Дисертації з теми "Pollution concentration"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Pollution concentration.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Pollution concentration".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Dinis, Teresa Beatriz Vide. "Concentration of human pollution tracers with ionic liquids." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Industrial e AmbientalThe main objective of the present thesis consists on the development of an analytical preconcentration technology for the concomitant extraction and concentration of human pollution tracers from wastewater streams. Due to the outstanding tunable properties of ionic liquids (ILs), aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of ILs can provide higher and more selective extraction efficiencies for a wide range of compounds, being thus a promising alternative to the volatile and hazardous organic solvents (VOCs) typically used. For that purpose, IL-based ABS were employed and adequately characterized as an one-step extraction and concentration technique. The applicability of IL-based ABS was verified by their potential to completely extract and concentrate two representative pharmaceutical pollution tracers, namely caffeine (CAF) and carbamazepine (CBZ), from wastewaters. The low concentration of these persistent pollutants (usually found in μg·dm-3 and ng·dm-3 levels, respectively) by conventional analytical equipment does not permit a proper detection and quantification without a previous concentration step. Preconcentration methods commonly applied are costly, timeconsuming, with irregular recoveries and make use of VOCs. In this work, the ABS composed of the IL tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N4444]Cl) and the salt potassium citrate (K3[C6H5O7]) was investigated while demonstrating to be able to completely extract and concentrate CAF and CBZ, in a single-step, overcoming thus the detection limit of the applied analytical equipment. Finally, the hydrotropic effect responsible for the ability of IL-based ABS to extract and concentrate a wide variety of compounds was also investigated. It was shown that the IL rules the hydrotropic mechanism in the solubility of CAF in aqueous solutions, with an increase in solubility up to 4-fold. Moreover, the proper selection of the IL enables the design of the system that leads to a more enhanced solubility of a given solute in the IL-rich phase, while allowing a better extraction and concentration. IL-based ABS are a promising and more versatile technique, and are straightforwardly envisaged as selective extraction and concentration routes of target micropollutants from wastewater matrices.
A presente tese tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia de pré-concentração para uma avaliação correta da presença de marcadores de poluição antropogénica em águas residuais. Devido à capacidade excecional que os líquidos iónicos (LIs) apresentam no que respeita ao ajuste das suas propriedades físicas e químicas, os sistemas aquosos bifásicos (SAB) constituídos por LIs providenciam eficiências de extração mais elevadas e específicas para os mais variados compostos, e substituindo o uso de solventes orgânicos voláteis (SOV). Deste modo, SAB constituídos por LIs foram estudados e caracterizados neste trabalho como uma técnica de extração e concentração simultâneas. Numa primeira etapa, os SAB constituídos por LIs foram estudados como potenciais plataformas para extrair e concentrar dois fármacos geralmente usados como marcadores de poluição humana, nomeadamente cafeína (CAF) e carbamazepina (CBZ). A presença destes dois poluentes persistentes em concentrações reduzidas (na ordem dos μg·dm-3 e ng·dm-3, respetivamente) nas águas residuais não permite uma correta deteção e quantificação pelos equipamentos normalmente utilizados para o efeito, sem que haja uma etapa prévia de concentração. Contudo, os métodos de pré-concentração normalmente aplicados apresentam várias desvantagens, tais como um custo elevado, um tempo laboral moroso, taxas de recuperação irregulares e o uso de SOV. Assim sendo, estudou-se um SAB constituído pelo LI cloreto de tetrabutilamónio ([N4444]Cl) e pelo sal biodegradável citrato de potássio (K3[C6H5O7]) para extrair e concentrar CAF e CBZ num único passo, superando assim os baixos limites de deteção do equipamento analítico utilizado para a quantificação de marcadores de poluição humana. Por último, foi estudado o efeito hidrotrópico providenciado pelos LIs que se refletem na capacidade destes sistemas para extrair e concentrar os mais variados compostos. Verificou-se que o LI é responsável pelo efeito hidrotrópico, permitindo um aumento da solubilidade da CAF em soluções aquosas, e até de 4 vezes. Além disso, uma escolha adequada do LI permite definir um sistema específico para melhorar a solubilidade de um composto na fase rica em LI, garantindo portanto o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma para extração e concentração com elevada eficiência. Os SAB constituídos por LIs foram aqui demonstrados como uma técnica alternativa mais versátil e promissora para a extração e concentração simultâneas, permitindo uma monitorização adequada de compostos vestigiais em matrizes das águas residuais.
2
Adkins, Robert Lloyd. "The determination, distribution and concentration of selenium in natural waters." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244036.
Повний текст джерела
3
Donnelly, Alan Paul. "On-line concentration measurement and separation of oil from produced water." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/506.
Повний текст джерела
4
Lee, Jongchun. "Measurement uncertainty in contaminated land investigations related to analyte concentration and cost." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8589.
Повний текст джерела
5
Kozawa, Kathleen Hiromi. "Investigation of pollution concentrations and pollution concentration gradients in communities adjacent to the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach using a mobile monitoring platform." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1723112471&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерела
6
Chernicharo, Carlos Augusto de Lemos. "The effect of temperature and substrate concentration on the performance of U.A.S.B. reactors." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308963.
Повний текст джерела
7
Liu, Catherine Yuen Yiu. "Cometabolic degradation of MTBE at low concentration." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3037520.
Повний текст джерела
8
Ride, D. J. "Modelling fluctuations in the concentration of neutrally buoyant substances in the atmosphere." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381357.
Повний текст джерела
9
Summers, Tim. "Fast-response FID measurement of SI engine residual gas hydrocarbon concentration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272772.
Повний текст джерела
10
Al-Abri, Eman S. "Modelling atmospheric ozone concentration using machine learning algorithms." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Air quality monitoring is one of several important tasks carried out in the area of environmental science and engineering. Accordingly, the development of air quality predictive models can be very useful as such models can provide early warnings of pollution levels increasing to unsatisfactory levels. The literature review conducted within the research context of this thesis revealed that only a limited number of widely used machine learning algorithms have been employed for the modelling of the concentrations of atmospheric gases such as ozone, nitrogen oxides etc. Despite this observation the research and technology area of machine learning has recently advanced significantly with the introduction of ensemble learning techniques, convolutional and deep neural networks etc. Given these observations the research presented in this thesis aims to investigate the effective use of ensemble learning algorithms with optimised algorithmic settings and the appropriate choice of base layer algorithms to create effective and efficient models for the prediction and forecasting of specifically, ground level ozone (O3). Three main research contributions have been made by this thesis in the application area of modelling O3 concentrations. As the first contribution, the performance of several ensemble learning (Homogeneous and Heterogonous) algorithms were investigated and compared with all popular and widely used single base learning algorithms. The results have showed impressive prediction performance improvement obtainable by using meta learning (Bagging, Stacking, and Voting) algorithms. The performances of the three investigated meta learning algorithms were similar in nature giving an average 0.91 correlation coefficient, in prediction accuracy. Thus as a second contribution, the effective use of feature selection and parameter based optimisation was carried out in conjunction with the application of Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machines, Random Forest and Bagging based learning techniques providing significant improvements in prediction accuracy. The third contribution of research presented in this thesis includes the univariate and multivariate forecasting of ozone concentrations based of optimised Ensemble Learning algorithms. The results reported supersedes the accuracy levels reported in forecasting Ozone concentration variations based on widely used, single base learning algorithms. In summary the research conducted within this thesis bridges an existing research gap in big data analytics related to environment pollution modelling, prediction and forecasting where present research is largely limited to using standard learning algorithms such as Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines often available within popular commercial software packages.
11
Riain, CaitriÌona MaÌire NiÌ. "An investigation of the effect of external flow and pollution concentration fields on the infiltration of pollution into naturally ventilated buildings." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433761.
Повний текст джерела
12
Laopaiboon, Lakkana. "The effect of sublethal and lethal concentration of biocides on the performance and characteristics of rotating biological contactors and the properties of their biofilms." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369763.
Повний текст джерела
13
DEROUBAIX, CHRISTOPHE. "Etude in vitro des effets de no2 a faible concentration sur les macrophages alveolaires." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M275.
Повний текст джерела
14
Lavén, Oscar, and Martin Hallgren. "Measuring the change in concentration of suspended particles in water using ultrasound." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166696.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Measuring the concentration of particles in water is important in many areas. Industries might measure it to run more efficiently while scientists might measure it to study the pollution of a body of water. Regardless of the area, the standard for taking a measurement is done by filtering out the particles by hand. This is a very slow and expensive method, so other alternative methods have been developed. However, all the alternative methods can only estimate the concentration. Therefore, Deepoid AB aims to investigate if ultrasound can be used to measure the concentration of particles in water.\parThis thesis shows that a direct ultrasound signal can be used to measure changes in the concentration of particles in water. It also shows how this method is much faster than measuring the concentration of particles in water by hand.
15
Nichols, Rosely Angela Bergamin. "Development of methods for the concentration, recovery and molecular identification of small numbers of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in natural mineral waters and its application for drinking waters." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248962.
