Дисертації: "Polluted environmental"

1

Sherwood, Graham D. "Fish energetics in polluted ecosystems." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38280.

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Conventional wisdom in ecotoxicology predicts reductions in organismal fitness to follow from exposure-related physiological effects. This expectation may be appropriate for controlled laboratory environments, but may not necessarily reflect what is likely to take place in the wild. In an extensive review of the ecotoxicology literature, it was revealed that fish condition factor (an index of energetic fitness) is just as likely to respond favourably to pollutant exposure as it is to respond negatively. The remainder of this thesis examines some of the ecological reasons for this apparent paradox. One possible cause of altered energetic status in wild, pollutant-exposed fish is variable food availability. Addressing this possibility, I showed that consumption rates (estimated using a 137Cesium mass-balance approach) were not related to growth reductions in hormonally-impaired yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) from metal-contaminated lakes. Another possibility is that fish forage less efficiently in metal-polluted lakes as a result of lowered prey choice. In this thesis, I develop an enzymatic and individual-based biomarker for fish activity costs (muscle lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, activity) and show, through the use of this tool that the cost of fish activity is intimately tied to prey type and the ability to make normal ontogenetic diet shifts. Through the application of LDH measurements, as well as through bioenergetic modelling, diet and prey community analyses, a link between decreased prey choice and high perch activity costs leading to zero growth efficiency (energetic bottlenecks) was demonstrated in yellow perch from metal-contaminated lakes. This finding provided one of the first examples in ecotoxicology of a mechanistic link between community and organismal endpoints. The findings of this thesis emphasize the need for ecotoxicology to consider ecology when looking for and interpreting ecologically relevant endpoints. The final chapter of this thesis ex

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2

Lawson, Jeffrey. "Towards a novel methodology for the environmental remediation of oil-polluted aqueous systems." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158583.

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Aromatic hydrocarbons are a prevalent constituent of crude oil. The refined products of crude oil such as petroleum and diesel can find their way into groundwater though oil-spillages and are also present in the oil and gas industry’s produced water. These aromatics are biorecalcitrant, however upon ingestion with water, may be metabolised to toxic intermediates that are carcinogenic or mutagenic in nature. Although some treatment technologies are available most of these are under development and are yet to be proven in the field. This illustrates the need for novel, economical and environmentally friendly technologies to be developed with a view to remediating aqueous systems that have been polluted with aromatics hydrocarbons. The supramolecular cyclodextrin molecule, with its hydrophobic interior and hydrophobic exterior seems to be an excellent molecule for the trapping of the pollutant molecules, however the inclusion complexes with this cyclic sugar are water-soluble therefore there is a need for the cyclodextrin to be rendered waterinsoluble. A study of the aqueous solubilities of some aromatic hydrocarbons that may be present in crude oil has been carried out and shows that the majority of these molecules have a degree of water solubility that may increase upon environmental weathering. The successful reaction between a solid-phase resin and the β-cyclodextrin molecule has been achieved, with the total dryness of the system being required including Soxhlet extraction of the resin with anhydrous acetone before the reaction. The reaction between β-cyclodextrin and a range of isocyanates proved unsuccessful, but a range of symmetrical aryl ureas were synthesised from their isocyanates with the influence that different activating or deactivating groups on the ring have on the propensity to form the ureas being shown. The successful alkylation between β-cyclodextrin and a series of haloalkanes has shown the effect of increasing chain length on the degree of alkylation. This reaction involved the deprotonation of the cyclodextrin by sodium hydride in anhydrous dimethyl sulphoxide followed by reaction with the alkyl iodide. Increasing the equivalents of hydride or iodide, or the reaction time did not have a noticeable effect on the degree of reaction indicating that steric constraints were limiting the degree of reaction. Testing several of these alkyl iodides gave an indication as to their tendency to uptake and remove several model pollutants that had been dissolved in water with the propylated β-cyclodextrin displaying potential for the remediation of aqueous systems that had been polluted. Several of these results were very promising leading to the conclusion that further derivatives of these alkylated sugars may be even more suitable for future research into the remediation of organically polluted aqueous systems.

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3

Wasay, Syed A. "Bioremediation of soils polluted by heavy metals using organic acids." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/NQ44624.pdf.

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4

Dyer, Mark. "Examining barriers to phytoremediating heavy metal polluted soils in developing countries." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-36751.

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Heavy metal soil pollution from anthropogenic sources such as historical use of fertilizers, poor waste disposal, and spills from industries are a serious environmental problem. This can be especially damaging in developing countries where incentives are limited to remediate these soils, and some of the poorest regions are the most affected. Soil remediation can clean heavy metal polluted soil to a level that is sustainable for the environment and the organisms that inhabit it. Many conventional soil remediation techniques can be very expensive, and resource and energy intensive, making them poor choices for developing countries. However, phytoremediation, an emerging soil remediation technology, is much cheaper and less intensive by using the natural ability of certain plants to clean polluted soils. Although phytoremediation has been considered the best available technology for developing countries with heavy metal polluted soil, it is still being underutilized. In this thesis, through the examination of case studies from the U.S., several barriers are identified that are preventing further implementation of phytoremediation projects in developing countries. These barriers include, the difficulties for developing countries in recognising the scale of heavy metal pollution, a lack of enforcement of environmental legislation and standards, prohibitive costs of projects, problems with the effectiveness of phytoremediation as a soil remediation technology, and a lack of technological knowledge.

2018-10-30

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5

Abdula, Samira Abdul-Hussain Abdula. "An ecological and experimental study of sediment-benthos interactions in a polluted estuary." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2750/.

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6

Pronoza, Lesya. "Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils in marginalised regions: opportunities, limitations and sustainable development." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33122.

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Soil pollution is one of the problems that obstruct sustainable development in the affected regions, posing a threat to the local environment, ecosystems and human wellbeing. Phytoremediation is one of the techniques used to clean polluted soils. It relies on the ability of some plants to absorb or stabilize certain substances from soil, including organic and inorganic pollutants. Amaranth was chosen as a potential candidate for the proposed phytoremediation project in Chinandega region, Nicaragua, an area that was heavily used for cotton production in the last century, and is now characterised as having high levels of soil pollution, Cd being one of the most common one. The aspects such as opportunities and limitations for the designing of such a project, as well as its contribution to the sustainable development of the region were examined in this thesis. To further support the investigation, the laboratory experiment was performed to study the uptake rate of Cd by amaranth in a greenhouse conditions. The results of the study show that the main opportunities for the design of this project would be the possibility of combining the cleaning of soil with co-benefits such as producing food and energy, as well as additional removal of organic pollutants. The main limitations would be the lack of initial data about the pollution, and possible economic losses due to inability of using amaranth for food. The implementation of this project in real life would mean a support of sustainable development of the Chinandega region on many levels, including social, environmental and economic benefits. The results of the laboratory pot experiment are yet to be included in the study, as the experiment still continues.

2017-10-30

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7

Plevrakis, Viktor. "Comparison of risk assessment methods for polluted soils in Sweden, Norway and Denmark." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-109376.

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Land contamination is an acknowledged problem around the world due to its potentially adverse impacts on human health and the environment. Specifically in Europe there are estimated to be 2,500,000 potentially contaminated sites. The risk that contaminated sites pose is investigated by risk assessments. The methods and the models though used in risk assessments, vary both on a national and an international level. In this study, the risk assessment methods and models for polluted soils used in Scandinavia and issued by the Environmental Protection Agencies were compared. The comparison aimed to (i) identify similarities and differences in the risk assessment methodology and risk assessment methods and to (ii) investigate to which extend these differences can impact the results of the models and the implications regarding mitigation measures. The method and model comparison showed that Sweden and Norway have great similarities in assessing risks for contaminated soil. However, there are differences with Denmark on a conceptual level. When a common hypothetical petrol station with 20 soil samples was assessed, the results and the conclusions of the three risk assessments were quite different; the site was seen as posing risk to human health with the Danish model when complied with the quality criteria issued by the Norwegian model. The Swedish risk assessment concluded that the contaminant concentration in 3 out of 20 samples was potentially harmful for the environment but not for human health. The demonstrated divergence of the conclusions of risk assessments has major implications and shows great interest for mainly four groups: Land-owners who may be called to cover the expenses for remedial action. Consultants and companies who perform risk assessments and land remediation. The countries that have to meet national and international environmental goals and can also share/ or cover the cost for remedial action. The people exposed to such environments that could be deemed as potentially harmful by a neighboring country. The study was conducted in collaboration with URS Nordic.

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8

Howie, Mikaela Gioia Selene. "The Lateral Extent and Spatial Variation of Mercury Exposure in Birds and their Prey Near a Polluted River." W&M ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626899.

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9

Gärtner, Isabell. "Mineral barrier systems for the treatment of metal-polluted water from an alum shale deposit." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227452.

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Oil and gas were recovered from alum shale (black shale) at Kvarntorp, Närke,during a period of 24 years. One of the remnants of this industry is a 100 m highdeposit with high contents of uranium, arsenic, molybdenum, vanadium and otherelements. Presently the leakage of metals from the deposit into nearby streams israther modest but will most likely accelerate in the near future. One way to preventan uncontrolled leakage of these elements from the deposit into the environmentwould be to install a filter with an effective adsorbent that after saturation could easilybe regenerated and reused. The filter could not only be used to reduce the impact ofmetal leakage to the environment but also to reclaim valuable elements like nickel,vanadium, uranium and molybdenum. Unfortunately such a filter does not existtoday, but there are a wide range of minerals that have high adsorbing capacities andcould serve as filter components in a mineral barrier system. The adsorbingproperties of some natural minerals with respect to selected metals that are abundantin the Kvarntorp deposit are studied in this project. These minerals are bentoniteclay, (burnt clay), unburnt shale (stybb), burnt shale (rödfyr), apatite, peat andbark. In the experiments each sorbent was blended with artificial groundwater and acertain amount of metal stock solution. Samples were taken at five different pH.The results show that the two shale-products stand out from the othersand have the best adsorbing qualities for nickel, copper and zinc. At a pH over 7between 96 and 99% of the metal ions were removed from the solution.Unburned shale especially shows remarkably good results for vanadiumthroughout the tested pH range of 3,4-7,7 between 98 and 99% of the vanadium ionswere removed from the solution. Unburned shale performs best of the testedadsorbents and could probably be used as an adsorbent in a geological barrier butmore research is needed.

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10

Vosloo, Wallace L. (Wallace Lockwood). "A comparison of the performance of high-voltage insulator materials in a severely polluted coastal environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52625.

