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Статті в журналах з теми "Pollution atmosphérique – Afrique subsaharienne"
NKWENKA NYANDA, Patrick geoffroy. "Investissements Directs Étrangers et environnement en Afrique Subsaharienne." Journal of Academic Finance 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59051/joaf.v10i2.331.
Повний текст джерелаAfo-Loko, Owodon. "Investissement Direct Étranger, transition energétique et degradation de l’environnement : évidence des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne." La Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française 9, no. 1 (August 2, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/rielf.2024.1.1635.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Pollution atmosphérique – Afrique subsaharienne"
Doumbia, Macoura. "Capital naturel et capital humain : trois essais en Afrique Subsaharienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0061.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims to analyse the impact of natural capital on human capital. It focuses on Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries that are heavily exposed to environmental degradation. Overall, the results of the thesis corroborate that natural capital degradation, such as air pollution and the loss of forest cover, affects human capital and, more specifically, the health of individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. The thesis is divided into three original chapters. Chapter 1 examines the relationship between the presence of a protected area and the choice of cooking fuel in Côte d'Ivoire. Environmental objectives, namely reducing forest and biodiversity losses, lead to the implementation of protected areas. However, preserving the environment could also change the choice of cooking fuels made by households living near protected areas. Using data from the 2015 Household Living Standards Survey and a multilevel mixed effects model show that a protected area increases the probability of using purchased biomass (firewood or charcoal) compared with clean energy (gas). The effect depends on the characteristics of the household head, the household's socio-economic status, the level of development of the area of residence and the level of protection of the protected area. Thus, integral protected areas increase the probability of using clean energy. Besides shedding light on the determinants of fuel choice, this chapter provides a better understanding of the consequences of establishing protected areas. Indoor air pollution is a public health problem in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where households mostly rely on solid fuels to cover their energy needs. Women, who are usually responsible for cooking, and their young children are the most exposed to indoor air pollution. Chapter 2 analyses the causal relationship between indoor air quality and the risk of respiratory diseases in individuals in Côte d'Ivoire, according to age group. By creating an original indicator of indoor air pollution using data from the 2015 Household Living Standards Survey and using a multilevel mixed-effects model, the study reveals that indoor air pollution increases the risk of respiratory disease in children under five. The effect depends on the presence of older children aged between 5 and 15 and the household's size and area of residence.Chapter 3 focuses on the impact of ambient air pollution on school absenteeism in South Africa, of which air quality is relatively poor. It relies on the General household survey data from 2015 and 2016. Due to the non-random exposure to air pollution, the econometric strategy implements an instrumental variable method. The instruments used are temperature inversion episodes, wind speed and wind direction, which affect the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere. The results show that an increase in the concentration of fine particles increases the risk of absenteeism in children aged between 5 and 15. The effect varies according to the level of wealth, the household size, the household structure, and the population sub-group of the head of household. This chapter adds to the literature that has been delivering mixed results until now by providing a clear answer to the effect of ambient air pollution on school absenteeism
Poccard, Isabelle. "Etude diagnostique de nouvelles données climatiques : les réanalyses : exemples d'application aux précipitations en Afrique tropicale." Dijon, 2000. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012042.
Повний текст джерелаPohl, Benjamin. "L'Oscillation de Madden-Julian et la variabilité pluviométrique régionale en Afrique Subsaharienne." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00269077.
Повний текст джерелаBrocard, Delphine. "Emissions atmosphériques des combustions domestiques : étude des processus et détermination des sources à l'échelle régionale et globale en Afrique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30296.
