Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Polymer solutions Viscosity"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Polymer solutions Viscosity".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Polymer solutions Viscosity"
1
Bertrand, Gary L. "Viscosity of polymer solutions." Journal of Chemical Education 69, no. 10 (October 1992): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed069p818.1.
Повний текст джерела
2
Konstantinov, Ivan, Carlos Villa, Rongjuan Cong, and Thomas Karjala. "Viscosity Modeling of Polymer Solutions." Macromolecular Symposia 377, no. 1 (February 2018): 1600179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201600179.
Повний текст джерела
3
Baloch, Musa Kaleem. "The Newtonian Viscosity of Polymer Solutions." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 25, no. 4 (January 1988): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338808053374.
Повний текст джерела
4
Tian, Quan, Ling Hui Sun, and Hui Hui Kou. "Study on Laboratory Evaluation of Temperature and Salt Resistance Polymer Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At present, China's late stage of oilfield most mining has been reached, there is high water content, and produced low levels problems. Polymer flooding enhanced oil recovery technology is important today, but Pam can't adapt oilfield tertiary oil recovery reservoir with heat resistance and salt. This article examines five kinds of rheological properties of polymer solutions under different salinity, studied under the same mineralized shear viscosity of different polymers. Experimental results show that the shear resistance capacity of 20 million ordinary polymer strong, 8 million and temperature of salt-tolerant associative polymer viscosity retention rates are highest. Less than 5,000 ppm 18 million under NaCl salinity salt resistant polymer viscosity highest salinity between 5,000 ppm NaCl to 15,000 ppm NaCl 8 million and temperature of salt-tolerant hydrophobically associating polymer solution viscosity of the highest.
5
WEERAPOL, Yotsanan, and Pornsak SRIAMORNSAK. "Differences in Viscoelasticity of Ophthalmic Polymer Solution after Sterilization." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 686–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2020.6341.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polymer solution has been used for increasing viscosity of ophthalmic solution in order to prolong the retention of active drug in the eye. The ophthalmic solution must be sterilized, which may affect the rheology properties of viscosity-inducing polymers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sterilization treatment on viscosity-inducing agents (i.e., poloxamer, polyvinyl alcohol; (PVA), methyl cellulose (MC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and carbomer). The effect of membrane filtration and steam sterilization or autoclaving (121 °C, 15 Ib/inch2, 15 min) were determined. A rheometer was used to investigate the viscosity and viscoelastic properties between treated and untreated polymer solutions. The power law model, consistency index (k), and power law index (n) of polymer solution viscosity were compared. For viscoelastic properties, storage modulus and loss modulus were examined. The results demonstrated that, viscosity of carbomer and MC solution (1 and 2 %) were changed after steam sterilization. No difference in viscosity was observed for PVP, PVA and poloxamer solution, between untreated and treated samples. The storage and loss moduli of PVA solution after autoclaving were not different when comparing with the untreated polymer solution. From this study, it could be concluded that the sterilization treatment influenced the viscosity behavior and viscoelastic properties of polymer solution used as viscosity-inducing agent in ophthalmic solution. Therefore, the selection of polymer and sterilization method should be carefully considered.
6
LINDNER, ANKE, DANIEL BONN, EUGENIA CORVERA POIRÉ, MARTINE BEN AMAR, and JACQUES MEUNIER. "Viscous fingering in non-Newtonian fluids." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 469 (October 15, 2002): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112002001714.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We study the viscous fingering or Saffman–Taylor instability in two different dilute or semi-dilute polymer solutions. The different solutions exhibit only one non-Newtonian property, in the sense that other non-Newtonian effects can be neglected. The viscosity of solutions of stiff polymers has a strong shear rate dependence. Relative to Newtonian fluids, narrower fingers are found for rigid polymers. For solutions of flexible polymers, elastic effects such as normal stresses are dominant, whereas the shear viscosity is almost constant. Wider fingers are found in this case. We characterize the non-Newtonian flow properties of these polymer solutions completely, allowing for separate and quantitative investigation of the influence of the two most common non-Newtonian properties on the Saffman–Taylor instability. The effects of the non-Newtonian flow properties on the instability can in all cases be understood quantitatively by redefining the control parameter of the instability.
7
Zhong, Huiying, Qiuyuan Zang, Hongjun Yin, and Huifen Xia. "Experimental Study on Medium Viscosity Oil Displacement Using Viscoelastic Polymer." Geofluids 2018 (November 29, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4321380.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the growing demand for oil energy and a decrease in the recoverable reserves of conventional oil, the development of viscous oil, bitumen, and shale oil is playing an important role in the oil industry. Bohai Bay in China is an offshore oilfield that was developed through polymer flooding process. This study investigated the pore-scale displacement of medium viscosity oil by hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymers and purely viscous glycerin solutions. The role and contribution of elasticity on medium oil recovery were revealed and determined. Comparing the residual oil distribution after polymer flooding with that after glycerin flooding at a dead end, the results showed that the residual oil interface exhibited an asymmetrical “U” shape owing to the elasticity behavior of the polymer. This phenomenon revealed the key of elasticity enhancing oil recovery. Comparing the results of polymer flooding with that of glycerin flooding at different water flooding sweep efficiency levels, it was shown that the ratio of elastic contribution on the oil displacement efficiency increased as the water flooding sweep efficiency decreased. Additionally, the experiments on polymers, glycerin solutions, and brines displacement medium viscosity oil based on a constant pressure gradient at the core scale were carried out. The results indicated that the elasticity of the polymer can further reduce the saturation of medium viscosity oil with the same number of capillaries. In this study, the elasticity effect on the medium viscosity oil interface and the elasticity contribution on the medium viscosity oil were specified and clarified. The results of this study are promising with regard to the design and optimum polymers applied in an oilfield and to an improvement in the recovery of medium viscosity oil.