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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aim of this research programme was to compare the relative performance of different insulator materials used in South Africa when subjected to a severe marine pollution environment. A test programme and procedure, test facility and instrumentation were established. Some novel instrumentation and monitoring equipment were developed and built specifically for this research programme, supported by data analysing software programs. In order to compare material performance only, all non-material design variables between the test insulators had to be removed (e.g. creepage distance, connecting length, inter-shed spacing, profile, etc.). To achieve this some of the test insulators had to be specially manufactured. Leakage current, electrical discharge activity, climatic and environmental data was collected successfully over a one-year test period, starting with new test insulators. The peak and energy values of the leakage current were identified as the two main parameters needed to describe the leakage current activity on the test insulators. A correlation was found between the climatic and environmental data and the leakage current data, and it was found that the leakage current can be determined successfully from some of the climatic and environmental parameters monitored by using multiple regression techniques. Surface conductivity and energy were found to be the best parameters to show the maximum and continuous interaction of the insulator material surface with the electrolytic pollution layer. A natural ageing and pollution test procedure was developed, which has become a South African standard and is gaining international acceptance. A model and hypothesis are proposed to describe the electrical discharge activity that takes place on the test insulators and explain the difference in leakage current performance of the various materials. Keywords: Insulator, Pollution, High Voltage, Leakage current, Material performance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsingsprogram was om die relatiewe prestasie van verskillende isolatormateriale wat in Suid-Afrika gebruik word te vergelyk in 'n swaar besoedelde marine omgewing. 'n Toetsprogram en prosedure, toets fasiliteit en instrumentasie is gevestig. 'n Paar nuwe instrumente en moniteer toerusting is ontwikkel en gebou spesifiek vir hierdie navorsingsprogram, gesteun deur data analise sagteware programme. Ten einde slegs materiaalprestasie te vergelyk, moes alle nie-materiaal ontwerpsveranderlikes tussen die toetsisolators verwyder word (bv. kruipafstand, konnekteer lengte, tussen-skerm spasiëring, profiel, ens.). Om dit reg te kry moes sommige van die toetsisolators spesiaal vervaardig word. Lekstroom, elektriese ontladingsaktiwiteit, klimaat en omgewingsdata is suksesvol versameloor 'n een-jaar toetsperiode, beginnende met nuwe toets isolators. Die piek en energie waardes van die lekstroom is identifiseer as die twee hoof parameters wat nodig is om die lekstroomaktiwiteit op die toetsisolators te beskryf. 'n Korrelasie is gevind tussen die klimaat- en omgewingsdata en die lekstroom data, en dit is gevind dat die lekstroom data suksesvol bepaal kan word van sekere van die klimaat- en omgewingsparameters wat gemoniteer is deur veelvoudige regressie tegnieke te gebruik. Oppervlakskonduktiwiteit en energie is gevind die beste parameters te wees om die maksimum en kontinue interaksie van die isolatormateriaaloppervlak met die elektrolitiese besoedelingslaag aan te toon. 'n Natuurlike veroudering en besoedeling toetsprosedure is ontwikkel, wat 'n Suid-Afrikaanse standaard geword het en besig is om internastionale aanvaarding te wen. 'n Model en hipotese word voorgestelom die elektriese ontladingsaktiwiteit wat op die toetsisolators plaasvind te beskryf en om die verskil in lekstroomprestasie van die verskeie materiale te verduidelik. S/eufelwoorde: Isolator, Besoedeling, Hoog Spanning, Leek stroom, Materiaal prestasie.

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11

Wutor, Victor Collins. "Development of a novel in situ CPRG-based biosensor and bioprobe for monitoring coliform β-D-Galactosidase in water polluted by faecal matter". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004003.

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The ultimate objective of this work was to develop a real-time method for detecting and monitoring β-D-galactosidase as a suitable indicator of the potential presence of total coliform bacteria in water environments. Preliminary comparison of the chromogenic substrate, chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside and the fluorogenic substrate, MuGAL, revealed unreliable results with the fluorogenic technique due to interference from compounds commonly found in environmental water samples. Thus, the chromogenic assay was further explored. Hydrolysis of the chromogenic substrate chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside by β-D-galactosidase to yield chlorophenol red was the basis of this assay. Fundamental studies with chlorophenol red β-Dgalactopyranoside showed that β-D-galactosidase occurs extracellularly and in low concentrations in the polluted water environment. A direct correlation between enzyme activity and an increase in environmental water sample volume, as well as enzyme activity with total coliform colony forming unit counts were observed. Spectrophotometric detection was achieved within a maximum period of 24 h with a limit of detection level of 1 colony forming unit 100 ml[superscript -1]. This enzyme also exhibited physical and kinetic properties different from those of the pure commercially available β-D-galactosidase. Cell permeabilisation was not required for releasing enzymes into the extracellular environment. PEG 20 000 offered the best option for concentrating β-D-galactosidase. The source of β-D-galactosidase in the polluted environmental water samples was confirmed as Escherichia coli through SDS-PAGE, tryptic mapping and MALDI-TOF, thus justifying the further use of this method for detecting and/or monitoring total coliforms. Several compounds and metal ions commonly found in environmental water samples (as well as those used in water treatment processes) did have an effect on β-D-galactosidase. All the divalent cations except Mg [superscript 2+], at the concentrations studied, inhibited the relative activity of β-D-galactosidase in both commercial β-D-galactosidase and environmental samples. Immobilisation of chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside onto a solid support material for the development of a strip bioprobe was unsuccessful, even though the nylon support material yielded some positive results. A monthly (seasonal) variation in β-Dgalactosidase activity from the environmental water samples was observed, with the highest activity coinciding with the highest monthly temperatures. Electro-oxidative detection and/or monitoring of chlorophenol red was possible. Chlorophenol red detection was linear over a wide range of concentrations (0.001-0.01 μg ml[superscript -1]). Interference by chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside in the reduction window affected analysis. A range of phthalocyanine metal complexes were studied in an attempt to reduce fouling and/or increase the sensitivity of the biosensor. The selected phthalocyanine metal complexes were generally sensitive to changes in pH with a reduction in sensitivity from acidic pH to alkaline pH. The tetrasulphonated phthalocyanine metal complex of copper was, however, more stable with a minimum change of sensitivity. The phthalocyanine metal complexes were generally stable to changes in temperature. While only two consecutive scans were possible with the unmodified glassy carbon electrode, 77 consecutive scans were performed successfully with the CuPc-modified glassy carbon electrode. Among the phthalocyanine metal complexes studied, the CuPc-modified glassy carbon electrode therefore provided excellent results for the development of a biosensor. The CuPc modified-glassy carbon electrode detected 1 colony forming unit 100 ml[superscript -1] in 15 minutes, while the plain unmodified glassy carbon electrode required 6 hours to detect the equivalent number of colony forming units. CoPc, ZnPc and CuTSPc required 2, 2.25 and 1.75 h, respectively, to detect the same numbers of colony forming units. The CuPcmodified glassy carbon electrode detected 40 colony forming units 100 ml[superscript -1] instantly. In general, a direct correlation between colony forming units and current generated in the sensor was observed (R2=0.92). A higher correlation coefficient of 0.99 for 0-30 coliform colony forming units 100 ml[superscript -1] was determined. Current was detected in some water samples which did not show any colony forming units on the media, probably due to the phenomenon of viable but non-culturable bacteria, which is the major disadvantage encountered in the use of media for detecting indicator microorganisms. This novel biosensor therefore presents a very robust and sensitive technique for the detection and/or monitoring of coliform bacterial activity in water.

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12

Coimbatore, Dhandayuth Venkatesh. "Cerium chloride inhibition for high strength low alloy steel exposed to sulphide polluted seawater." University of Western Australia. School of Mechanical Engineering, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0134.

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[Truncated abstract] Corrosion of steel structures caused by sulphide is a common engineering problem encountered by many industries, such as the petroleum, chemical processing, mining and mineral processing industries. The control of sulphide corrosion is still a controversial topic among corrosion engineers. There is an absence of guideline for a reliable acceptable limit of sulphide level in service and each processing industry has its own empirical values. Selection of inhibitors in the sulphide environment depends on laboratory testing before its actual application in pipelines and reaction vessels. Many investigators have postulated the corrosion mechanisms due to sulphide based on operating envelopes such as pH, chloride, manganese, hydrogen sulphide, sulphate reducing bacteria levels and inhibitor concentration. It is recommended in the literature that the batch dosing of inhibitor and biocide needs to be evaluated in regards to sulphide reducing bacteria (SRB) level, which may produce sulphide concentrations up to 2000 ppm. Although sulphide scale formation may protect the base metal by providing a physical barrier, the detrimental effects of sulphide are often inevitable, such as stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, etc. Currently, there are many chemicals that are used as inhibitors to prevent corrosion by scavenging the sulphide from the environment. Cerium, a rare-earth element, is not used as inhibitor in the sulphide environment. Also, there are no previous research findings on the effects of compounds of rare-earth metals, such as cerium chloride (CeCl3), in sulphide environment. This research examines the corrosion behaviour of 0.4Mo-0.8Cr steel, a High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel, in sulphide-polluted artificial seawater with the addition of CeCl3 and glutaraldehyde. ... It is postulated that the moderate inhibiting effect of CeCl3 is due to the scavenging effect thereby forming Ce2S3 complex. Further reaction of sulphide with steel resulted in ferrous sulphide, leading to an increased corrosion rate. It is also concluded that the CeCl3 interferes with both anodic and cathodic reactions in deaerated conditions. Addition of glutaraldehyde in the sulphide-polluted seawater was found to decrease the corrosion rate. According to the electrochemical measurements conducted, the concurrent addition of glutaraldehyde and CeCl3 appeared to have an added effect on reducing the corrosion of the steel, as evidenced by the increase of the open circuit potential during the short-term testing. From the weight loss measurements after 60 days, sulphide pollution in deaerated seawater was found to increase corrosion rate. This is attributed to the increase of sulphide activity whereby continual dissolution of steel was encountered. From the weight loss tests, it was found that the addition of CeCl3 and glutaraldehyde reduced the corrosion rate of the steel in the solutions containing 0-10 ppm sulphide. There is no noticeable corrosion rate decrease for the solution containing 100 ppm sulphide. The added effect of CeCl3 and glutaraldehyde to the SRB medium has resulted in lower corrosion rates. Further detailed experimentation is required to elucidate the corrosion reduction mechanism in glutaraldehyde-containing environments.

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13

Горбенко, Вероніка Володимирівна, та С. Ю. Стародубцев. "Наслідки забруднення території України кадмієм". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/39303.

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14

Kabbani, Muhieddine Saadeddine. "Using PCSWMM to simulate first flush and assess performance of extended dry detention ponds as structural stormwater BMPs in a large polluted urban watershed." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1653.

