Книги: "Pollution events"

1

Pfeffer, M. Analysis of air mass trajectories associated with rain events at Deep Creek Lake, Maryland 1981-1982. Columbia, Md: Martin Marietta Environmental Systems, 1985.

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2

Wilkinson, Dean M. National contingency plan for response to unusual marine mammal mortality events. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, [Office of Protected Resources], 1996.

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3

Wilkinson, Dean M. National contingency plan for response to unusual marine mammal mortality events. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, [Office of Protected Resources], 1996.

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4

Byrd, Lee Ann B. Guideline on the identification and handling of ambient air quality data affected by special events or special conditions. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1994.

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5

Lakes, United States Congress House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great. Rhode Island oil spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, one hundred first Congress, first session on events leading up to June 23, 1989 oil spill of the Greek-flagged tanker, World Prodigy, off the coast of Rhode Island at Brenton Reef. Washington: U.S. GPO, 1989.

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6

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes. Rhode Island oil spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on events leading up to the June 23, 1989 oil spill of the Greek-flagged tanker, World Prodigy, off the coast of Rhode Island at Brenton Reef, July 5, 1989--Newport, Rhode Island. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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7

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes. Rhode Island oil spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on events leading up the the June 23, 1989 oil spill of the Greek-flagged tanker, World Prodigy, off the coast of Rhode Island at Brenton Reef, July 5, 1989--Newport, Rhode Island. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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8

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes. Rhode Island oil spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceanography and the Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on events leading up the the June 23, 1989 oil spill of the Greek-flagged tanker, World Prodigy, off the coast of Rhode Island at Brenton Reef, July 5, 1989--Newport, Rhode Island. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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9

Office, General Accounting. Nuclear health and safety: Radiation events at DOE's Idaho National Engineering Laboratory : fact sheet for the chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. [Washington, D.C.]: GAO, 1992.

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10

Fagin, Dan. Toxic deception: How the chemical industry manipulates science, bends the law, and endangers your health. Monroe, Me: Common courage press, 1999.

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11

Marianne, Lavelle, and Center for Public Integrity, eds. Toxic deception: How the chemical industry manipulates science, bends the law, and endangers your health. Secaucus, N.J: Carol Pub. Group, 1996.

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12

Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain)., ed. Nuclear contamination of water resources: Proceedings of the Conference Water Resource Consequences of a Nuclear Event. London: T. Telford, 1990.

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13

Kägi, Wolfram. Economics of climate change: The contribution of forestry projects. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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14

Kägi, Wolfram. Economics of climate change: The contribution of forestry projects. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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15

Kenworthy, Bernadette R. Storm event analysis of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total alkalinity concentrations at the Park Place biofiltration pond. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1996.

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16

Probst, Katherine N. Superfund's future: What will it cost? : a report to Congress. Washington, D.C: Resources for the Future, 2001.

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17

Uncertainty, Risk and Transient Pollution Events. IWA Publishing, 1996.

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18

Summary of events and news coverage 1988/1989, Grays Harbor oil spill. [Olympia? Wash.]: The Department, 1989.

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19

Marone, Eduardo, Ricardo de Camargo, and Julio Salcedo Castro. Coastal Hazards, Risks, and Marine Extreme Events. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.34.

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This article describes the threat costal hazards pose to existing life in light of climate change and natural disaster. It includes an overview of flooding, extreme waves, and other water-related stressors. The article discusses how human-induced risks in the coastal zone, resulting from mismanaged urbanization, persistent pollution, and overexploitation of resources, exacerbate matters and pose extra pressure on the environment, science, and society. Ways of measurement and reaction to these events, as well as best practices for preparedness, are discussed. Businesses, individuals, and ecosystems are under threat of destruction from these circumstances. The article also emphasizes the need to make scientific work in this field accessible and understandable to society and decisión makers.

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20

Marone, Eduardo, Ricardo de Camargo, and Julio Salcedo Castro. Coastal Hazards, Risks, and Marine Extreme Events. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.34.

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This article describes the threat costal hazards pose to existing life in light of climate change and natural disaster. It includes an overview of flooding, extreme waves, and other water-related stressors. The article discusses how human-induced risks in the coastal zone, resulting from mismanaged urbanization, persistent pollution, and overexploitation of resources, exacerbate matters and pose extra pressure on the environment, science, and society. Ways of measurement and reaction to these events, as well as best practices for preparedness, are discussed. Businesses, individuals, and ecosystems are under threat of destruction from these circumstances. The article also emphasizes the need to make scientific work in this field accessible and understandable to society and decisión makers.