8
Pamies, R., M. C. Lopez Martinez, J. G. Hernandez Cifre, and J. Garcia de la Torre. "Non-Newtonian Viscosity of Dilute Polymer Solutions." Macromolecules 38, no. 4 (February 2005): 1371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0482617.
Повний текст джерела
9
Takahashi, Yoshiaki, Fumitoshi Suzuki, Masahiko Miyachi, Ichiro Noda, and Mitsuru Nagasawa. "Zero-Shear Viscosity of Branched Polymer Solutions." Polymer Journal 18, no. 1 (January 1986): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.18.89.
Повний текст джерела
10
Sridhar, T., V. Tirtaatmadja, D. A. Nguyen, and R. K. Gupta. "Measurement of extensional viscosity of polymer solutions." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 40, no. 3 (November 1991): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0257(91)87012-m.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Polymer solutions Viscosity"
1
Huang, Jin. "Extensional viscosity of dilute polymer solutions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0004/MQ46075.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
2
Carrington, Stephen Paul. "Extensional flow of polymer solutions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282976.
Повний текст джерела
3
Dindar, Cigdem. "High-pressure viscosity and density of polymer solutions at the critical polymer concentration in near-critical and supercritical fluids." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35720.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The motivation for the determination of the viscosity of polymer solutions in dense fluids at the critical polymer concentration stems from the need to understand the factors that influence the time scale of phase separation in systems that undergo spinodal decomposition upon a pressure quench. In a recent investigation of PDMS + CO2 and PE + n-pentane where molecular weights of the polymers and the critical polymer concentrations were comparable, significant differences were observed in the time evolution of new phase growth. Among the reasons that contribute to the difference in phase separation kinetics is the viscosity of the solutions.
This thesis has been carried out to experimentally demonstrate the differences in viscosities of solutions at their critical polymer concentration. Specifically, the thesis focused on the high-pressure density and viscosity of solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (Mw = 93,700, Mw/Mn = 2.99) in supercritical carbon dioxide and of polyethylene (Mw = 121,000, Mw/Mn = 4.3) in near-critical n-pentane. The measurements have been carried out at the critical polymer concentrations, which is 5.5 wt % for solution of PDMS in CO2 and 5.75 wt % for solution of PE in n-pentane. For PDMS + CO2 system, the measurements were conducted at 55, 70, 85 and 100 oC and pressures up to 50 MPa. For PE + n-pentane system, the measurements were conducted at 140 and 150 oC and again up to 50 MPa. All measurements were conducted in the one-phase homogenous regions. At these temperatures and pressures, the viscosities were observed to be in the range from 0.14 mPa.s to 0.22 mPa.s for PDMS + CO2, and from 2.3 mPa.s to 4.6 mPa.s for PE + n-pentane systems. In both systems the viscosities increase with pressure and decrease with temperature. The temperature and pressure dependence could be described by Arrhenius type relationships in terms of flow activation energy (E#) and flow activation volume (V#) parameters. The flow activation energies in PDMS + CO2 system were about 7 kJ/mol compared to about 18 kJ/mol for the PE + n-pentane system. The activation volumes were in the range 40-64 cm3/mol for PDMS + CO2 system and 65-75 cm3/mol for the PE + n-pentane solution. The higher values of E# and V# represent the higher sensitivity of viscosity to temperature and pressure changes in the PE + n-pentane system. The viscosity data could also be correlated in terms of density using free-volume based Doolittle type equations. Density is shown to be an effective scaling parameter to describe T/P dependency of viscosity. The closed packed volumes suggested from density correlations were found to be around 0.33 cm3/g for the PDMS and 0.48 cm3/g for the PE systems. Comparison of the viscosity data in these systems with the data on the kinetics of pressure-induced phase separation confirms that the slower kinetics in the PE + n-pentane stems from the higher viscosity in this solution compared to the PDMS + CO2 system, despite the similarity in the molecular weight of the polymer and the critical polymer concentrations.
These viscosity and density measurements were conducted in a special falling-body type viscometer. In the course of this thesis a more reliable procedure for determining the terminal velocity of the falling sinker was implemented. This is based on the precise and more complete description of the position of the sinker with time with the aid of a set of linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). The design of the new arrangement and procedure for terminal velocity determination and calibration procedures for the viscometer are also presented. The densities and viscosities are determined with an accuracy of ± 1 % and ± 5 % or better, respectively.Master of Science
4
Houzelle, Marie-Christine. "Dérivés amphiphiles associatifs de la pectine diverses voies de synthèse : étude comparative des propriétés physicochimiques des solutions aqueuses en régimes dilué et semi-dilué." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL111N.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La pectine est un polysaccharide anionique extrait des végétaux supérieurs et, en particulier, de l'écorce des fruits et des légumes. Ce polymère a été modifié chimiquement par fixation de chaines alkyles en C₁₂, C₁₆ et C₁₈, par trois voies de synthèse différentes, de manière à obtenir des dérivés associatifs dans lesquels les chaines apolaires sont associées au squelette polymère par des liaisons covalentes et/ou des liaisons ioniques. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des différents dérivés hydrophobisés résultants ont été étudiées de façon comparative par viscosimétrie, spectrométrie de fluorescence, en rhéologie et par des mesures de tension de surface, dans l'eau pure ou en présence de sels. Quel que soit le mode de synthèse et donc de fixation des chaines hydrophobes au polymère, tous ces dérivés présentent des propriétés associatives. En régime dilué, des interactions intramoléculaires se mettent en place, conduisant à une diminution de la viscosité macroscopique du milieu. En régime plus concentré, des interactions hydrophobes intermoléculaires s'établissent, conduisant à l'obtention de solutions aqueuses de très haute viscosité, voire même de réseaux tridimensionnels physiquement pseudo - réticulés ayant l'apparence d'hydrogels. Cependant, à coté de ces ressemblances, les chaines hydrophobes ne s'organisent pas au niveau moléculaire de la même façon, selon qu'elles sont associées au squelette polysaccharidique de façon covalente ou ionique. Cette différence de structure se traduit au plan macroscopique, en particulier par des propriétés de surface et des comportements rhéologiques sensiblement dissemblables.