Повний текст джерела
16
Bremner, Anne-Marie. "Processes controlling the concentration and availability of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in a wetland drainage system, Avonmouth, UK." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297972.
Повний текст джерела
17
Acharya, Ramjee. "Three Essays on the Economics of Controlling Mobile-Source Episodic Air Pollution." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cache County and the Wasatch Front, Utah have persistently experienced some of the nation’s worst air quality over the past decade. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations during wintertime “red air day” episodes frequently exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). We investigate the possible effects of two different economic policies in controlling these regional problems. Adapting a model originally developed to calculate the social investment necessary to control nationwide disease outbreaks, we estimate an optimal preventative capital stock (for example, investment in public transportation) of between $4.1 million and $14.1 million to control red air day episodes in Cache County, and $133 million to $1.6 billion dollars to control such episodes in the Wasatch Front. Further, we find that a seasonal gasoline tax rate of roughly $8 per gallon is necessary for policy makers in the Wasatch Front to impose at the pump if their goal is to maintain concentrations below the NAAQS on average during a typical winter-inversion season. This rate is roughly $2 more than the rate calculated for Cache County in a previously published study.
18
Ung, Anthony. "Cartographie de la pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain à l'aide de données multisources." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077122.
Повний текст джерела
19
Yahi, Houda. "Méthodologie de prévision de la pollution atmosphérique particulaire : vers une télédétection satellitaire." Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les aérosols (particules fines en suspension dans l’air) constituent un enjeu important pour l’étude de l’atmosphère : ils ont des conséquences sanitaires néfastes, modifient la visibilité et ont sur le bilan radiatif des effets directs (absorption/réfraction de la lumière), semi directs (modification du profil vertical de température) et indirects (impacts sur la formation des nuages en tant que noyaux de condensation). Leur modélisation est particulièrement complexe, aussi bien physiquement que numériquement. La concentration massique en particules dont le diamètre est inférieur à 10 µm (PM10 -Particule Matter) mesurée par les réseaux de surveillance de la qualité de l’air est un des éléments objectifs d’évaluation de la pollution atmosphérique particulaire. Ces mesures ponctuelles présentent l’avantage de donner des profils horaires de concentrations massiques pour les lieux où elles sont implantées. Par contre, elles ne permettent pas d’accéder aux répartitions spatiales des différents polluants. L’emploi des mesures satellitaires d’épaisseur optique en aérosols (AOT) peut s’avérer une bonne alternative, cependant la relation permettant de retrouver les concentrations massiques en (PM10) au sol à partir des mesures optiques est loin d’être simple. Cette thèse vise à établir la relation liant la concentration massique à 2 mètres du sol des particules fines (PM10) à l’épaisseur optique. L’objectif recherché est d’utiliser à terme cette relation pour tirer profit du potentiel de l’observation satellitaire en matière de cartographie de la pollution particulaire. Nous proposons une méthodologie d’analyse et de prévision de la pollution particulaire à partir de la télédétection, du modèle de chimie-transport CHIMERE et du modèle météorologique MM5. Elle est basée sur une approche statistique (réseaux de neurones) et permet d’établir une classification en types de temps (à partir des variables météorologiques) pour lesquels on peut déterminer plus facilement la relation PM10-AOT. Les types de temps permettent également de définir des indices de pollution générique, et une prévision largement satisfaisante des concentrations massiques des PM10 à partir des mesures d’épaisseurs optique. Notre modèle de prévision a été validé sur cinq années de mesures in situ et l’apport de l’information AOT satellitaire par type de temps est clairement montréWe present a methodology for retrieving atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) from sun-sky photometer measurements (AOT). As PM10 are “surface parameters” and AOT are “integrated parameters”, the last and containing or not the first one, one needs to use a “functional relationship” between the two parameters. As these two parameters depend on atmospheric structure and meteorological parameters, we tried here to initiate a statistical approach, classified the meteorological situations in weather types using a neuronal classifier (Self organizing Map). For each weather type, a simple relationship can be estimated. We applied this methodology to the Lille region (France) for the summer 2003-2007. The good performances of the method led us to envisage the possibility of measuring the PM10 from satellite observations
20
Gheorghiu, Cristina. "Concentration-dependent effects of waterborne zinc on the interactions between Gyrodactylus turnbulli (Monogenea) and the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102979.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research investigated the effects of waterborne zinc (Zn) on the interactions between guppies, Poecilia reticulata (Peters), and Gyrodactylus turnbulli Harris, 1986, a monogenean parasite of its skin and fins. The first objective was to determine if sublethal concentrations of waterborne Zn (up to 240 mug/L added to artificial freshwater) exerted a concentration-dependent effect on the population dynamics of Gyrodactylus on isolated guppies. Whereas survival of uninfected fish was unaffected, mortality of infected fish increased linearly with increasing Zn concentration. In addition, the improved parasite population growth at concentrations up to 120 mug Zn/I suggested either that the elevated Zn promotes survival and/or reproduction of the parasite, or impairs host defense mechanisms. Analysis of lifetime survival and reproduction of individual parasites on and off the fish revealed Zn toxicity to the parasite as survival of detached parasites decreased linearly with increasing Zn concentration and parasite survival on the host was also lower at the highest Zn concentrations. Also, all morphological parameters decreased linearly in response both to increasing concentration and duration of exposure to waterborne Zn. The guppy epidermis responded rapidly to both infection and waterborne Zn, and the cumulative effects of these combined stressors were synergistic for epidermal thickness and mucous cell numbers, but antagonistic in terms of mucin composition. Both Zn and infection induced mucous production, but at elevated Zn concentrations and/or at high parasite burdens, the capacity for continued mucous production was apparently exceeded. I hypothesize that this condition is favorable for parasite survival because of the impaired host response; but unfavorable for host survival because of the high numbers of pathogenic parasites and the inability to control entry of Zn into host tissues. In conclusion, sublethal concentrations of waterborne Zn are more detrimental to the infected host than to the parasite.
21
Kacenelenbogen-Tilot, Meloë. "Application de la télédétection spatiale à la surveillance de la pollution en aérosols." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10012/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les mesures satellitaires d'épaisseur optique en aérosols (AOT) conviennent à la surveillance globale journalière du contenu atmosphérique en particules. L'objectif de notre étude a été d'évaluer la capacité satellitaire à estimer la pollution en aérosols en termes de catégories de qualité de l'air. Ces dernières sont définies grâce aux mesures de concentration massique des particules de rayon aérodynamique inférieur à 2.5 µm au sol (PM2.5). Nous avons d'abord utilisé les mesures photométriques du réseau AERONET/PHOTONS pour caractériser les propriétés optiques et microphysiques des aérosols en Europe de l'Ouest et leur influence possible sur la relation entre PM2.5 et AOT. La comparaison des mesures d'AOT restituées par différents radiomètres satellitaires (principalement POLDER) aux mesures de PM2.5 au-dessus de la France a permis, non seulement de définir une relation statistique directe entre ces deux types de mesures mais aussi d'élaborer un seuil d'AOT satellitaire (égal à 0.17) au-dessus duquel la pollution peut être qualifiée de «Modérée» d'avril à octobre 2003, 2005 et 2006. Nous avons enfin estimé la masse en particules au sol à partir de la mesure d'AOT satellitaire et l'information de distribution verticale des particules, d'une part, simulée par le modèle de chimie-transport CHIMERE et d'autre part, mesurée par le LIDAR spatial CALIOP. Alors que le modèle CHIMERE n'améliore pas significativement la corrélation entre mesures d'AOT satellitaires et de PM2.5, l'utilisation des profils restitués par CALIOP montre l'importance de prendre en compte la distribution verticale des aérosols dans l'élaboration d'un produit satellitaire de qualité de l'airSatellite measurements of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) are weil suited for global daily monitoring of atmospheric particle load. The goal of this study is to evaluate the satellite's capability to monitor aerosol pollution in terms of air quality categories. Those last ones are defined using the particulate mass concentration concerning particles smaller than about 2.5 ,um in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). We have first used the photometric meàsurements provided by the AERONET/PHOTONS network to characterise the optical and microphysical properties of aerosols over Western Europe and their possible impact on the relationship between PM2.5 and AOT measurements. The comparison between AOT measurements derived from different satellite radiometers (mostly POLDER) and PM2.5 measurements over France has allowed us the definition of a statistical relationship between those two measurements. Thanks to this relationship, we have elaborated a threshold of satellite AOT measurements (0.17) over which pollution can be qualified as « Moderate» from April to October 2003,2005 and 2006. We have finally assessed particulate mass at the ground using satellite AOT measurements and vertical distribution of aerosols simulated by the CHIMERE chemistrytransport model on the one hand and on the other, measured by CALIOP spatial LIDAR. While the CHI MERE model has not improved significantly the correlation between satellite AOT and PM2.5 measurements, the use of profiles derived from CALIOP has shown the importance of taking into consideration the vertical distribution of aerosols in the elaboration of a satellite air quality product
22
Walsh, Dale Warner 1961. "PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATION AND TOXICITY OF 4-PHENYLCYCLOHEXENE: AN EMISSION OF NEW CARPETING (ODOR, HEALTH, INDOOR)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276881.