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21

Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Essential Events. Essential Library, 2011.

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22

Taylor, William D., Richard F. Losee, and Marcia Torobin. Early Warning and Management of Surface Water Taste-and-Odor Events (Awwa Research Foundation Reports). American Water Works Research Foundation, 2006.

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23

Terra: Tales of the Earth : four events that changed the world. London: Picador, 2010.

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24

Bergesen, Helge Ole, and Michael Grubb. Implementing the European Co2 Commitment: A Joint Policy Proposal. Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995.

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25

Ole, Bergesen Helge, and Energy and Environmental Programme (Royal Institute of International Affairs), eds. Implementing the European CO₂ commitment: A joint policy proposal. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, Energy and Environmental Programme, 1994.

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26

Vivancos, Roberto, Giovanni Leonardi, and Alex J. Elliott. Health protection surveillance. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0021.

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This chapter provides a broad definition of surveillance in relation to health protection, including infections, environmental hazards, and health delivery. Surveillance systems include active, passive, and sentinel surveillance, and guidelines are provided for assessing the quality of surveillance data. Surveillance tools include the statutory notification of diseases, laboratory reporting, and prevalence surveys. In addition, syndromic surveillance, the (near) real-time collection of data has become increasingly used, facilitated by increasing use of digital data collection within health care settings and the availability of other digital data sources (e.g. social media). Other surveillance types include event-based surveillance (e.g. during major sporting events), and environmental surveillance, including food related disease, air pollution and chemical hazards. The chapter finally brings these together in integrated surveillance and the use of such surveillance in health planning and assessment.

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27

Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.

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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.

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28

Pechenik, Jan A., ed. Latent Effects: Surprising Consequences of Embryonic and Larval Experience on Life after Metamorphosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0014.

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The coming years will apparently bring increases in seawater temperatures, salinity fluctuation, and ocean acidity, along with increasing pollution levels and increasing incidences of coastal hypoxic events. We can also expect to see shifting patterns of phytoplankton abundance and nutritional quality. Many such stresses experienced early in development—even among brooded embryos—have been found to influence growth rates, survival, and other fitness characteristics following metamorphosis, sometimes for months, both in laboratory studies and in those in which juveniles were transplanted to the field. The effects are usually negative, but have been seemingly positive in a few studies. Vulnerability can vary among species, and even among the offspring from different parents. The mechanisms through which such “latent effects” are mediated are unclear: energy-balance issues and epigenetic factors—in which gene expression patterns are altered without any changes in DNA sequences—seem to be involved.

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29

David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part I The Bermuda Market and Form, 2 Introduction to the Bermuda Form. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0002.

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This chapter first describes the three interrelated categories of problems identified by insurers leading up to the introduction of the Bermuda Form. These include the unreliability of stated policy limits of liability; exposure to injuries, damage and events taking place in the distant past; and uncertainty of what body or bodies of law would control the interpretation of a policy. It then discusses the hallmark features of the Bermuda Form, covering the occurrence first reported trigger and continuous policy, bifurcated occurrence definition/time element pollution exclusion, high per occurrence retention/broader principles of loss aggregation, no duty to defend the insured or pay sums on its behalf, expectation and experience of rate or level of injury or property damage, and law and principles governing interpretation/arbitration.

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30

Avenell, Simon. The Human Limits to Growth. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824867133.003.0004.

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This chapter examines Japanese activists’ involvement in the landmark United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972. The chapter traces two narratives: first, the involvement of Ui Jun and industrial pollution disease sufferers in the various nongovernmental conferences run parallel to the main event and, second, the role of the economist Tsuru Shigeto in shaping debates about the limits to growth and the nature of development. The chapter argues that Japanese activists influenced the debate over the environment and development by suggesting that there are clear human health limits to economic growth which must not be violated. Japanese industrial pollution victims were living proof of this.

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31

Lau, William K. M. Impacts of Aerosols on Climate and Weather in the Hindu-Kush-Himalayas-Gangetic Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.590.