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Urbanization and increase of impervious areas impact stormwater runoff and can pollute receiving waters. Total suspended solids (TSS) are of particular concern as they can act as a transport agent for other pollutants. Moreover, the existence of the first flush phenomenon (FF), whereby the first stage of storm runoff is the most concentrated, can also have profound ecological effects on receiving waters. Understanding the various types of pollutants in watershed stormwater, their correlation with rainfall parameters (precipitation depth and previous dry days) and with TSS, and the existence of FF is crucial to the design of the most suitable structural best management practice (BMP) that can mitigate their harm. Personal Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM) is a well-known computer model that can simulate urban runoff quantity and quality and model BMPs. The use of PCSWMM to simulate the first flush phenomenon and to evaluate the effectiveness of structural BMPs has not been previously investigated for a large urban watershed with seriously polluted stormwater runoff. This research is concerned with the study of a framework for designing structural best management practices (BMPs) for stormwater management in a large watershed that is based on comprehensive analysis of pollutants of concern, rainfall parameters of influence, and the existence of FF. The framework was examined using the PCSWMM computer model in the St Anthony Park watershed, an urban watershed in St Paul, Minnesota with a large drainage area of 3,418 acres that discharges directly into the Mississippi River via a storm tunnel. A comprehensive study was undertaken to characterize the overall St. Anthony Park watershed stormwater quality trends for the period of record 2005-2013 for heavy metals, nutrients (ammonia and total phosphorus), sediment (TSS), and bacteria (E. coli). Stormwater was found to be highly contaminated as measured by exceedance of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) water quality standards and as compared to data obtained from the National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD). None of the examined parameters significantly correlated with precipitation depth. Concentrations of most heavy metals, total phosphorus and TSS positively correlated with previous dry days, and most pollutants correlated positively with TSS, which provided a strong rationale for using TSS as a representative pollutant in PCSWMM and in examining BMP efficiency. Moreover, BMPs that targeted the particulate fraction in stormwater would be the most efficient in reducing stormwater pollution. A PCSWMM model was built based on the existing drainage system of the watershed, which consisted of inlet structures, manholes, pipes and deep manholes that connect the network pipes to a deep drainage tunnel discharging directly into Mississippi River. The model was calibrated and validated using recorded storm and runoff data. FF was numerically investigated by simulating pollutant generation and washoff. Using three different numerical definitions of FF, the existence of FF could be simulated, and was subsequently reduced by simulating extended dry detention ponds in the watershed. Extended dry detention ponds (EDDPs) are basins whose outlets are designed to detain stormwater runoff for a calculated time that allows particles and associated pollutants to settle. Extended dry detention ponds are a potential BMP option that could efficiently control both water quantity (by diverting initial volumes of stormwater, thus addressing FF) and quality (by reducing suspending pollutants, thus addressing TSS and co-contaminants). Moreover, they are the least-expensive stormwater treatment practice on a cost per treated unit area. Two location-based designs were examined. The first was an EDDP at the main outfall (OFmain), while the second was a set of seven smaller EDDPs within the vicinity of deeper manholes of the deep tunnel (distributed EDDPs). Distributed EDDPs were similar to the OFmain EDDP at reducing peak stormwater flow (52-61%) but superior in reducing TSS loads (20-25% for small particles and 43-45% for larger particles based on the particle sedimentation rate removal constant k) and in reducing peak TSS loads (67-75%). These efficiencies were obtained using the dynamic and kinematic wave routing methods, indicating that they could be used interchangeably for this watershed. The steady state routing method produced unrealistic results and was subsequently excluded from FF analysis. Finally, distributed EDDPs were superior to OFmain EDDP at eliminating FF per the stringent fifth definition (Δ > 0.2). This was true for small values of k. However, larger values of k and other FF tests (above the 45º no-flush line and FF coefficient b < 1) showed that BMP implementation overall failed to completely eliminate FF. This suggested that the extended time required by EDDPs to efficiently remove pollutants from stormwater via settling would compromise their ability to completely eliminate FF. In conclusion, a comprehensive framework was applied so as to better design the most efficient BMPs by characterizing the overall St. Anthony Park watershed stormwater pollutants, their correlation with rainfall parameters and with TSS, and the magnitude of FF. A cost-effective, rapid, and accurate method to simulate FF and study the optimal BMP design was thus implemented for a large urban watershed through the PCSWMM model.

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15

Carpenter, Evan S. "Identifying Cultural and Non-cultural Factors Affecting Litter Patterns in Hickory Creek, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699896/.

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Plastic deposition in hydrological systems is a pervasive problem at all geographic scales from loci of pollution to global ocean circulation. Much attention has been devoted to plastic deposition in marine contexts, but little is known about inputs of plastics into local hydrological systems, such as streams. Any attempt to prevent plastic litter must confront people’s behaviors, so archaeological concepts are used to distinguish between various cultural inputs (e.g., littering) and non-cultural forces (e.g., stream transport) that affect litter patterns on the landscape. Litter surveys along Hickory Creek in Denton, TX, are used to assess these factors.

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16

Agra, Ana Raquel Santos. "Adaptation of Cladocerans in metal-polluted heterogeneous environments." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3877.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
No presente trabalho o cladócero Daphnia longispina foi utilizado como organismo modelo para a avaliação dos efeitos ecológicos da adaptação a ambientes contaminados por metais. Foram amostradas populações naturais de D. longispina num local sujeito à contaminação por metais e num local próximo, de referência, ambos localizados no sistema aquático na área envolvente à mina abandonada de São Domingos. Várias linhagens clonais de ambas as populações foram mantidas em laboratório, sob condições controladas, para a execução dos testes. Um dos testes realizados permitiu estudar e quantificar as diferenças na tolerância letal entre as linhagens clonadas de ambas as populações e também avaliar os custos associados. Utilizando vinte linhagens clonais de D. longispina das duas populações verificou-se que apenas clones sensíveis ao cobre estavam presentes na população de referência e clones resistentes ao cobre estavam presentes na população do local contaminado. Os custos associados à tolerância foram ilustrados pela determinação de taxas alimentares mais baixas para a população tolerante quando comparadas com as da população de referência. Outro dos testes realizados permitiu comparar as respostas de clones de populações de ambos os locais – contaminado e referência – à exposição a concentrações sub-letais do metal cobre. A tolerância evidenciada anteriormente ao nível letal foi confirmada ao nível sub-letal, com o clone proveniente da população do local contaminado evidenciando uma maior tolerância ao cobre quando comparado com os restantes clones, para todos os parâmetros analisados (taxas alimentares, consumo de oxigénio, crescimento e reprodução). Os efeitos da aclimatação ao cobre ao longo de várias gerações foram também avaliados num clone de D. longispina. Os resultados evidenciaram a existência de uma adaptação fisiológica ao cobre ao longo das várias gerações que, no entanto, apenas aumentou marginalmente a tolerância a níveis de cobre letais. Para além disso, observou-se também uma grande variação nas respostas do clone de D. longispina estudado, não só entre concentrações de cobre mas também entre gerações. Os resultados obtidos nos vários estudos realizados com linhagens clonais de ambas as populações de D. longispina reforçam a importância de integrar a temática do desenvolvimento de tolerância à poluição aquando da avaliação dos riscos ambientais e ecológicos de compostos químicos, como os metais, no meio ambiente.
In the present study the cladoceran Daphnia longispina was used as a model organism to test the ecological side effects of adaptation to metal contaminated environments. D. longispina natural populations were sampled from a metal contaminated reservoir and from a nearby clean water reservoir, both belonging to the aquatic system surrounding the abandoned São Domingos cupric mine. Clonal lineages were established and maintained in the laboratory by means of asexual reproduction and were used for tests. The comparison of broad sense heritabilities and genetic correlations using up to twenty distinct clonal D. longispina lineages randomly obtained from the metal contaminated reservoir and the reference reservoir showed that only sensitive and resistant lineages to Cu were present in the reference and contaminated site, respectively. For Zn, however, both populations had a similar distribution pattern of sensitivities. Fitness costs of tolerance were illustrated by lower feeding rates of the tolerant population compared to the reference one. Another study assessing life-history responses to sublethal copper contamination in four D. longispina clones, two from a reference site and the other two from a historically copper-exposed site showed that tolerance manifested by D. longispina clones at lethal copper levels was also evident at sublethal concentrations, with the tolerant clone from impacted population showing higher tolerance to copper for all the parameters (feeding, oxygen consumption, growth and reproduction) compared to the rest of clones. The multigenerational effects of acclimation to copper were also evaluated by exposing a single clone of D. longispina originated from the reference population to copper over three consecutive generations. Results from the evaluation of its life-history performance illustrate that physiological adaptation to copper across several generations only increased marginally acute tolerance to copper. Besides that, a high variation in life-history traits was observed not only between copper treatments, but also among generations. For instance, generation had a significantly influence on the observed pattern of age at first reproduction and interact with copper in the observed variation of time and clutch size at first reproduction. Overall, the importance of studying long-term adaptation to metals in natural populations is highlighted in this study as the acquisition of genetically inherited tolerance could have associated ecological costs. The obtained results reinforce the need to integrate these issues when assessing risks posed by chemicals to the environment.
FCT/FSE - SFRH/BD/12324/2003

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Yuen, Wai-ip. "Polluter pays principle laws in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457166.

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18

Kane, Heather L. "Backgound controls on the weathering of granite in polluted environments." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301719.

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19

Sinreich, Roman. "Multi-Axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy measurements in polluted environments." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-opus-80698.

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20

MacKenzie, Angus Robert. "'Small system' modelling of the polluted planetary boundary layer." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235597.

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21

Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond, and 袁偉業. "Polluter pays principle laws in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253623.

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Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond. "A study of polluter pays principle policy in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31365097.

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Lévèque, Thibaut. "Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0093/document.

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Анотація:

Dans un contexte où les préoccupations environnement-santé sont croissantes à l’échelle globale. Améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de biodisponibilité et d’(éco)toxicité des polluants métalliques persistants est un enjeu prioritaire, notamment en raison de leur omniprésence observée dans les écosystèmes en relation avec leur compartimentation et spéciation . Le ver de terre est utilisé pour évaluer la qualité des sols ; de plus cet organisme du sol de par ses activités de bioturbation a une influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques. Des tests d’écotoxicité en conditions contrôlées sur vers de terre ont donc été réalisés avec différents sols et espèces de vers. Puis une étude d’impact sur les communautés de vers a été effectuée sur un site pollué présentant un gradient de concentration. L’influence de la bioturbation du ver sur la phytodisponibilité des polluants a été étudiée grâce à des expériences en mésocosmes. Finalement, des mesures de bioaccessibilité des polluants ont été réalisées in vitro sur des sols et végétaux pollués dans différents contextes : friches industrielles, jardins potagers, terrain de sport. L’objectif étant d’étudier le lien entre biodisponibilité pour l’homme, caractéristiques des sols et contexte de pollution. Deux approches complémentaires ont été développées : recherche scientifique liés aux mécanismes et développement d’outils, de procédures pratiques utilisables par les gestionnaires et évaluateurs de risques. L’écotoxicité des métaux et métalloïdes (notés ETM) sur les vers de terre n’est pas simplement régie par leurs concentrations totales, mais dépend fortement des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des sols. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des communautés de ver de terre présentes sur un site contaminé permet d’évaluer la qualité des sols puisqu’on constate un impact sur les l’abondance, la diversité et le taux de juvénile des vers. De plus, la bioturbation du ver de terre augmente significativement la biodisponibilité des ETM pour les plantes potagères telles que la laitue. Finalement, la bioaccessibilité humaine des ETM est régi par de nombreux facteurs liés en particulier au contexte de pollution. Cette fraction bioaccessible des ETM est directement responsable de leur cytotoxicité sur les cellules intestinales. Ces différents résultats ont été complétés par des études mécanistiques (IR, EXAFS, XANES, µ-XRF)
In a context where environmental health concerns are globally increasing. Improve understanding of the mechanisms and bioavailability (eco) toxicity of persistent metals pollutants is a priority, especially because of their observed omnipresence in ecosystems in relation to their compartmentation and speciation. The earthworm is used to assess soil quality; moreover this soil organism through its bioturbation activities affects biogeochemical cycles. Ecotoxicity tests under controlled circumstances on earthworms have been conducted with different soils and worms’ species. Then an impact study on earthworms’ communities was conducted on a polluted site showing a concentration gradient. The influence of earthworms’ bioturbation on phytoavailability of pollutants was studied through experiments in mesocosms and Rhizotest. Finally, in vitro measures of pollutants bioavailability were performed on polluted soils and plants in different contexts: brownfields, gardens, sports field. The objective is to study the link between bioavailability for humans, soil characteristics, context of pollution and toxicity. Two complementary approaches have been developed: scientific research related to the mechanisms and development of tools, practical procedures which could be used by managers and risk assessors. Ecotoxicity of metals and metalloid (denoted ETM) on earthworms is not simply governed by their total concentrations, but strongly depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Furthermore, analysis of earthworm communities from a contaminated site can evaluate the quality of soil since seen an impact on the abundance, diversity and rate of juvenile worms. In addition, earthworms’ bioturbation significantly increases the bioavailability of ETM for vegetable plants such as lettuce. Finally, the human bioaccessibility of ETM is governed by many factors, in particular the context of pollution. The bioaccessible fraction of ETM is directly responsible for their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells. These results were complemented by mechanistic studies (IR, EXAFS, XANES, μ-XRF)