Повний текст джерела
23
CAZULA, CAMILA D. "Dosimetria de sup(222)Rn no ar em ambientes localizados acima e abaixo do nível do solo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23739.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-06-11T17:49:32Z
No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-11T17:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
FAPESP:13/01841-9
24
Ramsuchit, Dhunraj. "Analysis of contributions to the PM10 concentration in a gold mine residential village." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33329.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Main findings
Although the data did not allow the inclusion of non-identified or “unknown” sources,
allocation of the impact at the receptor point to the identified sources proved possible
and useful in comparing individual tailings dams contributions. The No. 4 tailings dam
has been identified as one of the major contributors to PM10 concentration at West
Village. The average PM10 gravimetric concentration recorded at West Village was 18.4
μg/m3 and the concentration with the light scatter method was 15.4 μg/m3. Black carbon
has been identified as significant contributor to overall PM10 mass concentrations with
up to 34% in the winter season. Source appointment from receptor-based measurements has not been previously
conducted at Driefontein Gold Mine. Source apportionment can make a valuable
contribution in attempts to reduce air pollution. At a site where particulate matter is the
predominant pollutant from a variety of potential sources, the contributions from the
individual sources may be difficult to distinguish especially if the sources fall within a
single category type with similar pollutant profiles. It would be useful to ascertain the
individual contributions so that the effectiveness of existing control measures can be
determined and areas where additional controls may be required can be identified. Too
this effect, potential dust sources at and around a gold mine were identified. Samples of
the dust sources were collected and analysed for their elemental compositions and
abundances. A receptor point in a mine village was selected and equipped with an ESampler
PM10 dust monitor as well as an aethalometer, the MicroAeth AE51
(MicroAeth). Monthly receptor samples were collected and analysed for their elemental
concentrations. The elemental compositions of the potential sources and the
concentrations at the receptor were statistically analysed for 12 periods of a month each
to determine the possible contributions to the PM10 concentration at a mine village
(West Village, Driefontein Mine, near Carletonville). Main conclusions
Operational tailings dams can under, certain conditions contribute the major portion of
fallout dust and PM10, even more than dormant tailings dams.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Chemical Engineering
Unrestricted
25
Ung, Anthony. "Cartographie de la pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain a l'aide de données multisources." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004209.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sept ans après l'application de la loi sur l'air de 1996, toutes les villes de France de plus de 100 000 habitants possèdent désormais un réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air. La qualité de l'air s'améliore progressivement selon certaines études. Pour autant, des effets néfastes sur la santé des habitants et l'environnement subsistent. Il devient nécessaire de caractériser au mieux le risque induit par la pollution. Cela passe par une meilleure connaissance de la distribution spatiale des polluants. L'analyse des outils actuels de surveillance montre que cette dernière information n'est actuellement pas disponible en zone urbaine et à petite résolution spatiale. Pourtant ces outils sont complémentaires pour une bonne compréhension de la distribution spatiale des polluants. De cette analyse, nous proposons une méthode de fusion de toutes les informations pour une meilleure cartographie de la pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain. La démarche repose sur la possibilité de cartographier les petites structures d'un champ de concentration de polluants, appelé « champ typique ». La cartographie est effectuée en densifiant le nombre de points pris pour une cartographie par interpolation. Cette étude est menée en trois étapes. La première étape concerne la caractérisation des stations de mesures et de la ville entière. Des images satellitaires Landsat, des mesures in situ, un cadastre d'émission et une base de données géographiques sont utilisés pour définir des « cartes d'identité ». La deuxième étape met à profit ces cartes d'identité pour localiser des « pseudostations », lieux de la ville présentant des attributs similaires à une station de mesures. Enfin la dernière étape s'intéresse à l'estimation de la concentration en polluants par télédétection. Les pseudostations deviennent alors des stations virtuelles. La démarche est originale dans le sens où elle fait appel à des données de sources diverses qui permettent d'assurer une cohérence de la cartographie entre les échelles spatiales.
26
Xue, Han. "HYDROGRAPH-SEPARATION-BASED NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION MODELLING IN THE PINGQIAO RIVER BASIN，CHINA." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225566.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラムKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第20341号
工博第4278号
新制||工||1662(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻
(主査)教授 寶 馨, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 佐山 敬洋
学位規則第4条第1項該当
27
Garin, Daniel. "Concentration et détection des picornavirus dans l'environnement hydrique et risque d'infection pour des nageurs et des plongeurs." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10227.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'homme malade ou porteur sain elimine dans ses matieres fecales des quantites importantes de virus enteriques, evacuees par des eaux usees. Ces virus peuvent contaminer des cultures, des zones de loisirs ou de conchyliculture, polluer des sources d'eau potable. Il existe un risque infectieux lors de la baignade, lors de la consommation d'eau de boisson ou de coquillages. Les milieux hydriques pouvant contenir des quantites de virus extremement faibles, il est necessaire d'utiliser des techniques de concentration et de detection particulierement sensibles. Une methode utilisant des membranes d'ultrafiltration tangentielle en polysulfone d'un poids moleculaire nominal de 10#5, eluees en fin de concentration par une solution d'extrait de buf a 3%, nous a permis de recuperer 96% de poliovirus et 83% d'echovirus a partir de 20 litres d'eau claire artificiellement contaminee. Un appareil permettant d'exploiter cette methode sur le terrain, le concentrateur hydrique autonome d'organismes contaminants (chadoc) a ete developpe (brevet no 92-09. 499). Utilisable dans un bateau pneumatique de type zodiac#, il permet le prelevement et la concentration de 60 litres d'eau par heure, la recuperation des parasites >5 dans un prefiltrat, des bacteries dans un concentrat, des virus dans un eluat d'extrait de buf. L'elution doit etre realisee a un ph de 9. 5. La survie des enterovirus dans l'eluat immediatement neutralise n'est possible qu'a une temperature inferieure a 20c. La detection des enterovirus dans les eaux a ete possible par une technique d'hybridation (dot blot) utilisant deux sondes froides marquees a la digoxigenine. La ribosonde 5 non codante permet la detection de tout les enterovirus, la sonde vp1 est specifique des trois types de poliovirus, leur sensibilite est de 800 fg de rna. Ces differentes techniques ont ete mises en uvre pour apprecier le risque epidemiologique viral lie a la baignade dans les eaux de l'environnement de la region rhone-alpes. Pendant un an, 109 plongeurs et 49 temoins non-plongeurs ont ete suivis, leurs zones d'entrainement surveillees sur le plan virologique. A 9 reprises, des enterovirus ont ete detectes dans les eaux en hybridation moleculaire, ils n'ont pu etre isoles en culture cellulaire que 3 fois. Le risque infectieux viral pendant l'enquete ne s'est pas revele superieur chez les plongeurs. Les taux d'anticorps vis-a-vis des 16 enterovirus les plus frequents dans la region ont ete determines par seroneutralisation. Seuls les pourcentages de seropositifs vis-a-vis des coxsackie b4 et b5 se sont averes significativement plus eleves chez les plongeurs. Pour le virus de l'hepatite a, les taux de seroprotection etaient identiques dans les deux populations (taux: 17%; moyenne d'age: 24,5+/3,2 ans). Une tentative d'immunisation de 195 jeunes adultes contre l'hepatite a avec le vaccin (160 unites) en cours de developpement par la societe pasteur merieux serums & vaccins a permis d'obtenir une seroprotection dans 100% des cas (gmt 95 miu/ml)
28
