Дисертації з теми "Pollution de l'eau – Afrique"
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Sow, Amadou. "Les principes généraux du droit de l'environnement et les conventions régionales dans la lutte contre la pollution marine en Afrique." Thesis, Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2022. https://docassas.u-paris2.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/406be0fa-f17b-4618-a361-2dcb38b0f4e1.
Повний текст джерелаThe problem of environmental deterioration is not linked to the draft of new agreements anymore, even though not all fields are covered so far by the existing law, but to the efficiency of the norms in effect. Most often, law exists, but is badly applied or not applied at all. This leads to two problems: first, the implementation of law, and second, the control of its application. In this context, the African continent cannot achieve its unity and its economic development without caring of the sword of Damocles which is the global warming caused by greenhouse gases and environmental destruction. Furthermore, the OHADA (Organization for the Harmonization in Africa of Business Law) should allow Africa to significantly advance on the subject of the companies’ responsible behaviour in terms of environmental and climate protection. In order to fill this gap, the OHADA should adopt in the near future a Uniform Act concerning social and environmental responsibility. The implementation of environmental policies and the application of the norms arising from them require a cultural revolution. The young generations should receive an education which is adapted to the new ecological challenges. The principles contribute in an important way to the development of the soft law in international law, but it is even more surprising that this phenomenon is more and more important in national law. Beyond formal legal aspects, the implementation of regional agreements will be confronted to further challenges: first of all, the reinforcement of the national institutional authorities’ capacity to reconcile economic, social and environmental imperatives
BEAUCHAMPS, PAUL. "Pathologie de l'eau de mer." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX20139.
Повний текст джерелаBabillot, Pascale. "Optimisation économique et lutte contre la pollution de l'eau." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010005.
Повний текст джерелаThe overworld concern about human responsabilities towards the water resource stands now in agreement with the quantitative and qualitative issues attached to it. To analyse the theoritical statements of the economy of welfare within the framework of water pollution leads to a better understan-ding of the limits of economic rationality with regards to the concrete need of asserting a "good" level of pollution, defining "acceptable" risk and or deciding upon an appropriate control strategy. It also suggests the role economy can play as a main langage in negociations
Ambroise, Denis. "La qualite de l'eau de la meuse." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN11037.
Повний текст джерелаMeynadier, Rémi. "Analyse multi-échelle du cycle de l'eau dans la mousson africaine à l'aide d'observations GPS." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066646.
Повний текст джерелаPérennès, Jean-Jacques. "L'eau, les paysans et l'état : la question hydraulique dans les pays du Maghreb." Grenoble 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE21013.
Повний текст джерелаMaghrib is facing an alimentary challenge never known before in its history: how to feed a population doubling in number each twenty years, whereas the agricultural potentialities are under strong restraints (exiguous soils; fluctuating climate) despite the emergency of an agricultural revolution, the efforts towards an intensive agriculture since two decades are very far from the expected results. This research is an attemps to evaluate the hydro-agricultural policies in morocco, algeria and tunisia. However any evaluation in this case ought to be moderate: the small scale of cropping intensity on the large schemes cannot overshadow some localised successes. Yet it remains true that the maghribean peasants are not still ready to adhere massively to the promoting program set up ty the states. Hence this research will try to establish what is due to the milieu (aridity, climatic fluctuations. . . ) and what is traceable to history (the weight of colonial choices, the influence of the bureau d'etudes). Yet the first concern here is to show how the main options taken by the states lead to a social and technical dynamic hardly compatible with the peasantry's motivation, by rather serve other interests. At the end of a comparative evaluation of hydro-agricultural policies in the three countries, the study ends on some propositions which put the emphasis not on technics, but on the socio-political. .
Grapin, Gérard. "Qualité des eaux usées : de la mesure en continu à l'alerte pollution." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL017N.
Повний текст джерелаData of pH, conductivity, temperature, redox potential, water level provided by early warning stations set up on the water sewage network of the CUGN (Urban Community of Large Nancy) were treated in order to detect; on line, the passage of polluting flows. On the different sites the temporal evolutions of pH and conductivity are modeled by a fuzzy approach of multi-model type using the explicative variables: temperature, potential of electrode, water level in the manholes. The results of the models are compared with the true measurements in order to generate indicators of pollutions. The hour of a specific discharge is estimated starting from its conductivity, pH response curves modeled bya succession of perfectly mixed reactors connected in cascade (systemic approach). The time of transit thus evaluated makes it possible to direct the first field investigations to seek the origin of pollution in order to take ail decisions, which are essential for its treatment on the level of the water sewage treatment unit
Destandau, François. "Régulation de la pollution de l'eau par une redevance spatialisée." Bordeaux 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR40050.