5
Liu, Kun. "Miscibility, Viscosity, Density, and Formation of Polymers in High-Pressure Dense Fluids." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29787.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is an experimental investigation of the phase behavior, volumetric properties, and viscosity of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and their blends. Homopolymerization and copolymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO) in mixtures of acetone + CO2 have also been explored.
The viscosities and densities of acetone + CO2 mixtures were measured in the temperature range 323-398 K at pressures up to 35 MPa. This is the first study in which viscosity of acetone + CO2 mixtures have been measured and the mixtures have been evaluated as solvents for PCL. It is shown that PCL can be readily dissolved in these fluid mixtures at modest pressures even at high carbon dioxide levels. Investigations have been conducted over a temperature range from 323 to 398 K at pressures up to 50 MPa for polymer concentrations up to 20 wt %, and CO2 concentrations up to 60 wt %. It is shown that in these mixtures PCL is dissolved at pressures that are much lower than the pressures reported for miscibility in the mixtures of carbon dioxide with other organic solvents. It is shown that PMMA also readily dissolves at modest pressures. Blends of PMMA and PCL require higher pressures than for the individual polymers for complete miscibility.
Free-radical polymerizations of MMA in acetone at 343 K were followed using in-situ measurements of viscosity and density at different pressures from 7- 42 MPa. This is the first time viscosity has been used as a real-time probe of high pressure polymerizations. Two distinct kinetic regimes were identified. Homopolymerizations of MDO were conducted in carbon dioxide at 323 and 343 K at pressures up to 42 MPa. For the first time it is shown that high molecular weight PCL can be produced from MDO in high pressure CO2. Ring-opening free-radical copolymerizations of MDO with MMA, styrene and acrylonitrile were conducted for the first time in carbon dioxide and have been shown to lead to polymers with high molecular weights.Ph. D.
6
Bhamidipati, Kanthi Latha. "Detection and elimination of defects during manufacture of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43616.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Defect generation and propagation in thin films, such as separation membranes, can lead to premature or catastrophic failure of devices such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). It is hypothesized that defects (e.g., air bubbles, pin-holes, and holes) originate during the manufacturing stage, if precise control is not maintained over the coating process, and they propagate during system operation. Experimental and numerical studies were performed to detect and eliminate defects that were induced during slot die coating of high-viscosity (1 to 40 Pa-s), shear-thinning solutions. The effects of fluid properties, geometric parameters and processing conditions on air entrainment and coating windows (limited set of processing conditions for which defect-free coating exists) were studied. When smaller slot gaps and coating gaps were used, relatively small bubbles were entrained in the coated film. The air bubble sizes increased as the viscosity of the coating solution decreased. A semi-empirical model correlating the maximum coating speed to a solution's material properties, geometric parameters and processing conditions was developed. Such a predictive model will enable engineers to determine the maximum coating boundary for shear-thinning and Newtonian solutions within certain constraints. Smaller coating gaps and low-viscosity solutions produced higher coating speeds. The surface tension property of the coating solution provided stability to the coating bead. Therefore, solutions with higher surface tension could be processed at higher coating speeds.
7
Fröbe, Melanie. "Untersuchung der Fluoreszenzlebensdauer von BODIPY-Farbstoffen in Polymerlösungen und Polymerschmelzen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-214934.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Fluoreszenzverhalten, speziell der Fluoreszenzlebensdauer, von BODIPY-Farbstoffen in Polymerlösungsmittelgemischen mit unterschiedlicher Polymerkonzentration sowie in Polymerfilmen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen. Dazu werden zunächst die Synthesen von vier verschiedenen BODIPY-Fluorophoren mit einem Phenylsubstituent in meso-Position aufgezeigt. Dahingehend wurde eine Synthesestrategie entwickelt, um eine einzelne Polypropylenkette an diese Farbstoffsysteme anzubinden. Dabei soll aufgezeigt werden, dass die Länge des Substituenten am Phenylsubstituenten am chromophoren Kern maßgeblich das Fluoreszenzverhalten der Sonde beeinflusst. BODIPY-Farbstoffe mit makromolekularen Substituenten zeigen im Vergleich zu Derivaten mit kürzeren Substituenten eine deutlich größere Fluoreszenzlebensdauer und eine nicht so stark ausgeprägte Temperaturabhängigkeit. Mehrere Zeitkomponenten der Fluoreszenzlebensdauer der Fluorophore in reinem Polypropylen bzw. deren Mehrkomponentensystemen (Polyethylenpropylen Copolymer oder Kraton) im Vergleich zu reinen Lösungsmitteln (Toluol oder Dodecen) deuten dabei auf lokale Heterogenitäten im Material hin. Außerdem wird der Einfluss der Viskosität auf die Fluoreszenzlebensdauer in Polymer/Lösungsmittelgemischen mit unterschiedlicher Polymerkonzentration untersucht und die Rolle des Wasserstoffbrückennetzwerkes zwischen den Polymer- und Lösungsmittelmolekülen diskutiert.
