Статті в журналах: "Pollution COV"

1

Scalsky, Ryan J., Yi-Ju Chen, Zhekang Ying, James A. Perry, and Charles C. Hong. "The Social and Natural Environment’s Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the UK Biobank." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010533.

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COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic with considerable impact. Studies have examined the influence of socioeconomic status and air pollution on COVID-19 risk but in low detail. This study seeks to further elucidate the nuances of socioeconomic status, as defined by the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), air pollution, and their relationship. We examined the effect of IMD and air pollution on the likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 among 66,732 UKB participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 from 16 March 2020 through 16 March 2021. Logistic regression was performed controlling for age, sex, ancestry and IMD or air pollution in the respective models. IMD and its sub-scores were significantly associated with increased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. All particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels were associated with increased likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Measures of green space and natural environment around participants’ homes were associated with reduced likelihood of SARS-CoV-2. Socioeconomic status and air pollution have independent effects on the risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Green space and natural environment space in the proximity of people’s homes may mediate the effect of air pollution on the risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2.

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2

Stapleton, Emma M., Jennifer L. Welch, Erika A. Ubeda, Jinhua Xiang, Joseph Zabner, Ian M. Thornell, Matthew W. Nonnenmann, Jack T. Stapleton, and Alejandro P. Comellas. "Urban Particulate Matter Impairment of Airway Surface Liquid–Mediated Coronavirus Inactivation." Journal of Infectious Diseases 225, no. 2 (November 3, 2021): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab545.

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Abstract Air pollution particulate matter (PM) is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity, although mechanistic studies are lacking. We tested whether airway surface liquid (ASL) from primary human airway epithelial cells is antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and human alphacoronavirus 229E (CoV-229E) (responsible for common colds), and whether PM (urban, indoor air pollution [IAP], volcanic ash) affected ASL antiviral activity. ASL inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and CoV-229E. Independently, urban PM also decreased SARS-CoV-2 and CoV-229E infection, and IAP PM decreased CoV-229E infection. However, in combination, urban PM impaired ASL’s antiviral activity against both viruses, and the same effect occurred for IAP PM and ash against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that PM may enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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3

Contini, Daniele, and Francesca Costabile. "Does Air Pollution Influence COVID-19 Outbreaks?" Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040377.

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4

Wang, Baoming, Hui Chen, Yik Lung Chan, and Brian G. Oliver. "Is there an association between the level of ambient air pollution and COVID-19?" American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 319, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): L416—L421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00244.2020.

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Epidemiological studies suggest that environmental factors (e.g., air pollution) can influence the spread and infectivity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, very few papers have investigated or discussed the mechanism behind the phenomenon. Given the fact that pollution will increase as social distancing rules are relaxed, we summarized the current understanding of how air pollution may affect COVID-19 transmission and discussed several possible mechanisms. Air pollution exposure can dysregulate the human immune response and make people more susceptible to infections, and affect infectivity. For example, in response to exposure to air pollution, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 will increase, which is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This may increase the efficiency of viral infection. It is also possible that air pollution can facilitate SARS-CoV-2 spread by increasing the transmission, and potentially, SARS-CoV-2 can also survive longer when attached to a pollutant.

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5

Sizova, Elena N., Ludmila N. Shmakova, and Evgenia V. Vidyakina. "Pandemic COVID-19 and environmental pollution (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-9-1023-1028.

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The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment and, conversely, on the environmental impact on the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The literature search was carried out using the MedLine, PubMed and eLIBRARY databases. Thanks to measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the world experienced a sharp decline in economic activity, which in turn led to improvements in air and water quality and contributed to the global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, but this improvement was short-lived. Quarantine measures not only protect the population from COVID-19, but also positively affect the environmental quality. At the same time, the amount of plastic medical waste, such as used public and personal protective equipment against COVID-19, increased, and as a result, the problem of their disposal arose. This has led to the contamination of the water and land physical spaces and created the population contamination threat. Using the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from urban wastewater and subsequent counting of viral RNAs by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, an early determination of COVID-19 was carried out by modelling in specific populations. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater is a potential public health risk. High levels of environmental pollution (long-term exposure to derivatives of fossil fuel combustion), meteorological parameters (ionizing and UV radiation), and cigarette smoke, are considered to be additional factors increasing the spread and mortality of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 viability depends on aquatic and terrestrial environmental parameters.

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6

Ehsanifar, Mojtaba, and Mehravar Rafati. "Air Pollution and Meteorological Parameters in SARS-CoV-2 Virus Spread and Transition." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 3, no. 5 (May 2022): 512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1473.

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The purpose of this small study is to evaluate the meteorological parameters and air pollutants on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in urban areas to identify conditions that can prevent or prevent future infection waves. According to studies, all meteorological parameters are significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 cases. (Temperature, mainly affects solar radiation, UV Index (UVI), and wind speed) as well as air pollution parameters (Especially O3, SO2, and CO), but to a lesser extent. CO, SO2, and NO2 (mobility markers that refer to human interaction) it was reported all year round. It can be inferred that meteorological phenomena mainly affect the virus, both in its spread and inactivation: High relative humidity, low temperatures, low solar radiation, and low Wind speed can cause the virus to persist in the air, then, cold and dry rainy seasons can be dangerous for people who are outdoors. CO, SO2 and NO2 can be used to predict and reduce infections in the new wave of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Adequate outdoor face masks should be considered to prevent inhalation of air pollutants and SARS-CoV-2.

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7

Tanis, Caner, and Kadir Karakaya. "Investigating the impacts of air quality and weather indicators on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Istanbul, Turkey." Thermal Science 25, no. 4 Part A (2021): 2755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201126071t.

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Air pollution is having a positive impact on the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The effects of meteorological parameters on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are a matter of curiosity. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the association between air quality indexes (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) and weather parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure, dew, and wind speed) with the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases, hospitalizations, hospital discharges. In this paper, we also focused on determining the impact of air pollution and weather parameters on the number of daily hospitalizations and daily discharges. It is gleaned daily cases, hospitalizations, hospital discharges, meteorological, and air quality data in Istanbul from Turkey between July 15, 2020, and September 30, 2020. We performed the Pearson correlation analysis to evaluate the effects of meteorological parameters and air quality indexes on the variables related to SARS-CoV-2. It is determined a statistically significant positive relationship between air quality indexes such as CO, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and the number of daily confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases. We also observed a negative association between weather parameters such as temperature and pressure and the number of daily confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases. Our study proposes that high air quality could reduce the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases. The empirical findings of this paper might provide key input to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 across Turkey.

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8

Borro, Marina, Paolo Di Girolamo, Giovanna Gentile, Ottavia De Luca, Robert Preissner, Adriano Marcolongo, Stefano Ferracuti, and Maurizio Simmaco. "Evidence-Based Considerations Exploring Relations between SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Air Pollution: Involvement of PM2.5-Mediated Up-Regulation of the Viral Receptor ACE-2." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 5573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155573.

