Дисертації з теми "Politique d'adaptation au changement climatique"
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Rousset, Nathalie. "Economie du changement climatique : des politiques d'atténuation aux politiques d'adaptation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768342.
Повний текст джерелаSawadogo, Boureima. "Changement climatique et population vulnérable au Burkina Faso." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMLH10.
Повний текст джерелаSince the 1970s, Burkina Faso has been experiencing increasingly severe extreme weather phenomena. Climate projections indicate a rise in temperatures and a decrease in precipitation over the next decade, leading to prolonged droughts and floods. Despite these climatic challenges, the country's economy remains resilient and stable due to ongoing economic and social development plans. However, high poverty rates, significant economic inequalities, and gender disparities, particularly in the agricultural sector, persist as major issues. The government has implemented a national climate change adaptation plan that encompasses all economic sectors, with a specific focus on agro-sylvo-pastoral production in agriculture. This thesis aims to examine the differential impact of climate change on the vulnerability of women and men and to assess the role of adaptation policies in mitigating the negative impacts on the national economy and gender inequalities. It presents three chapters using computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling combined with a microsimulation model to explore these impacts.In the first chapter, we use a static CGE model with a micro module, following a top-down approach, to analyze the long-term impacts of climate shocks, specifically reductions in agricultural yields. The climate shock is introduced stochastically to account for climatic uncertainties. The results indicate that climate change is slightly more detrimental to women's economic activities compared to men's, with a more pronounced decline in employment for women. The negative impacts on poverty particularly affect rural households and those led by women. However, due to the high uncertainty surrounding agricultural yields, detecting a significant gender bias in the economic effects of climate change in Burkina Faso is challenging.In the second chapter, we assess the impacts of the war in Ukraine and climate change on sustainable development goals in Burkina Faso through two scenarios (moderate and severe). We analyze fluctuations in international prices of cereals, fertilizers, and energy, as well as reductions in agricultural yields from 2019 to 2030, using a dynamic CGE model and a micro model. The results reveal negative effects on economic growth, an increase in food insecurity, and poverty. Urban households are most affected by food insecurity, while unskilled men are more likely to lose their jobs in the short term; in the long term, women experience greater job losses than men.The third chapter employs the dynamic CGE model from the second chapter, incorporating specifications for irrigated and rainfed agriculture and implementing two climate change adaptation measures. The results show that projected changes in agricultural productivity would negatively impact growth, food security, and extreme poverty reduction goals, with women being the most affected. However, investments in irrigation capacity development and agricultural research and development could help mitigate the adverse effects of climate change by reducing food insecurity, extreme poverty, and wage inequalities in the labor market. Our findings underscore the importance of intensifying climate change adaptation policies to narrow the gender pay gap
Dhenain, Sandrine. "Les territoires littoraux languedociens face aux changements globaux : trajectoires et politiques d'adaptation." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0002/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the 2000s, adaptation to climate change has been a new consideration for local territories in France, but its implementation is complex. Adaptation is not only a new issue for public policies but also a concept tinted with a semantic blur. At the same time, it is presented as a very technical issue. It is often highlighted as a state to reach. Decision-makers can "operationalize" adaptation by simply applying a specific methodology. However, adaptation is not only a mechanism but it is also a process that implies economic, social and ecological trade-offs for socio-ecological systems. These political dimensions are often implicit. Our work focuses on adaptation process and public policies. We studied local public policies implemented and discussed for the coastlines on the eastern coastal area of Languedoc Roussillon in the south of France that is facing global changes. We combine vulnerability and resilience approaches with sociology/political science in order to investigate adaptation pathways and local public policies and instruments. We conducted an empirical analysis of local actions and strategic plans related to climate but also to urban planning, flooding and water management. In order to provide a vehicle to clarify this concept of adaptation and its political dimensions, we propose a typology of adaptation measures. We found four logics that associate different political instruments and reflect different degrees of transformation. Secondly, we show that the issue of adaptation is framed differently by the different stakeholders. We show the gap between the national frame of standards and multiple local frames. Those frames can limit the panel of solutions that are discussed locally and can allow for compromises. The different types of actions constitute the ‘repertoire’ of adaptation but its implementation is constrained by local configurations of actors, power relationships. Throughout our work, we have highlighted the political dimensions of adaptation actions, power relationships and governance issues. We shed a light on trade-offs inherent in adaptation choices
Weikmans, Romain. "Le financement international de l'adaptation au changement climatique: quelle vision de l'aide ?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209004.