Lanceleur, Laurent. "L’argent : sources, transfert et bioaccumulation : cas du système fluvio-estuarien girondin." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14270/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les rejets d’argent (Ag) dans l’environnement liés à l’exploitation minière aux diverses applications industrielles (e.g. bijouterie, médecine, photographie, électronique et plus récemment les nanotechnologies) font de Ag un polluant historique et émergent, dont les transferts et les effets dans les milieux aquatiques sont largement sous-documentés. Ce travail présente un premier bilan des sources, du transfert et de la bioaccumulation de Ag dans le système fluvio-estuarien de la Gironde. Le continuum Lot-Garonne-Gironde, connu pour une pollution polymétallique (e.g. Cd, Zn) provenant du bassin de Decazeville, est un système modèle pour l’étude des transferts métalliques du continent à l’océan. Les enregistrements des signaux historiques (~50 ans) de Ag dans les sédiments du Lot en amont (Ag : 0,3 mg/kg) et en aval (Ag : jusqu’à 7 mg/kg) du bassin de Decazeville sont similaires à ceux de Cd, indiquant des sources et des processus de transport/dépôt communs liés à l’histoire minière et industrielle jusqu’en 1986. Le lessivage et l’érosion actuels des terrils provoquent localement des concentrations en Ag particulaire (AgP : 260 mg/kg) et dissous (AgD : 1260 ng/l) dans la rivière Riou-Mort qui sont 2 à 3 ordres de grandeur supérieures aux valeurs typiques. Malgré ces fortes concentrations, la contribution du Riou-Mort aux flux de Ag de la Garonne (AgD : 0,008 à 0,041 t/an ; AgP : 0,306 à 2,44 t/an ; 1999-2009) reste faible (AgP : <11% ; AgD : <6%). La Garonne transporte l’essentiel (63-83%) des apports en Ag à l’estuaire principalement sous forme particulaire (96±2%). La détermination du bruit de fond géochimique régional (AgP/ThP=0,026) a permis d’évaluer (i) la contribution naturelle (20% à 65%) aux flux totaux en AgP et (ii) les flux anthropiques spécifiques de AgP (15±10 g/km²/an et 0,24±0,16 g/hab/an) à l’échelle du bassin versant de la Garonne (La Réole). Dans l’estuaire salin, la désorption par les ions chlorures libère ~60% de AgP vers la colonne d’eau (addition), provoquant des concentrations maximales en AgD (6-8 ng/l) à salinité 15-25. La fraction en Ag désorbé correspond à la fraction potentiellement biodisponible ou réactive (i.e. extractible par HCl 1 M). Ainsi, les premières estimations des flux nets indiquent que l’export annuel de Ag vers le domaine côtier est à 50-80% lié à la phase dissoute (0,64 à 0,89 t/an en 2008 et 0,56 à 0,77 t/an en 2009). Bien que plus biodisponible sous forme ionique Ag+ (dominante en eau douce), l’accumulation de Ag dans les organismes estuariens (huîtres, crevettes et anguilles) reflète la pression d’exposition supérieure en eau saumâtre. L’exposition in situ d’anguilles européennes, espèce recommandée pour la biosurveillance du milieu dans le cadre de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau, dans des cages à différents sites clé de l’estuaire pendant 3 mois, a mis en évidence les voies directes et trophiques de la contamination en Ag à des niveaux de contamination environnementaux. L’enregistrement historique de la contamination en Ag des huîtres de la Gironde (1979-2007, RNO, Ifremer) indique que le bassin de Decazeville a été la source majoritaire en Ag jusqu’en ~1988. Cependant, l’accumulation maximale de Ag dans ces bivalves après 1993 (de ~40 à plus de 100 mg/kg, poids sec) révèle une contribution croissante de sources additionnelles et contemporaines en Ag comme la photographie, l’ensemencement des nuages (30 à 63 kg/an) ou encore les rejets des eaux usées urbaines de Toulouse et de Bordeaux (42 et 57 kg/an). Ce travail constitue une base nécessaire à l’étude des rejets du cycle de Ag (y compris les nanoparticules) dans le milieu aquatique (quantification, transfert et toxicité) et des risques associésSilver (Ag) emissions into the environment from former mining activities and various industrial applications (e.g. jewellery, medicine, photography, electronic products and more recently nanotechnology) make Ag both a historic and an emergent pollutant for which information on its transfer and toxicity in aquatic system are scarce. This work provides a first assessment of Ag sources, transfer and bioaccumulation in the Gironde fluvial-estuarine system. The Lot-Garonne-Gironde River continuum, known for its polymetallic pollution (e.g. Cd, Zn) derived from the Decazeville basin, is a model system for studies on metal transfer from watersheds to the ocean. The relationship between historical records (~50 years) of Ag concentrations in sediment cores from the Lot River, upstream (Ag: 0.3 mg/kg) and downstream (Ag: up to 7 mg/kg) of the Decazeville basin and those of Cd constitutes evidence of a common source and transport/settlement processes due to industrial activities until 1986. High particulate Ag (AgP: 260 mg/kg) and dissolved Ag (AgD: 1,260 ng/l) concentrations in the Riou-Mort River were attributed to current leaching and erosion of slag heaps by rainwater. Those concentrations were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than typical values in the Gironde watershed. However, the Riou-Mort River contribution to the Garonne River Ag fluxes (AgD: 0.008-0.041 t/a; AgP: 0.306-2.44 t/an; 1999-2009) remained low (AgP: <11%; AgD: <6%). The Garonne River provided the quasi totality (63-83%) of Ag inputs to the estuary, mainly in its particulate form (96±2%). The regional geochemical background (AgP/ThP=0.026) was useful to estimate (i) the natural contribution (20-65%) to total AgP fluxes and (ii) the anthropogenic specific fluxes of AgP (15±10 g/km²/a and 0.24±0.16 g/hab/a) in the Garonne watershed (La Réole). In the estuarine salinity, chloro-complexation desorbed ~60% of AgP, causing maximalum AgD concentrations (6-8 ng/l) at salinity 15-25 (addition to the dissolved phase). This quantity was similar to the potentially bioavailable or reactive fraction (i.e. extracted by HCl 1 M). The first estimations of net fluxes suggested that 50-80% of the Ag annual export to the coast occurred in the dissolved phase (0.64-0.89 t/a in 2008 and 0.56-0.77 t/a in 2009). Even if the ionic form Ag+ (the main form in freshwater) is considered as the most bioavailable form, Ag accumulation in estuarine organisms (oysters, shrimps and eels) reflected the higher exposition pressure in brackish water. In-situ caging of European Eels (recommended species for the biosurvey of aquatic systems; European Water Framework Directive) in key sites of the Gironde Estuary during 3 months, highlighted the direct and trophic pathways of Ag contamination at the environmental level. The historical record of Ag contamination of the Gironde Estuary oysters (1979-2007, French Mussel Watch, RNO) indicated that the Decazeville basin was a major Ag source until ~1988. However, the maximum Ag accumulation in oysters after 1993 (from ~40 to more than 100 mg/kg, dry weight) suggested an increasing contribution of additional and contemporary Ag sources like photography, cloud seeding (30-63 kg/a) or Toulouse and Bordeaux wastewater effluents (42-57 kg/a). This work is a basis for future work on Ag (including nanoparticles) cycles and related risks in aquatic systems (quantification, transfer and toxicity)
29
CAMPOS, MONICA S. de. "Estudo da correlacao mercurio-selenio em amostras de cabelos de indios Wari." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10946.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07539.pdf: 5143917 bytes, checksum: 6a88cd56ee216361faf630a8563ee875 (MD5)
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
30
Strobel, Pascal. "Conception et réalisation d'un système multicapteurs portable intelligent en vue de la détection des gaz polluants N02, H2S et S02 en mélange de faible concentration." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Strobel.Pascal.SMZ0641.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les systèmes multicapteurs intelligents de gaz (nez électroniques) connaissent actuellement un développement accru pour de nombreux domaines d'applications. Inscrit dans le large domaine de la lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique, notre travail a pour but principal la réalisation et la validation d'un nez électronique portable et autonome. Après avoir situé ce besoin dans le cadre de la mesure en continu des polluants atmosphériques et présenté le principe de nez électronique, nous établissons les propriétés requises du prototype à concevoir. Pour répondre aux critères de flexibilité, faible coût, robustesse et portabilité, nous justifions le choix des capteurs de gaz (six capteurs à oxydes métalliques), de l'unité intelligente (microcontrôleur et mémoire Compact Flash), ainsi que des autres composants et leur assemblage. Le prototype réalisé a été validé en laboratoire pour la détection de trois gaz polluants : H2S, NO2 et SO2 seuls ou en multiples mélanges, en faible concentration correspondant à une pollution industrielle près de sources émissives. Plusieurs paramètres représentatifs des différentes phases et variations des réponses temporelles des capteurs ont été sélectionnés. Une base d'apprentissage est constituée à partir de ces paramètres et exploitée à l'aide d'une méthode de classification supervisée (Analyse Factorielle Discriminante). Nous avons obtenu une très bonne classification de la composition des atmosphères gazeuses étudiées, ainsi que des concentrations de chaque constituant. Les règles de décision établies et implantées dans la mémoire du prototype ont permis l'identification avec succès des échantillons inconnusThe intelligent gas sensor array systems (electronic nose) present an increasing development in many fields of applications. Concerning the campaign against the atmospheric pollution, the principally aim of our work is to realize and to validate a portable and autonomous electronic nose. After a state of the art on real time measurement of pollutant gases and the presentation of the principle of an electronic nose, a nomination of requirements for the engineering of a prototype is indicated. In order to fulfil the criteria of flexibility, cheapness, robustness and portability, we justify the choice of the six metal oxide gas sensors and the intelligent unit (microcontroller and Compact Flash memory) as well as the other components and their assembly. The realized prototype has been validated in laboratory for the detection of three pollutants gases: H2S, NO2 and SO2 in isolated state or in various mixtures with the small concentrations of industrial pollution near of emission sources. We have chosen multiple representative parameters of different phases and variations of the response of all the sensors. These parameters constitute a learning base and they are explored by a supervised classification method (Discriminant Factorial Analysis). We obtain a very good classification of the studied gas atmospheres as well as the concentrations of each atmospheric component. The obtained decision rules, which have been established in the memory of the prototype, allow the successfully identification of unknown gas composition samples
31
Ayuk, James Ayuk. "Modelling of nonpoint source pollution in the Kuils River Catchment, Western Cape - South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3131.