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The COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic struck health, social and economic systems worldwide, and represents an open challenge for scientists —coping with the high inter-individual variability of COVID-19, and for policy makers —coping with the responsibility to understand environmental factors affecting its severity across different geographical areas. Air pollution has been warned of as a modifiable factor contributing to differential SARS-CoV-2 spread but the biological mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are still unknown. Air quality and COVID-19 epidemiological data from 110 Italian provinces were studied by correlation analysis, to evaluate the association between particulate matter (PM)2.5 concentrations and incidence, mortality rate and case fatality risk of COVID-19 in the period 20 February–31 March 2020. Bioinformatic analysis of the DNA sequence encoding the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) was performed to identify consensus motifs for transcription factors mediating cellular response to pollutant insult. Positive correlations between PM2.5 levels and the incidence (r = 0.67, p < 0.0001), the mortality rate (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001) and the case fatality rate (r = 0.7, p < 0.0001) of COVID-19 were found. The bioinformatic analysis of the ACE-2 gene identified nine putative consensus motifs for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Our results confirm the supposed link between air pollution and the rate and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and support the hypothesis that pollution-induced over-expression of ACE-2 on human airways may favor SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.

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9

Lee, Byung Uk. "Airborne Transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant and the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 22, no. 1 (2022): 210250. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.210250.

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10

Zhao, Mingyue, Yuanxin Liu, and Amatus Gyilbag. "Assessment of Meteorological Variables and Air Pollution Affecting COVID-19 Cases in Urban Agglomerations: Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010531.

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The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a severe public health and social problem worldwide. A limitation of the existing literature is that multiple environmental variables have not been frequently elaborated, which is why the overall effect of the environment on COVID-19 has not been conclusive. In this study, we used generalized additive model (GAM) to detect the relationship between meteorological and air pollution variables and COVID-19 in four urban agglomerations in China and made comparisons among the urban agglomerations. The four urban agglomerations are Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MYR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The daily rates of average precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and atmospheric pressure were selected as meteorological variables. The PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO) contents were selected as air pollution variables. The results indicated that meteorological and air pollution variables tended to be significantly correlated. Moreover, the nature of the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and meteorological and air pollution variables (i.e., linear or nonlinear) varied with urban agglomerations. Among the variance explained by GAMs, BTH had the highest value (75.4%), while MYR had the lowest value (35.2%). The values of the YRD and PRD were between the above two, namely 45.6% and 62.2%, respectively. The findings showed that the association between SARS-CoV-2 and meteorological and air pollution variables varied in regions, making it difficult to obtain a relationship that is applicable to every region. Moreover, this study enriches our understanding of SARS-CoV-2. It is required to create awareness within the government that anti-COVID-19 measures should be adapted to the local meteorological and air pollution conditions.

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11

Xu, Ran, Hazhir Rahmandad, Marichi Gupta, Catherine DiGennaro, Navid Ghaffarzadegan, Heresh Amini, and Mohammad S. Jalali. "Weather, air pollution, and SARS-CoV-2 transmission: a global analysis." Lancet Planetary Health 5, no. 10 (October 2021): e671-e680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00202-3.

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12

Toczylowski, Kacper, Magdalena Wietlicka-Piszcz, Magdalena Grabowska, and Artur Sulik. "Cumulative Effects of Particulate Matter Pollution and Meteorological Variables on the Risk of Influenza-Like Illness." Viruses 13, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040556.

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The cold season is usually accompanied by an increased incidence of respiratory infections and increased air pollution from combustion sources. As we are facing growing numbers of COVID-19 cases caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, an understanding of the impact of air pollutants and meteorological variables on the incidence of respiratory infections is crucial. The incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) can be used as a close proxy for the circulation of influenza viruses. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 has also been detected in patients with ILI. Using distributed lag nonlinear models, we analyzed the association between ILI, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration in Bialystok, Poland, from 2013–2019. We found an exponential relationship between cumulative PM2.5 pollution and the incidence of ILI, which remained significant after adjusting for air temperatures and a long-term trend. Pollution had the greatest effect during the same week, but the risk of ILI was increased for the four following weeks. The risk of ILI was also increased by low air temperatures, low absolute humidity, and high wind speed. Altogether, our results show that all measures implemented to decrease PM2.5 concentrations would be beneficial to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections.

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13

Pozzer, Andrea, Francesca Dominici, Andy Haines, Christian Witt, Thomas Münzel, and Jos Lelieveld. "Regional and global contributions of air pollution to risk of death from COVID-19." Cardiovascular Research 116, no. 14 (October 26, 2020): 2247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa288.

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Abstract Aims The risk of mortality from the coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019 (COVID-19) is increased by comorbidity from cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Air pollution also causes excess mortality from these conditions. Analysis of the first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) outcomes in 2003, and preliminary investigations of those for SARS-CoV-2 since 2019, provide evidence that the incidence and severity are related to ambient air pollution. We estimated the fraction of COVID-19 mortality that is attributable to the long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate air pollution. Methods and results We characterized global exposure to fine particulates based on satellite data, and calculated the anthropogenic fraction with an atmospheric chemistry model. The degree to which air pollution influences COVID-19 mortality was derived from epidemiological data in the USA and China. We estimate that particulate air pollution contributed ∼15% (95% confidence interval 7–33%) to COVID-19 mortality worldwide, 27% (13 – 46%) in East Asia, 19% (8–41%) in Europe, and 17% (6–39%) in North America. Globally, ∼50–60% of the attributable, anthropogenic fraction is related to fossil fuel use, up to 70–80% in Europe, West Asia, and North America. Conclusion Our results suggest that air pollution is an important cofactor increasing the risk of mortality from COVID-19. This provides extra motivation for combining ambitious policies to reduce air pollution with measures to control the transmission of COVID-19.

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14

Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian, Ricardo Torres-Jardón, Maricela Franco-Lira, Randy Kulesza, Angélica González-Maciel, Rafael Reynoso-Robles, Rafael Brito-Aguilar, et al. "Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 78, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 479–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200891.

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Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.

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15

Dragone, Roberto, Giorgio Licciardi, Gerardo Grasso, Costantino Del Gaudio, and Jocelyn Chanussot. "Analysis of the Chemical and Physical Environmental Aspects that Promoted the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Lombard Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031226.

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Recent works have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) and specific meteorological conditions played an important role in the airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. These studies suggest that these parameters could influence the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In the present investigation, we sought to investigate the association between air pollution, meteorological data, and the Lombardy region COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2. We considered the number of detected infected people at the regional and provincial scale from February to March 2020. Air pollution data were collected over the Lombardy region, nominally, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and suspended particulate matter measuring less than 10 μm (PM10) and less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Meteorological data have been collected over the same region for temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. In this work, we evaluated the combined impact of environmental pollutants and climate conditions on the COVID-19 outbreak. The analysis evidenced a positive correlation between spatial distribution of COVID-19 infection cases with high concentrations of suspended particulate matter and a negative relationship with ozone. Moreover, suspended particulate matter concentration peaks in February correlated positively with infection peaks according to the virus incubation period. The obtained results suggested that seasonal weather conditions and concentration of air pollutants seemed to influence COVID-19 epidemics in Lombardy region.