8
Mattoussi, Hedi Mohamed. "Contribution a l'etude de polymeres mesomorphes en solutions : etudes statique, dynamique et conformationnelle." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066516.
Повний текст джерела
9
Ingremeau, François. "Solutions de polymères sous écoulement : liens entre propriétés microscopiques et manifestations macroscopiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce manuscrit présente les résultats d'expériences illustrant différentes manifestations de la présence de polymères dans un écoulement. Pour chacune d'elles, nous étudions l'interaction entre la structure microscopique et l'écoulement.Lorsqu'une goutte se détache d'un capillaire, la colonne de liquide liant la goutte au capillaire doit se rompre. Pour les liquides simples, l'amincissement suit des lois universelles bien établies. La dynamique de détachement d'une goutte de fluide complexe est très différente. Pour les solutions de polymères, après une phase de décroissance rapide du diamètre de cette colonne, il se forme un long filament cylindrique entre la goutte et le capillaire. Afin de mieux comprendre comment les polymères présents en solution donnent naissance à ce filament, nous avons observé leurs conformations au cours du détachement. Ces observations confirment que l'étirement des polymères est à l'origine du ralentissement du processus de détachement. Cependant, lors de l'amincissement du filament, la distribution des longueurs reste inchangée. Ce résultat inattendu, nous a amené à mettre en place une nouvelle méthode pour estimer la viscosité élongationnelle.D'autres expériences sont présentées, l'une porte sur un effet de déplétion qui apparait lors de l'écoulement confiné d'une solution de polymères, alors que l'autre porte sur l'écoulement instable d'une solution concentrée de polymères dans une conduite rectiligne.
10
Nasouri, K., A. Haji, A. M. Shoushtari, and A. Kaflou. "A Novel Study of Electrospun Nanofibers Morphology as a Function of Polymer Solution Properties." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrospinning is a process of production fibers with diameters ranging from the submicron down to the nanometer size by applying a high voltage to a polymer solution. The important parameters in the morphology of electrospun polymer fibers are polymer structure, polymer solution properties, processing conditions, and ambient parameters. In the present work electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) has been attempted to generate uniform nanofibers without beads. Electrospinning was performed at various concentrations ranging from 4 to 18 w/v%. The effects of polymer solution properties on electrospinnability of the PAN/DMF solutions have investigated. Fiber morphology was observed under a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the polymer electrospun from low concentration (Be<2), polymer droplets have formed. For the polymer electrospun from semi-dilute solution concentration (2Книги з теми "Polymer solutions Viscosity"
1
Huang, Jin. Extensional viscosity of dilute polymer solutions. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерела
2
Polymer physics: From suspensions to nanocomposites and beyond. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.
Знайти повний текст джерела
3
Jamieson, Alexander M., and L. A. Utracki. Polymer Physics. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2010.
Знайти повний текст джерела
4
Utracki, Leszek A., and Alexander M. Jamieson. Polymer Physics: From Suspensions to Nanocomposites and Beyond. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.
Знайти повний текст джерела
5
1931-, Utracki L. A., and Jamieson Alexander M, eds. Polymer physics: From suspensions to nanocomposites and beyond. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.
Знайти повний текст джерела
6
Utracki, Leszek A., and Alexander M. Jamieson. Polymer Physics: From Suspensions to Nanocomposites and Beyond. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.
Знайти повний текст джерела
7
Utracki, Leszek A., and Alexander M. Jamieson. Polymer Physics: From Suspensions to Nanocomposites and Beyond. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2010.
Знайти повний текст джерела
8
Shands, Jay Anderson. Extensional flow behavior of turbulent drag reducing polymer solutions. 1985.
Знайти повний текст джерела
9
Kulicke, Werner-Michael, and Christian Clasen. Viscosimetry of Polymers and Polyelectrolytes. Springer, 2010.
Знайти повний текст джерела
10
Kulicke, Werner-Michael, and Christian Clasen. Viscosimetry of Polymers and Polyelectrolytes. Springer, 2013.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Polymer solutions Viscosity"
1
Jamieson, Alexander M., and Robert Simha. "Newtonian Viscosity of Dilute, Semidilute, and Concentrated Polymer Solutions." In Polymer Physics, 15–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470600160.ch1.
Повний текст джерела
2
Kiran, Erdogan, and Yasar L. Sen. "Viscosity of Polymer Solutions in Near-Critical and Supercritical Fluids." In ACS Symposium Series, 104–20. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0514.ch009.
Повний текст джерела
3
Gooch, Jan W. "Dilute-Solution Viscosity." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 225. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3695.
Повний текст джерела
4
Gooch, Jan W. "Viscosity, Relative (for Suspensions and Solutions)." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 800. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12612.
Повний текст джерела
5
Gooch, Jan W. "Viscosity, Specific (for Suspensions and Solutions)." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 800. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12614.
Повний текст джерела
6
Freire, J. J., A. Rey, and J. Garcia de la Torre. "Theoretical Calculation of Diffusion Coefficient and Viscosity of Star Polymers in Solution." In Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology, 108–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4185-4_12.
Повний текст джерела
7
Paul, C. W., and P. M. Cotts. "Effects of Aggregation and Solvent Quality on the Viscosity of Semidilute Poly(vinylbutyral) Solutions." In Reversible Polymeric Gels and Related Systems, 57–71. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0350.ch005.
Повний текст джерела
8
"Shear Viscosity of Polymer Solutions." In Polymer and Composite Rheology, 81–106. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273700-13.