Повний текст джерелаMusa, Machado Vendramini Sylvia Maria. "La prévention et la répression de la pollution des eaux terrestres superficielles en droit brésilien et en droit français." Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020025.
Повний текст джерелаSummary: in the introduction is definite the used terms, the classification of the waters in france and in brazil and is described on the geographical plan the big hydrologycals basins of the two country. Always in introduction, a survey on the right of the environment is exposed with a historic part, presenting the principles and the chronology, in using the compared right. The system of political organization and the legislative expertise in matter of environment presented then and well attended of a justification of choice of topic by the importance of the environment for the brazil and by the problems of pollution of the waters. The main existing differences between the two country (historic, economical, political and sociological) is treated in end of introduction. In the first part is, to the first chapter, the commentaries on the management of the facilities in water and the prevention of the pollution in the french law of 3 january 1992 and in the brasilian constitution of 1988 as well as the institutions of management and the instruments of existing scheduling in the two country. This chapter finishes by the description of the global actions of struggle against the pollution. To the ii chapter is treaties: - the preventive control some polluting activities in france, in the former and present laws; - the legislations concerning the dismissals, with their control and- the regimes of authorization and in order to finish, controls it some polluting activities in brazil. In the second part consecrated to the repression of the pollution, the introduction treats of penal compared right (organization laws and principles) and then some constituent elements of the infringement, some observations and pursuits and of the penal condemnation. The conclusion lands the problem of the no existence in france of an offense of reaching to the environment and of the efficiency or of the inefficiency of the repression of the pollution of the waters. The second chapter begins by the presentation of the administrative sanctions, some polices of the environment, of field of application and of the diversity of the sanctions, of the penal repression before the administrative judge and finished by an interrogation on the efficiency of the administrative sanctions in matter of protection of the environment, notably of the quality of the waters. Keys words. Water pollution- rig
Cossa, Daniel. "Le cadmium et le mercure en milieu cotier : biogéochimie et utilisation du genre mytilus comme indicateur quantitatif." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066317.
Повний текст джерелаNirel, Pascale. "Evolution de la distribution particulaire des éléments chimiques en milieu estuarien." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077278.
Повний текст джерелаRayaleh, Hassan-Omar. "La gestion d'une pénurie : l'eau à Djibouti." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE1052.
Повний текст джерелаSince the creation of Djibouti at the end of nineteenth century until today, the requirements out of water for the city were always higher than the offer. In this context of structural shortage, during first half of twentieth century, the lack of water in the city was worsened by the mode of management of the service which privileged economic probability with the detriment of the general interest of the colony. Since 1950, the water service was nationalised by the local authorities which gave themselves the means of improving its quality in order to face the new economic and social situation of the colony. But since the independance, the lack of water in the city is accentuated by a high demographic growth which maintains the rising of the request. Today, in front of the persistence of the shortage, the National Office of Water of Djibouti set up a strategy of management based upon the unequal supply of the users, the limitation of the consumption and the recognition of the informal of water organization. This pragmatic policy contributes to the emergence of a social model of management of the shortage in which all the actors find their account, for the time being
Ben, Salem-Hamani Sana. "L'eau dans la ville en Afrique romaine à travers le cas d'Uthina." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30060.
Повний текст джерелаNorth Africa offers immense possibilities for archaeological research. Until now, those who were dedicated to the Roman hydraulic installations in Tunisia were concerned only aqueducts, Water Temples, same thermal baths and cisterns. These works focussed primarily on the historic and architectural study of buildings without evoking the problem of management of the water in the city. Therefore, we decided that our approach to this question particularly on the city of Uthina. The comparative study can help us to understand the hydraulic network of the city of Uthina, and to restore it. Our study includes 17 North African Roman cities. We have chosen the best known and most published cities, dating from the second and third centuries AD, and the cities that have a discernable hydraulic distribution system with a reconstructable urban network. After we reproduced the plan of the hydraulic works and were able to describe their function, we restored the networks which connected the various hydraulic buildings of the city. Besides the survey work and study on site, we made a model of the cisterns, the arrival of the aqueduct and the “castellum divisorum”. The site modelling of Uthina allows us to replace buildings in their relative position, and to restore the whole hydraulic network. The 3D modelling can reproduce the necessary simulations to enable an understanding of the function of the network and inform hypotheses about their restoration
FOUERE, THIERRY. "Hygiene de l'eau de boisson en milieu rural africain." Nantes, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NANT079M.