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16

Kiser, Daniel, Gai Elhanan, William J. Metcalf, Brendan Schnieder, and Joseph J. Grzymski. "SARS-CoV-2 test positivity rate in Reno, Nevada: association with PM2.5 during the 2020 wildfire smoke events in the western United States." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 31, no. 5 (July 13, 2021): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00366-w.

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Abstract Background Air pollution has been linked to increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Thus, it has been suggested that wildfire smoke events may exacerbate the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives Our goal was to examine whether wildfire smoke from the 2020 wildfires in the western United States was associated with an increased rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Reno, Nevada. Methods We conducted a time-series analysis using generalized additive models to examine the relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 test positivity rate at a large regional hospital in Reno and ambient PM2.5 from 15 May to 20 Oct 2020. Results We found that a 10 µg/m3 increase in the 7-day average PM2.5 concentration was associated with a 6.3% relative increase in the SARS-CoV-2 test positivity rate, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.5 to 10.3%. This corresponded to an estimated 17.7% (CI: 14.4–20.1%) increase in the number of cases during the time period most affected by wildfire smoke, from 16 Aug to 10 Oct. Significance Wildfire smoke may have greatly increased the number of COVID-19 cases in Reno. Thus, our results substantiate the role of air pollution in exacerbating the pandemic and can help guide the development of public preparedness policies in areas affected by wildfire smoke, as wildfires are likely to coincide with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021.

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17

Zhou, Xuan, HuiXiao Fu, Guiqin Du, Xiaoyu Wei, BingBing Zhang, and Tao Zhao. "SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection on environmental surfaces in COVID-19 wards." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 25, 2023): e0286121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286121.

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This study monitored the presence of SARS-Cov-2 RNA on environmental surfaces in hospital wards housing patients with mild, severe, and convalescent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), respectively. From 29 October to 4 December 2021, a total of 787 surface samples were randomly collected from a General Ward, Intensive Care Unit, and Convalescent Ward at a designated hospital for COVID-19 patients in China. All of the samples were used for SARS-Cov-2 detection. Descriptive statistics were generated and differences in the positivity rates between the wards were analyzed using Fisher’s exact tests, Yates chi-squared tests, and Pearson’s chi-squared tests. During the study period, 787 surface samples were collected, among which, 46 were positive for SARS-Cov-2 RNA (5.8%). The positivity rate of the contaminated area in the Intensive Care Unit was higher than that of the General Ward (23.5% vs. 10.4%, P<0.05). The positivity rate of the semi-contaminated area in the Intensive Care Unit (4.5%) was higher than that of the General Ward (1.5%), but this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In the clean area, only one sample was positive in the Intensive Care Unit (0.5%). None of the samples were positive in the Convalescent Ward. These findings reveal that the SARS-Cov-2 RNA environmental pollution in the Intensive Care Unit was more serious than that in the General Ward, while the pollution in the Convalescent Ward was the lowest. Strict disinfection measures, personal protection, and hand hygiene are necessary to limit the spread of SARS-Cov-2.

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Meo, Sultan Ayoub, Abdulelah Adnan Abukhalaf, Omar Mohammed Alessa, Abdulrahman Saad Alarifi, Waqas Sami, and David C. Klonoff. "Effect of Environmental Pollutants PM2.5, CO, NO2, and O3 on the Incidence and Mortality of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Five Regions of the USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 7810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157810.

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In recent decades, environmental pollution has become a significant international public problem in developing and developed nations. Various regions of the USA are experiencing illnesses related to environmental pollution. This study aims to investigate the association of four environmental pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and Ozone (O3), with daily cases and deaths resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection in five regions of the USA, Los Angeles, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, and Florida. The daily basis concentrations of PM2.5, CO, NO2, and O3 were documented from two metrological websites. Data were obtained from the date of the appearance of the first case of (SARS-CoV-2) in the five regions of the USA from 13 March to 31 December 2020. Regionally (Los Angeles, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, and Florida), the number of cases and deaths increased significantly along with increasing levels of PM2.5, CO, NO2 and O3 (p < 0.05), respectively. The Poisson regression results further depicted that, for each 1 unit increase in PM2.5, CO, NO2 and O3 levels, the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections significantly increased by 0.1%, 14.8%, 1.1%, and 0.1%, respectively; for each 1 unit increase in CO, NO2, and O3 levels, the number of deaths significantly increased by 4.2%, 3.4%, and 1.5%, respectively. These empirical estimates demonstrate an association between the environmental pollutants PM2.5, CO, NO2, and O3 and SARS-CoV-2 infections, showing that they contribute to the incidence of daily cases and daily deaths in the five different regions of the USA. These findings can inform health policy decisions about combatting the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in these USA regions and internationally by supporting a reduction in environmental pollution.

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Montano, Luigi, Francesco Donato, Pietro Massimiliano Bianco, Gennaro Lettieri, Antonino Guglielmino, Oriana Motta, Ian Marc Bonapace, and Marina Piscopo. "Air Pollution and COVID-19: A Possible Dangerous Synergy for Male Fertility." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 6846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136846.

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Several studies indicate that semen quality has strongly declined in the last decades worldwide. Air pollution represents a significant co-factor with the COVID-19 impact and has negative effects on the male reproductive system, through pro-oxidant, inflammatory and immune-dysregulating mechanisms. It has recently been reported that chronic exposure to PM2.5 causes overexpression of the alveolar ACE2 receptor, the entry route of SARS-CoV-2 into the organism shared by the lungs and testis where expression is highest in the body. In the testis, the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/MasR pathway plays an important role in the regulation of spermatogenesis and an indirect mechanism of testicular damage could be due to the blockade of the ACE2 receptor by SARS-CoV-2. This prevents the conversion of specific angiotensins, and their excess causes inflammation with the overproduction of cytokines. PM2.5-induced overexpression of the alveolar ACE2 receptor, in turn, could increase local viral load in patients exposed to pollutants, producing ACE2 receptor depletion and compromising host defenses. By presenting an overall view of epidemiological data and molecular mechanisms, this manuscript aims to interpret the possible synergistic effects of both air pollution and COVID-19 on male reproductive function, warning that the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the fertile years may represent a significant threat to global reproductive health. All of this should be of great concern, especially for men of the age of maximum reproductive capacity, and an important topic of debate for policy makers. Altered environmental conditions, together with the direct and indirect short- and long-term effects of viral infection could cause a worsening of semen quality with important consequences for male fertility, especially in those areas with higher environmental impact.

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20

Nazir, Rashid, Jawad Ali, Ijaz Rasul, Emilie Widemann, and Sarfraz Shafiq. "Eco-Environmental Aspects of COVID-19 Pandemic and Potential Control Strategies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073488.