Повний текст джерела
32
Bouchlaghem, Karim. "Étude expérimentale et numérique de la pollution atmosphérique dans les villes côtières tunisiennes." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le développement d’une brise de mer matinale engendre l’augmentation de la concentration en O3 et SO2 à Sousse (Tunisie). Le champ du vent change de direction en se renforçant durant ce type de brise. Nous montrons que les émissions de la centrale électrique de la région sont responsables de la dégradation de la qualité de l’air à Sousse. Cependant, le déclenchement d’une brise de mer dans l’après-midi favorise une augmentation rapide et tardive de la concentration de 03. La recirculation de la pollution couplée à la production photochimique contrôlent l’évolution de la concentration de l’ozone dans la région de Sousse. Ce type de brise génère la formation d’un front de brise et de la circulation de retour au sommet de la couche limite atmosphérique. Les relevés de mesures obtenues à partir de stations fixes et mobiles sur les côtes tunisiennes soutenues par des images satellitaires (MODIS et SEAWIFS) ont servi à l’étude de l’évolution saisonnière des principaux polluants atmosphériques. L’augmentation de la concentration en ozone est due au déclenchement tardif de la brise de mer. Quant aux poussières PM10, cette étude montre que l’augmentation de leur concentration a été observée simultanément dans les quatre sites de mesure (Bizerte, Sousse, Sfax et Tunis). Cela nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication des poussières Sahariennes. L’évolution de la concentration des polluants primaires (NO, NO2 et SO2) dépend de la dynamique des masses d’air et des transformations photochimiques saisonnières. Afin de valider ces résultats expérimentaux, nous avons mené une étude numérique à l’aide du code FLUENT permettant de modéliser le phénomène de dispersion d’un polluant en présence d’un écoulement tridimensionnel. Les résultats du modèle sont en bon accord avec les mesures expérimentales. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence le comportement tridimensionnel des polluants et leur contribution à l’augmentation de la concentration en surfaceThe development of a morning sea breeze triggers the increase of O3 and SO2 concentrations in Sousse (Tunisia). The wind field changes its direction anticlockwise getting even stronger during the sea breeze. We have shown that during this sea breeze type, the power plant emissions are responsible for harming the air quality in the region. The launching of the afternoon sea breeze favours a late rapid increase of O3 concentration. The recirculation of pollutants coupled with the photochemical production control the variation of O3 concentration in Sousse region. This breeze type generates the front breeze and the retum flow circulation at the summit of the atmospheric boundary layer. The experimental measurements obtained from a fixed and mobile stations supported by satellite imageries (MODIS and SEAWIFS) have served the study of seasonal evolution of the principal atmospheric pollutants over the Tunisian coasts. The obtained results show that the evolution of O3 concentration is due to the late breeze setting. As far as dust is concerned, this study shows that the increase in its concentration bas been observed simultaneously in the four measurement sites (Bizerte, Sousse, Sfax and Tunis). This fact has permitted us to point out the Saharan dust implication. The evolution of the concentration of primary pollutants NO, NO2 and SO2 depends on the movement of the air masses and the photochemical transformation. In order to validate these experimental results, we achieved a numerical study using the FLUENT code, simulating the phenomenon of dispersion of a pollutant in presence of a three dimensional flow. The model results fit with the experimental measurements. We pointed out the 3D behaviour of the pollutants dispersion and their contribution to the increase in their surface concentration
33
Batet, Torrell Óscar. "Investigation of continuous-wave range-resolved lidar systems for gas detection and concentration measurement." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/471533.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The techniques for detection of the atmosphere constituents and their distribution in the space have evolved in the last years driven by needs in the environmental, meteorological and climate science fields and backed by technological developments. The study of the atmosphere behavior, the health risks provoked either by natural or man-made phenomena or the study of the climate change are examples of applications of optical remote sensing techniques that tend to increase as time goes by.
This thesis presents an innovative lidar system for gas detection with range resolution and moderate cost. We study a frequency-modulated continuous-wave lidar system (FMCW) for gas detection in the atmosphere. As a previous step a system for aerosol detection has been studied, which has led to the development of a phase switching technique in the modulating signal to make possible the retrieval of the low-spatial-frequency components of the atmosphere optical parameters. This technique has been tested with an experiment of discrimination of targets close to each other. Then the system has been extended to gas detection either with topographical targets or with aerosols as backscattering medium and a preliminary experiment for the first case has been performed. An analysis of the uncertainty in the gas-concentration retrieval as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has been developed and the extension of the `phase-hop¿ technique for gas-detection FMCW-lidar systems has been proposed.
Previous to this system, a wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) system has been developed as an intermediate step to achieve some degree of expertise in gas detection by means of absorption spectroscopy techniques. Different experiments with gas cells and open-path environments have been carried out.
Finally an optical amplifier which can be used in WMS systems as well as in FMCW-lidar systems is studied, designed, developed and tested. The analysis of the fiber-amplifier behavior for conditions of temperature and pressure change has been performed with a certain dependence of the background with temperature.Les tècniques per a la detecció dels constituents de l’atmosfera i la seva distribució en l’espai ha evolucionat en els últims anys degut a les necessitats en els camps del medi ambient, la meteorologia i les ciències del clima i amb el suport del desenvolupament tecnològic. L’estudi del comportament atmosfèric, els riscos per la salut provocats per fenòmens tant naturals com artificials o l’estudi del canvi climàtic són exemples d’aplicacions de tècniques de teledetecció òptica que tendeixen a incrementar amb el temps. Aquesta tesi presenta un sistema lidar innovador per a la detecció de gasos amb resolució en distancia i amb un cost moderat. S’estudia un sistema lidar d’ona continua i modulat en freqüència FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous-wave) per a la detecció de gasos a l’atmosfera. Com a pas previ, s’ha estudiat un sistema per a detecció d’aerosols que ha portat al desenvolupament d’una tècnica de salts de fase en el senyal modulador per tal de fer possible la recuperació dels components de baixa freqüència espacial dels paràmetres òptics atmosfèrics. Aquesta tècnica s’ha testejat amb un experiment de discriminació de blancs propers entre ells. Llavors el sistema s’ha estès a la detecció de gasos utilitzant com a medi de retrodispersió tant els blancs topogràfics com els aerosols i s’ha fet un experiment preliminar per al primer cas de blancs topogràfics. S’ha analitzat també la incertesa en la recuperació de la concentració de gas com a funció de la relació senyal-soroll (SNR) i s’ha proposat l’extensió de la tècnica phase-hop per a sistemes lidar FMCW per a la detecció de gasos. Previ a aquest sistema, s’ha desenvolupat un sistema WMS (wavelength modulation spectroscopy) com a pas intermedi per tal d’assolir un cert grau d’expertesa en la detecció de gasos per mitjà de tècniques d’absorció espectroscòpica. S’han desenvolupat diferents experiments amb cel·les de gas i també en espais oberts. Finalment s’ha estudiat, dissenyat, desenvolupat i testejat un amplificador òptic que es pot fer servir en sistemes WMS així com en sistemes lidar FMCW. L’anàlisi del comportament de l’amplificador de fibra per a condicions de canvi de pressió i temperatura s’ha realitzat obtenint com a resultat una certa dependència del senyal de background amb la temperatura.