Повний текст джерелаDoumbia, El Hadji Thierno. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution atmosphérique en Afrique de l'Ouest et étude d'impact sur la santé." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1915/.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis was a contribution to the CORUS-POLCA (French acronym for " POLlution des Capitales Africaines ") program with the aim to characterize particulate pollution on traffic sites of two West-African capitals (Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal) and to study aerosol biological impacts on lung inflammation. Urban particulate pollution with levels much higher than WHO norms, are in the focus due to intense African traffic sources and domestic fires. In this context, fundamental research of this thesis is centred on the following key scientific questions: - What is the chemical speciation of aerosols by size classes for black carbon, organic carbon, inorganic species, and trace elements for the two sites of POLCA program ? - What is the toxicity of these combustion aerosols and the oxidative stress levels ? - What is the link between aerosol size differentiated composition and inflammation markers for each source ? - What is the link between aerosol exposure and aerosol dose within the respiratory tract ? To tackle these questions, samples obtained during the intensive campaigns in Bamako (January 2009) and Dakar (December 2009) have been chemically analyzed to obtain differentiated aerosol chemical composition within size classes. All these measurements are conducted to a well physico-chemical characterization of particles in addition to source contributing determination using multivariate models (PCA, PMF). This study has been coupled to in vitro biological studies on sampled aerosols on the two sites. Such coupled studies allow to further understand the complex relationship between emissions source/aerosols chemistry/size distributions and biological health impacts. Finally, in this study, the DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) model was developed to evaluate chemically/size exposures to aerosol particle size distributions and calculate their respective concentrations/doses in the different compartments (trachea, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar) of the human respiratory tract. The conjunction of three themes, namely characterization of the urban particulate pollution in West Africa and its sources, its toxicological impact and dose modeling in the respiratory tract results in the multidisciplinary innovative character of the thesis
Barro, Maimouna. "Three essays on challenges facing agriculture in developing countries." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0004.
Повний текст джерелаAgriculture plays a major role in the economy of developing countries where the majority of the population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture and food systems for their livelihoods. This population is also faced with numerous challenges such as climate change, poverty, environmental degradation or food insecurity. The objective of thethesis is to shed new light on the issues related to agriculture in order to derive economic policy recommendations. The thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 assesses the impact of adopting irrigation on household and women’s dietary diversity. The study focuses on Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, particularly countries of the WestAfrican Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) where the share of the population suffering from moderate to severe food insecurity is very high. Our identification strategy is based on the entropy balancing method developed by Hainmueller 2012. The results show that irrigating households have higher dietary diversity scores compared to non-irrigating households. In addition, the results also reveal that women in irrigating households have higher dietary diversity scores than women in non-irrigating households. Furthermore, these findings highlight that women’s empowerment, increased agricultural income, production, and water supply are potential mechanisms through whichirrigation contributes to improving dietary diversity.Chapter 2 focuses on the relationship between malaria prevalence and agricultural labor in the context of irrigation and family farming in SSA. The goal of this study is to analyse the impact of malaria on agricultural labor (quantity and productivity) by highlighting someunderlying mechanisms that explain the relationship between malaria and labor in African family farming. More precisely, we focused on irrigation and household size as two potential moderator variables of the impact of malaria on labor. On the one hand, the results show that malaria has a negative impact on labor quantity. This effect is a direct health impact through the loss of workday due to the disease. However, once malaria interacts with irrigation or household size, its effect turns out to be insignificant. We explain these results by the presence of a moderating effect of irrigation and household size. On the other hand, the baseline and robustness results reveal that malaria increases labor productivity. We explain this result in the context of the productive inefficiency of African family farming. Regarding the moderating effect of irrigation, we do find a negative impact of the interaction of malaria with irrigation while few are robust. Overall, our results highlight that malaria remains a constraint in family farming in Africa.Chapter 3 examines the issue of industrialization in rural areas. More specifically, it analyzes the impact of industrial water pollution from manufacturing firms on rice production in Jiangsu, China. This study aims to disentangle this complex relationship by using a translog production function model. This model allows us to separate the directeffects of industrial water pollution on rice cultivation from its adaptation effects. Our results confirm that rice yields are negatively impacted by industrial water pollution through a direct biological effect. This detrimental effect is the most significant within a radius of 5 kilometers from the county center. In response, farmers use more operating costs to mitigate the negative impact of industrial water pollution. The changein production behaviors helps farmers to better cope with industrial development and adapt to the changing rural environment. Our study highlights the need to better understand the nexus between industry and agriculture at the local level
Moula, Micheline. "Modélisation des feux de biomasse en savane africaine et évaluation des émissions dans l'atmosphère de constituants en trace." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30041.