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A new coronavirus-strain from a zoonotic reservoir (probably bat)—termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—has recently claimed more than two million deaths worldwide. Consequently, a burst of scientific reports on epidemiology, symptoms, and diagnosis came out. However, a comprehensive understanding of eco-environmental aspects that may contribute to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread is still missing, and we therefore aim to focus here on these aspects. In addition to human–human direct SARS-CoV-2 transmission, eco-environmental sources, such as air aerosols, different public use objects, hospital wastes, livestock/pet animals, municipal wastes, ventilation facilities, soil and groundwater potentially contribute to SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Further, high temperature and humidity were found to limit the spread of COVID-19. Although the COVID-19 pandemic led to decrease air and noise pollution during the period of lockdown, increased use of masks and gloves is threatening the environment by water and soil pollutions. COVID-19 badly impacted all the socio-economic groups in different capacities, where women, slum dwellers, and the people lacking social protections are the most vulnerable. Finally, sustainable strategies, waste management, biodiversity reclaim, eco-friendly lifestyle, improved health infrastructure and public awareness, were proposed to minimize the COVID-19 impact on our society and environment. These strategies will seemingly be equally effective against any future outbreak.

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Shy, Cherng-Gueih, Jian-He Lu, Hui-Chen Lin, Min-Nan Hung, Hsiu-Chun Chang, Meng-Lun Lu, How-Ran Chao, Yao-Shen Chen, and Pi-Sheng Wang. "Rapid Control of a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant COVID-19 Community Outbreak: The Successful Experience in Pingtung County of Taiwan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031421.

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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was an outbreak in December, 2019 and rapidly spread to the world. All variants of SARS-CoV-2, including the globally and currently dominant Delta variant (Delta-SARS-CoV-2), caused severe disease and mortality. Among all variants, Delta-SARS-CoV-2 had the highest transmissibility, growth rate, and secondary attack rate than other variants except for the new variant of Omicron that still exists with many unknown effects. In Taiwan, the pandemic Delta-SARS-CoV-2 began in Pingtung from 14 June 2021 and ceased at 11 July 2021. Seventeen patients were infected by Delta-SARS-CoV-2 and 1 person died during the Pingtung outbreak. The Public Health Bureau of Pingtung County Government stopped the Delta-SARS-CoV-2 outbreak within 1 month through measures such as epidemic investigation, rapid gene sequencing, rapidly expanding isolation, expanded screening of the Delta-SARS-CoV-2 antigen for people who lived in regional villages, and indirect intervention, including rapid vaccination, short lockdown period, and travel restrictions. Indirect environmental factors, such as low levels of air pollution, tropic weather in the summer season, and rural areas might have accelerated the ability to control the Delta-SARS-CoV-2 spread. This successful experience might be recommended as a successful formula for the unvaccinated or insufficiently vaccinated regions.

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Chuang, Hsiao-Chi, Yi-Ying Chen, Ta-Chih Hsiao, Hsiu-Chu Chou, Han-Pin Kuo, Po-Hao Feng, Shu-Chuan Ho, Jen-Kun Chen, Kai-Jen Chuang, and Kang-Yun Lee. "Alteration in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by PM1 during the development of emphysema in rats." ERJ Open Research 6, no. 4 (October 2020): 00174–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00174-2020.

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IntroductionAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) provides an adhesion site for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Patients with COPD could have severe outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The objective of this study was to investigate ACE2 regulation by air pollution during the development of COPD.MethodsSprague Dawley rats were exposed to unconcentrated traffic-related air pollution for 3 and 6 months. We examined lung injury markers, oxidative stress, inflammation, emphysema, ACE2 and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) and 2 (AT2) in the lungs after exposure.ResultsLung injury occurred due to an increase in permeability and lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity was observed after 6 months of exposure to fine particulate matter of <1 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM1). An α1-antitrypsin deficiency and neutrophil elastase production with emphysema development were observed after 6 months of PM1 exposure. 8-isoprostane and interleukin-6 were increased after 3 and 6 months of PM1 exposure. Caspase-3 was increased after exposure to PM1 for 6 months. Upregulation of ACE2 was found after 3 months of PM1 exposure; however, ACE2 had decreased by 6 months of PM1 exposure. AT1 and AT2 had significantly decreased after exposure to PM1 for 6 months. Furthermore, smooth muscle hypertrophy had occurred after 6 months of PM1 exposure.ConclusionsIn conclusion, short-term exposure to PM1 increased the ACE2 overexpression in lungs. Long-term exposure to PM1 decreased the ACE2 overexpression in emphysema. Air pollution may be a risk for SARS-CoV-2 adhesion during the development of COPD.

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Rodríguez-Caballero, C. Vladimir, and J. Eduardo Vera-Valdés. "Air Pollution and Mobility, What Carries COVID-19?" Econometrics 9, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics9040037.

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This paper tests if air pollution serves as a carrier for SARS-CoV-2 by measuring the effect of daily exposure to air pollution on its spread by panel data models that incorporates a possible commonality between municipalities. We show that the contemporary exposure to particle matter is not the main driver behind the increasing number of cases and deaths in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Remarkably, we also find that the cross-dependence between municipalities in the Mexican region is highly correlated to public mobility, which plays the leading role behind the rhythm of contagion. Our findings are particularly revealing given that the Mexico City Metropolitan Area did not experience a decrease in air pollution during COVID-19 induced lockdowns.

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Hyjek, Michał, Jakub Rafał Pierzchała, Katarzyna Bednarz, Patryk Banaś, Natalia Sobańska, Aleksandra Paulina Banasiak, Rafał Teichman, Jakub Kasprowicz, Kamila Abram, and Justyna Adamus. "Ophthalmic manifestations of Covid-19 and Mpox - potentially dangerous complications, and underdiagnosis by researchers and clinicians." Quality in Sport 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/qs.2023.09.01.006.

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Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic and the increase in monkeypox (Mpox) infections that have been with us for the past two years have forced scientists and doctors to intensify their efforts to understand them. They mainly affect the respiratory, circulatory and immune systems and cause skin lesions. They can lead to death from lung disease, so complications such as ophthalmic ones are not often described in scientific studies, but doctors report that Covid-19 and Mpox patients not infrequently show symptoms such as inflammation, conjunctival congestion, corneal ulceration, swelling of the eye area and others. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to review scientific articles with a view to presenting the problem of ocular complications following SARS-CoV-2 infection and ways to prevent them. Methods and materials: a literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, using the keywords: “ocular complications”, “ophthalmic complications” “ocular manifestations”, “eye complications”, “monkeypox”, “Mpox”, “Covid-19” “SARS-CoV-2”. Results: PCR studies from conjunctival swabs have confirmed the presence of SARS-COV-2 and MPXV genetic materials in ocular secretions, so they are a reservoir of viruses and pose a risk of further transmission. In the case of Covid-19, the eye can act as a host for infection. Humidification and preventive antibiotic therapy have been shown to prevent bacterial superinfection and avoid serious ocular complications, including loss of vision. Conclusions: Patients with Covid-19 and Mpox should be diagnosed ophthalmologically, as neglect can lead to deterioration and even loss of vision, reducing their quality of life. Eye care treatments and pharmacotherapy prevent future complications. It is also important to use personal protective equipment, take care of hygiene and disinfect equipment used for ophthalmic examinations to prevent the spread of infections to other patients as well as to medical staff.