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Situated at the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the Hindu-Kush-Himalayas-Gangetic (HKHG) region is under the clear and present danger of climate change. Flash-flood, landslide, and debris flow caused by extreme precipitation, as well as rapidly melting glaciers, threaten the water resources and livelihood of more than 1.2 billion people living in the region. Rapid industrialization and increased populations in recent decades have resulted in severe atmospheric and environmental pollution in the region. Because of its unique topography and dense population, the HKHG is not only a major source of pollution aerosol emissions, but also a major receptor of large quantities of natural dust aerosols transported from the deserts of West Asia and the Middle East during the premonsoon and early monsoon season (April–June). The dust aerosols, combined with local emissions of light-absorbing aerosols, that is, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and mineral dust, can (a) provide additional powerful heating to the atmosphere and (b) allow more sunlight to penetrate the snow layer by darkening the snow surface. Both effects will lead to accelerated melting of snowpack and glaciers in the HKHG region, amplifying the greenhouse warming effect. In addition, these light-absorbing aerosols can interact with monsoon winds and precipitation, affecting extreme precipitation events in the HKHG, as well as weather variability and climate change over the TP and the greater Asian monsoon region.

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32

Fagin, Dan, and Marianne Lavelle. Toxic Deception: How the Chemical Industry Manipulates Science, Bends the Law, and Endangers Your Health. Carol Publishing Corporation, 1997.

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33

S, Baldys, North Central Texas Council of Governments, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Urban stormwater quality, event-mean concentrations, and estimates of stormwater pollutant loads, Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-93. Austin, Tex: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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34

Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. Coral reefs in the modern world. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0008.

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Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result, many have collapsed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrient pollution, sewage pollution, industrial pollution, landfill, coral diseases and diseases of other important groups of organisms, as well as over-extraction of fish, invertebrates and even the limestone rock itself, have all contributed to the demise of over one-third of the world’s reefs. More recently, climate change, notably causing a sea temperature rise, which in turn has led to coral bleaching and the death of component corals, has added to the stress imposed on this ecosystem. In the future, ocean acidification, sea level rise and an increase in the frequency and severity of storms will add further stress. Many of these factors interact, making the precise responses of reefs to these changes very complex.

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35

Avenell, Simon. Transnational Activism, the Local, and Japanese Civil Society. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824867133.003.0008.

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This chapter reiterates the central argument that the experience with industrial pollution in 1960s and 1970s Japan nurtured an “environmental injustice paradigm” which, in turn, fueled transnational mobilizations in the coming decades. The chapter highlights the role of rooted cosmopolitans who served as the connective tissue between local movements and struggles abroad. Significantly, the chapter notes that the movements explored throughout the study were part of a broader Japanese grassroots reengagement with Asia from the 1970s onward, involving women’s advocacy groups, movements of minority groups, and nongovernmental organizations working on health and development issues. The chapter suggests that these transnational movements played an important role in introducing new ideas and practices into Japanese civic activism which contributed to the development of civil society. These border-crossing movements have been largely invisible in historiography to date because of a general focus on events unfolding within the nation.

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36

Georgiadis, Teodoro. Urban Climate and Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.11.

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This work reports on the main physical processes that arise in the environment of the megacity from the “urban metabolism”—the complex interactions of the climate with the activities performed in the city and its built structure and texture—as well as on associated large-scale processes that generate hazards for the megacity’s inhabitants. It is estimated that in a few decades most of the world’s population will live in urban centers. Both the growth of megacities and climate change will increase the vulnerability of huge sectors of the population to climatic consequences of the urban metabolism. These include urban heat islands, pollution, and extreme weather events such as heat waves and floods. Developing policies to mitigate these threats will require integrating scientific knowledge with management skills, communication among cities about effective approaches, and taking into account residents’ needs for health and the capacity to live safely.

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37

Georgiadis, Teodoro. Urban Climate and Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.11.

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This work reports on the main physical processes that arise in the environment of the megacity from the “urban metabolism”—the complex interactions of the climate with the activities performed in the city and its built structure and texture—as well as on associated large-scale processes that generate hazards for the megacity’s inhabitants. It is estimated that in a few decades most of the world’s population will live in urban centers. Both the growth of megacities and climate change will increase the vulnerability of huge sectors of the population to climatic consequences of the urban metabolism. These include urban heat islands, pollution, and extreme weather events such as heat waves and floods. Developing policies to mitigate these threats will require integrating scientific knowledge with management skills, communication among cities about effective approaches, and taking into account residents’ needs for health and the capacity to live safely.

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38

Bermeo, Sarah. Targeted Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851828.001.0001.