Повний текст джерелаPagotto, Christelle. "Etude sur l'émission et le transfert dans les eaux et les sols des éléments traces métalliques et des hydrocarbures en domaine routier." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2321.
Повний текст джерелаGonnon, Stéphanie. "La pollution de l'eau par l'industrie du papier et du carton." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P104.
Повний текст джерелаBrives, Hélène. "Mettre en technique : conseillers agricoles et pollution de l'eau en Bretagne." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100097.
Повний текст джерелаThis study seeks to show how agricultural advisors, working for the departmental Chambers of Agriculture, deal with the problem of water pollution in Brittany and how, in return, this issue organises their own professional activity. A detailed review of the literature in France on agricultural development and its agents, the agricultural advisors, prompts an investigation of, in particular, the technical character of the advisors' activity and leads to the hypothesis that the every-day professional activity of the advisors is the place for them to define what is technique, as opposed ±e what is politics or social. From this perspective, recent developments in the sociology of science and techniques allow us to build an analytical framework for our project of developing a pragmatic sociology of the activity of agricultural advisors around the problem of water pollution. The account of the ethnographic research is organised around the description of a series of selected "fragments of activity" which reveal both how the issue of pollution emerged during the 1970s via the problematic of "reasonable fertilisation" and how, today, this issue is not only integrated into the advisors' activity but, in being so, upsets and questions it. The notion of "producing technique" relates to the way in which the advisors define the issues that they deal with. This notion helps us to understand how the advisors themselves engage in the issue at the same time as they engage farmers, natural objects, regulation and their own institutional base. This work demonstrates that the activity of the advisors consists both in following the issue of pollution as it develops in often unexpected ways and, at the same time, seeking to limit it going too far, by sheltering behind the logic of facts or behind their mission as providing a service to farmers. If water pollution is today treated by mechanisms that go beyond the sphere of agriculture and tends to change the forms of intervention of agricultural advice, advisors are able to engage themselves on this issue by recycling their former skills
Réveilleau, Valérie. "Tests de mutagénèse et de cytotoxicité applicables à l'eau." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P056.
Повний текст джерелаLy, Mouhamed. "Représentation du cycle de l'eau en Afrique de l'Ouest par le modèle LMDZ pendant la campagne AMMA." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066475.
Повний текст джерелаTestard, Isabelle. "Pollution des eaux douces par les hydrocarbures." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P085.
Повний текст джерелаHigelin, Pascal. "Salmoniculture et pollution : problèmes liés à l'utilisation de l'eau en élevage piscicole intensif, techniques permettant d'améliorer la qualité de l'eau." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P155.
Повний текст джерелаFernandez, Maria. "Effets toxiques, génotoxiques et tératogènes engendrés par des agents physiques et des polluants hydriques chez l'amphibien Pleurodeles waltl : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30167.
Повний текст джерелаMaupin, Agathe. "L' espace hydropolitique de l'Afrique australe : le risque hydropolitique dans les politiques de gestion de l'eau des bassins frontaliers." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30070.
Повний текст джерелаPouchol, Elodie. "Les tests de toxicité des sédiments aquatiques contaminés : évaluation de la pollution immédiate ou de la pollution potentielle." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P236.
Повний текст джерелаPerrin-Ganier, Corinne. "Dispersion et transformation de l'isoproturon dans le sol et l'eau." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL074N.
Повний текст джерелаLn order to identify processes that act on herbicide isoproturon transfer in soil and water, several experimental studies were attempted. Ln the field, isoproturon appeared to reach surface soil water early after treatment. Then, the same soil was used to fill lysimeters placed under natural climatic conditions. Rainwater was able to produce large exportations only during the first month after treatment, because isoproturon, not yet fully degraded, was very mobile. Last, experiments under laboratory controlled conditions showed that isoproturon was sorbed only weakly on soil components. On the opposite, some of its degradation products, which rapidly represent the greatest part of residues, were more strongly held to soil
Laurent, François. "Agriculture et pollution de l'eau : modélisation des processus et analyse des dynamiques territoriales." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00773259.