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Engin, Ayse Basak, Evren Doruk Engin, and Atilla Engin. "The effect of environmental pollution on immune evasion checkpoints of SARS-CoV-2." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 81 (January 2021): 103520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2020.103520.

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Lamprecht, Christian, Martin Graus, Marcus Striednig, Michael Stichaner, and Thomas Karl. "Decoupling of urban CO<sub>2</sub> and air pollutant emission reductions during the European SARS-CoV-2 lockdown." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 4 (March 2, 2021): 3091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3091-2021.

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Abstract. Lockdown and the associated massive reduction in people's mobility imposed by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) mitigation measures across the globe provide a unique sensitivity experiment to investigate impacts on carbon and air pollution emissions. We present an integrated observational analysis based on long-term in situ multispecies eddy flux measurements, allowing for quantifying near-real-time changes of urban surface emissions for key air quality and climate tracers. During the first European SARS-CoV-2 wave we find that the emission reduction of classic air pollutants decoupled from CO2 and was significantly larger. These differences can only be rationalized by the different nature of urban combustion sources and point towards a systematic bias of extrapolated urban NOx emissions in state-of-the-art emission models. The analysis suggests that European policies, shifting residential, public, and commercial energy demand towards cleaner combustion, have helped to improve air quality more than expected and that the urban NOx flux remains to be dominated (e.g., >90 %) by traffic.

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Yusoff, Fatimah Md, Ahmad Fikri Abdullah, Ahmad Zaharin Aris, and Wahidah Ahmad Dini Umi. "Impacts of COVID-19 on the Aquatic Environment and Implications on Aquatic Food Production." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011281.

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The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in ecological changes of aquatic ecosystems, affected the aquatic food supply chain, and disrupted the socio-economy of global populations. Due to reduced human activities during the pandemic, the aquatic environment was reported to improve its water quality, wild fishery stocks, and biodiversity. However, the sudden surge of plastics and biomedical wastes during the COVID-19 pandemic masked the positive impacts and increased the risks of aquatic pollution, especially microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and disinfectants. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater treatment plants to natural water bodies could have serious impacts on the environment and human health, especially in developing countries with poor waste treatment facilities. The presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta, wastewaters, and sludge and its transmission to aquatic ecosystems could have negative impacts on fisheries and aquaculture industries, which have direct implications on food safety and security. COVID-19 pandemic-related environmental pollution showed a high risk to aquatic food security and human health. This paper reviews the impacts of COVID-19, both positive and negative, and assesses the causes and consequences of anthropogenic activities that can be managed through effective regulation and management of eco-resources for the revival of biodiversity, ecosystem health, and sustainable aquatic food production.

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Zauli-Sajani, Stefano, Stefano Marchesi, Giuseppe Boselli, Elisa Broglia, Alessandro Angella, Elena Maestri, Nelson Marmiroli, and Annamaria Colacci. "Effectiveness of a Protocol to Reduce Children’s Exposure to Particulate Matter and NO2 in Schools during Alert Days." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 11019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711019.

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Reducing children’s exposure to air pollutants should be considered a primary goal, especially for the most vulnerable subjects. The goal of this study was to test the effectiveness of applying a protocol in the event of alert days, i.e., days with forecasted PM10 levels above the EU limit value (50 µg/m3). The test was conducted, before the onset of SARS-CoV-2 restrictions, in a classroom of a primary school in Parma (Italy)—a highly polluted area in Northern Italy. The protocol included indications for the frequency of opening windows and doors, as well as the activation of an air purifier. Teachers and students were asked to apply the protocol only in the event of alert days, while no indications were provided for non-alert days. A monitoring system measuring PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, and NO2 was deployed in the classroom. Measurements of the same parameters were also performed outdoors near the school. The application of the protocol reduced the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio for all toxic pollutants. The reduction was also remarkable for PM10—the most critical air quality parameter in the study area (1.5 and 1.1 for non-alert and alert days, respectively). Indoor concentrations of PM10—especially during non-alert days—were often higher than outdoors, showing a major contribution from resuspension due to the movement of people and personal cloud. The protocol did not cause any increase in indoor CO2 levels. Our findings showed that the application of a ventilation protocol together with the contribution of an air purifier may represent an effective way to reduce children’s exposure to air pollution during severe air pollution episodes. Considering the onset of COVID-19 and the airborne transmission of pathogens, this protocol now has more meaningful implications for children’s welfare, and can be integrated with protocols designed as measures against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

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Botto, Laura, Elena Lonati, Stefania Russo, Emanuela Cazzaniga, Alessandra Bulbarelli, and Paola Palestini. "Effects of PM2.5 Exposure on the ACE/ACE2 Pathway: Possible Implication in COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 4393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054393.

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Particulate matter (PM) is a harmful component of urban air pollution and PM2.5, in particular, can settle in the deep airways. The RAS system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pollution-induced inflammatory diseases: the ACE/AngII/AT1 axis activates a pro-inflammatory pathway counteracted by the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MAS axis, which in turn triggers an anti-inflammatory and protective pathway. However, ACE2 acts also as a receptor through which SARS-CoV-2 penetrates host cells to replicate. COX-2, HO-1, and iNOS are other crucial proteins involved in ultrafine particles (UFP)-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, but closely related to the course of the COVID-19 disease. BALB/c male mice were subjected to PM2.5 sub-acute exposure to study its effects on ACE2 and ACE, COX-2, HO-1 and iNOS proteins levels, in the main organs concerned with the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The results obtained show that sub-acute exposure to PM2.5 induces organ-specific modifications which might predispose to greater susceptibility to severe symptomatology in the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The novelty of this work consists in using a molecular study, carried out in the lung but also in the main organs involved in the disease, to analyze the close relationship between exposure to pollution and the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

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Marčenko, Erik, Žiga Lampret, and Matjaž Prek. "Correlation between Air Pollution and the Spread and Development of COVID-19 Related Disease." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2022.57.

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Potential correlation of exposure to polluted air and the spread and co-development of COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, was examined. The emphasis was given on polluted air in the form of suspended particulate matter or liquid particles in gas or air (so-called dust particles). This study was structured as a systematic literature review of multiple research projects carried out across the globe. Impact of the polluted air particles on the virus spread was examined from the temporal and spatial spread. Furthermore, overall impact of particulate matter and COVID-19 disease on human health human was investigated on a microbiological level. Despite some ambiguity, through systematic literature review effect of the polluted air on the increased spread of various viruses was demonstrated. Longer exposure to contaminated airborne dust particles has a negative effect on the human immune system and in the case of infection with COVID 19, may even overload it. This can lead to serious consequences for human health or even cause death.This review article also provides an insight into a more comprehensive analysis of possible correlation between the spreading the virus (SARS-CoV-2) by means of particulate matter and other meteorological variables (such as air temperature and humidity, weather events and climate).