Повний текст джерелаLes contestations normatives relatives à la nature des transferts financiers Nord-Sud visant l’adaptation au changement climatique et à ses relations avec l’aide publique au développement (APD) se sont considérablement accentuées depuis 2009 lorsque les pays développés se sont conjointement engagés à fournir des ressources «nouvelles et supplémentaires » à hauteur de 30 milliards de dollars pour la période 2010-2012 et à mobiliser collectivement 100 milliards de dollars par an d’ici à 2020, en les répartissant de manière « équilibrée » entre l’atténuation et l’adaptation dans les pays en développement. Mouvements de solidarité internationale, organisations non gouvernementales de protection de l’environnement, représentants des pays en développement, et parfois institutions multilatérales de développement :nombreux sont les acteurs qui appellent à la mise en place d’un financement international de l’adaptation qui existerait séparément de l’aide, en représentant une forme de « compensation » liée à la responsabilité disproportionnée des pays développés dans l’occurrence du changement climatique.
Notre thèse se construit à partir d’un constat :celui de la déconnexion entre une hypothèse largement répandue dans la littérature académique (i.e. l’existence d’un financement international de l’adaptation qui serait distinct de l’APD – et original sous divers aspects) et la réalité observable (i.e. l’existence d’un tel financement ne se vérifie pas dans les faits). Comment expliquer cette déconnexion ?Telle est précisément la question que nous tentons d’élucider dans le présent document. Nous formulons l’hypothèse selon laquelle les discours opposant le financement international de l’adaptation et l’aide au développement sont le produit d’une vision particulière de ce que devrait être l’APD. L’ambition de notre recherche est dès lors de caractériser cette vision normative de l’aide et d’examiner ses manifestations dans une série de débats récurrents qui traversent la question du financement international de l’adaptation. Nous mettons en évidence le fait que ces discours renouvellent une vision de l’aide entre États souverains destinée à répondre aux injustices internationales et à alimenter un transfert de ressources régulier entre pays riches et pays pauvres.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Vardar, Baris Nevzat. "Optimal transition to clean technologies." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E022/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation investigates the economic mechanisms underlying the transition to clean technologies and examines policy approaches to achieve the socially optimal path. It studies various policy measures aiming to deal with climate change, such as adaptation and taxation of non-renewable resources. Furthermore, it examines the policy instruments that target increasing the use of efficient technologies and identifies cases in which the policy reaches its objectives or not. It also analyzes the role of heterogeneity in society on agents' willingness to support a pollution tax. The first chapter studies the energy transition by using an optimal growth model in which non-renewable and renewable natural resources are imperfect substitutes in providing energy services necessary for production. The second chapter studies the role of adaptation policy on the transition to a low carbon economy. lt incorporates adaptation policy into the problem of optimal non-renewable resource extraction with pollution externalities, by focusing on the capital nature of adaptation measures. The third chapter focuses on the problem of adopting new technologies in a micro-economic framework. lt studies the behavior of firms when they face a decision to invest either in a cheap but inefficient production capacity or in an expensive but efficient one, by taking into account the presence of a financial constraint. The fourth and last chapter investigates the distributional impacts of a pollution tax by considering a society in which wealth is distributed heterogeneously among households
Tchoupé, Makougoum Christelle Flore. "Changement climatique au Mali : impact de la secheresse sur l'agriculture et stratégies d'adaptation." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD011.