Повний текст джерелаPelzer, Stéphane. "Activité agricole et pollution de l'eau : vers une responsabilité environnementale des exploitants agricoles ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0116/document.
Повний текст джерелаFarming has always been a source of pollution for water. This link has been reinforced by establishing a common Agricultural control Policy in the EU. In fact the common Agricultural Policy is based on productivisme optiminzing the yield of land by using manure as well as fertilizers, polluting water to a High degree.However some reforms and a specific tax legislation have been created in order to reduce harmful effects on agriculture and on water ressources unfurtunately these legal and institutionnal instruments have proved ineffective.Therefore governements have sought to make farmers aware of there responsabilities with regards to pollution. Despite these efforts, the diffuse nature of water pollution has been obstacle to the implementation of such a regime agricultural pollution.Consequently goverments have no choice but to turn to more flexible instruments that allow polluters to be associated to the various mesasures taken to avoid the pollution of water, particurly by getting polluters involved in the procès and making them signe contracts
Benoît-Marquié, Florence. "Photodégradation oxydative et catalytique de composés organiques en phase aqueuse et en phase gazeuse." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30164.
Повний текст джерелаAnras, Loïc. "Influence du réseau hydraulique sur la qualité des eaux de surface dans un marais littoral agricole : rôle des processus géochimiques à l'interface eau-sédiment." Poitiers, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01737226.
Повний текст джерелаZiaka, Panayota. "L'éducation à l'environnement pour les adultes à travers les medias : aspects didactiques dans le cas de la presse écrite." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA070155.
Повний текст джерелаThis research examins in what way media, particularly press, can have an educational function in the field of environment towards adult public. The presentation of the nitrate water pollution problem through the french press has been studied following three directions: i) the relation to information: facts concerning pollution, designation of implicated social actors;2) the relation to science: edducational transposition of scientific knowledge in this field has been studied through the analysis of the procedures of scientific popularization used by journalists and of the conceptual network concerning nitrate pollution problem; 3) the arguments developed by social actors : the elements of the debate have been described and the representations diffused by press have been identified. The impact of the transmitted message upon the readers has been evaluated, regarding comprehension of the scientific content of the articles, knowledge acquisition and influence of the conveyed representations upon readers'representations. The prospects opened by the analysis of environmental information, diffused by press, for journalists'and teachers training and for environmental education practices at school have been examined
Delmas-Gadras, Carole. "Influence des conditions physico-chimiques sur la mobilité du plomb et du zinc dans un sol et un sédiment en domaine routier." Pau, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PAUU3023.
Повний текст джерелаOssombo-Yombo, Rémy. "La gestion de l'eau potable dans les grandes agglomérations d'Afrique Centrale : contribution à l'étude d'un service public confronté à la mondialisation." Lyon 3, 2007. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2007_in_ossombo_yombo_r.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe Central Africa is a area which knowns big problems on distribution of drinkable water. If some improvements intervened down 1980 years, globally, the public utility miss financing and best government context for saving consumers rights. The exploitation of drinkable water is fragilized by the power of international financial organizations which impose private management to states. This model is not profitable for people but for international societies of water. The state of drinkable water service confirms the failures of several politics lead by the states of this area and the international community
Roy, Gilles. "Détection et dégradation des micropolluants organiques dissous dans l'eau." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL047N.
Повний текст джерелаDesaigues, Brigitte. "La Planification de l'environnement cas particulier de la pollution de l'eau et de l'air." Lille : A.N.R.T, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36105391j.
Повний текст джерелаMaurice, Samuel. "La lutte contre la pollution de l'eau douce en Aquitaine : droit et pratiques locales." Bordeaux 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR40025.
Повний текст джерелаThe fight against water pollution has become a political stake. Conscious of the vital nature of this resource, the legislator has organized its use and its protection. While granting for many years a very significant place to the policy measures, he has instituted new juridical instruments which content is directly controlled, under state check, by the local administrative authorities. The fight against soft water pollution in aquitaine is conveyed both the local implementation of national measures and the adoption of arrangements fitted to the different types of pollutions met in this region. They are expounded in this study where the efficiency and possible deficiencies of their juridical system is also explained. Thus, the "policy of classified installations", the principles of water clening up and purification, the contractualisation and planning are here juridicakky analysed withine the aquitaine region context
Gerst, Thierry. "Etat, devenir et toxicité du cadmium en hydrologie." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P154.