Повний текст джерела
9
Matsuoka, S., and M. K. Cowman. "VISCOSITY OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS REVISITED." In Hyaluronan, 79–88. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845693121.79.
Повний текст джерела
10
Manke, Charles W., and Esin Gulari. "Rheological Properties of Polymers Modified with Carbon Dioxide." In Green Chemistry Using Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154832.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Use of supercritical fluids (SCFs), particularly supercritical carbon dioxide, as alternative solvents in polymer synthesis and processing is a rapidly growing research area with successful industrial applications (McCoy, 1999). In some cases, the need for alternative solvents is based on environmental concerns, with regulations mandating replacement solvents. An environmentally mandated example is the 1995 ban of the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as physical blowing agents in the manufacture of polymeric foams after CFCs were classified as class-I-ozone-depleting substances (ODPs). Among the alternative blowing agents are gases like CO2 and N2 and refrigerants such as 1,1-difluoroethane (R152a) and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a). Under the foaming conditions, at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of a polymer, and at pressures required for flow of highly viscous polymer melts, these alternative blowing agents are frequently supercritical. When polymers are formed into final products by various melt-processing techniques, such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, foaming, and spin-coating, extremely high melt viscosity presents a major difficulty. A common method to moderate the processing conditions is to add a liquid solvent or plasticizer to the melt. Solvents and plasticizers lower the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the polymer so that the polymer can be made to flow at lower pressures and temperatures. Replacing liquid solvents with SCFs presents unique processing advantages. Higher diffusivity and lower viscosity of SCFs, compared with liquid solvents, increase rates of dissolution and mixing. The properties of polymer–SCF solutions are tunable via pressure or temperature changes, thus allowing efficient downstream separations. Most importantly, dissolution of an SCF produces very large reductions in melt viscosity compared with a liquid solvent dissolved in the melt. Whether the interest in using SCFs in polymer synthesis and processing is driven by environmental concerns or processing advantages, it is important to understand the rheological behavior of polymer–SCF mixtures. In this chapter, we describe rheological measurements of polymer melts containing dissolved gases for two polymers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) swollen with CO2 at 50 °C and 80 °C and polystyrene (PS) swollen with CO2, R152a, and R134a at 150 °C and 175 °C.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Polymer solutions Viscosity"
1
Washizu, Hitoshi, Hiroaki Yoshida, Soma Usui, and Taiki Kawate. "Coarse-Grain Simulation of Lubricant Polymer Solutions." In ASME-JSME 2018 Joint International Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems and Micromechatronics for Information and Precision Equipment. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps-mipe2018-8551.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polymer solution is used as lubricant in Tribological applications. Viscosity index improver is used to normalize temperature dependence of viscosity of the lubrication oil. Biological system such as synovial joint is a kind of polymer solution and strongly related to Tribology. Here we show our numerical simulation approach to investigate the dynamics of polymer solution. The numerical scheme is for simulating the dynamics of suspensions of Brownian particles, coupling molecular motion treated by Langevin equation and hydrodynamics treated by lattice Boltzmann method. The motion of polymer segments are simulated under shear condition in bulk, and in confined geometry. The viscosity change due to the change of polymer structure is found both in bulk and in confined geometry. In order to simulate realistic polymers, we modify each polymer segment as polar and non-polar particles. Point dipoles are added on the polar segments. Since the relative permittivity is very different in water and oil condition, the structure of the polymer is strongly affected by the distribution of the polar segments.
2
Kim, Jae Won, JaeMin Hyun, and Eun Young Ahn. "Flows in Rotation Cylinder Filled With Polymer Solutions." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This investigation deals with the spin-up flows in a circular container of aspect ratio, 2.0. Shear front is generated in the transient spin-up process of the present flow system and it is propagating from the side wall to the central axis in a rotating container. Propagation of the shear front to the axis in a rotating container means the region behind the shear front acquires an angular momentum transfer from the solid walls. Propagating speed of the shear front depends on the apparent viscosity of polymer solution. Two kinds of polymer solutions are considered as a working fluid: one is CMC and the other is CTAB solution. CMC solution has larger apparent viscosity than that of water at the present applied shear stress, and CTAB shows varying apparent viscosities depending on the applied shear rates. Transient and spatial variations of the apparent viscosities of the present polymer solutions (CTAB and CMC) cause different propagating speeds of the shear front. In practice, CMC solution that has larger values of apparent viscosity than that of water always shows rapid approach to the steady state in comparison of the behavior of the flows with water. However, for the CTAB solution, the propagating speed of the shear front changes with the local magnitude of its apparent viscosity. Consequently, the prediction of Wedemeyer’s including viscosity in the propagating speed of the velocity shear front quantitatively agrees with the present experimental results.