Повний текст джерелаMali is a West African country where agriculture is mainly rain-fed, therefore essentially dependent on climatic conditions. This strong dependence between agriculture and climate makes it an interesting field of investigation, and especially with agriculture being the mainstay of Mali’s economy. Relying on theoretical and empirical methods, this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of climate change on agricultural production and to a better understanding of farmers’ practices that make it possible to adapt to climate change. The first chapter of this thesis focused on the manifestations of climate change and their impacts on cereals production. Analysis of correlations between series of climate and agricultural data indicates that, overall, climate change has a damaging effect on cereals yields. After this analysis at the production level, we turned to the analysis of producer’s behavior. Hence, the second chapter focuses on the managerial performance of farmers. Using a stochastic frontier analysis, we found that a part of the farmers’ inefficiency is due to climate change. The results also revealed that even though there is inefficiency due to climate, it is low compared to technical inefficiency of the farmer. Subsequently, we concentrated on how to maintain or increase agricultural production in a context of climate change. For this purpose, the third chapter identifies the determinants of adaptation to climate change. We focused on agricultural adaptation practices that preserve the environment. We used a multinomial logit model. The analysis demonstrated that the socio-demographic characteristics of farm households, the biophysical characteristics of plots and the occurrence of a drought influence the adoption of adaptation strategies. Finally, the fourth chapter studies the determinants of farm mechanization using the Heckman selection model. The results suggest that drought reduces the odds of farm mechanization. We also found that the intensity of farm mechanization increases with increase of farm size and decreases with the increase of family workforce
Graux, Anne-Isabelle. "Modélisation des impacts du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes prairiaux. Voies d'adaptation des systèmes fourrragers." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653360.
Повний текст джерелаHa-Duong, Minh. "Comment tenir compte de l'irreversabilite dans l'evaluation integree du changement climatique ?" Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0060.
Повний текст джерелаThis ph. D. Thesis in economics balances discounting, technical progress and the inertia of existing capital stock against uncertainty and the inertia of socio-economic systems to examine the issue of near term limitations of greenhouse gases emissions. After a general overview in chapter 2, and an more historical presentation of the debates in chapter 3, chapter 4 proceeds to reviewing a large number of integrated assessment models. Chapter 5 introduces a model on the dynamics of inertia and adaptability of energy systems : diam, used to discuss how much previous studies overestimated the long term costs of co@ limitations and underestimated adjustment costs. It shows the optimality of atmospheric co@ concentration stabilisation, even under relatively mild assumptions for climate damages. In a sequential decision framework, chapter 6 shows that current uncertainties about which co@ concentration ceiling would not present dangerous interference with the climate system justifies precautionary action. Finally, chapter 7 uses the irreversibility effect theory to define, formally situations of 'decision under controversy' and compare the irreversibility of co@ accumulation with the irreversibility of investments needed to moderate it. An option value for greenhouse gases emissions limitations is computed
Gerome, Camille. "Les initiatives de transition comme facteur de développement des capacités territoriales d'adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV026/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo respond to social issues of adaptation to the effects of climate change, this thesis contributes to the understanding of adaptation capacity development processes. The main subject is the spontaneous transitional citizens dynamics. It is about a group of citizens wishing act locally for the development of their territory in a coherent way around shared values.This thesis helps to demonstrate the emergence and the development of innovative social practices. This is comparable to social innovations in transition arenas who reproduce characteristics of niches: protected and restricted space encouraging incubation. These social innovations, fostered by networking, cohesion and the sharing of values, contribute to the development of adaptability through a desire for transmission and a global dynamic of inclusion.Concretely, this study focuses on two transition initiatives similar in their intentions and different in their history. They participate in considering a new dynamic of society that is both spontaneous, autonomous and inclusive.By positioning itself neither "against" the territory and its institutions, nor "without" them, these transition initiatives represent remarkable alternatives to lead to more cooperative societies and more able to adapt to the effects of climate change
Henriet, Fanny. "Essais sur l'économie du changement climatique." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0025.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on several issues related to climate policies. The first chapter focuses on the optimal extraction of a polluting non-renewable resource when there is an environmental regulation and when a clean technology can be developed through research and development. The second chapter examines the introduction of a carbon capture and storage technology. When all emissions can not be captured, because of technical constraints, this technology should be used before any environmental damages occurs. The third chapter examines the optimal tax system changes when an externality is discovered in a model à la Mirlees with heterogeneous agents. If productivity and the cost of access to a clean substitute are negatively correlated, there should be no indirect taxes, in the absence of externalities. With externality, it is optimal to tax the dirty good, less than the Pigovian rate, and the clean good. In the fourth chapter, we build, calibrate and simulate a stylized model designed to assess the magnitude of the carbon tax that would allow the French economy to divide by four its CO2 emissions in forty years. The magnitude of the carbon tax required is quite unrealistic. The fifth chapter discusses the ecological discount rate that should be used to assess projects aiming at improving the environment. We study the properties of the standard discount rate and the ecological discount rate. We also discuss a version of the precautionary principle
Russo, Eleonora. "L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020032.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration
Russo, Eleonora. "L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020032/document.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration
Peng, Feng. "La politique chinoise en matière de changement climatique : évolutions et perspectives." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1041.