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Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond, and 袁偉業. "A study of polluter pays principle policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012738.

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25

Alexander, Chloe. "Permission to Pollute: Regulating Environmental Corporate Crime in the Alberta Tar Sands." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32236.

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This study explores how the Canadian and Alberta governments downplay environmental harm in the Alberta Tar Sands, therein justifying its ongoing expansion and defining it as unnecessary to intervene through the law. In particular, this study draws on the concepts of hegemony, social harm and deep ecology to problematize how climate change has become the governments’ main environmental concern in the tar sands, despite the existence of other, equally troubling issues, and how carbon capture and storage (CCS) has become the states’ main climate change strategy, despite the largely untested nature of this technique. A critical discourse analysis of two government taskforce documents concerning CCS technology revealed that neoliberal and globalization discourses were used to narrowly conceptualize environmental harm, thereby privileging Canada’s trade relations and economic strength over the environment’s health. Relatedly, discourses of scientism were used to conceptualize climate change as a technical problem and CCS as the “preferred” solution.

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Nabileyo, Oversea. "The polluter pays principle and environmental liability in South Africa / by Oversea Nabileyo." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4712.

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Environmental liability rules are crucial in a country such as South Africa. The issue of liability pertaining to pollution of or harm to the environment is a critical area in our law as environmental liability is not adequately addressed in terms of South African law.1 Liability law is thus directed towards the objectives of damage prevention and the distribution of loss in accordance with considerations of social justice. Liability law is necessary in order to prevent environmental pollution or degradation. An example of pollution to the environment is when goods are transported and a traffic accident occurs, which results in the spillage of harmful substances. Harmful substances may for instance be easily transmitted to surface water or underground water. These substances may have adverse effects on human health and the environment.
Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

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Humphreys, Matthew James. "The sustainability of European Community transport law : a critical analysis of the incorporation of concepts of sustainability into the common transport policy with an Austrian case study focusing on alpine transit traffic." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327470.

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Ream, Victoria R. "Big Energy, Environmental Crimes, and Sustainability: An Analysis of How Corporations Frame Environmental Issues amid Criminal Prosecutions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1492768049963644.

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Chien, Li-Fen. "Do existing laws in South Africa hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions?" University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8008.

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Magister Legum - LLM
The number of environmental offences taking place continues to increase each year. Despite the special position of responsibility occupied by directors as the ‘directing mind and will’ of the companies responsible for the commission of these offences, directors appear to continue to be shielded unconditionally behind the separate legal personality of the company. This thesis consists of a thorough examination of existing environmental laws, as well as the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the King IV Report on Corporate Governance, to determine whether the provisions contained therein may be interpreted so as to depart from the principle of separate legal personality (as provided for by corporate law) in order to hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions.

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Jepsen, Sherri L. "Changing adolescent perceptions of the environment using a polluted riparian area : an inquiry-based experience /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1203585821&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Souleman, Dima. "Genetic consequences of colonization of a metal-polluted environment, population genetics and quantitative genetics approaches." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10006/document.

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Les habitats naturels sont de plus en plus détruits et fragmentés par l'expansion urbaine et les activités humaines. La fragmentation des espaces naturels et agricoles par les bâtiments et les nouvelles infrastructures affecte la taille, la connectivité et la qualité des habitats. Les populations d’organismes vivants sur ces territoires anthropisés sont alors plus isolées. Or, la différenciation entre populations d’un même organisme dépend de processus démographiques et génétiques tels que la dérive génétique, le flux génétique, la mutation et la sélection naturelle. La persistance et le développement des populations dans des conditions environnementales modifiées dépendent de mécanismes de tolérance. Dans ce contexte, l'introduction de contaminants tels que des métaux dans l'environnement peut influencer l'évolution des plantes et des animaux en modifiant les forces évolutives et en créant des différences entre populations. Dans ce travail, l’attention a été portée sur les conséquences génétiques de la pollution métallique sur deux espèces, le ver de terre Lumbricus terrestris et une plante modèle Arabidopsis halleri. Deux approches différentes ont été utilisées pour étudier la réponse génétique à la contamination métallique : une approche de génétique des populations chez L. terrestris et une approche de génétique quantitative chez A. halleri. Tout d’abord, il s’est agi d’identifier et de valider de nouveaux marqueurs microsatellites chez L. terrestris. Ensuite, ces marqueurs ont été utilisés afin de caractériser la diversité génétique neutre chez des vers collectés sur des sites agricoles et urbanisés. Parallèlement, l'architecture génétique de la tolérance et de l'hyperaccumulation de Zn chez A. halleri a été explorée à l’aide d’un croisement intraspécifique entre une population métallicole et une population non métallicole. Une densité élevée de marqueurs SNP a été utilisée pour procéder à l'étape de cartographie QTL
Natural habitats are more and more destructed and fragmented by urban expansion and human activities. The fragmentation of natural and agricultural areas by buildings and new infrastructures affects the size, connectivity and the quality of habitats. The populations of organisms inhabiting these anthropized territories are then more isolated. However, differentiation between populations of the same organism depends on demographic and genetic processes such as genetic drift, gene flow, mutation and natural selection. Only species that have developed special tolerance mechanisms can persist under changed environmental conditions. The introduction of contaminants such as metals in the environment may influence plants and animals evolution by modifying the evolutionary forces and thus generating differences between populations. In this work, attention was focused on the genetic consequences of metallic pollution on two species, the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris and the plant model Arabidopsis halleri. Two different approaches have been used to study the genetic response to metallic contamination: a population genetic approach was performed in L. terrestris and a quantitative genetic approach was carried on in A. halleri. First, it was a question of identifying and validating new microsatellite markers in L. terrestris. These markers were then used to characterize the neutral genetic diversity in worms collected from agricultural and urban sites. Secondly, genetic architecture of Zn tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation was conducted investigated for the first time using an intraspecific crossing between metallicolous and non-metallicolous individuals of A. halleri. High density of SNP markers was used to proceed to the QTL mapping step

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Lawson, Nitoni George. "The doctrine of absolute liability and the right to a safe environment : issues and challenges in the liability of environmental polluters in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/620999.

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Oil and gas exploitation and production in Nigeria, particularly in the Niger Delta region, is awash with pollution incidents with its attendant impact on the health of locals as well as foreseeable damage on the biodiversity of the region. Owing to this development, victims of environmental pollution have repeatedly instituted legal actions against transnational corporations (TNCs) and the Federal Government with a view to recovering damages and enforcing rights via statutory claims (which basically reflects traditional English common law rules on liability). Notwithstanding, it is observed that such claims have not availed victims of pollution with the basic reliefs sought, and this is seemingly traceable to the ‘economic interest’ which government retains in oil and gas activities, the technicalities in proving negligence on the part of TNCs; as a vast majority of oil pollution incidents are caused by ‘acts of third parties’, and under such scenarios, TNCs will only be liable where they neglect to protect oil facilities, and the lack of direct legal provisions to provide for fundamental rights to a clean environment, although even before Nigeria attained her independence in 1960 the Oil Pipelines Act of 1955 addressed some oil-related environmental problems. These challenges, amongst others have prompted victims of environmental pollution in Nigeria, in recent years, to seek for legal redress in foreign jurisdictions. The current research opted for turnaround in the environmental justice system by considering whether there is any legal nexus between environmental pollution and breach of fundamental rights (‘rights to a healthy environment’) of the people, and whether such right will generate an absolute liability against TNCs? It is recognised that ‘fundamental rights’ which are found in the Nigerian Constitution have higher status over other rights as contained in statutes, and where these rights are violated, liability will be either strict or absolute as the case may be; this is pursuant to findings in the current research that the defence of ‘act of third parties’ and others may not be sustained in fundamental rights enforcement proceedings, and owing to this, victims of environmental pollution incidents in Nigeria will be able to get adequate redress and secure higher standards of environmental quality. This conclusion is reached through a close examination of legal instruments, case-law and opinions of experts in Nigeria and a limited number of other jurisdictions.

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Pfannerstill, Eva Yvonne [Verfasser]. "Total OH reactivity in pristine and polluted environments: Investigating atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene / Eva Yvonne Pfannerstill." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199367737/34.

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34

Donzelli, Francesco <1980&gt. "Nonlinear / electromagnetic co-simulation and co-design of microwave links in highly polluted and / or strongly inhomogeneous environments." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3496/.

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The objective of the Ph.D. thesis is to put the basis of an all-embracing link analysis procedure that may form a general reference scheme for the future state-of-the-art of RF/microwave link design: it is basically meant as a circuit-level simulation of an entire radio link, with – generally multiple – transmitting and receiving antennas examined by EM analysis. In this way the influence of mutual couplings on the frequency-dependent near-field and far-field performance of each element is fully accounted for. The set of transmitters is treated as a unique nonlinear system loaded by the multiport antenna, and is analyzed by nonlinear circuit techniques. In order to establish the connection between transmitters and receivers, the far-fields incident onto the receivers are evaluated by EM analysis and are combined by extending an available Ray Tracing technique to the link study. EM theory is used to describe the receiving array as a linear active multiport network. Link performances in terms of bit error rate (BER) are eventually verified a posteriori by a fast system-level algorithm. In order to validate the proposed approach, four heterogeneous application contexts are provided. A complete MIMO link design in a realistic propagation scenario is meant to constitute the reference case study. The second one regards the design, optimization and testing of various typologies of rectennas for power generation by common RF sources. Finally, the project and implementation of two typologies of radio identification tags, at X-band and V-band respectively. In all the cases the importance of an exhaustive nonlinear/electromagnetic co-simulation and co-design is demonstrated to be essential for any accurate system performance prediction.