3
Födisch, Hendrik, Leena Nurmi, Rafael E. Hincapie R., Ante Borovina, Sirkku Hanski, Torsten Clemens, and Alyssia Janczak. "Improving Alkali Polymer Flooding Economics by Capitalizing on Polymer Solution Property Evolution at High pH." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210043-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Alkali Polymer (AP) flooding is a promising Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method to increase oil recovery from reactive oils. It is essential to carefully select the alkali and polymer type and concentration to optimize incremental oil recovery. In addition to the conventional laboratory tests for polymer flooding, the effects of the high pH on the polymer and its evolving properties over time need to be investigated. Consideration of near-wellbore and reservoir effects is a key in designing the process. We are showing how understanding and taking advantage of the polymer performance in a high pH environment allows to reduce costs, increase injectivity and incremental oil recovery for AP projects. The polymer performance was evaluated for AP flooding of the Matzen field (Austria). Evaluations included changes in polymer rheology during aging at high pH conditions, phase behavior tests, and single/two-phase core floods with aged and non-aged polymer solutions. In addition, adsorption of the aged polymer and interfacial tension was measured. The aging was studied in anaerobic conditions at reservoir temperature and through an accelerated method at elevated temperature. The degree of polymer hydrolysis over time was determined via NMR and linked to viscosity performance. The AP conditions in the Matzen AP flooding project (pH > 10) lead to an increased initial rate of polymer hydrolysis of the tested HPAM by a factor of 100 compared to hydrolysis at a neutral pH level. This resulted in a rapid increase in polymer solution viscosity of 160 % compared with initial conditions within days at reservoir temperature of 49 °C, after which the increase leveled off. Accelerated aging experiments at higher temperature predict long-term stability of the increased viscosity level for several years. Single-phase injection test in representative core confirmed the performance of the aged solution compared to a non-aged solution at the same polymer concentration. The retention of polymers is reduced in AP conditions compared with traditional neutral pH conditions. Two-phase core flood tests showed the increased polymer viscosity at reservoir conditions. The displacement efficiency of the aged and non-aged polymer solution was similar confirming the potential for cost savings using lower polymer concentration and making use of the increased polymer viscosity owing to hydrolysis. The results show that the design of alkali polymer projects needs to take the changing polymer rheology with time into account. The costs of alkali polymer projects can be reduced owing to the lower required polymer concentrations for the same displacement efficiency and reduced retention of polymer. An efficient design of alkali polymer projects takes good injectivity of non-aged polymers and the aging of the polymer solutions in alkali into account.
4
Hincapie, Rafael E., Ante Borovina, Torsten Clemens, Eugen Hoffmann, Muhammad Tahir, Leena Nurmi, Hendrik Foedisch, Sirkku Hanski, Jonas Wegner, and Alyssia Janczak. "Synergies of Alkali and Polymers - Decreasing Polymer Costs and Increasing Efficiency." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211452-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Alkali injection leads to in-situ soap generation of high TAN number oil and residual oil reduction accordingly. We are showing that the performance of AP floods can be optimized by making use of lower polymer viscosities during injection but increasing polymer viscosities in the reservoir owing to "aging" of the polymers at high pH. Furthermore, AP conditions enable reducing polymer retention in the reservoir decreasing the Utility Factors (kg polymers injected / incremental bbl. produced). Phase behavior tests were performed to understand the oil/alkali solution interaction and interfacial tension (IFT) was measured. Micromodel floods addressed displacement effects while two-phase core floods covered the displacement efficiency of alkali polymer solutions. We used aged polymer solutions to mimic the conditions deep in the reservoir and compared the displacement efficiencies and the polymer adsorption of non-aged and aged polymer solutions. IFT measurements showed that saponification (41 μmol_g saponifiable acids) at the oil-alkali solution interface is very effectively reducing the IFT. Alkali phase experiments confirmed that emulsions are formed initially and supported the potential for residual oil mobilization. Aging experiments revealed that the polymer hydrolysis rate is substantially increased at high pH compared to polymer hydrolysis at neutral pH resulting in 60 % viscosity increase in AP conditions. Within the reservoir, the fast aging of polymer solutions in high pH results in increase to target viscosity while maintaining low adsorption owing to alkali and softened water. Hence, injectivity of alkali polymer solutions can be improved over conventional polymer flooding. The two-phase experiments confirmed that lower concentration polymer solutions aged in alkali show the same displacement efficiency as non-aged polymers with higher concentrations. Hence, significant cost savings can be realized capitalizing on the fast aging in the reservoir. Due to the low polymer retention in AP floods, less polymers are consumed than in conventional polymer floods significantly decreasing the Utility Factor (injected polymers kg/incremental bbl. produced). Overall, the work shows that Alkali/Polymer (AP) injection leads to substantial incremental oil production of reactive oils. A workflow is presented to optimize AP projects including near-wellbore and reservoir effects. AP flood displacement efficiency must be evaluated incorporating aging of polymer solutions. Significant cost savings and increasing efficiency can be realized in AP floods by incorporating aging of polymers and taking the reduced polymer adsorption into account.
5
Gonzalez, Miguel, Tim Thiel, Nathan St. Michel, Jonathan Harrist, Erjola Buzi, Huseyin Seren, Subhash Ayirala, Lyla Maskeen, and Abdulkarim Sofi. "A New Viscosity Sensing Platform for the Assessment of Polymer Degradation in EOR Polymer Fluids." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210014-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Polymer degradation during Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) can have large impact on recovery rates during polymer flooding. In the field, few practical solutions exist to perform quality control/assurance (QA/QC) on EOR polymer fluids at surface and no solutions exist for measurements downhole. Here, we present the development of a miniaturized sensor that can be used to detect the onset of polymer degradation by measuring the viscous properties of EOR polymer fluids. The device was tested on samples collected from a polymer flooding operation. We describe its integration into wellsite portable systems and into an untethered logging tool for cost-effective routine measurements downhole. The sensors are based on millimeter-sized piezoelectric tuning fork resonators. The viscosity and density of the fluids was measured from the energy dissipation and the resonant frequency obtained from their vibrational spectra. The devices were specially designed for use in high-salinity polymer fluids. They were tested and validated on samples collected from a single well polymer flood trial. A miniaturized electrical measurement platform was then designed for use at surface in the field and for use in a compact untethered logging tool for quick and inexpensive deployment downhole. The devices were initially calibrated in the laboratory and then tested on samples collected from the field. These two field-collected solutions were used to preflush the formation before injecting surfactant-polymer solution and as a polymer taper to drive the injected surfactant-polymer solution, respectively. The obtained viscosity values correlated very well with those obtained from standard laboratory measurements. Therefore, the changes in viscosity due to reduction in the molecular weight of the polymer, as measured with the miniature devices, can be used to assess whether degradation has taken place. A miniaturized electrical measurement platform was then tested in comparable polymer fluids for use in the field and obtained comparable results. The platforms described here provide a simple, cost-effective, and user-friendly platform for the detection of polymer degradation in the field, thus providing valuable information in real-time during costly polymer flooding operations.