Повний текст джерелаClimate change is one of the most important global issues of the world. On the one hand, the issue of climate change relates to the fundamental interests of the whole humanity, its development and future destiny, and even threats its survival. On the other hand, climate diplomacy, from the different perspectives of the main areas of international politics, and for lack of means, struggles to reach a logic of collective action in global climate governance. With its rapid economic growth, China has become the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases and plays a key role in climate diplomacy. The evolution of its climate negotiation position influences the international climate change architecture for the pre and post-2020 period. The research will focus on the interaction between local policies, national policies and climate change foreign policy, in order to highlight the perspectives of climate change policy in China. According to this research, the construction of ecological civilization and its deep decarbonisation action in China need the transformation of the economic mode of development. Carbon trading market instruments will play a decisive role in China’s future climate policy. It will determine its foreign policy, and allow China to play a more constructive role
Mandel, Antoine. "Équilibre général, nouveaux marchés et économie du changement climatique." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010025.
Повний текст джерелаLefèvre, Mathias. "Les firmes transnationales et l'institution social-historique du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169596.
Повний текст джерелаGasser, Thomas. "Attribution régionalisée des causes anthropiques du changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066543/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis deals with the Brazilian Proposal, that is the assessment of national contributions to anthropogenic climate change. To answer the Proposal, we have developed a compact Earth system model, named OSCAR v2.1. The carbon cycle (CO2, CH4), the atmospheric chemistry of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, O3, halogenated compounds), as well as aerosols and climate dynamics are included in this model. It is driven by anthropogenic emissions of active compounds, and by land-use changes. After acknowledging the ability of the model to reproduce past observations of the main climatic variables, and after exposing the fundamental principles of attribution exercises, we attribute climate change to its anthropogenic causes. We find that the climate feedback -- over both the carbon cycle and the atmospheric chemistry -- has a prominent effect that exacerbates the relative importance of each anthropogenic forcing. In decreasing order, emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, of sulfur dioxide, of methane, and land-use changes, are found to be the most important contributors to climate change in 2008. Through these forcings, the so-called developing countries are now contributing more to climate change than the so-called developed countries. It is however still the contrary on a per capita basis; but we show that such an accounting approach makes it impossible to reach equity within a less-than-two-degree warming trajectory
Cara, Stéphane de. "Dimensions stratégiques des négociations internationales sur le changement climatique." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100021.
Повний текст джерелаDe, Munck Cécile. "Modélisation de la végétation urbaine et des stratégies d'adaptation au changement climatique pour l'amélioration du confort climatique et de la demande énergétique en ville." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0098/document.
Повний текст джерелаClimate projections predict an amplification of global warming, potentially exacerbated in urban areas by the urban heat island effect. More frequent extreme events such as heat waves may have severe public health, ecological, and economic consequences as cities concentrate population. Among the measures aiming at improving thermal comfort or energy demand, air conditioning and urban greening are measures that may have antagonistic effects. This PhD work is undertaken within the framework of three research projects, CLIM2, MUSCADE and VegDUD. Its objective is to evaluate the respective effects of air conditioning and urban greening based on urban climate simulations across the Paris area. The modelling relies on the Town Energy Balance (TEB) model, which simulates the exchange of heat, water and momentum between the urban surface and the atmosphere. It has been recently improved to simulate building energetics, as well as indoor and outdoor thermal comfort indices. To improve the description of urban vegetation within TEB, a green roof model has been developed and evaluated. In addition, watering practices have been implemented to model the watering of urban vegetation at ground or roof level. Within CLIM2, the air conditioning scenarios tested for adapting Paris city to the extreme temperatures of the 2003 heatwave have been evaluated based on