Повний текст джерелаCachon, Fresnel Boris A. "Étude de pollution atmosphérique en Afrique Sub-Saharienne : Cas de Cotonou (Bénin) : Caractérisation physicochimique des matières particulaires d'origine urbaine et impact toxicologique sur des cellules épithéliales bronchiques humaines (BEAS-2B) cultivées in vitro." Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0348/document.
Повний текст джерелаAir pollution and its adverse health effects have shown a growing interest in developing countries. This study deals with this subject and is one of the first conducted in African countries, particularly in Benin. Our results showed that the quality of gasoline used in cotonou was poor, characterized by the absence of additive and a high concentration of benzene. Thus, it could be responsible for the degradation of the city air quality. Therefore, particulate matter samples (PM₂․₅ and PM>₂․₅) were collected in St Michel neighborhood at Cotonou and results showed very high levels of particles in the ambient air. Physicochemical characterization of these particles revealed a presence of various chemicals compounds (ions, metals, VOCs, paraffins, PAHs, ect.) in higher proportion in PM₂․₅ than PM>₂․₅. The respiratory system, the main way of exposure to these airborne particles, was investigated through an in vitro study assessing the toxic potential of PM on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). It has been demonstrated that the two types of particules have cytotoxic properties and ability to induce gene expression of organic compounds metabolizing enzymes and to generate oxidative stress. These particles have triggered the inflammatory process through the induction of gene expression and protein secretion of cytokines, and changes in the arachidonic acid pathway (leukotrienes, prostaglandin, and thromboxane). Finally, comparative approach for PM₂․₅ sampled in three West African cities highlighted the closeness of particles characteristics in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal, and a significant contribution of road traffic emissions in the air pollution
Adon, Aka Jacques. "Evaluation de l'impact sur la santé de l'aérosol de combustion pour différentes sources urbaines en Afrique de l'Ouest en saison sèche et humide : caractérisation physico-chimique et toxicologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30049.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is in line with the scientific objectives of the DACCIWA-WP2 program. It is our responsibility to establish a link between emissions, air pollution and health impacts in terms of inflammation of the respiratory system for urban combustion sources, typical of West Africa: traffic, domestic fires and waste burning in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin) during the dry and wet seasons 2015-2017. Our results show that the particulate concentrations observed at all sites far exceed the recommendations of WHO. The site influenced by domestic fires is the most polluted site, dominated by a significant fraction of ultrafine (UF) and fine (F) particles. The comparison of traffic sites shows that the average concentrations for each size class are twice higher in Cotonou than in Abidjan. The physicochemical characterization of these particles (organic carbon, elemental carbon, soluble organic carbon, ions, dust, trace elements) underlines that organic carbon and dust are the two most important contributors for Fand UF particles with more organic carbon in Abidjan and dust in Cotonou respectively. Parallel biological studies were conducted to characterize the pro-inflammatory response induced by particles collected for each site quantifying the release of the IL-6cytokines by human bronchial epithelial cells. As a result, particles from the domestic fire site are the most pro-inflammatory particles whatever the season, while the fine and ultra-fine fractions of particles from the two traffic sites cause significant comparable effects for each season, with the Cotonou site distinguishing itself by the reactivity of its coarse fraction, linked to the presence of dust. The F and UF particles of the combustion sources therefore seem to have a significant impact. This is confirmed by the crossed analysis between physicochemical and toxicological data, which shows that the carbonaceous aerosol component of the aerosol (EC, OC, and WSOC) is best correlated with the IL-6 biomarker. This result allows us to draw up regional maps of the inflammatory impact linked to carbonaceous particles and their emission sources. These studies will eventually lead to the implementation of emission reduction solutions to improve air quality and health
Bechara, Joelle. "Impact de la mousson sur la chimie photooxydante en Afrique de l'Ouest." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00496705.
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