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Ezejimofor, Martinsixtus C. "The prevalence of hypertension and stroke survivors in the polluted environment : a case study of rural Niger Delta." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/90254/.

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Background The risk of hypertension and/or stroke and prolonged exposure to crude oil pollution and gas flares remains unexplored. This was examined in the rural Niger Delta communities where decades of rampant oil and gas pollution and institutional neglect have been linked to increased cardiovascular diseases, poverty, and underdevelopment. Study aim and Objectives The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension and stroke in the Niger Delta region. The overall objectives were to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hypertension in Niger Delta region and the prevalence of stroke in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including Nigeria; and to conduct a survey to evaluate the relative prevalence and correlates of both hypertension and stroke. Methods Relevant databases were searched and articles reporting hypertension and stroke prevalence were systematically reviewed to obtain a pooled prevalence estimates and secular trends based on the random-effect model. In the cross-sectional survey, 2,028 resident adults (aged 18-80) were recruited in both oil/gas polluted and non-polluted communities. Prevalence of hypertension and stroke and other important measures were examined and compared between the two communities. Results The review found a continuous increase in the prevalence of hypertension in the region such that the estimates have been increasing by 8.31% every 5 years. For stroke, the lowest prevalence was found in sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria (3.5 per 1000, 95% CI, 1.9-5.7). However, the only study conducted in the rural Niger Delta found a higher prevalence compared to other areas in Nigeria and in sub-Saharan Arica (8.51 per 1000 95% CI, 3.9-16.1). In the cross-sectional survey, the study found that one-third of participants were hypertensive (37.4%) while 27 stroke with a crude prevalence of 13.31/1000 persons (95% CI, 8·32-18·31) were found. In the adjusted model, participants living in oil-polluted areas were almost 5 times as likely to have developed hypertension (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.84-112.82) compared to participants in non-polluted areas. Age-adjusted prevalence of stroke was 14.6/1000 person, which is about 7-folds higher than outside the Niger Delta region, and is the highest ever recorded in Africa as a whole. The study also found that participant’s age, education attainment, and obesity modify the association between pollution status and risk of hypertension. In particular, age modifies the association between pollution status and risk of hypertension. Conclusion The increased prevalence of hypertension and stroke is consistent with ongoing epidemiological and environmental transitions. The study findings have huge socioeconomic implications in the Niger Delta population particularly in the rural oil and gas hosts-host communities suggesting a potential interplay between socioeconomic, lifestyle and environmental factors. The findings could be useful for screening purposes to identify high-risk population before a diagnosis is made and to target interventions appropriately. The study findings need to be investigated further in longitudinal studies. The influence of other extrinsic factors underscores the need for improved surveillance and better management of undetected or uncontrolled high blood pressure.

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Pettersson, Jakob. "Effektiv tillsyn av pågående verksamheter i Piteå kommun med MIFO fas 1 som verktyg : Underlag för strategival." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-94258.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate how inventories of suspected polluted areas as a part of the planned control of existing companies cab be designed in order to achieve as great effect as possible. The study was conducted in cooperation with Piteå municipality. An analysis of regional inventory projects, local municipal strategies and a pilot study in Piteå was conducted. The experience from both the regional projects and the pilot study was that in order to achieve an effective control a number of factors were inportant: an efficient selection of companies, a good dialogue between the controlling agency and the companies, sufficient resources, education of municipal inspectors and guidance for decisionmaking. Another inportant result was that the municipal planning can prevent an efficient inventory if the control of city development projects is allowed to take time from the planned control. The conclusion was that the unit for health an environmental care in Piteå municipality should try to achieve these factors in their work and start a cooperation with the municipal planners in order to create an efficient organization for treating polluted areas. Suggested future studies was to investigate how the planning process and the work of the municipal controlling agency can be synchronized in order to achieve a common goal.

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Kazour, Maria. "Active and passive biomonitoring tools for microplastics assessment in two highly polluted aquatic environments : case study of the Seine estuary and the Lebanese coast SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: IMPORTANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND COASTAL LANDFILL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION ALONG THE LEBANESE COAST (EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN): OCCURRENCE IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENTS AND BIOTA SAMPLES JUVENILE FISH CAGING AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING MICROPLASTICS CONTAMINATION IN ESTUARINE FISH NURSERY GROUNDS IS BLUE MUSSEL CAGING AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION?" Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0544.

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La production de plastique est en augmentation continue pour répondre à la forte demande mondiale. Cette production massive est la source d'importantes quantités de plastiques que l'on retrouve dans les milieux aquatiques. Parmi ces plastiques, les microplastiques (MP) (particules microscopiques d’une taille < 5 mm) se retrouvent dans l’eau, les sédiments et sont susceptibles d’être ingérés par divers organismes marins. Cette thèse se focalise sur (1) l’évaluation des sources et des apports de microplastiques au milieu aquatique et de leur présence dans les organismes, et (2) de tester la faisabilité d’utiliser des organismes vivants pour la surveillance de la pollution de l’environnement par les microplastiques. Deux zones côtières affectées par des pressions anthropogéniques ont été étudiées : Le Havre et le littoral libanais. Dans le premier cas, le rôle d’une station de traitement des eaux usées (STEP) et d’une décharge côtière dans l’introduction des microplastiques dans l’environnement a été étudié. Les MPs ont d’abord été analysés dans l'influent, la boue et l’effluent de la STEP. Leur devenir a été suivi selon un gradient de distance de la STEP au niveau de trois matrices : eau de surface, sédiments et moules sauvages (Mytilus spp.). Les MPs ont été trouvés au niveau de toutes les matrices avec une concentration qui diminue en s’éloignant de l’effluent. Des taux de microplastiques élevés (plus élevés que ceux trouvés à côté de la STEP) ont été observés à proximité de la décharge côtière, suggérant son rôle important comme voie d’entrée des MPs dans les eaux côtières. Le long de la côte libanaise, nous avons évalué pour la première fois la pollution par les MPs dans l'eau de mer, les sédiments et dans deux espèces marines importantes en terme de consommation humaine (un poisson pélagique: Engraulis encrasicolus et un bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Les résultats ont montré différents patterns de concentration des MPs dans les matrices analysées. La présence de MPs dans les organismes était élevée (83.4% et 86.3% dans les anchois et les huîtres, respectivement). Ces résultats ont mis en évidence la pollution élevée liée aux MPs au niveau du bassin Levantin par rapport aux autres régions de la Méditerranée occidentale. De plus, les résultats obtenus indiquent une contribution potentielle des décharges côtières à cette pollution. Le plus souvent, les études sur les microplastiques impliquent l'échantillonnage d’organismes indigènes. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons testé la faisabilité d'utiliser des organismes transplantés (encagement) pour évaluer la pollution par les microplastiques dans l'environnement marin côtier. Nous avons mis au point des expériences d'encagement avec des juvéniles de flets, Platichthys flesus, en estuaires et des moules bleues, Mytilus edulis, en zone côtière. Pour chaque espèce, l'abondance et les caractéristiques (forme, taille, couleur et type de polymères) des MPs ingérés par les individus encagés ont été comparées avec les MPs ingérés par des individus sauvages capturés sur le même site et avec ceux trouvés dans leur environnement (eaux de surface et sédiments). Nos résultats suggèrent que la technique d'encagement d'organismes peut constituer un outil prometteur pour la biosurveillance des MPs la rendant plus fiable et permettant une étude précise des effets biologiques des MPs sur une période d'exposition prédéterminée
Plastic fabrication is increasing worldwide in response to daily human demands. This mass production is linked to the immense plastic marine litter found all around the world: each synthetic material is meant to find its way back into the aquatic systems. Anthropogenic pressure and the immense human population, the lack of appropriate plastic treatment process and the growing industrial activities advocate their presence in the aquatic environments. These plastics are then found in the form of microplastics (microscopic particle with a size < 5 mm) observed in the water, in the sediments and are prone to be ingested by various marine organisms along the trophic chain. This thesis focuses on (1) assessing microplastics sources and input into the aquatic environment and their occurrence in biota, and (2) to test the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics pollution in the marine coastal environment. Two coastal areas highly impacted by anthropogenic pressures were studied: Le Havre in France and the Lebanese coast. For the former, the role of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and an abandoned coastal landfill as pathways for microplastics (MPs) input into the marine environment was assessed. MPs were first analyzed in raw sewage influent, sludge and effluent samples, and their fate was studied along a distance gradient from the WWTP in three matrices: surface water, sediments and wild mussels (Mytilus spp). MPs were found in all matrices with a decreasing abundance from the effluent. Strong MPs abundances (higher than those found near the WWTP effluent) were observed in the vicinity of the coastal landfill suggesting its importance as a MPs entry route into the marine coastal environment. Whereas for the Lebanese coast, we evaluated for the first time the MPs pollution in the seawater, sediments and two important seafood species (one pelagic fish: Engraulis encrasicolus and one bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Results showed different patterns of MPs concentration in the analyzed matrices. The occurrence of MPs in the biota was high (83.4% and 86.3% in anchovies and spiny oysters, respectively). These results highlighted the high MPs pollution found in the Levantine Basin in comparison to other Western Mediterranean regions. In addition, the obtained results indicate the potential contribution of coastal landfills to this pollution. Most often microplastics studies involve collection of organisms’ samples from natural populations. In this thesis, we tested the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics’ pollution in the marine coastal environment. We developed caging experiments with juvenile European Flounder, Platichthys flesus, in estuarine nursery grounds and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in coastal marine environment. For each species, the abundance and characteristics (shape, size, color and type of polymers) of MPs ingested by caged individuals are compared with those ingested by wild individuals collected at the same site and with those found in their surrounding environment (surface water and sediments). Our results suggest that transplanted organisms (caging) may be a promising tool for MPs biomonitoring making monitoring more reliable with an accurate assessment of the biological effects of MPs over a predetermined exposure period

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Ericson, Frida. "Kundcentrerade miljöåtgärder - En studie av Pan Nordic Logistics kunders krav på miljövänliga transporter : Customer centered environmental measures - A study of Pan Nordic Logistics customers demand for environment-friendly transport." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Industrial Engineering and Management, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1335.

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Traditional product features such as price, quality and supply service have been extended and nowadays includes environmental aspects as well. It raises new and increasing demands on haulier companies. The transport sector is responsible for a large part of the pollutants causing today’s environmental problems. The business is being closely monitored and to operate environmental friendly is seen as one of the most important elements for the industry’s future development. Haulier companies must not only meet the restrictions of the government, but also respond to the customers’ demands on

environmental performance.