simulations using TEB coupled with an atmospheric model. Results shows that all forms of conditioning that release waste heat (dry or wet) into the atmosphere generate a temperature increase in the streets. This warming is proportional to the power of the sensible heat releases in the atmosphere and is on average 0.5 to 2_C, depending on the level of deployment of the air conditioning. Then, the greening of Paris city has been evaluated based on simulations carried out with the general configuration of the MUSCADE project, i.e. with climate forcings and a dynamic urban heat island generator. The scenarios tested consisted in an increase in ground-base vegetation or an implementation of green roofs on compatible buildings, or the two combined, with the option of watering green roofs or not in summer. Results show that increasing the ground cover has a stronger cooling effect than implementing green roofs, and even more so when the greening rate and the proportion of trees are important. The green roofs are however the most effective way to reduce energy consumption, not only in summer but also on an annual basis, mainly due to their insulating properties
Gasser, Thomas. "Attribution régionalisée des causes anthropiques du changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066543.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis deals with the Brazilian Proposal, that is the assessment of national contributions to anthropogenic climate change. To answer the Proposal, we have developed a compact Earth system model, named OSCAR v2.1. The carbon cycle (CO2, CH4), the atmospheric chemistry of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, O3, halogenated compounds), as well as aerosols and climate dynamics are included in this model. It is driven by anthropogenic emissions of active compounds, and by land-use changes. After acknowledging the ability of the model to reproduce past observations of the main climatic variables, and after exposing the fundamental principles of attribution exercises, we attribute climate change to its anthropogenic causes. We find that the climate feedback -- over both the carbon cycle and the atmospheric chemistry -- has a prominent effect that exacerbates the relative importance of each anthropogenic forcing. In decreasing order, emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, of sulfur dioxide, of methane, and land-use changes, are found to be the most important contributors to climate change in 2008. Through these forcings, the so-called developing countries are now contributing more to climate change than the so-called developed countries. It is however still the contrary on a per capita basis; but we show that such an accounting approach makes it impossible to reach equity within a less-than-two-degree warming trajectory
Lereboullet, Anne-Laure. "Vulnérabilité et capacité d'adaptation au changement climatique de deux systèmes vitivinicoles méditérranéens : un cas d'étude comparatif France (Roussillon)- Australie (McLaren Vale)." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070022.
Повний текст джерелаClimatic trends for the last thirty years have been challenging agriculture, and especially vitiviniculture, which is highly dependent on environmental variations, and they are projected to intensify in the following decades. This dissertation aims to analyse the vulnerability to climate change of two wine-producing regions: Roussillon in France and McLaren Vale in Australia. We consider those two field sites as social-ecological systems, as climate is only one of die many variables regulating the organization and development of the local wine industries. Their vulnerability has been analysed through a focus on three components, emerging from interactions between physical and human elements: their exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to climate change. We used a rnixed-methods approach based on both quantitative (climate data analysis) and qualitative (interviews) data. Roussillon's greater vulnerability to climatic changes recently observed and simulated for the future can be explained by its greater exposure to the perturbation and by its socioeconomic and legislative situation that intensifies sensitivity and hinders adaptive capacity. However, actors from a less vulnerable system like McLaren Vale also need to keep a cautious eye on the evolution of their system's trajectory, whose sustainability might be impaired in the future. Elements such as individual entrepreneurship linked to technical and organizational innovation, embedded within a collective development projet at the system's spatial scale, arise as key processes requiring the greatest attention from actors in both systems
Haffoudhi, Houda. "Analyse économique des négociations environnementales internationales et application au problème de changement climatique." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010007.
Повний текст джерелаGarcia, Pierre-Olivier. "Sous l'adaptation, l'immunité : étude sur le discours de l'adaptation au changement climatique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH025/document.