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Manoiu, Valentina-Mariana, Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka, Alexandru-Ioan Craciun, Çiğdem Akman, and Elvettin Akman. "Water Quality and Water Pollution in Time of COVID-19: Positive and Negative Repercussions." Water 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071124.

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On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the new COVID-19 disease a pandemic. Most countries responded with a lockdown to reduce its effects, which brought beneficial consequences to the environment in many regions, but the pandemic also raised a series of challenges. This review proposes an assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic positive and negative impacts on water bodies on different continents. By applying a search protocol on the Web of Science platform, a scientific bank of 35 compatible studies was obtained out of the 62 open-access articles that were initially accessible. Regarding the positive impacts, the SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in sewage waters is a useful mechanism in the promptly exposure of community infections and, during the pandemic, many water bodies all over the world had lower pollution levels. The negative impacts are as follows: SARS-CoV-2 presence in untreated sewage water amplifies the risk to human health; there is a lack of adequate elimination processes of plastics, drugs, and biological pollution in wastewater treatment plants; the amount of municipal and medical waste that pollutes water bodies increased; and waste recycling decreased. Urgent preventive measures need to be taken to implement effective solutions for water protection.

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Montano, Luigi, Francesco Donato, Pietro Massimiliano Bianco, Gennaro Lettieri, Antonino Guglielmino, Oriana Motta, Ian Marc Bonapace, and Marina Piscopo. "Semen quality as a potential susceptibility indicator to SARS-CoV-2 insults in polluted areas." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 28 (May 29, 2021): 37031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14579-x.

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AbstractThe epidemic of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has impacted worldwide with its infectious spread and mortality rate. Thousands of articles have been published to tackle this crisis and many of these have indicated that high air pollution levels may be a contributing factor to high outbreak rates of COVID-19. Atmospheric pollutants, indeed, producing oxidative stress, inflammation, immuno-unbalance, and systemic coagulation, may be a possible significant co-factor of further damage, rendering the body prone to infections by a variety of pathogens, including viruses. Spermatozoa are extremely responsive to prooxidative effects produced by environmental pollutants and may serve as a powerful alert that signals the extent that environmental pressure, in a specific area, is doing damage to humans. In order to improve our current knowledge on this topic, this review article summarizes the relevant current observations emphasizing the weight that environmental pollution has on the sensitivity of a given population to several diseases and how semen quality, may be a potential indicator of sensitivity for virus insults (including SARS-CoV-2) in high polluted areas, and help to predict the risk for harmful effects of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. In addition, this review focused on the potential routes of virus transmission that may represent a population health risk and also identified the areas of critical importance that require urgent research to assess and manage the COVID-19 outbreak.

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Harmata, Władysław, and Dorota Kamionek. "Respiratory protection ‒ new challenges." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 70, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6963.

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The paper characterizes the problem of air pollution with smog. The possibility of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission on particulate matter and the possibility of infection was analyzed. Individual respiratory protection measures available on the market were analyzed in terms of mass use, taking into account legal and normative requirements. Keywords: personal protective equipment, respiratory protection

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da Silva, Priscilla Gomes, João Rodrigo Mesquita, Maria de São José Nascimento, and Vanessa Andreia Martins Ferreira. "Viral, host and environmental factors that favor anthropozoonotic spillover of coronaviruses: An opinionated review, focusing on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2." Science of The Total Environment 750 (January 2021): 141483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141483.

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Zhou, Yalan, Huizhen Wang, Li Yang, and Qingzhong Wang. "Progress on COVID-19 Chemotherapeutics Discovery and Novel Technology." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 8257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238257.

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COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel highly contagious and pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily through virus-containing droplets and small particles of air pollution, which greatly increases the risk of inhaling these virus particles when people are in close proximity. COVID-19 is spreading across the world, and the COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat to human health and public safety. To date, there are no specific vaccines or effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we focus on the enzyme targets of the virus and host that may be critical for the discovery of chemical compounds and natural products as antiviral drugs, and describe the development of potential antiviral drugs in the preclinical and clinical stages. At the same time, we summarize novel emerging technologies applied to the research on new drug development and the pathological mechanisms of COVID-19.

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Ke, Wei-Ren, Chih-Chieh Chen, and Sheng-Hsiu Huang. "Respiratory Protective Equipment Reconsiderations in the Age of SARS-CoV-2." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 22, no. 2 (2022): 210277. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.210277.

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Moelling, Karin, and Felix Broecker. "Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (May 28, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1646943.

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Polluted air poses a significant threat to human health. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and harmful gases contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including allergies and obstructive lung disease. Air pollution may also be linked to cancer and reduced life expectancy. Uptake of PM has been shown to cause pathological changes in the intestinal microbiota in mice and humans. Less is known about the effects of pollution-associated microbiota on human health. Several recent studies described the microbiomes of urban and rural air samples, of the stratosphere and sand particles, which can be transported over long distances, as well as the air of indoor environments. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on airborne bacterial, viral, and fungal communities and discuss their potential consequences on human health. The current data suggest that bacterial pathogens are typically too sparse and short-lived in air to pose a significant risk for infecting healthy people. However, airborne fungal spores may exacerbate allergies and asthma. Little information is available on viruses including phages, and future studies are likely to detect known and novel viruses with a yet unknown impact on human health. Furthermore, varying experimental protocols have been employed in the recent microbiome and virome studies. Therefore, standardized methodologies will be required to allow for better comparisons between studies. Air pollution has been linked to more severe outcomes of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections. This may have contributed to severe SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, especially those in China, Northern Italy, Iran, and New York City.

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Acosta-Ramírez, C., and J. E. Higham. "Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on mobility and air pollution in the United Kingdom." Science of The Total Environment 851 (December 2022): 158279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158279.

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D’Amato, Gennaro, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Benedetta Biagioni, Andrea Lancia, Lorenzo Cecchi, Maria Concetta D’Ovidio, and Maria D’Amato. "New Developments in Climate Change, Air Pollution, Pollen Allergy, and Interaction with SARS-CoV-2." Atmosphere 14, no. 5 (May 9, 2023): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050848.

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In recent years, the environmental impacts of climate change have become increasingly evident. Extreme meteorological events are influenced by climate change, which also alter the magnitude and pattern of precipitations and winds. Climate change can have a particularly negative impact on respiratory health, which can lead to the emergence of asthma and allergic respiratory illnesses. Pollen is one of the main components of the atmospheric bioaerosol and is able to induce allergic symptoms in certain subjects. Climate change affects the onset, length, and severity of the pollen season, with effects on pollen allergy. Higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) can lead to enhanced photosynthesis and a higher pollen production in plants. Pollen grains can also interact with air pollutants and be affected by thunderstorms and other extreme events, exacerbating the insurgence of respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. The consequences of climate change might also favor the spreading of pandemics, such as the COVID-19 one.