The aim of the study is to review the environmental demands of PNLs present customers and what they think their demands will look like in three years time. The scope of the survey is two-fold. The study will partly review if the changing environmental aspects can impact on supply service and price; and partly investigate the importance of an environmental certification. To reach the aim of the study qualitative interviews have been carried out with nine of PNLs present customers. The choice of customers has been made to represent

an overall picture of PNLs customer portfolio.

The study concluded that supply service and price is more important than environmental aspects today. The customers are prone to compromise on delivery time and price to the advantage of the environment. But it can not cost too much or take too long, and there must be a possible choice of transport.

There are today no expressed environmental demands on transport, but the conclusion is that it is only a matter of time before they will prevail. The results prove that environmental issues are estimated to be fundamental for hauliers in the future. It is seen as a competitive advantage to be at the leading edge of offering green transportation alternatives.

It is considered important today that hauliers pursue environmental issues aggressively. A certification according to ISO or other environmental management systems is considered less important. The results show that environmental management systems and an operative environmental framework will increase in importance in the future when choosing between hauliers.

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Mouton, Gerton Nicolaas Jacobus. "An evaluation of different material line insulators under high voltage AC and bipolar DC excitation in a marine polluted environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71940.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The worldwide increase in the popularity of high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission application has led to questions regarding the performance of high voltage alternating current (HVAC) insulators when energized under HVDC excitation. These questions have led researchers conduct numerous research projects worldwide. A particular question NamPower (the power utility in Namibia) has faced is: how do these insulators perform and age when energized under HVDC excitation in heavily polluted environments? This question was only partly answered by some insulator ageing tests conducted under laboratory conditions for HVDC excitation. However, the natural ageing tests on insulators, which are preferred, have to date been confined predominantly to HVAC excitation voltages. Thus, this research was initiated to investigate the natural ageing performance of insulators under both HVAC and HVDC excitations, when subjected to harsh marine pollution environments. This research project involved performance and ageing tests on three identical sets of line insulators made from different insulator materials, energised under HVAC and both polarities HVDC excitations respectively. The tests were conducted at Koeberg insulator pollution test station (KIPTS), which is a natural marine pollution insulator test station located near Cape Town, along the west coast of South Africa, approximately 50 m from the sea. The set of insulators consisted of EPDM silicone alloy rubber, HTV silicone rubber, RTV silicone rubber coated porcelain, Porcelain and Glass insulators. The HVAC excitation voltage was chosen as 12.7 kV r.m.s. phase-to-ground and it was decided to use a HVDC excitation voltage equal to this value. The research results showed that the insulators made from HTV silicone rubber performed better than the insulators made from EPDM silicone alloy rubber under all excitation voltages. It is also showed that RTV silicone rubber coated porcelain insulators performed better than Glass and Porcelain insulators under all excitation voltages.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreld wye toename in gewildheid van hoë spanning gelyk stroom (HSGS) krag transmisie aplikasie het gelei na vrae oor die effektieweteit van hoë spanning wissel stroom (HSWS) insolators in HSGS aplikasies. Hierdie vrae het gelei na baie navorsings projekte. Een vraag waarmee NamPower (die krag voorsienings maatskapy in Namibia) gekonfronteer was, was hoe gaan die insolators wat onderworpe is aan ’n HSGS toevoer reageer in ’n baie besoedelde omgewing. Hierdie vraag was slegs gedeeltelik beantwoord deur verouderings toetse op insolators wat gedoen is in ’n labaratorium met ’n HSGS toevoer. Inteendeel, die meeste natuurlike verouderings toetse op insolators, soos verkies, is meestal gedoen met ’n HSWS toevoer. Om hierdie rede was hierdie navorsing begin om natuurlike verouderings toetse te doen op insolators onderworpe beide aan HSWS en HSGS toevoere binne ’n marien besoedelde omgewing. Hierdie navorsings projek gaan oor prestering en verouderings toetse op drie, identiese, transmissie lyn insolator stelle, wat onderskeidelik onderworpe was aan HSWS en beide polariteite HSGS toevoere. Die toetse was gedoen by Koeberg insolator besoedeling toets stasie (KIBTS) wat naby Kaapstad geleë is langs die weskus van Suid Africa omtrent 50 m van die see. ’n Stel toets insolators bestaan uit EPDM silikon allooi rubber, HTV silikon rubber, RTV silikon rubber bedekte porselein, Porselein en Glas insolators. Die HSWS waarde waarmee die insolators getoets was, was 12.7 kV w.g.k., fase-na-grond, en dit was besluit om ’n HSGS waarde gelyk aan hierdie spannings waarde te gebruik. Die navorsings resultate wys dat insolators wat gemaak is met HTV silikon rubber presteer beter as insolators wat met EPDM silikon allooi rubber gemaak is onder al die verskillende toevoere. Dit wys ook dat RTV silikon rubber bedekte porselein presteer beter as Porselein en Glas insolators onder al die verskillende toevoere.

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Arnqvist, Angelica. "The Compatibility of EU State Aid for Environmental Protection with the Polluter Pays Principle : In the Context of the EU Emissions Trading System." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-168924.

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This thesis, examines three research questions concerning the coherence between the European Union (EU) rules about State aid for environmental protection and the “polluter-pays-principle” (PPP) in the context of the free allocation practice in the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The aim of the first research question is to study whether the free allocation of emission rights within the EU ETS is compatible with the EU State aid rules. The conclusion to this research question is that the free allocation practice does fulfil the criteria to constitute State aid but that the Commission has permitted derogations against this prohibition, provided certain conditions such as necessity and proportionality are fulfilled. The second research question is whether the free allocation method is compatible with the PPP. The PPP can be divided into an economic dimension and a legal dimension and it is concluded that the free allocation practice is contrary to at least the legal dimension of the PPP. According to the OECD, exceptions from the principle can be made but the EU has not established conditions for when such derogations from the PPP can be made. The third research question concerns the compatibility between the EU State aid rules and the PPP. Generally there is no disharmony between the State aid rules and the PPP, since the PPP should not be seen as a mere prohibition against aid to polluters, but can also be considered a complement to State aid rules. However in the specific case of the free allocation rules in the EU ETS, State aid measures contrary to the PPP are carried out. Since the EU has not established conditions for whether derogations from the PPP can be made, it is concluded that the free allocation practice within the EU ETS does expose a disharmony between the PPP and the State aid rules. It is suggested that the EU clarifies the conditions for permitting derogations from the PPP, in preparation for the fourth phase of the EU ETS.

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Ghosson, Hikmat. "Development of a novel universal proxy to assess the environmental fate and impact of complex (bio)pesticides by Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0029.

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Malgré la prise de conscience écologique et sanitaire, la consommation mondiale de pesticides est en augmentation. Étant donné que ces produits chimiques présentent de nombreux effets néfastes sur la santé humaine et l'environnement, des mesures doivent être prises afin de limiter leurs effets. Les produits de biocontrôle sont proposés comme une solution alternative aux produits synthétiques. En effet, ces « biopesticides » sont présumés être moins nocifs et relativement moins persistants. Toutefois, cet a priori doit être examiné et une évaluation stricte des risques de ces nouvelles substances doit être envisagée.Le développement de solutions de biocontrôle passe d'abord par les protocoles proposés pour étudier leur activité, leur devenir et leur impact environnemental. Actuellement, le temps de demi-vie (t½) est utilisé pour évaluer le devenir environnemental des pesticides synthétiques. Cependant, l'approche t½ ne donne que des informations sur la persistance des pesticides dans l'environnement, mais aucune indication concernant la formation de produits de dégradation ou son impact sur la biodiversité n'est apportée. De plus, les produits de biocontrôle sont des mélanges (bio)chimiques complexes. La t½ n'est pas applicable pour ces produits complexes. Par conséquent, de nouvelles approches analytiques doivent être envisagées afin de surmonter ces difficultés.Une nouvelle approche basée sur la méta-métabolomique et la Spectrométrie de Masse; « Empreinte Métabolique Environnementale » (EMF), a été récemment introduite. Elle offre un nouveau proxy universel et intégratif; le « temps de résilience », dédié à l'évaluation du devenir environnemental et de l'impact des (bio)pesticides complexes dans des matrices environnementales (ex. sol, sédiments). Néanmoins, le développement d'une telle approche de méta-métabolomique non ciblée basée sur la Spectrométrie de Masse doit être étudié en profondeur. Plusieurs tâches doivent alors être abordées: 1) les protocoles d'extraction performants et les méthodes analytiques basées sur la GC/LC-(HR)MS doivent être mis en place, 2) le traitement de données et les outils chimiométriques appropriés doivent être développés pour maitriser la complexité des ensembles des données générées, 3) l'impact de la complexité du xénométabolome sur les analyses basées sur la MS doit être évalué, et 4) l'étude des résidus volatiles doit être envisagée et nécessite donc le développement de nouvelles méthodologies analytiques.Le travail a été mené sur 3 axes principaux. Le premier axe portait sur 1) le développement de protocoles d'extraction et des méthodes LC-HRMS pour analyser à la fois les xénométabolites des pesticides et les endométabolites du sol, et 2) le développement d'une nouvelle approche chimiométrique pour évaluer les performances d'extraction. De nouveaux protocoles d'extraction se sont avérés optimaux pour l'EMF, et l'approche chimiométrique a donc été validée. Le deuxième axe a évalué l'impact de la complexité du xénométabolome sur la détermination des biomarqueurs environnementaux. La suppression d'ion a été révélée et une stratégie pragmatique a donc été élaborée pour surmonter son influence. Le troisième axe visait à mettre en place une nouvelle méthodologie pour analyser les résidus volatils de pesticides complexes. Des analyses HS-SPME-GC-MS ont été couplées à la chimiométrie afin de réaliser des études cinétiques et de suivre la transformation des résidus volatils. Le workflow chimiométrique a prouvé sa fiabilité pour expliquer la transformation du pesticide et de nouveaux xénométabolites et sous-produits ont été identifiés.En conclusion, une avancée significative a été apportée à l’EMF. Elle a été consolidée pour les applications en laboratoire et sur le terrain qui doivent être étudiées afin d'améliorer le proxy et de le valider comme une approche fiable pour l'évaluation des risques des pesticides
Despite the ecological and sanitary awareness, worldwide consumption of pesticides is increasing. As these chemical products represent several adverse effects on human health and environment, measures should be taken in order to limit their impacts. Biocontrol products are proposed as an alternative solution of the synthetic products. In fact, these “biopesticides” are presumed to be less harmful and relatively less persistent. However, this a priori must be examined and strict risk assessment of those new substances should be considered.The development of biocontrol solutions proceeds first of all through the proposed protocols to study their activity and their environmental fate and impact. Currently, half-life (DT50) is used in order to evaluate the environmental fate of synthetic pesticides. However, DT50 approach gives only information about pesticides' persistence in the environment, but no indications concerning the formation of degradation products or its impact on biodiversity are provided. Furthermore, biocontrol products are complex (bio)chemical mixes. The DT50 is not applicable for such complex products. Therefore, novel analytical approaches should be considered in order to overcome these difficulties.A novel approach based on meta-metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry; the “Environmental Metabolic Footprinting” (EMF), was recently introduced. It affords a novel universal and integrative proxy; the “resilience time”, dedicated to assess the environmental fate and impact of complex (bio)pesticides in environmental matrices (e.g. soil, sediment). Nonetheless, the development of such Mass Spectrometry-based untargeted meta-metabolomics approach needs to be in-depth studied. Several tasks should be addressed: 1) performant extraction protocols and GC/LC-(HR)MS-based analytical methods should be set up, 2) suitable data processing and chemometric tools should be developed to deal with the complexity of the generated datasets, 3) the impact of xenometabolome complexity on MS-based analyses should be assessed, and 4) the study of the volatile residues should be considered and thus needs new analytical methodologies to be developed.The work was carried out following 3 main axes. The first axis addressed 1) the development of extraction protocols and LC-HRMS methods to analyze both pesticides xenometabolites and soil endometabolites, and 2) the development of a novel chemometric approach to assess the extraction performance. Novel extraction protocols have been proven optimal for the EMF, and the chemometric approach was thus validated. The second axis assessed the impact of xenometabolome complexity on the determination of environmental biomarkers. Ion suppression was revealed and thus a pragmatic strategy has been developed to overcome its influence. The third axis aimed to set-up a novel methodology in order to analyze the volatile residues of complex pesticides. HS-SPME-GC-MS analyses were coupled to chemometrics in order to perform kinetics studies and to follow the transformation of the volatile residues. The chemometric workflow proved its reliability to explain pesticide’s transformation and novel xenometabolites and by-products were identified.In conclusion, significant advances were carried to the EMF. It has been consolidated for laboratory and field applications that must be investigated in order to improve the proxy and to validate it as a reliable approach for pesticides risk evaluation

