in the decomposition of the polymer material, stimulating the propagation of the electrical tree. When inorganic nano-particles with high corona resistibility were introduced into the polymer matrix, the nano-particles were aggregately deposited as the polymer material decomposed. The decomposition channel of the electrical tree was blocked and the current passing through the decomposition channel was shut off, eliminating the enhanced local electric field. As a result, the propagation of electrical trees was restrained and an improved corona resistibility was achieved for the polymer/nano-particles composite material.

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KAWAGUCHI, MASAMI, KYOKO MAKINO, and TADAYA KATO. "VISCOUS FINGERING PATTERNS IN HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMER SOLUTIONS." Fractals 04, no. 02 (June 1996): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x96000248.

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Characteristics of viscous fingering patterns in polymer solutions were investigated by introducing air into a radial Hele-Shaw cell, in which high molecular weight Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) solution was placed. HPMC chains form a chain entanglement easily, which leads to an increase in elasticity. The resulting patterns showed a drastic morphological change from highly branched patterns to tip-splitting patterns to skewering patterns, with an increase in injection pressure. Such a crossover in the fingering patterns could be well correlated with the characteristic quantities of pattern growth, such as the finger width and tip velocity.

36

Keivanidis, Panagiotis E., Andrea di Donato, Davide Mencarelli, Alessandro Esposito, Tengling Ye, Guglielmo Lanzani, Giuseppe Venanzoni, Tiziana Pietrangelo, Antonio Morini, and Marco Farina. "Determining the Efficiency of Fast Ultrahigh-density Writing of Low-Conductivity Patterns on Semiconducting Polymers." MRS Proceedings 1729 (2015): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.81.

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ABSTRACTWe present a nano-patterning process for semiconducting polymeric composites that could potentially be utilized for the development of polymer-based data storage devices. Nano-patterning (writing) operates on the basis of the mechanical interaction between the electrically unbiased tip of an atomic force microscope and the surface of polymeric composite films. Via friction forces, the tip/sample interaction produces a local increase of molecular disorder in the polymer matrix, inducing a localized lowering in the conductivity of the organic semiconductor. Herein we suggest a figure of merit for quantifying the efficiency of pattern formation and we address the dependence of the writing process on the thermal annealing temperature of the composite film. Control experiments on composite films deposited on substrates with different roughness suggest that the writing effect is invariant to the roughness of the substrate. The potential storage density of the writing process depends on the tip curvature.

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VanLandingham, M., X. Gu, D. Raghavan, and T. Nguyen. "Characterization of Multi-Phase and Multi-Component Polymer Systems Using the Atomic Force Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600018134.

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Recent advances have been made on two fronts regarding the capability of the atomic force microscope (AFM) to characterize the mechanical response of polymers. Phase imaging with the AFM has emerged as a powerful technique, providing contrast enhancement of topographic features in some cases and, in other cases, revealing heterogeneities in the polymer microstructure that are not apparent from the topographic image. The enhanced contrast provided by phase images often allows for identification of different material constituents. However, while the phase changes of the oscillating probe are associated with energy dissipation between the probe tip and the sample surface, the relationship between this energy dissipation and the sample properties is not well understood.As the popularity of phase imaging has grown, the capability of the AFM to measure nanoscale indentation response of polymers has also been explored. Both techniques are ideal for the evaluation of multi-phase and multi-component polymer systems.

38

Lee, Han Chang, Jinhyuk Jeong, Seunggi Jo, Dong Yun Choi, Gyu Man Kim, and Woojin Kim. "Development of a Subpath Extrusion Tip and Die for Peripheral Inserted Central Catheter Shaft with Multi Lumen." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081308.

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The tip and die for manufacturing multi-lumen catheter tubes should be designed considering the flow velocity of the molten polymer and the deformation of the final extruded tube. In this study, to manufacture non-circular double-lumen tubes for peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), three types of tip and die structures are proposed. The velocity field and swelling effect when the circular tip and die (CTD) are applied, which is the commonly used tip and die structure, are analyzed through numerical calculation. To resolve the wall and rib thickness and ovality issues, the ellipse tip and die (ETD) and sub-path tip and die (STD) were proposed. In addition, based on the results of numerical analysis, the tip and die structures were manufactured and used to perform extrusion. Finally, we manufactured tubes that satisfied the target diameter, ovality, wall, and rib thickness using the newly proposed STD.

39

Yan, Yongda, Shunyu Chang, Tong Wang, and Yanquan Geng. "Scratch on Polymer Materials Using AFM Tip-Based Approach: A Review." Polymers 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101590.