34
Erasmus, Christina Petronella. "The concentration of ten metals in the tissues of shark species Squalus megalops and Mustelus mustelus (chondrichthyes) occuring along the Southeastern coast of South Africa." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The southeastern coast of South Africa is deemed unpolluted and with the exception of a few localized areas, is believed to be pristine. This study aimed to (1) assess the concentration of metals in the water and sharks (Squalus megalops, Mustelus mustelus) from different sites along the southeastern coast, (2) determine the effects that metals have on each other and investigate the accumulation and storage of metals in different shark tissues, (3) determine the effects of length and sex on metal concentration and the presence of metallothioneins in the liver. Metal concentrations in water from seven sites along the southeastern coast revealed concentrations below the detection limit of the extraction method, except for iron at St. Francis Bay which was below the recommended levels as supplied by DWAF. Met al concentrations in S. megalops from the seven sites revealed significantly elevated levels in individuals from Algoa and St. Francis Bay when compared to the other 5 sites. This was observed for all metals except manganese, which had a higher concentration at Cape Agulhas. After comparing the metal levels in muscle tissue (S. megalops) with data from the Department of Health it was concluded that the sharks caught at Algoa and St. Francis Bay were unsuited for human consumption. Liver and vertebral tissues from both S. megalops and M. mustelus were deemed unsuited for human consumption but further research should be conducted especially on vertebral metal concentrations. Comparing the metal concentration in different tissue types of S. megalops and M. mustelus significant difference were observed and attributed to differences in the maturity (thus age) of the two species. Significant differences in the metal concentration of males and females for both the species were observed. A higher number of differences were however observed in M. mustelus than in S. megalops, most probably due to the differences in maturity. Length and weight vs. metal concentration regressions in the males and females of both species revealed more negative than positive trends. This was found to be in accordance with other studies from around the world. Using the life stages of S. megalops, significant differences in the average concentration of metals were observed between the life stages, with embryos usually having the highest concentration. The metal concentration series determined for S. megalops were similar to that which have been reported in the literature in that iron and zinc occupied the highest concentration positions while cadmium, copper and manganese occupied the last three. The spleen usually had the highest metal concentration except for aluminium in skin and arsenic in muscle tissue. Pearson correlation revealed significant negative correlations between cadmium and the mentioned metals suggesting that cadmium replaces essential metals such as manganese, iron and copper as. Negative correlations between essential metals were observed most probably due to the competition for binding positions on ligands. Positive correlations were observed between metals in sp ecific tissue types and may be indicative of synergistic effects, e.g. aluminium may result in the accumulation of other metals such as cadmium. Positive and negative correlations between a specific metal and different tissue types have also been observed and it appears that there are movement of metals between tissue types. Positive correlation for essential metals between yolk and other tissue have been observed, although no correlations for non-essential metals were observed. This could potentially indicate a mechanism that prevents the accumulation of nonessential metals in embryos. Though no metallothioneins were isolated form the liver, the presence of cadmium in other proteins indicate that that cadmium is substituted for essential metals, and as this may result in deleterious physiological effects, further studies should be conducted. In conclusion it can be said that although some of the results were expected there are still quite a few unanswered question and further studies should be conducted.
35
Boyouk, Neda. "Caractérisation des aérosols de pollution dans le Nord de la France : relation entre masse, propriétés optiques, distribution verticale et météorologie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10114/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Une atmosphère saine est un besoin élémentaire pour le bien être et la santé humaine. La matière particulaire en suspension (Particle Matter, PM) est bien connue pour avoir un impact significatif sur la santé. Les mesures de PM2.5 et PM10 au niveau du sol reflètent l’influence de la dynamique de la couche limite et du mélange des aérosols locaux ou advectés sur de grandes distances. Le lien entre épaisseur optique en aerosol (aerosol optical thickness, AOT) et PM dépend de la relation entre propriétés optiques et massiques et de la distribution verticale des particules dans l’atmosphère. Nous présentons 3 expériences de terrain dédiées à la caractérisation des aérosols de pollution dans le Nord de la France: la première lors d’un évenement de pollution printanier sur Lille, la seconde durant un événement de pollution hivernal sur Dunkerque et la troisième durant des occurrences de brise de mer sur le littoral Dunkerquois. Nous avons utilisé 2 systèmes Lidar différents, le premier dans le visible (532 nm) et le second dans l’UV (355 nm); un photomètre solaire automatique et des mesures de PM2.5 et PM10 par TEOM. L’altitude supérieure de la couche de mélange (Mixed boundary layer, MBL) est détectée par Lidar et nous avons été capable de suivre le développement classique de la couche limite convective ainsi que des décroissances brutales d’altitude de la MBL dues à la brise de mer. Les profils d’extinction aérosols ont été estimés en utilisant un rapport Lidar de 67 sr à 532 nm à Lille, 77 sr à 532 nm et 30 sr à 355 nm à Dunkerque. Nous avons analysé l’impact du transport grande échelle de masses d’air polluée, du développement convectif de la MBL et du développement de la cellule de brise de mer sur les profils verticaux d’extinction en aérosols. Le signal Lidar dans les premières centaines de mètres est très bien corrélé (coefficient de corrélation supérieur à 0.9) avec les concentrations massiques mesurées au sol dans tous les cas. Il est également montré que l’introduction de la hauteur de la MBL permet une meilleure détermination des PM à partir de l’épaisseur optiqueClean air is considered to be a basic requirement for human health and well-being. Particulate matter is known to have a significant impact on health. The variability of Particle Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations recorded at ground-level is influenced by the boundary layer dynamics, local emissions, and advection and mixing of large scale transported aerosols. The link between columnar aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and ground-level PM depends on the relationship between mass and optical properties and on the vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere. We present three field experiments dedicated to the characterization of pollution aerosols in the North of France: the first one during a spring pollution episode in metropolitan area of Lille (50.61°N, 3.14°E), the second one during a winter pollution episode in the industrial coastal city of Dunkerque (51°04'N; 2°38'E) and the third one during summer sea breezes on coastal area of Dunkerque. We have used 2 different Lidar systems, one in the UV (355 nm) and the other one in the visible (532 nm), an automatic sun photometer, and PM2.5 and PM10 measurements with TEOM. The mixed layer (MBL) top altitude is detected from the Lidar signal and we were able to monitor the classical diurnal evolution of the convective continental boundary as well as short-time decreases in the MBL height due to sea breeze occurrences. The aerosol extinction profiles were estimated using a Lidar ratio of 67 sr at 532 nm in Lille, and 77 sr at 532 nm and 30 sr at 355 m in Dunkerque. We have analyzed the impact of long range transport of polluted air masses, convective development of the MBL, and sea breeze development on the vertical profile of aerosol extinction coefficient. The Lidar signal in the first few hundred meters is well correlated (correlation coefficient above 0.9) with the PM concentrations in all cases. It is found that introducing the Lidar derived MBL height enable a better estimation of PM from measured AOT. Clean air is considered to be a basic requirement for human health and well-being. Particulate matter is known to have a significant impact on health. The variability of Particle Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations recorded at ground-level is influenced by the boundary layer dynamics, local emissions, and advection and mixing of large scale transported aerosols. The link between columnar aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and ground-level PM depends on the relationship between mass and optical properties and on the vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere. We present three field experiments dedicated to the characterization of pollution aerosols in the North of France: the first one during a spring pollution episode in metropolitan area of Lille (50.61°N, 3.14°E), the second one during a winter pollution episode in the industrial coastal city of Dunkerque (51°04'N; 2°38'E) and the third one during summer sea breezes on coastal area of Dunkerque. We have used 2 different Lidar systems, one in the UV (355 nm) and the other one in the visible (532 nm), an automatic sun photometer, and PM2.5 and PM10 measurements with TEOM. The mixed layer (MBL) top altitude is detected from the Lidar signal and we were able to monitor the classical diurnal evolution of the convective continental boundary as well as short-time decreases in the MBL height due to sea breeze occurrences. The aerosol extinction profiles were estimated using a Lidar ratio of 67 sr at 532 nm in Lille, and 77 sr at 532 nm and 30 sr at 355 m in Dunkerque. We have analyzed the impact of long range transport of polluted air masses, convective development of the MBL, and sea breeze development on the vertical profile of aerosol extinction coefficient. The Lidar signal in the first few hundred meters is well correlated (correlation coefficient above 0.9) with the PM concentrations in all cases. It is found that introducing the Lidar derived MBL height enable a better estimation of PM from measured AOT
36
Bakharieva, Ganna, Serhii Petrov, and Tetiana Falalieieva. "Development of the mathematical model of the kinetics of the stationary process of bio-cleaning with substratic inhibition." Thesis, Scientific Route OU, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/46262.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A scientifically sound method for calculating the parameters of bio-cleaning should contain as a basic a reliable mathematical description of the stationary process. The results of stationary laboratory experiments are presented in the coordinates “specific rate of destruction V – concentration ρ”. Statistical processing proves the presence of substrate inhibition for both gaseous and soluble and dissolved harmful substances in water. For an analytical description of the dependence of the biooxidation rate on the concentration of contaminants, a phenomenological approach is applied, taking into account in a simple form two obvious phenomena: the contact of a microorganism with a substrate molecule and the inhibitory effect of the medium on it. The numerical values of empirical dependency coefficients for the studied processes are calculated. A differential equation is proposed at the macro level that describes the kinetics of biochemical destruction. The concept
of a macrokinetic mathematical model of bioremediation is defined as a system of two functions that quantitatively reflect the dependence of the specific oxidation rate of pollution on its concentration and concentration on time, as well as satisfying the relationship between the relationships of the same parameters in differential form. The dependence of concentration on time is defined both in the form of a numerical integration algorithm and in the form of an approximate formula. The adequacy and universality of the proposed model for the studied processes is proved. The advantage of the proposed model of substrate inhibition kinetics is the simplicity of the structure of the basic formula and the ease of determining empirical coefficients based on this. In addition to numerical integration for determining the time of destruction, an approximate analytical solution is found, which can be adequately used in the concentration range of the experimental study. Further research is aimed at developing methods for calculating non-stationary processes in biochemical purification plants of certain specific types.
37
Vithanage, Gayatri. "Assessing The Source Of Fecal Contamination In Streams On Kaua'i Based On Concentration And Genotypes Of Frna Bacteriophages." Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10511.