Повний текст джерелаClimate Change Adaptation (CCA) is a category of thought and action. It clusters every practice that seeks to deal and cope with the territorial consequences of climate change. It is proposed in this work to study the discourse of adaptation to CC and to provide immunity as an alternative approach.The first part of this study investigates how this discourse -here defined as the whole set of statements concerning CCA- is set into a specific order. Because of its heterogeneity, this discourse may initially be characterised as opaque. Yet, the study of its evolution along the one of the scientific journal Global Environmental Change, highlights the emergence, over the 2000’s, of the resilience paradigm. This very paradigm reconfigures and sets the CCA discourse into a specific order. From then on, adaptation is no longer understood as the meer adjustment to external climatic stimuli, but as the social group own adaptativity, defined as the capacity to let itself be restructured by any internal or external change.The second part of this study argues in favour of considering immunity as a tacit but nevertheless highly structuring notion within the CCA discourse and within geography and planning theory. Immunity is first approached theoretically by exploring the philosophical anthropology of P. Sloterdijk, that he happened to name general immunology. In order to transfer immunity into geography and planning theory, the sloterdijkian theoretical tools are then discussed and built on with other approaches, including F. Neyrat’s and R. Esposito’s work. Eventually, studying the case of the Netherlands reveals how immunity is at the heart of the order of some specific milieu. Indeed, this country is a paradigmatic case of a planning tradition that immunises society from its geographical milieu and an example of the implementation of CCA public policy.This thesis puts into perspective two contradictory main principles of the contemporary ordering of the milieus: absolute immunity and adaptativity. It shows how CCA resolves this contradiction in a very specific way
Leblanc, Tanguay Jonathan. "L'évaluation des vulnérabilités de la ville de Mont-Laurier et de la municipalité de Ferme-Neuve face au changement climatique." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23519.
Повний текст джерелаHuaringa, Alvarez Uriel Francisco. "La gestion des réservoirs du bassin versant de la rivière du Lièvre, Québec (Canada), dans un contexte de changements climatiques : impacts et stratégies d'adaptation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5376.
Повний текст джерелаViguié, Vincent. "Modélisation des dynamiques urbaines : application à l’analyse économique du changement climatique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1049/document.
Повний текст джерелаBecause they are home to more than half of the world population, and because most of the world economic activity takes place within them, cities are at the forefront of global environmental issues. Land use planning, urban transport and housing policies are now recognized as major tools for the reduction of both greenhouse gases emissions and vulnerability to climate change impacts. So far, however, how to use these tools efficiently remains unclear. At least three main difficulties explain this, and play a key role in urban climate policies analysis. First, urban climate policies are also not developed or implemented in a vacuum; they interact with other policy goals, such as economic competitiveness or social issues, giving rise to both synergies and conflicts. Second, inertia is a key factor when designing optimal climate policies : structural modifications in cities occur slowly over a long time horizon. Some immediate actions are required if cities are to be adapted to a different climate or to help reduce greenhouse gases emissions within a few decades. Third, the evolution of a city depends on several external factors, on which local policy-makers do not generally have much influence : demographic, socio-economic, cultural, political and technological changes will play a major role. This uncertainty has to be taken into account, and climate policies have to be robust against future possible global evolutions is important. These three difficulties are not, however, impossible to overcome, and we will illustrate how integrated city modelling can help address these issues
Baechler, Laurent. "Action collective et allocation des ressources atmosphériques : le cas du changement climatique." Paris 9, 2000. https://bu.dauphine.psl.eu/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2000PA090059.
Повний текст джерелаAmsidder, Lina. "Accéder aux ressources en milieu aride, une affaire de réseaux ? Les stratégies d'investissement social des éleveurs camelins du sud-ouest marocain comme facteur d'adaptation aux changements socio-politiques et climatiques des espaces pastoraux." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AGPT0007.