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As a brand new nanomachining method, the tip-based nanomachining/nanoscratching (TBN) method has exhibited a powerful ability at machining on polymer materials and various structures have been achieved using this approach, ranging from the nanodot, nanogroove/channel, bundle to 2D/3D (three-dimensional) nanostructures. The TBN method is widely used due to its high precision, ease of use and low environmental requirements. First, the theoretical models of machining on polymer materials with a given tip using the TBN method are presented. Second, advances of nanostructures achieved by this method are given, including nanodots/nanodot arrays, a nanogroove/channel, 2D/3D nanostructures and bundles. In particular, a useful approach called the ultrasonic vibration-assisted method introduced to integrate with TBN method to reduce the wear of the tip is also reviewed, respectively. Third, the typical applications of the TBN method and the nanostructures achieved by it are summarized in detail. Finally, the existing shortcomings and future prospects of the TBN method are given. It is confirmed that this review will be helpful in learning about this method and push the technology toward industrialization.

40

Lin, Jia Horng, Jin Jia Hu, Chao Tsang Lu, Wen Cheng Chen, Chien Lin Huang, and Ching Wen Lou. "Manufacturing Technique of the Biocompatible Polymer Nanofiber Membrane by Electrospinning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 1404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.1404.

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This research produced nanofiber membrane with polyethylene oxide (PEO) by electrospinning; the influence of the three parameters —mixture ratio of solution, electric field, and distance between the capillary tip and the collecting plate, on electrospinning was then explored. According to the results of the experiment, the fiber membrane with a diameter of 120 nm could be obtained when the optimum electric filed was 0.6 kV/cm and the distance between the capillary tip and the collecting board was 15 cm. Finally, the spunlace nonwoven was coated with the electrospinning solution with the optimum parameters, creating the asymmetric dressings.

41

Negi, Alok, Gagandeep Bhardwaj, JS Saini, and Neeraj Grover. "Crack growth analysis of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposite using extended finite element method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 5 (May 31, 2018): 1750–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218776034.

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In this work, the crack growth analysis of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposite has been performed using extended finite element method. The equivalent properties such as elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, fracture energy, and fracture toughness of the polymer nanocomposites have been evaluated by varying the percentage of carbon nanotube in terms of weight (both single-walled carbon nanotube and multi-walled carbon nanotube) in the polymer matrix. The elastic modulus of the polymer nanocomposite has been evaluated using modified Halpin–Tsai equation. The fracture energy of the polymer nanocomposite has been computed considering carbon nanotube pull-out and carbon nanotube debonding as the main toughening criterion. In the extended finite element method, the crack faces are modeled by discontinuous Heaviside jump functions, whereas the singularity in the stress field at the crack tip is modeled by crack tip enrichment functions. The value of stress intensity factor is evaluated using the domain form of interaction integral. The level set method has been used to track the crack growth. The numerical examples with an edge and a center crack in the polymer nanocomposite are analyzed and the influence of various parameters such as percentage of carbon nanotube and the aspect ratio on stress intensity factor are observed.

42

Bass, Patrick, Lin Zhang, Maobing Tu, and ZhongYang Cheng. "Enhancement of Biodegradable Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Ionic–Polymer Metallic Composite Actuators with Nanocrystalline Cellulose Fillers." Actuators 7, no. 4 (October 17, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act7040072.

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Biodegradable ionic polymer metallic composite (IPMC) electroactive polymers (EAPs) were fabricated using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with various concentrations of lithium perchlorate. Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) rods created from a sulfuric acid hydrolysis process were added at various concentrations to increase the EAPs’ elastic modulus and improve their electromechanical properties. The electromechanical actuation was studied. PEONCC composites were created from combining a 35-mg/mL aqueous NCC suspension with an aqueous, PEO solution at varying vol.%. Due to an imparted space charge from the hydrolysis process, composites with an added 1.5 vol.% of NCC suspension exhibited an electromechanical tip displacement, strain, and elastic modulus that was 40.7%, 33.4% and 20.1% higher, respectively, than those for PEO IPMCs without NCC. This performance represented an increase of 300% in the energy density of these samples. However, the electromechanical response decreased when the NCC content was high. NCC without the space charge were also tested to verify the analysis. Additionally, the development of new relationships for modeling and evaluating the time-dependent instantaneous tip angular velocity and acceleration was discussed and applied to these IPMCs.

43

Russell, P. E., and I. H. Musselman. "Scanning tunneling microscopy of polymers: A status report." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153622.

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Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has evolved rapidly in the past few years. Major developments have occurred in instrumentation, theory, and in a wide range of applications. In this paper, an overview of the application of STM and related techniques to polymers will be given, followed by a discussion of current research issues and prospects for future developments. The application of STM to polymers can be conveniently divided into the following subject areas: atomic scale imaging of uncoated polymer structures; topographic imaging and metrology of man-made polymer structures; and modification of polymer structures. Since many polymers are poor electrical conductors and hence unsuitable for use as a tunneling electrode, the related atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique which is capable of imaging both conductors and insulators has also been applied to polymers.The STM is well known for its high resolution capabilities in the x, y and z axes (Å in x andy and sub-Å in z). In addition to high resolution capabilities, the STM technique provides true three dimensional information in the constant current mode. In this mode, the STM tip is held at a fixed tunneling current (and a fixed bias voltage) and hence a fixed height above the sample surface while scanning across the sample surface.