Повний текст джерела
38
Alanezi, Salwa. "Emission inventories from Kuwait petroleum refineries and respective ground level concentration of pollutants in the neighboring residential area." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12544.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The State of Kuwait has three large refineries, namely, Mina Al Ahmadi Refinery, Mina Abdullah Refinery and Shuaiba Refinery. These refineries process and refine Kuwait Crude Oil through different process units. There are many heaters, boilers and flares that form a part of the complicated equipment which enhance the different petroleum processes. Fuel gas is used as a firing fuel for those heaters and boilers. As a result, stack emissions like SO2, NOx, CO are predominantly present in the flue gases and this study focuses on those emissions and their impact on the surrounding residential area. The area of interest will be Umm Al-Hyman residential area. This study accumulates emission inventories from the three refineries and the respective ground level concentration of the pollutants in the neighboring residential area. It also focuses on the impact of emissions from the refinery operations on the ground level concentrations in the surrounding areas by using the inventory model and latest emission factors to provide accurate emission estimates. The models were developed and the results were verified with the actual data from the area of impact. As a result of the findings of the major pollutants, namely SO2, NOx & CO, it is found that SO2 and CO are not exceeding Kuwait EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards for Residential Areas normally. However, NOx is observed to exceed occasionally. Even though, NOx emissions from refineries sources represented by plume models were much less, there is a consistent increase in the measured NOx. Furthermore, in 2007, the measured hourly, daily and annual NOx concentration exceeded the international standard many times. The increasing trend in NOx is attributed to continuous increase in population and the number of motor vehicles. The study will go further step in recommending engineering solutions and best practices to reduce the pollutants concentrations which will help in the reduction of human health risks and protect the environment.
39
Šiuipys, Nerijus. "Priežemio ozono koncentracijos sklaida Kauno mieste ir jos ryšys su meteorologinėmis sąlygomis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090810_112539-45872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Viena didžiausių problemų, atsirandančių dėl oro taršos miestų ore, yra tarša, sukelta fotocheminių oksidantų, tarp jų, ir priežemio ozono.
Darbo tikslas: nustatyti priežemio ozono koncentracijos sklaidą Kauno mieste ir jos ryšį su meteorologinėmis sąlygomis.
Tyrimai buvo vykdomi 2006 - 2009 metais. Darbo objektas - Kauno miestas. Visoje miesto teritorijoje priežemio ozono koncentracija buvo matuota 10 skirtingų matavimo vietų. Ozono koncentracijai nustatyti buvo naudotas „Aeroqual 300 Series” ozono matuoklis. Priežemio ozono koncentracija buvo matuota vidudienį nuo 12 iki 14 ir vakare nuo 17 iki 19 valandos. Kiekvienoje vietoje buvo atlikta nuo 4 - 6 matavimų, kiekvieno sezono metu.
Tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad priežemio ozono koncentracijos pasiskirstymas kiekvieno sezono metu yra skirtingas. Didžiausia vidutinė sezoninė priežemio ozono koncentracija buvo nustatyta pavasario - vasaros sezonų metu (72 g/m3), o mažiausia žiemos sezono metu (7 g/m3). 2009 m. pavasario sezono metu Vileikos g., prie GMF nustatyta didžiausia vienkartinė priežemio ozono koncentracija (128 g/m3).
Buvo vertintas priežemio ozono koncentracijos ryšys su meteorologinėmis sąlygomis ir azoto oksidų (NOx) koncentracija. Gauti rezultatai parodė, statistiškai reikšmingą teigiamą ryšį tarp ozono koncentracijos ir temperatūros (r = 0,73; p = 0,00) ir NO2 koncentracijos (r = 0,48; p = 0,03). Tai rodo, kad didėjant temperatūrai ir NO2 koncentracijai, didėja ir priežemio ozono koncentracija. Tarp priežemio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]One of the major problems resulting from air pollution of the urban area, is the pollution caused by photochemical oxidants, among their, ground level ozone. The aim of this work was to assess distribution of ground level ozone concentration in Kaunas and its relationship to meteorological situation. Measurements was carried out in 2006 - 2009. Object of work has been selected Kaunas city. Throughout the city area ground level ozone concentration was measured by a sampling scheme for the 10 different measurement points. For determinate of ground level ozone concentration, we used ozone quality monitor „Aeroqual 300 Series“. Ground level ozone concentration was measured at midday from 12 to 14 and in the evening from 17 to 19 hours. Each site was carried out from 4 - 6 measurements. Study rezults revealed, that ground level ozone concentration distribution of each season is different. The maximum average ozone concentration was found in spring - summer season (72 g/m3), and the lowest in winter season (7 g/m3). The higher ground level ozone concentration episode (128 g/m3) was stated in spring season in 2009 year. Relationship between ground level ozone concentration and meteorological situations and nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration was evaluated. The results showed statistically significant positive relationship between ozone concentration and temperature (r = 0,73; p = 0,00) and NO2 concentration (r = 0,48; p = 0,03). Between ground level ozone concentration and wind... [to full text]
40
Yocum, Susan Marie. "Effects of low level lead and cadmium on reproduction in Peromyscus leucopus and a study of lead concentration in small mammals from old orchards." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lead and cadmium frequently occur together as contaminants in polluted environments such
as roadsides, urban areas, mines, and smelters. Few studies have been conducted to
examine the possible interactive effects these metals may have on reproduction of wild
species.
The first part of this study was directed toward examining the effects of low level dietary lead
and cadmium on reproduction in Peromyscus Jeucopus. Two laboratory studies were
conducted. Treatment with combinations of 0, 1 or 4 μ/g lead acetate and/or cadmium
chloride was found to have no effect on overall health or reproductive ability of white-footed
mice. In a second, experiment mice were treated with combinations of 0 or 10 μg/g lead
acetate and/or cadmium' chloride. Treatment was continued through three generations of
mice (P1, Fl, F2); progeny of the P1 were paired with nonrelatives in the same group and
continued on the same treatment. Percentage-of pairs producing at least one litter in a ten
week period was reduced in mice receiving both lead and cadmium. By the F2 generation
only one of ten pairs produced offspring. There were minor variations in litter parameters (# pups/litter, birth weight, weanling weight and viability of litters) measured for the three
generations; however, treatment did not appear to greatly affect litters in those pairs which
had litters. In the P1 generation kidney weights were lower in mice receiving lead and
epididymidis weight was higher in mice receiving cadmium. Mice (P1) receiving cadmium and lead had lower numbers of spermatozoa/mg testis. Lead content of carcass, liver and kidneys
was analyzed in mice from the P1 generation.
The second part of this study examined the persistence of lead in the environment after the
source of contamination has been removed. Short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda) trapped
in an orchard with a history of lead arsenate use had higher whole body lead concentrations
than individuals of the same species trapped in a control orchard. Within the treated orchard
lead concentrations in pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) were significantly higher than
concentrations in short-tailed shrews.Master of Science
41
Sutherland, John David Wightman. "'Hidden' arsenic in estuarine systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326789.
Повний текст джерела
42
Tutt, Robert Dean. "Evaluating outdoor asbestos abatement activities in an idled petroleum refinery /." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2001. http://library.ouhsc.edu/epub/theses/Tutt-Robert-Dean.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
43
MALAGRINO, WALDIR. "Bioacumulacao e eliminacao de mercurio (sup(203)Hg) no mexilhao (Perna perna, Linne, 1758) .Modelo cinetico para avaliar o risco de ingestao no homem." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2003. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11095.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:48:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09455.pdf: 4871108 bytes, checksum: cdb33a154f97f7b1de400d0a95b20a24 (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
44
Correia, Ernestina Brázio. "Caracterização da poluição (aerossóis) à superfície na região Alentejo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14939.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O presente estudo tem como objetivos analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal da poluição observada à superfície na região Sul de Portugal, em termos da concentração mássica dos aerossóis PM10, medida em quatro locais distintos, a saber Évora, Terena, Monte Velho e Quebedo e identificar as possíveis justificações para as heterogeneidades encontradas, em função da análise de variáveis meteorológicas e das origens das fontes de aerossóis que atingem os locais de estudo.
Os dados tratados, são referentes a cinco anos, (2005-2009) com excepção dos dados de Évora, que respeitam apenas a quatro anos, (2006-2009).
No propósito de atingir os objetivos acima mencionados foi efectuada uma análise estatística dos dados horários da concentração mássica de PM10 das quatro estações: variabilidade espacial, variabilidade anual, sazonal e diária, a análise de excedências relativamente aos Valores Limites Diário (VLD) de 50 μg m-3 e Anual (VLA) de 40 μg m-3. Foram ainda identificadas situações extremas de episódios de poluição e à tentativa de efectuar a caracterização do tipo de aerossóis aí presentes em função da análise de variáveis meteorológicas (velocidade e direcção do vento e temperatura do ar) e das rectro-trajectórias de 72h em três altitudes terminando em cada um dos locais de estudo; ABSTRACT: The scientific goal of the present study is i) the analysis of the time and space distribution of the atmospheric pollution observed in Southern region of Portugal, at the ground surface, in terms of the aerosol mass concentration, PM10, measured at four sites, namely Évora, Terena, Monte Velho and Quebedo; ii) the identification of possible reasons for the space-time heterogeneities. as a function of the meteorological conditions and of the origin of aerosol sources. The processed data are for five years (2005-2009) with the exception of Évora, which refers to only four years (2006-2009).