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Industrialized states find it increasingly difficult to insulate themselves from spillovers associated with underdevelopment abroad. In a globalizing world many concerns caused or enhanced by underdevelopment—migration, political instability, violence, refugee flows, trafficking in persons and illicit substances, spread of disease, lawlessness and its ability to provide havens for terrorists and criminals, pollution, and others—are not confined within national borders. Industrialized states, unable to protect themselves from the impact of events in developing countries, have responded with a strategy of targeted development: pursuing development abroad when and where it serves their own self-interest. This book examines the emergence of targeted development as an important foreign policy goal of wealthy states. Through historical comparisons, the development of a formal model, and empirical analysis of foreign aid, trade agreements, and climate finance, the book demonstrates that targeted development has emerged as an important component of foreign policy across multiple issue areas linking industrialized and developing countries. These findings show a rising importance for development in foreign policy and have implications for understanding which countries are likely to be left behind by globalization, the role of international institutions in promoting development, and the study of effectiveness for development policies.

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39

Stubbe, Peter. Legal Consequences of the Pollution of Outer Space with Space Debris. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.68.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Space debris has grown to be a significant problem for outer space activities. The remnants of human activities in space are very diverse; they can be tiny paint flakes, all sorts of fragments, or entirely intact—but otherwise nonfunctional spacecraft and rocket bodies. The amount of debris is increasing at a growing pace, thus raising the risk of collision with operational satellites. Due to the relative high velocities involved in on-orbit collisions, their consequences are severe; collisions lead to significant damage or the complete destruction of the affected spacecraft. Protective measures and collision avoidance have thus become a major concern for spacecraft operators. The pollution of space with debris must, however, not only be seen as an unfavorable circumstance that accompanies space activities and increases the costs and complexity of outer space activities. Beyond this rather technical perspective, the presence of man-made, nonfunctional objects in space represents a global environmental concern. Similar to the patterns of other environmental problems on Earth, debris generation appears to have surpassed the absorption capacity of the space environment. Studies indicate that the evolution of the space object environment has crossed the tipping point to a runaway situation in which an increasing number of collisions―mostly among debris―leads to an uncontrolled population growth. It is thus in the interest of all mankind to address the debris problem in order to preserve the space environment for future generations.International space law protects the space environment. Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty obligates States to avoid the harmful contamination of outer space. The provision corresponds to the obligation to protect the environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction under the customary “no harm” rule of general environmental law. These norms are applicable to space debris and establish the duty not to pollute outer space by limiting the generation of debris. They become all the more effective when the principles of sustainable development are taken into account, which infuse considerations of intra- as well as inter-generational justice into international law. In view of the growing debris pollution and its related detrimental effects, it is obvious that questions of liability and responsibility will become increasingly relevant. The Liability Convention offers a remedy for victims having suffered damage caused by space debris. The launching State liability that it establishes is even absolute for damage occurring on the surface of the Earth. The secondary rules of international responsibility law go beyond mere compensation: States can also be held accountable for the environmental pollution event itself, entailing a number of consequential obligations, among them―under certain circumstances―a duty to active debris removal. While international law is, therefore, generally effective in addressing the debris problem, growing use and growing risks necessitate the establishment of a comprehensive traffic management regime for outer space. It would strengthen the rule of law in outer space and ensure the sustainability of space utilization.

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40

Dead Heat: Global Justice and Global Warming. Seven Stories Press, 2002.

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41

Kägi, Wolfram. Economics of Climate Change: The Contribution of Forestry Projects. Springer, 2014.

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42

Bryner, Gary. Environmental Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.167.

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Environmental justice brings together two of the most powerful social movements of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, environmentalism and civil rights. Despite the success in reducing pollution and improving environmental quality in many areas, the reduction of race- and income-based disparities in environmental conditions, such as the levels of pollution to which individuals are exposed, has seen limited progress. Minority and low income communities continue to bear the brunt of environmental burdens. The idea of environmental justice also helps clarify the ethical issues underlying climate change and compels action to reduce the threat even in the face of uncertainties and to help poor nations with the costs of adapting to disruptive climate change. A major challenge in environmental justice is deciding how to define the problem. Five options for framing the issue of environmental justice capture most of the approaches taken by advocates and scholars. These are the civil rights framework; theories of distributive justice, fairness, and rights; the public participation framework, social justice framework, and ecological sustainability framework. These frameworks are not mutually exclusive. They overlap considerably and proponents of one primary framework may rely on elements of others as they frame the issues. Advocates of environmental justice will find that elements of each can contribute to their goal. No one framework is sufficient, but in recognizing where those with other views are coming from, we can develop opportunities for creative solutions that bring together alternative approaches.