6
Bonnier, Julien, Christophe Rivas, Flavien Gathier, Bernard Quillien, and Antoine Thomas. "Inline Viscosity Monitoring of Polymer Solutions Injected in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes." In SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/165249-ms.
Повний текст джерела
7
Al-Maamari, Rashid S., Maissa Souayeh, Intisar K. Al-Busaidi, Ahmed Mansour, Omaira Al-Riyami, and Rifaat Al-Mjeni. "Experimental Study on the Impact of Protective Packages, Iron, Oxygen and Stainless Steel on Polymer Stability." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200156-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Oxidative degradation of polymers is caused by combination of Fe2+ and O2 resulting in viscosity loss. During lab tests, synthetic brine without Fe2+ is commonly used. However, most lab and field set-ups are made of stainless steel (SS) which is a possible source of Fe. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of Fe2+ and O2 contents on polymer stability with/without contact of SS in presence/absence of protective packages (ITW and oxygen scavenger). Polymer stability tests were conducted for 1 week at ambient temperature under different O2 concentrations. Four polymer systems were evaluated (without additives, with ITW, with oxygen scavenger and with ITW+oxygen scavenger). Samples were stored in SS and glass bottles. Different Fe2+ concentrations were added to the solutions in the glass bottles. The viscosity of the polymer solutions was measured at anaerobic conditions at different intervals. Viscosity results for polymer samples aged in glass bottles showed that ITW alone or in combination with oxygen scavenger is able to maintain polymer stability up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 2.5 ppm and 1500 ppb, respectively. At atmospheric condition, these systems were found efficient as the maximum obtained viscosity loss was < 14%. While samples containing only oxygen scavenger maintained polymer stability up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 2.5 ppm and 500 ppb, respectively, but experienced severe degradation when exposed to atmosphere. Similarly, blank samples experienced severe degradation after exposure to atmosphere and the stability was maintained up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 0.5 ppm and 500 ppb, respectively. Polymer solutions stored in SS cells experienced noticeable viscosity loss indicating that Fe is released from the SS and contribute to polymer degradation. The blank samples and samples containing oxygen scavenger were stable up to O2 level of 500 ppb. Addition of ITW into these polymer solutions boosted its viscosity stability up to O2 level of 1500 ppb. Exposing polymer samples containing either ITW or oxygen scavenger to atmosphere resulted in severe degradation of around 42% which is higher than the viscosity loss of the blank sample (28%). However, when both ITW and oxygen scavenger were added to the polymer solution and exposed to atmosphere, the viscosity loss was reduced to 26%. This study showed that polymer stability in presence/absence of protective packages can be maintained at initial O2 level of 500 ppb. These findings are directly related to polymer stability during polymer preparation which needs to be considered in any polymer flood design. As protective packages might come handy for maintaining polymer stability in the reservoir, this study can aid in selection of the most feasible protective packages and water treatment requirements.
8
Jouenne, Stephane, Guillaume Heurteux, and Bertrand Levache. "Online Monitoring for Measuring the Viscosity of the Injected Fluids Containing Polymer in Chemical Eor." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200209-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Viscosification of water with polymers is a mature technique used in different enhanced oil recovery processes (AP, ASP, SP and P flooding). The viscosity of the injected fluids is generally measured in the lab on solutions sampled manually at different locations of the polymer injection process. In order to increase the reliability of these measurements and to alleviate the quality control, there is a strong need for measuring online the viscosity. On a field, polymer solutions can be highly degraded if they are sheared during the sampling or contaminated by the oxygen when exposed to the atmosphere during the viscosity measurement. Different procedures have been proposed in the industry to prevent or minimize degradation. However, routine measurements through manual sampling mobilize operators, take time and are often questionable. In this paper, we present three types of online viscometers developed for avoiding degradation during the sampling and the viscosity measurement. A fourth one enables to do reliable viscosity measurements in the lab. A low pressure tank viscometer enables to measure continuously the viscosity of the polymer mother solution. This viscometer is particularly adapted to highly concentrated and viscous solutions since it is not sensitive to the presence of particles, gel debris and oil. Two high pressure viscometers can be connected at any point of the high pressure injection line (well head for example) to monitor continuously the viscosity of the injected polymer solution. Their low foot print make them easily transportable. Sensitivity and precision of these equipment were assessed through online measurements at the lab and pilot scale. They were found to perfectly match the viscosity measurements performed with lab rheometers even on pure water. A fourth lab viscometer was developed in order to improve the reliability and the robustness of classical viscometers used in operations. Measurement in anaerobic condition prevent any risk of oxidative degradation. All the viscometers are automated with a minimum need of human intervention. All the developed rheometers are at the prototype stage. Particular attention was paid to the robustness of each element and its adequacy with field constraints. Field tests are now needed to finalize their development and assess their durability on the long term. The use of robust online viscosity measurements during EOR operations would allow effective continuous remote monitoring, greatly improving pilot interpretability and operability during pilot and commercial stages.