In order to achieve the goals mentioned above a statistical analysis of hourly data of PM10 mass concentration of the four sites was performed, such as the spatial and annual variability, seasonal and daily analysis of exceedances of the Daily Limit Value (DLV) of 50 μg m-3 and of the Annual Limit Value (ALV) of 40 μg m-3. Situations of extreme pollution episodes were also identified and the characterization of the type of aerosols was tried as a function of meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction, atmospheric temperature) observed at each site and of the 72 hour back trajectories analysis at three different altitudes ending at each site.
45
Kallel, Sami. "Degradation par voies chimique et biologique de la pollution azotee et carbonee refractaire d'eau residuaire a forte concentration. Application au cas des lixiviats de centre d'enfouissement technique." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les lixiviats stabilises de centres d'enfouissement technique sont comparables a des effluents industriels tres charges en azote ammoniacal et en composes organiques refractaires. Ces effluents peuvent constituer un vecteur essentiel de pollution pour l'environnement. Ils doivent a ce titre faire l'objet d'une surveillance particuliere. Le traitement biologique de ces effluents sur filtre biologique permet l'elimination quasi totale de l'azote ammoniacal avec des charges volumiques appliquees de 0,8 kg/m3/j, alors que le lagunage aere ne permet la nitrification que de 0,015 kg nnh4/m3/j. Les traitements biologiques par lagunage aere et par filtre biologique sont peu efficaces en ce qui concerne l'elimination de la charge organique. Le traitement physico-chimique par coagulation-floculation au chlorure ferrique permet l'elimination de 60 a 70% de la dco. Une oxydo-floculation au reactif de fenton ameliore les resultats avec une elimination de 75 a 80% de la charge organique et une augmentation du rapport db05/dco. L'oxydation combinee h2o2/uv apparait comme etant la solution la plus efficace pour l'oxydation de la matiere organique refractaire avec des rendements d'elimination superieurs a 90%. Une filiere composee d'un traitement par une coagulation-floculation au chlorure ferrique, d'une oxydation combinee h2o2/uv suivis d'un traitement sur filtre biologique, nous parait la plus efficace pour le traitement de ce type d'effluent
46
CASTRO, FRANCISCO J. V. de. "Disponibilidade dos metais Cd e Pb e do metalóide As na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Ribeira do Iguape e afluentes: uma avaliação da contaminação ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
47
Adewoyin, Aiyeyemi Anike. "Carbon dioxide response of semiconducting oxide gas sensitive resistors." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287945.
Повний текст джерела
48
Alshunaifi, Ibrahim. "Caractérisation de la concentration et de la température d'un nuage de gaz par thermographie infrarouge : application à l'analyse des effluents gazeux." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100025/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La thèse porte sur la cratérisation par télédétection de la température et de la concentration d’un nuage de gaz. La thermographie infrarouge est le moyen passif utilisé pour détecter dans un premier temps et quantifier dans un deuxième temps le gaz recherché. Après avoir analysé des paramètres intervenant dans l’équation de transfert radiatif de gaz, l’étude présente le résultat de simulation de plusieurs sources (moteurs, fuite de gaz,…).Différentes voies d’amélioration de l’imagerie donnée par une caméra sont proposées : filtrage optique à une ou deux longueurs d’onde, filtrage temporel par analyse des fréquences. Un appareillage hyperspectral a aussi été développé à partir de la conjugaison d’un spectromètre à transformée de Fourier ayant pour «détecteur» une caméra matricielle sensible dans l’infrarouge. L’ensemble des solutions proposées permet de gagner un facteur 10 à 50 sur la détection de sources. Un exemple quantitatif est en fin proposé : la détermination du volume de CO2 expiré par un sportif pendant un effort fourni. Ce volume augmente au cours de l’effort. Ce travail conduit donc à des applications de mesures sans contact en biométrieThe thesis focuses on the cratering of the temperature and the concentration of a gas cloud. The Infrared thermography is the means used at first to detect passive and second step in quantifying the target gas. After analyzing the parameters involved in the equation of radiatif transfer of gas, the study presents the simulation result from several sources (engines, gas leak ...). Different ways of improvement of imaging data by a camera are available : optical filtering in one or two wavelengths, temporal filtering by frequency analysis. hyperspectral equipment was also developed from the combination of a Fourier transform spectrometer with the "detector" a matrix camera sensitive in the infrared. All solutions can save a factor of 10 to 50 on the detection of sources. A quantitative example is finally proposed : determining the volume of CO2 exhaled by an athlete during an effort. This volume increases during exercise. This work therefore leads to non-contact measurement applications in biometrics
49
Vesin, Aude. "Suivi temportel des niveaux de concentration en atmosphère intérieure lors de l'application d'insecticides ménagers." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4710/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'étude du comportement dynamique des substances actives pendant l'épandage de produits insecticides ménagers commerciaux dans les atmosphères intérieures nécessite le développement et l'adaptation de procédures analytiques de mesure en ligne ayant une résolution temporelle élevée. Un HS-PTR-MS et un HR-ToF-AMS ont par conséquent été utilisés pour mesurer les contaminants à la fois en phase gazeuse et particulaire. Les substances actives ciblées par cette étude appartiennent à la famille des pyréthrinoïdes, présentes dans différentes formulations commerciales du type diffuseurs électriques et sprays aérosols, qui ont été appliqués dans une pièce d'étude simulant une atmosphère réelle dans la maison expérimentale MARIA du Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment. Les résultats de ces mesures montrent des pics de concentration compris entre 1,5 et 8,5 µg.m-3, après 8 heures de branchement des diffuseurs électriques. Les pics de concentration des substances actives après l'application des sprays peuvent atteindre plusieurs dizaines de µg.m-3. La ventilation et la sédimentation des aérosols apparaissent comme des mécanismes majeurs d'élimination des polluants du compartiment air. Par ailleurs, une distribution importante des substances actives avec les surfaces de la pièce (murs, sol, plafond, particules en suspension et poussières) est observée. L'évaluation de l'exposition par inhalation aux produits insecticides étudiés montre qu'il n'existe a priori pas de risque pour la santé. Néanmoins, une évaluation intégrée, prenant en compte toutes les voies d'exposition est nécessaire avant de conclure à une absence de risque sanitaireThe study of the dynamic behaviour of the active substances during the application of commercial household insecticide products in indoor atmospheres requires the development of the adaptation of on-line analytical procedures with high time resolution. A HS-PTR-MS and a HR-ToF-AMS have therefore been used to measure contaminants both in the gaseous and particulate phase. The active substances targeted by this study belong to the pyrethroids, which are present in different commercial formulations like electric vaporizers and sprays that were applied in a full-scale test room simulating a real atmosphere in the experimental house MARIA of the French scientific and technical centre for building. The results of these measurements show that peak concentrations during a 8h-emission of electric vaporizers range from 1,5 et 8,5 µg.m-3. The peak concentrations of active substances during spraying can reach several dozens of µg.m-3. Ventilation and deposition of aerosols are major elimination mechanisms of pollutants from the air compartment. Moreover, an important distribution of active substances with the surfaces of the room (walls, floor, ceiling, suspended particles and dust) is observed. The evaluation of inhalation exposure to the studied insecticide products show that adverse effects are not likely to occur. Nevertheless, to conclude that these products are safe, it is necessary to perform an integrated evaluation, taking into account all exposure routes
50
Chen, Hou Yong. "Étude comparée de l'adsorption et de la dégradation photocatalytique de polluants des eaux." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL098N.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le 1,2-dichloroéthane (DCE) est choisi comme modèle de polluant et trois échantillons industriels de TiO2 sont comparés. Une caractérisation des trois échantillons révèle une variété de surface spécifique, de présence d'impuretés et de charge de surface. L’étude de l'adsorption du DCE révèle une cinétique assez lente due à des phénomènes de transport au sein d'agrégats de TiO2. L’équilibre d'adsorption est représenté de façon satisfaisante par le modèle de Langmuir. La présence de divers ions réduit l'adsorption et suggère l'existence de plusieurs types de sites d'adsorption. L’effet de la concentration en polluant sur la cinétique de dégradation photocatalytique est le plus riche d'enseignement. La réaction prend place pour une part de façon homogène au sein de la solution, particulièrement pour les échantillons les moins actifs. Une corrélation est établie entre cinétique hétérogène et adsorption. La présence de divers ions inhibe la réaction. L’effet est interprété, comme pour l'adsorption, par un phénomène de compétition avec le DCE