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Faridi, Sasan, Fatemeh Yousefian, Sadegh Niazi, Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, and Kazem Naddafi. "Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Ambient Air Particulate Matter in Tehran." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 20, no. 8 (2020): 1805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.05.0225.

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Debraj Mukhopadhyay, J. Swaminathan, Soham Basu, Sudarshan Ramaswamy, and Arun Kumar Sharma. "Effect of Air Pollution on the Occurrences and Death of COVID-19." International Healthcare Research Journal 4, no. 12 (March 12, 2021): SC1—SC3. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0412.03397.

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Air contamination continues to be the leading environmental risk factor for all causes of death, leading to substantial years of lives and economic decline adapted to incapacity increased deaths in air pollution in past pandemics, in 1918, Spanish Flu and in 2003 with SARS-CoV-1. The host susceptibility and respiratory virulence are increased and viral clearance is decreased. Therefore, there is a question about the effect of air contamination on the current 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). History and research have until now been concerned with the huge potential consequences of the COVID-19 air pollution pandemic. In order to validate this correlation, more epidemiological and environmental research is necessary. Moreover, countries must leverage air emissions reduction funds to benefit their wellbeing and enhance their possible impact on future pandemics.

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Haque, Md Sazzadul, Shafkat Sharif, Aseer Masnoon, and Ebne Rashid. "SARS-CoV-2 pandemic-induced PPE and single-use plastic waste generation scenario." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 1_suppl (January 7, 2021): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20980828.

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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has demonstrated both positive and negative effects on the environment. Major concerns over personal hygiene, mandated and ease in lockdown actions and slackening of some policy measures have led to a massive surge in the use of disposable personal protective equipment (PPE) and other single-use plastic items. This generated an enormous amount of plastic waste from both healthcare and household units, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Apart from the healthcare workers, the general public have become accustomed to using PPE. These habits are threatening the land and marine environment with immense loads of plastic waste, due to improper disposal practices across the world, especially in developing nations. Contaminated PPE has already made its way to the oceans which will inevitably produce plastic particles alongside other pathogen-driven diseases. This study provided an estimation-based approach in quantifying the amount of contaminated plastic waste that can be expected daily from the massive usage of PPE (e.g. facemasks) because of the countrywide mandated regulations on PPE usage. The situation of Bangladesh has been analysed and projections revealed that a total of 3.4 billion pieces of single-use facemask, hand sanitizer bottles, hand gloves and disposable polyethylene bags will be produced monthly, which will give rise to 472.30 t of disposable plastic waste per day. The equations provided for the quantification of waste from used single-use plastic and PPE can be used for other countries for rough estimations. Then, the discussed recommendations will help concerned authorities and policy makers to design effective response plans. Sustainable plastic waste management for the current and post-pandemic period can be imagined and acted upon.

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Neumann, Hans Dieter, Ingrid Thullner, Michael Protsch, and Simone Peters. "Update der App „CO2-Timer“ mit neuer Infektionsschutzversion/CO2 timer app updated for infection control." Gefahrstoffe 81, no. 05-06 (2021): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0949-8036-2021-05-06-49.

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Gemäß der Arbeitsstättenverordnung muss in Räumen ausreichend „gesundheitlich zuträgliche Atemluft“ vorhanden sein. Dies gilt insbesondere in Zeiten von Epidemien wie in der derzeit herrschenden SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie. Die bestehende CO2-App wurde daher überarbeitet und den neuen Infektionsschutzanforderungen angepasst. Ferner wurden Informationen zum infektionsschutzgerechten Lüften eingefügt. Darüber hinaus wurden weitere Verbesserungen vorgenommen, wie die Berechnung der Lüftungszeitpunkte bezogen auf die Sommer- und Winterzeit anstatt auf Halbjahreszeiträume, was eine gleichmäßigere Verteilung der Datenbasis auf die Zeiträume ermöglichte. Weitere Auswertungen zeigten, dass eine gute Luftqualität sich auch bei Kipplüftung mit relativ kleinen Kipplüftungsflächen realisieren lässt und dass die mit der App berechneten CO2-Konzentrationsanstiege in Räumen mit den gemessenen Werten übereinstimmen. Der CO2-Timer ist somit eine gute Alternative zu CO2-Messungen in Räumen.

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Naidoo, Pragalathan, Terisha Ghazi, Anil A. Chuturgoon, Rajen N. Naidoo, Veron Ramsuran, Miranda N. Mpaka-Mbatha, Khethiwe N. Bhengu, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective." Environment International 156 (November 2021): 106695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106695.

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45

Contiero, Paolo, Alessandro Borgini, Martina Bertoldi, Anna Abita, Giuseppe Cuffari, Paola Tomao, Maria Concetta D’Ovidio, et al. "An Epidemiological Study to Investigate Links between Atmospheric Pollution from Farming and SARS-CoV-2 Mortality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084637.

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Exposure to atmospheric particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide has been linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection and death. We hypothesized that long-term exposure to farming-related air pollutants might predispose to an increased risk of COVID-19-related death. To test this hypothesis, we performed an ecological study of five Italian Regions (Piedmont, Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna and Sicily), linking all-cause mortality by province (administrative entities within regions) to data on atmospheric concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and ammonia (NH3), which are mainly produced by agricultural activities. The study outcome was change in all-cause mortality during March–April 2020 compared with March–April 2015–2019 (period). We estimated all-cause mortality rate ratios (MRRs) by multivariate negative binomial regression models adjusting for air temperature, humidity, international import-export, gross domestic product and population density. We documented a 6.9% excess in MRR (proxy for COVID-19 mortality) for each tonne/km2 increase in NH3 emissions, explained by the interaction of the period variable with NH3 exposure, considering all pollutants together. Despite the limitations of the ecological design of the study, following the precautionary principle, we recommend the implementation of public health measures to limit environmental NH3 exposure, particularly while the COVID-19 pandemic continues. Future studies are needed to investigate any causal link between COVID-19 and farming-related pollution.

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46

Odigie, Efosa Bolaji, Osaze Blessing Airiagbonbu, Joyce Osarogie Odigie, and Adiru Afolabi Adegboye. "Environmental pollution from COVID-19 generated wastes result in widespread recycling of SARS-CoV-2 infection." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 30, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2022.128140.

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47

Alfarouk, Khalid O., Sari T. S. AlHoufie, Samrein B. M. Ahmed, Mona Shabana, Ahmed Ahmed, Saad S. Alqahtani, Ali S. Alqahtani, et al. "Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19." Journal of Xenobiotics 11, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jox11020006.

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COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19.

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48

Yuziani, Yuziani, and Mulyati Sri Rahayu. "PROGRAM PEMBERDAYAAN DESA TANGGUH COVID-19 MELALUI PEMBINAAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT DALAM MENGHADAPI NEW NORMAL PADA MASYARAKAT DESA UTEUNKOT-LHOKSEUMAWE." Jurnal Vokasi 6, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/vokasi.v6i1.2444.