9
Johnson, Geoffrey, Mehrdad Hesampour, Susanna Toivonen, Sirkku Hanski, Stina Sihvonen, Nancy Lugo, Jennifer McCallum, and Michael Pope. "Confirmation of Polymer Viscosity Retention at the Captain Field Through Wellhead Sampling." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209370-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Ithaca-operated Captain field is located in Block 13/22a in the U.K. sector of the North Sea, 130 km northeast of Aberdeen, in a water depth of 360 ft. The Captain Field has an adverse mobility ratio across all the producing reservoirs and so has undergone improved oil recovery by polymer flooding since 2011 using Anionic polyacrylamide (HPAM) in liquid form. This paper presents recent offshore wellhead sampling from the Captain facility that confirms high polymer solution viscosity retention from a producing well, even after significant mechanical degradation through the Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP), which is used for artificial lift. The continuing commercial success of the Captain Field polymer flood is underpinned by maintaining polymer viscosity throughout the system. High polymer returns, combined with declining oil rates, may result in the continued operation of these wells to be unattractive. This paper summarises the data used to shut-in mature wells that are producing polymer to the surface, to enable the polymer flood to continue displacing oil to offset production wells. Samples were collected from the wellhead in oxygen free conditions into pressurized cylinders. The measurements in laboratory were taken inside a glove box to avoid oxygen ingress. The absence of oxygen was confirmed through measurements of dissolved oxygen and redox potential. Viscosity of the solutions have been measured with Brookfield viscometer inside the glove box and the results were compared to the expected viscosity from fresh non-degraded polymer solution. The expected viscosity was determined using a concentration – viscosity curve of a fresh polymer in synthetic Captain brine. Polymer solution concentration is measured on-site using KemConnect™ EOR, a time resolved fluorescence method, the collected samples were subsequently confirmed with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in the laboratory. The polymer concentrations measured from these wellhead samples with KemConnect™ EOR were in the region of 700-900 ppm. Previously collected downhole viscosity samples confirmed >70% viscosity retention prior to being produced through the ESP, while 50-80% of the original viscosity was found to be retained after production through the ESP to the surface facilities under anaerobic conditions for the range of concentrations sampled. These findings demonstrate the resilience of the polymer product to degradation in a real-world operational setting. It also provides data that may be used to estimate the expected downhole polymer solution viscosity from wellhead samples for defined operating conditions. The ability to estimate polymer solution downhole viscosity retention from wellhead samples provides a simpler and less expensive method of estimating viscosity retention than downhole sampling, which is especially useful for wells that do not have downhole access for sample collection.
10
Zhangaliyev, Medet Maratovich, Muhammad Rehan Hashmet, and Peyman Pourafshary. "Laboratory Investigation of Hybrid Nano-Assisted-Polymer Method for EOR Applications in Carbonate Reservoirs." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31398-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Currently, there has been a surge in evaluating the effectiveness of various hybrid enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods as they combine the benefits of standalone processes. This study focuses on laboratory investigation to evaluate synergy between polymer and nanoparticles (NP), as their combination can simultaneously alter capillary and viscous forces. N-vinyl-pyrrolidone-based partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and silica oxide nanoparticles are used in this study. The standalone polymer, nanofluid (NF), and combined polymer-nanofluid solutions are prepared in different salinities (1200-40,000 ppm). The zeta potential of solutions is measured to determine the stability of NF at various salinities. Contact angle measurements are performed to determine the optimum concentration of NP. A series of rheological experiments are accomplished at different nanoparticle concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 wt%), temperatures (25-80 °C), and polymer concentrations (500 to 3000 ppm). Additionally, a long-term stability test was conducted over thirty days at 80°C on nano-assisted-polymer fluid over a long period. Zeta potential results proved that the stability of nanofluids decreases with an increase in solution salinity. However, the addition of polymer has a positive impact on the stability of NF and is stable up to 40 000 ppm salinity. The nanoparticles have shown potential in altering the wettability of the rock toward the intermediate wet conditions. A maximum deviation of 55° in contact angle is observed for a 0.1 wt% NP solution and is selected as optimum concentration. Rheology studies illustrate that the addition of NP increases the viscosity of the polymer solution by 25%. All nano-assisted-polymer solutions tested in this study showed shear thinning behavior. Long-term thermal stability of nano-assisted-polymer solution indicates that the solution achieves equilibrium after 5 days and maintains target viscosity of 4 cP. The addition of polymer has positively impacted the salinity tolerance of nanoparticles. Additionally, nanoparticles improved the viscosity of the polymer solution. This study will open new doors for the hybrid EOR method.
Звіти організацій з теми "Polymer solutions Viscosity"
1
Lohne, Arild, Arne Stavland, Siv Marie Åsen, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Interpretation and parameter identification. University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Injecting a polymer solution into a porous medium significantly increases the modeling complexity, compared to model a polymer bulk solution. Even if the polymer solution is injected at a constant rate into the porous medium, the polymers experience different flow regimes in each pore and pore throat. The main challenge is to assign a macroscopic porous media “viscosity” to the fluid which can be used in Darcy law to get the correct relationship between the injection rate and pressure drop. One can achieve this by simply tabulating experimental results (e.g., injection rate vs pressure drop). The challenge with the tabulated approach is that it requires a huge experimental database to tabulate all kind of possible situations that might occur in a reservoir (e.g., changing temperature, salinity, flooding history, permeability, porosity, wettability etc.). The approach presented in this report is to model the mechanisms and describe them in terms of mathematical models. The mathematical model contains a limited number of parameters that needs to be determined experimentally. Once these parameters are determined, there is in principle no need to perform additional experiments.
2
Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes & Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.