Повний текст джерелаLarno, Valérie. "Réponses génétiques et physiologiques de populations de Chevaine (Leuciscus cephalus) à la contamination chimique dans le bassin du Rhône." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10241.
Повний текст джерелаAit, Rabai Youssef. "Etude de la libération du pentachlorophénol (PCP) dans l'eau par du bois spécialement traité avec une faible quantité de PCP : effet des cycles condensation-évaporation de l'eau." Saint-Etienne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STET4005.
Повний текст джерелаMint, Bah Nagi Aminetou. "Les systèmes d'information géographiques au service de l'eau et de l'environnement : application à la Mauritanie." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE5665.
Повний текст джерелаThe contributions of the geographical information systems are essential for a developing country like Mauritania where the scarcity and the ignorance of the natural resources are still large. We understand thus that any action in this country becomes highly necessary for the hydrous development. This study, after having examined the problems of water in Mauritania (scarcity of the water resources, needs increasing (especially in the Nouakchott capital), etc. ) treated evolution of the physicochemical characteristics thanks to the setting in work of one geographical information system and with a set of physicochemical and geographical data on water of drillings of three areas of Mauritania : Brakna “05” (located geologically in the field of the chain of Mauritanides), Trarza “06” and Dakhlet Nouadhibou “08” (located geologically in the field of the coastal basin). Indeed, fusion and the application geographical and numerical information of various origins made it possible to define the quality of water of drillings of these three particularly populated areas, to better understand the evolutionary mechanisms of the hydro chemical characteristics, to determine the zones most vulnerable to pollution and to define the of extension possibilities of the aquifers in this zone of study where brackish water is tangent with fresh waters, water turbides mixes with limpid water and pollution threatens their purity at any moment
Aubriot, Julie, and Julie Aubriot. "Usages militants du droit à l'eau en Afrique du Sud : du projet Gcin'Amanzi à l'affaire Mazibuko." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00832289.
Повний текст джерелаAubriot, Julie. "Usages militants du droit à l'eau en Afrique du Sud : du projet Gcin'Amanzi à l'affaire Mazibuko." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1038/document.
Повний текст джерелаOrgeval, Tristan d'. "Impact du changement climatique sur le cycle de l'eau en Afrique de l'Ouest : modélisation et incertitudes." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066624.
Повний текст джерелаLaville, Nathalie. "Évaluation de l'(éco-)toxicité et du potentiel perturbateur endocrinien de contaminants aquatiques à l'aide de modèles cellulaires humains et de poisson." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20208.
Повний текст джерелаBengraine, Karim. "Ozonation de solutions aqueuses : role de l'eau oxygenee." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077176.
Повний текст джерелаTurpin, Nadine. "Incitation à l'adoption de meilleures pratiques agricoles et lutte contre la pollution diffuse en présence d'asymétrie d'information." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100053.
Повний текст джерелаThis work belongs to the set of micro-economic analysis of pollution regulating policies when asymmetric information arises. We analysed the special features of nonpoint source pollution associated with breeding activities, which render delicate the design of regulating instruments. We present the design of a regulation mechanism for an adverse selection case, using data from dairy farms on a French watershed. Asymmetric information put constraints on the optimal policy. Production and emission functions have been designed from the empirical application and their parameters have been statistically estimated. First, participation of farmers is mandatory : the farmers participate as soon as their regulated profit is higher than a type-independent value. Second we added acceptability constraints : the regulator has to satisfy a given proportion of farmers through intervention and a farmer is satisfied when he does not lose from regulation compared to the laissez faire situation
Devillers, James. "Problèmes méthodologiques posés par l'étude des contaminations chimiques survenant en milieux aquatiques." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO1T036.