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43

Triana, Yago Quiñones. A sociedade exponencial: Ensaio sobre o fim da humanidade. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-509-5.

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We live today in the Exponential Society. It has arrived already, we are part of it and it brings us several challenges as a species. Including that of not extinguishing us. We must and can make the Exponential Society not the last type of human society on our planet. Human activities have been experiencing an extraordinary acceleration relatively recently: production, consumption, population, pollution, indiscriminate use of water are growing exponentially. This means that this growth is not only continuous and constant, but that the rates of such growth are drastically increasing. In addition to the fact that not all of these processes are positive – pollution for example – there is a limit that we cannot forget: our planet. Here is a basic and dramatic contradiction: how can a species that tends to grow limitlessly survive if it basically depends on limited resources? The risks of the Exponential Society are among us, and the threats increase, of course, exponentially as well. Current ecological responses, sustainable initiatives such as recycling, do not offer fundamental changes if the logic that sustains the Exponential Society does not change. But, even if the situation seems inexorable, the change of course is not necessarily in the hands of the powerful or in the global decision-making centers. We are all part of the Exponential Society and that is why we have an impact on it. Transforming it is a matter of conscience, number and will.

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44

Gordon, McGranahan, ed. The citizens at risk: From urban sanitation to sustainable cities. London: Earthscan, 2001.

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45

Songsore, Jacob, Charles Surjadi, Gordon McGranahan, Pedro Jacobi, and Marianne Kjellén. The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities. Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2001.

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46

Probst, Katherine N., David M. Konisky, Robert Hersh, Michael B. Batz, and Katherine D. Walker. Superfund's Future: What Will It Cost? (RFF Press). RFF Press, 2001.

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47

Assael, Brenda. Health and Regulation in the Restaurant. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817604.003.0005.

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This chapter places the restaurant in the context of public health issues. Even if they attained superior standards of hygiene in their kitchens and dining rooms, restaurants were vulnerable to contamination and adulteration emanating from suppliers, wholesalers, and markets. Concerns that the restaurant might be a site of pollution and disease inevitably accorded it a significant place in the discourses of official regulation. The culture and conduct of restaurant inspection, while definitely inscribed with the practices of liberal governance, were also required to accommodate themselves to the prerogatives of commercial forces. Moreover, the presence of inspectors should not obscure the fact that the restaurant sector itself was eager to reassure customers that it made every effort to ensure the highest standards of hygiene. Temperance and vegetarian establishments are also discussed here, as sites on which healthy eating was yoked to the pursuit of moral purity and rationalism.

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48

Mendez, Michael. Climate Change from the Streets. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300232158.001.0001.

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Although the science of climate change is clear, policy decisions about how to respond to its effects remain contentious. Even when such decisions claim to be guided by objective knowledge, they are made and implemented through political institutions and relationships—and all the competing interests and power struggles that this implies. Michael Méndez tells a timely story of people, place, and power in the context of climate change and inequality. He explores the perspectives and influence low-income people of color bring to their advocacy work on climate change. In California, activist groups have galvanized behind issues such as air pollution, poverty alleviation, and green jobs to advance equitable climate solutions at the local, state, and global levels. Arguing that environmental protection and improving public health are inextricably linked, Mendez contends that we must incorporate local knowledge, culture, and history into policymaking to fully address the global complexities of climate change and the real threats facing our local communities.

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49

Christina, Binder. Part I The UNDRIP’s Relationship to Existing International Law, Ch.4 The UNDRIP and Interactions with International Investment Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the relationship of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) to international investment and economic law. Interactions between international investment law and indigenous rights are becoming more frequent. On the one hand, there is a quantitative increase in foreign investments. These investments are protected by an ever denser net of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). On the other hand, indigenous peoples' territories are often resource-rich areas with significant attraction for foreign investors. This entails a considerable risk that investment projects on indigenous territories encroach upon indigenous rights. Negative consequences include detrimental impacts on indigenous peoples' relationship to their lands, environmental degradation, and pollution. These risks are even more acute, given the importance of lands for indigenous culture. Thus, indigenous rights increasingly conflict with the rights of foreign investors and show an evident need for coordination between both systems — indigenous peoples' rights and international investment law.

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50

Roo, Gert De. Environmental Planning in the Netherlands : To Good to Be True: From Command-And-Control Planning to Shared Governance (Urban Planning and Environment). Ashgate Publishing, 2003.

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