44

D’Acunto, Mario, Franco Dinelli, and Pasqualantonio Pingue. "Nanoscale rippling on polymer surfaces induced by AFM manipulation." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (December 2, 2015): 2278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.234.

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Nanoscale rippling induced by an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip can be observed after performing one or many scans over the same area on a range of materials, namely ionic salts, metals, and semiconductors. However, it is for the case of polymer films that this phenomenon has been widely explored and studied. Due to the possibility of varying and controlling various parameters, this phenomenon has recently gained a great interest for some technological applications. The advent of AFM cantilevers with integrated heaters has promoted further advances in the field. An alternative method to heating up the tip is based on solvent-assisted viscoplastic deformations, where the ripples develop upon the application of a relatively low force to a solvent-rich film. An ensemble of AFM-based procedures can thus produce nanoripples on polymeric surfaces quickly, efficiently, and with an unprecedented order and control. However, even if nanorippling has been observed in various distinct modes and many theoretical models have been since proposed, a full understanding of this phenomenon is still far from being achieved. This review aims at summarizing the current state of the art in the perspective of achieving control over the rippling process on polymers at a nanoscale level.

45

Li, Shufeng, and Joanne Yip. "Characterization and Actuation of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites with Various Thicknesses and Lengths." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010091.

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Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) with various thicknesses of 1, 2, 4, and 6 nafion films (denoted as 1-film, 2-film, 4-film and 6-film, respectively) are fabricated, and their characterization and actuation performances are then investigated. The effects of the thickness of the IPMCs on their morphology, surface resistance, and water uptake capability are studied. Their actuation performances are further evaluated by examining the tip force and displacement in terms of the length and the thickness of the IPMCs, under a direct current (DC) power of 3.0 or 4.5 V. In comparison with the 1-film, the 2-film shows a six-fold increase in the maximum tip force, but the response time increases from 2 to 9 s. The 4-film doubles the maximum tip force of the 2-film at 21 s. On the other hand, a reduction of the length of the IPMC from 30 to 15 mm also results in a double-maximum tip force, but this never increases the response time. Repeated actuations of the IPMCs with various thicknesses are performed by three actuation methods of no treatment, treatment in deionized water, and treatment in a NaCl solution. The relationships between the repeated actuation methods and actuations of the IPMCs with various thicknesses are also investigated.

46

Lee, Soo-Il. "Nanoscale Vibro-Contact Analysis of AFM Tip on Polymer Surface." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 30, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2006.30.2.135.

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47

Xu, W., X. F. Yao, M. Q. Xu, G. C. Jin, and H. Y. Yeh. "Fracture characterizations of V-notch tip in PMMA polymer material." Polymer Testing 23, no. 5 (August 2004): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2003.12.004.

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48

Pijnenburg, K. G. W., Th Seelig, and E. van der Giessen. "Successively refined models for crack tip plasticity in polymer blends." European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids 24, no. 5 (September 2005): 740–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2005.04.005.

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49

Xue, L., W. Li, G. G. Hoffmann, J. G. P. Goossens, J. Loos, and G. de With. "High Resolution Tip Enhanced Raman Mapping on Polymer Thin Films." Macromolecular Symposia 305, no. 1 (July 2011): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201000132.

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50

Khavin, G. "FORMULATION OF TOOL WEAR LAW WHEN CUTTING POLYMER COMPOSITES." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 3 (November 9, 2021): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2021.3.04.

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Numerous experimental studies in the field of mechanical processing of composite materials for individual materials and tools made it possible to formulate particular models for describing tool wear, changing its microgeometry during operation and predicting durability. There are significant difficulties in measuring current wear and recalculation in mathematical models, since they include a large number of parameters. This does not allow for simple technical control of cutting edge wear and predicting tool life. The formulation of the wear-contact problem of the tool tip and the material interaction during turning of reinforced composite plastics is presented. Based on known studies, it is assumed that wear occurs along the flank of the tool, and is accompanied by an asymmetric change in the geometry of its tip. A model of abrasive wear during sliding of a tool tip rear surface with a polymer composite reinforcement material and fracture products is considered. It is assumed that the wear law is hereditary and there is a linear dependence of the wear rate on the rate of contact interaction and pressure. Shear stresses through the contact pressure and the coefficient of friction nonlinearly depend on the operating time of the tool due to the change due to wear in the geometric shape of the tool and the processing parameters of the product over time. The volumetric wear factor is a tool run time function. It reflects the fact that the interaction of the “tool-workpiece” pair with time should, as it were, forget about the running-in stage, which has a high wear rate, and the fact that the dependence of wear on the load (contact pressure) is characterized by the presence of aftereffect. A simplified relationship is obtained for the wear law under the assumption that there is no change in the coefficient of friction, temperature and contact pressure over time. Ultimately, to describe the wear law and predict the tool life, it is necessary to know a number of empirical constants, the values of which are determined by the change in the microgeometry of the tool tip during interaction during cutting.

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