Повний текст джерелаStien, Jean-Louis. "Oeufs d'helminthes et environnement : le modèle d'oeufs d'ascaris." Metz, 1989. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1989/Stien.Jean_Louis.SMZ893.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPandard, Pascal. "Etude de biocapteurs, à algues immobilisées pour le contrôle des milieux hydriques." Metz, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1992/Pandard.Pascal.SMZ9213.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAlgal biosensors were investigated for use in continuous monitoring pollution of aquatic systems. Coupling biological systems with electrochemical techniques has resulted in the development of biosensors that offer the potential of real time analysis and on ligne monitoring. Two types of algal sensors were investigated ; both allowed the monitoring of photosynthetic activity, one by measuring the electron flow in chloroplasts produced by the illuminated biocatalyst, the other by monitoring photosynthetic oxygen production. The fresh water algal species : Chlorella vulgaris, Selenastrum capricornutum, Scenedesmus subspicatus and the marine algal species : Dunaliella bioculata, Skeletonema costatum, Phaedactylum tricornutum were used in these experiments. Sensivity to herbicides was found very similar for the two sensors. But oxygen electrode based sensor, according to its simplicity and its longer operationnal life, appeared to be more appropriate for toxic pollutant detection. Oxygen electrode based sensor has been patented. At the present time, we study a new prototype to be applied in field
Bernard, Julie. "Fonctionnalisation de copolymères EVB - DVB par copolymérisation et greffage du catéchol pour l'extraction en phase solide d'espèces métalliques en milieu aqueux." Toulon, 2008. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00433059/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаWater pollution by metal species has become a major problem. It is therefore necessary to check the quality of waste and drinking waters. The frequency and parameters of analysis are defined by the European decree -2001-1220 of December 2001. The modification of standards raises difficulties in terms of sensitivity and detection limits of analytical techniques (such as ICPAES) for the quantification of metal species. Introducing a preconcentration step of the analyte before the analysis would be an interesting alternative. Among the various preconcentration methods, chelating solid phase extraction is specially adapted to the extraction of metal species in aqueous media. It involves interactions between a liquid and a porous solid sorbent functionalized by a ligand which generates specific retention of the analyte (Chelation). Many types of solid sorbents can be used for SPE. Synthetic organic polymers and particularly copolymers based on styrene and divinylbenzene (EVB-DVB) meet the expectations of such an application: stability on a wide range of pH, good chemical, physical and thermal properties. To improve the complexing properties of EVB-DVB copolymers, a ligand is required to obtain a chelating porous solid sorbent. In this context, 1,2-benzenediol (catechol) was selected for its ability to retain metal species and because it allows to consider two ways of incorporation: 1. Grafting of catechol on commercial EVB-DVB copolymer (Amberlite® XAD4, Rohm and Haas) via reduced imine and diazonium bridges; 2. Suspension copolymerisation of a styrenic monomer containing catechol with divinylbenzene. The functionalized solid sorbents resulting from both elaboration methods were characterized by TGA-DSC, FTIR spectroscopy and Py-GC/MS to validate the incorporation of catechol. The complexing properties for Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) were determined by ICP-AES and compared with functionalization rates (assessed by acido-basic back titration of hydroxyl functions of catechol) and textural properties (surface area, pore volume, pore diameters determined by gas adsorption/desorption). In comparison to grafting, the suspension copolymerization allows to vary the ligand quantity introduced, to keep the sphericity of beads and control particle size, reducing the cost and constraints of implementation. This elaboration process has led to original materials (less colored) that open up prospects, particularly in terms of application: direct detection of retained metals by diffuse reflection spectroscopy
Brelot, Élodie. "Eléments pour la prise en compte de l'impact des rejets urbains sur les milieux naturels dans la gestion des systèmes d'assainissement." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0100.
Повний текст джерелаThe urban water management is actually divided in two parts : in one hand, the water management on urban catchment and, in the other hand, the receiving waters management. To make it consistent, it requires to assess the impact of urban discharges, during dry and wet weather, upon the evolution of the receiving water quality. The basic items required for the implementation of such an approach are a methodological support - to develop operating strategies - and simulation tools - Indeed, this can allow taking account of this impact as a further decision-making criterion. This study addresses the definition and development of tools to allow sewerage system operators to make decisions relating to urban discharges that can be consistent with the required overall approach to natural environment management. Our proposal consists in designing, in the first place, a model of organization of knowledge and tools, consistent with the problems to be solved and the requirements of the various actors. In the second place, we provide a decision-making procedure, using this general model, and, as much as possible, the knowledge and experience of the sewerage system operators, which is based on a pre-diagnosis, much more developed than in the actual decision-making