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Daniau, Côme. "Surveillance épidémiologique fondée sur des indicateurs de santé déclarée : pertinence et faisabilité d’un dispositif à l’échelle locale en santé environnement." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CNAM0923/document.

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Ce travail présente un dispositif de surveillance épidémiologique novateur en santé environnementale fondée sur des évènements de santé déclarée, au plus près de la nature des plaintes exprimées par les populations : des symptômes et une dégradation de la qualité de vie. Ce dispositif est proposé à partir d’une réflexion conceptuelle reposant sur une revue de la littérature sur les théories psychométriques et le modèle transactionnel du stress et d’une application de terrain portant sur la population (n=1 495) riveraine du site industriel chimique de Salindres (Gard). Ces travaux permettent de vérifier les principales propriétés métriques d’indicateurs de santé déclarée mesurés, par les instruments MOS SF-36 et SCL-90-R, dans le cadre d’une population exposée à une pollution environnementale. Ils vérifient également l’adéquation et la sensibilité de ces indicateurs pour étudier les facteurs de risque environnementaux qui se réfèrent aux représentations cognitives des risques, comme la perception sensoriels des stimuli émis par les sites industriels. Ils montrent, en outre, que la disponibilité de références nationales portant sur la mesure de ces indicateurs leur confère un critère de qualité essentiel d’interprétation des résultats. Ces travaux apportent enfin des éléments d’appréciation de l’acceptabilité de la mesure des indicateurs de santé déclarée dans la population, des recommandations sur la communication pour la mise en œuvre d’un tel dispositif et des pistes de réflexion pour la gestion
This work presents an innovative epidemiological surveillance system in environmental health based on self-reported health indicators, closer to the complaints of the local population leaving around a source of environmental pollution: symptoms and loss of the quality of life. This approach is built up from a conceptual framework based on the psychometric theory and the transactional model of stress. A field application of this approach was carried out the population neighboring (n=1 495) the chemical industrial area of Salindres, Gard. This study verifies that self-reported health indicators measured with MOS SF-36 and SCL-90-R can be used to study populations exposed to multifactorial environmental risks. This study confirms that these indicators are relevant and sensitive when applied to environmental risk factors referring to the cognitive representations of risks, such as the sensorial perception of stimuli emitted by the industries. This work shows, besides, that the availability of national references for these indicators confers interpretability to these indicators, an essential quality criterion. This work discusses qualitatively the acceptability of measuring indicators of self-reported health in the population, proposes recommendations on communication for the setting of that kind of approach, and opens up avenues on management orientations

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Artigas, Priscila Santos. "Contribuição ao estudo das medidas compensatórias em direito ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-15052013-163336/.

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Este trabalho estuda o instituto das medidas compensatórias como uma nova obrigação imposta pelo direito aos empreendimentos com potencial de causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa do tema se deu de forma crítica, enfrentando as contradições do sistema econômico vigente. Verificou-se que as medidas compensatórias emergiram da mais evidente crise ambiental ou à crescente escassez dos recursos naturais, buscando, ao mesmo tempo, a proteção ambiental e a manutenção do sistema de mercado. Procurando a melhor funcionalidade das medidas, pretendeu-se demonstrar que elas não se equiparam a uma forma de reparação por dano futuro, tampouco se enquadram necessariamente em uma espécie tributária; podem, como quis o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ser chamadas de compartilhamento de despesas entre o Poder Público e os empreendedores pelos custos da utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo. Na verdade, em razão de serem dotadas das características da transversalidade e da interdisciplinaridade, as medidas compensatórias apresentam-se com diversas facetas, podendo mostrar características predominantes de mecanismos de comando e controle, como também de instrumentos econômicos. Assim, concluiu-se nesta tese ser um instituto híbrido, não enquadrável em uma categoria jurídica estanque. Verificou-se, ainda, ser necessária uma análise estrutural a fim de serem eficazes. Nesse sentido, propôs-se a sua instituição por normas primárias, nas quais se fixem padrões mínimos e com critérios objetivos de aplicação. Para tanto concluir, o estudo partiu dos debates já travados, tanto pela jurisprudência quanto pela doutrina, acerca da constitucionalidade, metodologia de cálculo e natureza jurídica de uma das medidas compensatórias, chamada compensação ambiental, instituída pela Lei nº 9.985/2000 (Lei do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC). A partir daí, buscou-se demonstrar o processo subjacente à edição de normas ambientais, recaindo nos princípios do Direito Ambiental, dentre eles o importante princípio do poluidor-pagador, cuja premissa é internalizar os custos pela utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo, para não serem assumidos pelo Poder Público e por toda a coletividade. Ainda, buscou-se diferenciar os conceitos de dano ambiental e de impacto negativo ao meio ambiente, porquanto as medidas compensatórias visam a compensar o meio ambiente pelos impactos negativos, significando uma perda aceita, prevista e gerenciada; o dano ambiental, por sua vez, é algo intolerável, indesejado e, por isso, objeto de reparação civil objetiva, de responsabilidade administrativa e, ainda, da penalização criminal
This paper studies the institution of compensatory measures, considered as a new obligation imposed by law for projects with the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts. The theme was investigated critically, facing the contradictions of the current economic system. In this regard, we verified compensatory measures instituted to cope with an increasingly apparent environmental crisis and the growing shortage of natural resources, while seeking environmental protection and maintenance of the market. In the search for a better functionality of the measures, we sought to demonstrate that they do not represent a form of compensation for future damages, nor do they necessarily fall within the range of any legitimate taxation. In fact, these measures were adopted by the Supreme Court more as a sharing of costs between government and entrepreneurs for the use of natural resources in the production process. Fundamentally, the compensatory measures of this instrument, equipped with characteristics of transversality and interdisciplinarity, present different aspects, which can deploy features to carry out command and control mechanisms, as well as economic instruments. Our thesis has therefore led us to the conclusion that this instrument is not readily classifiable under any isolated legal category, and should be looked upon as a hybrid mechanism. Nevertheless, we considered that a structural analysis was necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the measures. In this respect, we proposed it be instituted on primary norms, with the establishment of minimum standards and objective application criteria. This required starting with debates conducted in jurisprudence and doctrine over the constitutionality, method of calculation, and legal nature of a compensatory measure called environmental compensation, established by Law No. 9.985/2000 (Law of the National System of Conservation Units, SNUC). From there, we sought to demonstrate the process behind the issuing of environmental standards falling within the principles of environmental law; among which the important polluter pays principle, which is premised on the environmental externalities of economic activities that use natural resources, and prevents that pollution costs be borne by Government and, ultimately, by the whole community. We went on by delimiting the concepts of environmental damage and negative environmental impact, considering that compensatory measures aim at providing compensation for adverse impacts, which signify accepted, provided and managed losses. Environmental damage, in turn, is something unacceptable and undesirable, and must therefore be subject to civil liability, as well as criminal penalties.

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Caruana, Nicolas. "La fiscalité environnementale : entre impératifs fiscaux et objectifs environnementaux : une approche conceptuelle de la fiscalité environnementale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1022/document.

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Toujours citée parmi les instruments économiques et financiers au service de la protection de l'environnement, très étudiée - notamment par les économistes de l'environnement - la fiscalité environnementale intéresse relativement peu les juristes et représente, en pratique, une part très faible des recettes fiscales des États. Ce paradoxe apparent tient, en grande partie, à la définition retenue de la notion de fiscalité environnementale. Souvent limitée aux écotaxes, cette notion est abordée de manière analytique, sur la base de critères a priori. Non seulement une telle approche ne permet pas d'embrasser les instruments fiscaux employés dans leur diversité, mais elle ne favorise pas l'émergence d'un véritable concept de fiscalité environnementale. Ce concept, que cette thèse se propose de définir, oscillant entre impératifs fiscaux et objectifs environnementaux, présente de multiples dimensions tant fiscales qu'économiques, tant politiques qu'écologiques. Une interrogation sur la pertinence des fondements (principes pollueur-payeur, de prévention, de précaution...) et des critères généralement proposés par la doctrine va révéler la nécessité de changer de paradigme, afin de parvenir à appréhender ce concept de fiscalité environnementale. Caractérisée par son efficience environnementale, la fiscalité environnementale n'a, en réalité, ni le champ d'application, ni la portée que lui prête le discours politique
Always mentioned amongst market based-instruments for cost-effective environmental policy, studied by many economists, environmental taxation is ignored by legal opinion and represent only a small amount of tax revenue. This paradox can mostly be explained by the way environnemental taxation is defined.Most of the time seen as exo-taxes, environmental taxation is tackled analytically, through the criteria established prima facie. Using this way of reasoning is not only insufficient to show all the ways the environment can be protected with environmental taxation, but is also preventing the emergence of a real concept of environmental taxation. This concept, that we are trying to define, is multidimensional ; it can be seen from different angles : legal, economic, political and/or scientific.Questioning the foundations of environmental taxation (principles such as the polluter-pay principle, the prevention principle, the precautionary principle...) and the way professors of law define it, will show that a paradigm shift is needed, to bring a concept of environmental taxation into light. Marked by its environmental efficiency, environmental taxation does not actually include the issues, nor has the beneficial consequences that politicians may imagine

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45

Ramos, Valéria Theodoro. "Les instruments économiques et le droit de l'environnement dans l'ordre juridique français et brésilien." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010289.