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Kondisi dunia global saat ini, munculnya wabah pandemi COVID-19 yang disebabkan oleh severe acute respiratory syndrome coronvirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). WHO menyatakan adanya kegawat daruratan permasalahan kesehatan global berdasarkan jumlah kasus novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus disease 2019/ COVID-19) yang terus meningkat di berbagai belahan dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Penyebaran Covid-19 yang terus meningkat ini membuat kita lebih memberikan perhatian terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Kita juga semakin menyadari bahwa penting untuk melakukan pencegahan agar terhindar dari Covid-19. Diantaranya adalah dengan melakukan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS). Masalah kesehatan yang sering dialami dilapangan untuk pembiasaan PHBS ini masing sangat kurang. Terutama mengingat sekarang ini kita masi berada pada kondisi lingkungan yang kurang sehat yakni berada pada masa pandemi Covid-19. Desa Uteunkot yang menjadi salah satu Desa binaan Univesitas Malikussaleh (Unimal) ini, dimana masyarakatnya belum menerapkan pola PHBS yang sesuai. Oleh karena itu, kami sebagai dosen Unimal akan melaksana pengabdian pada masyarakat merasa terpanggil untuk membiasakan pola hidup sehat pada masyarakat Desa Uteunkot ini. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah melakukan penyuluhan bagi masyarakat dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang penyakit Covid-19 dan PHBS, menjelaskan cara mencuci tangan yang benar, menjelaskan pemanfaatan tempat cuci tangan, membuang sampah pada tempatnya serta pemilahan sampah yang dapat didaur ulang, pemanfaatan jamban yang tepat serta pengunaan air bersih dan melakukan pembagian tempat cuci tangan, sabun cuci tangan dan tempat sampah. Hasil yang telah dicapai melalui program kegiatan ini adalah edukasi pemaparan materi dilakukan didepan masyarakat desa uteunkot kota Lhokseumawe. Masyarakat dibekali dengan pengetahuan tentang penyakit covid dan PHBS. Berdasarkan analisis post test pada 40 kader menunjukkan ada perubahan pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah diberikan edukasi. Sosialisasi cara mencuci tangan yang benar, memakai masker dan pengelolaan sampah yang ekonomis. Pembekalan kader dan diakhir dengan penyerahan bahan/barang PHBS. Kesimpulan dari pengabdian ini bahwa melalui program pengabdian ini, pengetahuan kader dapat meningkat tentang PHBS dan pencegahan penyakit covid, keterampilan kader meningkat cara melakukan gerakan cuci tangan dan pengelolaan sampah yang benar, serta melaului program pengadian ini telah terbentuk tim .PHBS untuk desa tangguh covid-19.

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49

Yuziani, Yuziani, and Mulyati Sri Rahayu. "PROGRAM PEMBERDAYAAN DESA TANGGUH COVID-19 MELALUI PEMBINAAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT DALAM MENGHADAPI NEW NORMAL PADA MASYARAKAT DESA UTEUNKOT-LHOKSEUMAWE." Jurnal Vokasi 6, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/vokasi.v6i1.2444.

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Анотація:

Kondisi dunia global saat ini, munculnya wabah pandemi COVID-19 yang disebabkan oleh severe acute respiratory syndrome coronvirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). WHO menyatakan adanya kegawat daruratan permasalahan kesehatan global berdasarkan jumlah kasus novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus disease 2019/ COVID-19) yang terus meningkat di berbagai belahan dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Penyebaran Covid-19 yang terus meningkat ini membuat kita lebih memberikan perhatian terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Kita juga semakin menyadari bahwa penting untuk melakukan pencegahan agar terhindar dari Covid-19. Diantaranya adalah dengan melakukan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS). Masalah kesehatan yang sering dialami dilapangan untuk pembiasaan PHBS ini masing sangat kurang. Terutama mengingat sekarang ini kita masi berada pada kondisi lingkungan yang kurang sehat yakni berada pada masa pandemi Covid-19. Desa Uteunkot yang menjadi salah satu Desa binaan Univesitas Malikussaleh (Unimal) ini, dimana masyarakatnya belum menerapkan pola PHBS yang sesuai. Oleh karena itu, kami sebagai dosen Unimal akan melaksana pengabdian pada masyarakat merasa terpanggil untuk membiasakan pola hidup sehat pada masyarakat Desa Uteunkot ini. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah melakukan penyuluhan bagi masyarakat dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang penyakit Covid-19 dan PHBS, menjelaskan cara mencuci tangan yang benar, menjelaskan pemanfaatan tempat cuci tangan, membuang sampah pada tempatnya serta pemilahan sampah yang dapat didaur ulang, pemanfaatan jamban yang tepat serta pengunaan air bersih dan melakukan pembagian tempat cuci tangan, sabun cuci tangan dan tempat sampah. Hasil yang telah dicapai melalui program kegiatan ini adalah edukasi pemaparan materi dilakukan didepan masyarakat desa uteunkot kota Lhokseumawe. Masyarakat dibekali dengan pengetahuan tentang penyakit covid dan PHBS. Berdasarkan analisis post test pada 40 kader menunjukkan ada perubahan pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah diberikan edukasi. Sosialisasi cara mencuci tangan yang benar, memakai masker dan pengelolaan sampah yang ekonomis. Pembekalan kader dan diakhir dengan penyerahan bahan/barang PHBS. Kesimpulan dari pengabdian ini bahwa melalui program pengabdian ini, pengetahuan kader dapat meningkat tentang PHBS dan pencegahan penyakit covid, keterampilan kader meningkat cara melakukan gerakan cuci tangan dan pengelolaan sampah yang benar, serta melaului program pengadian ini telah terbentuk tim .PHBS untuk desa tangguh covid-19.

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50

Bossak, Brian H., and Samantha Andritsch. "COVID-19 and Air Pollution: A Spatial Analysis of Particulate Matter Concentration and Pandemic-Associated Mortality in the US." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010592.

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In 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was first reported in Wuhan, China. The virus causes the disease commonly known as COVID-19, and, since its emergence, it has infected over 252 million individuals globally and taken the lives of over 5 million in the same time span. Primary research on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 focused on understanding the biomolecular composition of the virus. This research has led to the development of multiple vaccines with great efficacy and antiviral treatments for the disease. The development of biomedical interventions has been crucial to combating this pandemic; additionally, environmental confounding variables that could have exacerbated the pandemic need further assessment. In this research study, we conducted a spatial analysis of particulate matter (PM) concentration and its association with COVID-19 mortality in the United States. Results of this study demonstrate a significant positive correlation between PM concentration levels and COVID-19 mortality; however, this does not necessarily imply a causal relationship. These results are consistent with similar studies in Italy and China, where significant COVID-19 cases and corresponding deaths were exhibited. Furthermore, maps of the data demonstrate clustering of COVID-19 mortality which suggest further investigation into the social determinants of health impacting the pandemic.

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