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L'étude comparative des droits français et brésilien démontre que la fiscalité, en tant qu'instrument juridique d'intervention économique, peut être au service de la protection de l'environnement. L'évolution des principes directeurs du droit de l'environnement, notamment le principe pollueur-payeur vers celui d'intégration, témoigne de la transformation de la prise en compte de l'environnement. Le principe pollueur-payeur reste circonscrit à la question des coûts. Le principe d'intégration, en tant que principe opératoire, est directement en rapport avec la prise de décision des agents publics et privés. Il permet (et même exige) la conciliation des systèmes juridiques fiscaux et environnementaux. La thèse fait apparaître l'ascension de la fiscalité comme instrument des politiques environnementales dans l'Union européenne et en France. Plus encore, on observe la place centrale que doit jouer en principe une fiscalité respectueuse de l'environnement dans la notion même du développement durable. En France, la maturité du débat dans le contexte du Grenelle de l'environnement montre que tous les instruments de protection, réglementaires et économiques - tels que les instruments fiscaux, sont censés être inscrits dans une politique publique cohérente de l'environnement. Au Brésil le développement durable est juridiquement consacré. Cette reconnaissance demande l'assainissement de l'ordre fiscal brésilien. Sans avoir besoin d'une réforme constitutionnelle, les incitations existantes doivent être aménagées pour éviter des effets négatifs sur l'environnement
Comparison between Brazilian and French law shows that taxation, as legal economic intervention tool, is intended to serve the protection of the environment. The evolution of the guiding principles of the environment law, most notably the move from the polluter-payer to the integration principles, shows that the environment is more and more taken into account. The polluter-payer principle is limited to costs. The integration principles, as an operating principle, has a direct connection with the decision making process used by private and public agents. It allows, and even demands, the conciliation of tax and environmental laws systems. If, within the European context, this evolution is clear within the French law, in Brazil the integration principles is barely known, even unknown. However, we believe it to be explicitly recognized by the Brazilian Constitution. Within the economic and social orders, protection of the environment is guaranteed. The State, as an agent of the Market, requires that impact analyses on the environment are made. It does so using tax benefits mechanism. ln this document, we are showing the evolution of the taxation as an instrument used for the environmental policies in the European Community and in France. Moreover, we can verify the central position of the "eco-friendly tax system" within the notion of sustainable development. ln France, the maturity of the debate, within the "Grenelle de l'environnement" context, allow us to understand that every protective instruments, whether regulated or economics - like the taxations -, are supposed to be part of a greater public policy which en sure their coherence

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46

Walker, Kimberley. "Clearing the Brownfields: Offsetting the Risks to Sustainable Development of Contaminated Land." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37477.

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This research develops eight recommendations for amendments to key Ontario legislation affecting Brownfield redevelopment that, if implemented, will reduce the liability and risk associated with the development of contaminated land and benefit stakeholders, such as, municipalities and developers. Utilizing the methodology of law and economics, this research examines the legal landscape in Ontario and expands the dialogue regarding the risks of developing contaminated land. Through this examination, this research uncovers the origins of the risks of Brownfield redevelopment and extrapolates recommendations for amendments to legislation and policy that balance the liability of Brownfield redevelopment with the protection of the environment. Recent developments in environmental law appear to increase environmental protection, but actually limit Brownfield redevelopment in Ontario by increasing liability and costs. The polluter pays principle that has been entrenched in Canadian law has governed the law in respect of contaminated lands for decades. However, as society evolves, the common law is forced to re-evaluate environmental protection in the face of contaminated lands. This evolution of the law is an attempt to intervene to correct a market failure that exists with respect to contaminated lands. The increased liability associated with Brownfield redevelopment translates into heightened costs to redevelop the land, which also severely threatens environmental justice in Ontario. The recommendations in this research will benefit stakeholders, the public, and the environment. With respect to stakeholders, it will be of assistance to municipalities, cities, developers, corporations, secured lenders, mortgage insurers and the government. The risks associated with Brownfield redevelopment can be offset by the recommended corrections to legislation regarding liability and stronger policies that create accessible programs and incentives to promote just, innovative, and sustainable redevelopment.

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47

Mathez, Myriel Julie. "Climate Justice for Tuvalu : Awarding Compensation for Loss and Damages caused by Anthropogenic Climate Change." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42656.

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This thesis aims to enable the compensation for sustained Loss and Damage on Tuvalu through a principle conforming to the requirements of Climate Justice. By applying the method of conceptual framework analysis, the various concepts which form the larger frameworks of Climate Justice and Loss and Damage are identified and narrowed down to parameters. By applying the parameters of Loss and Damage, the facts of Tuvalu’s case are collected. The theory of Climate Justice is applied in the analysis to determine the requirements for compensation for Tuvalu and a concept, with which the duty to compensate can be fairly allocated. The thesis finds that the Polluter Pays Principle in connection to the Ability to Pay- and the Beneficiary Pays- Principle is best suited, since it considers both Tuvalu’s and the compensators side and thus fulfils the requirements of Climate Justice.

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48

Bisogno, Marina. "La fiscalità ambientale : uno studio comparato Italia/Francia." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D007.

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À la suite des sollicitations internationales et européennes, les systèmes juridiques nationaux ont tenté de faire pénétrer l’environnement dans la structure ontologique de la fiscalité. Cette recherche explore les moyens par lesquels les instruments fiscaux – à la fois en termes de prélèvements et de dépenses – peuvent aider les États à atteindre leurs engagements en matière environnementale. C’est donc la signification de fiscalité environnementale qu’il s’agit d’individualiser, son essence et les caractéristiques de son mode opératoire. La fiscalité et l’environnement sont liés par une relation qui a évolué au fil du temps. Après avoir examiné ses origines économiques, qui ont ensuite trouvé leur place dans le droit positif, le cœur de cette recherche doctorale portera sur l’analyse juridique de l’écotaxe et de la dépense fiscale environnementale pour les évaluer à l’épreuve des principes fiscaux nationaux et européens
Environmental taxation can contribute effectively to the achievement of international and European environmental objectives, and this research aims to examine its nature, characteristics and effects. Taxation and environment are linked by an old relationship, which has changed over time. It started for economic reasons and then found its place also in juridical principles. This research applies a broader approach to the concept of environmental taxation, focusing on the analysis of environmental taxes and tax expenditures, to evaluate their compatibility with national and European tax law principle

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49

Ferrer, Dupuy Plàcida. "Perspectiva jurídico-financiera del medio ambiente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7287.

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Este trabajo plantea el estudio del concepto del medio ambiente y de los principios que lo informan desde el gasto público. El marco teórico es el Derecho financiero constitucional y el Derecho de los gastos públicos. Se analiza ampliamente la concepción de la protección del medio ambiente como necesidad pública y los instrumentos jurídicos para satisfacer esta necesidad.
La posibilidad de configurar el medio ambiente como necesidad pública obliga al análisis de la compleja función otorgada al Estado en cuanto obligado a intervenir en la protección y conservación del medio ambiente, que presenta el problema, no tan sólo de tener que adoptar una gran diversidad de medidas de protección en función del elemento a proteger, sino también un elevado coste. Por ello el trabajo se centra en los instrumentos financieros y económicos para la protección del medio ambiente en nuestro país, haciendo hincapié en la problemática de las subvenciones e incentivos fiscales aplicados al medio ambiente.
This work deals with the concept of environment and its legal principles from the perspective of public expenditure. Constitutional Financial Law and the Law of Public Expenditure provide the theoretical framework of the study. The analysis focuses on the conception of environmental protection as a public need, and on the legal instruments to fulfil such need.
Understanding the environment as a public need requires a proper analysis of the State's complex functions. In particular, State intervention in activities of environmental protection and conservation arises problems not only related with the adoption of a wide diversity of protection measures according to the intended element to be protected, but also with the high cost of protection. Therefore, the study focuses on the financial and economic instruments for environmental protection used in our country, and specifically it deals with the use of subsidies and tax incentives for environmental purposes.

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Molbert, Noëlie. "Host-parasites transfer of micropollutants and eco-physiological consequences on a freshwater fish : case study of chub-acanthocephalan model." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS102.

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L'exposition à des mélanges complexes de substances chimiques dans l'environnement peut avoir de graves conséquences pour les animaux sauvages. En milieux naturels, ces organismes sont également affectés par de nombreux autres facteurs de stress, y compris le parasitisme. L'exposition chimique et l'infection parasitaire ont toutes deux été bien étudiées et documentées, mais dans de nombreux cas, elles ont été étudiées indépendamment l'une de l'autre. Cependant, il est crucial d'évaluer simultanément leur effet combiné étant donné que certains parasites peuvent interférer sur le devenir des polluants chez leur hôte grâce à leur capacité de bioaccumulation. Sur la base d'une étude de terrain, complétée par une approche expérimentale, j'ai étudié le devenir et les conséquences de six familles de contaminants organiques, et certains de leurs métabolites, dans un système hôte-parasite composé d'un poisson d'eau douce et de son parasite intestinal, Pomphorhynchussp. issus de la Marne, en France. Plus précisément, j'ai cherché à savoir si ces vers intestinaux étaient capables d'accumuler des substances toxiques et comment leur présence affectait la réponse au stress de leur hôte exposé aux contaminants environnementaux, à différents échelles biologiques à l'aide de biomarqueurs généraux (télomère, lysozyme, peroxydase, antioxydants, dommages oxydatifs, microbiote intestinal, indices de Fulton et hépatosomatique). Nous avons démontré que ces vers intestinaux étaient capables d'accumuler des contaminants organiques, de détoxifier leurs hôtes et que leurs effets sur l’hôte basculaient de négatifs à positifs à mesure que l'exposition aux contaminants organiques augmentait
Exposure to complex mixtures of environmental contaminants may have severe consequences in free-living. Under natural conditions, organisms are also exposed to other stressors, including parasites. Both chemical exposure and parasite infection have been well studied and documented, but have in many cases been investigated independently from one another. However, it is crucial to simultaneously assess their combined effect on wild organisms given that parasites may interfere with the fate of environmental contaminants within their host through their bioaccumulation capacity. Based on a field study, completed by an experimental approach, I investigated the fate and consequences of six families of organic contaminants, and some of their metabolites, in a host-parasite system composed of a freshwater fish, the European chub, Squalius cephalus, and its intestinal parasite, Pomphorhynchus sp. from the Marne River, France. Specifically, I investigated whether intestinal parasites were able to accumulate toxicants and how their presence affected the stress response of their definitive host exposed to environmental contaminants, at different biological levels with the use of general biomarkers (telomere, lysozyme, peroxidase, antioxidants, oxidative damage, gut microbiota, Fulton’s index and hepatosomatic index). Importantly, we demonstrated that intestinal worms were able to accumulate organic contaminants, detoxify their hosts and that their effects on the host shifted from negative to positive as chemical exposure increased

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Дисертації з теми "Polluted environmental"

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