Повний текст джерелаThe current dynamics within the pastoral areas in arid environments, such as the drastic decrease in terms of quality and quantity of pastoral resources, the advance of agricultural and urban fronts, and the implementation of pastoral laws aimed at securing pastoralism, have the consequence of questioning the systems of relations and agreements on which the social capital, mobilized by herders to access the pastoral and complementary resources necessary to maintain their herds, is based. The main challenge of our thesis is to understand how herders adapt their social capital to these transformations to secure their ability to access resources and preserve their herds in a context that tends to increase their vulnerability. While the approach of social capital as a determining factor in access to resources within pastoral societies is not a new subject of study, it continues to raise numerous theoretical and methodological questions in the human sciences. Based on a study of camel breeders in the province of Tan-Tan in southwest Morocco, our thesis proposes building a multidisciplinary analytical framework mobilizing geography (social, political, historical), socio-anthropology, and socio-economy. The aim is to develop a new approach to social capital that doesn't aim to measure a global stock of social capital, but rather to focus on the processes by which herders build, maintain, and develop it through the notion of social investment strategies developed by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The first chapter of results focuses on the evolution of tribal and state actor relations since the colonial period and their consequences on the social networks from which the herders construct and maintain their social investment strategies. The second chapter of results presents the method we have developed to establish a typology of herder profiles according to these different social strategies in interaction with the other forms of assets they o wn. The study of the adaptive capacities of different herder profiles during the drought and the health crisis linked to the COVID-19 pandemic that affected the province of Tan-Tan during our study period allows us to demonstrate that the herders who were best able to access pastoral and complementary resources are those who adapted to political and social changes by developing social investment strategies that straddle the customary and state networks or by relying on financial capital and significant social prestige. Between research and development, this thesis is an invitation to place at the heart of the analysis of the resilience of pastoral populations the study of the social investment strategies implemented by herders insofar as they constitute a determining factor in their capacity to access the resources necessary to maintain their herds and consequently their capacity to adapt to the changes that characterize pastoral areas in arid environments. It also emphasizes the ne ed for pastoral development projects and policies to take greater account of the multiple territories and sets of stakeholders within which pastoral areas are located and from which herders develop their social strategies for accessing resources. It is only by taking this into account and highlighting the existing disparities in terms of capacity to access resources within the pastoral community concerned that pastoral development will be able to benefit the majority of herders and not just those with “good” networks
Dechezleprêtre, Antoine. "Innovation et diffusion internationale des technologies pour limiter le changement climatique : une approche empirique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006166.
Повний текст джерелаCollin, François. "Les politiques internationales d'atténuation du changement climatique : enjeux, difficultés et perspectives." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G029.
Повний текст джерелаThis study analyses the different points of view that lead to a better understanding of international public policies addressing climate change mitigation in the beginning of the XXIth century. In a truly worrying context according to current scientific data, it questions the international community’s ability to act upon the current environment crisis. Many studies and policies about climate change are focusing on the ability to adapt to climate change; but it is important to know how policies that mitigate the climate change still remain legitimate and gather interest. Based on a large number of research publications and national or international public reports, this bibliographic study produces a review of the international management of the current environment crisis; an evaluation of the most important issues it reveals for the next decades about our society’s models (political, economic, social, ethical...); an assessment of the difficulties it creates for international negotiations (threats to national sovereignties, protection of specific interests, roles sharing between various stakeholders, organization and logistics of complicated means...); and finally an analysis of the different outlooks for the next decades depending on the international community’s level of action in the near term (magnitude of temperature warming and its consequences, associated political and economic models, form and extent of international cooperation...). First, this study addresses the climate change process itself and its context within the evolution of our contemporary society (Part I). Second, it exposes the great difficulties facing today’s politicians to tackle the environmental crisis (Part II). Then, it analyses the systematic inability of the global economic model to assume by itself the full responsibility of climate change mitigation (Part III). Finally, this study presents a number of considerations regarding the need to establish an equitable and sustainable economic development at the global scale (Part IV)
Noblet, Mélinda. "L'adaptation au changement climatique en zone côtière au Canada et au Sénégal, une comparaison Nord-Sud." Thesis, Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0042/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis addresses the institutional and vernacular processes of adaptation to climate change in coastal areas. The purpose of this study is to challenge the generally accepted idea by the international community that the southern countries would be more vulnerable and able to cope with the negative impacts of the CC than the northern countries. Canada, a northern country considered developed and the Senegal a southern country perceived under development were selected as case studies. This thesis analyses the ways the problems of the climate and climatic vulnerability are perceived and managed by the Canadian and Senegalese societies and critically examines the actions taken at the title of adaptation. We chose to proceed within a constructivist perspective by establishing the framework of the analysis which concurrently combines the approaches multi-scalar, definitional, interactive and diachronic. From a methodological point of view, this thesis is based on a qualitative approach and privileges semi-directed interview and focus group. The results show that the climatic vulnerability is an international problem and the capacities to be adapted are equally weak in both countries. We have also observed that global warming and the problems it produces put under serious questions the methods of managing environmental issues and patterns of development in both sides north and south
Jourdain, de Muizon Gildas. "Articuler les marchés de permis d'émission avec les autres instruments dans les politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100055.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis relates to energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions instruments in the industry. In this field, the policies are complex. This complexity made of superposition and juxtaposition generates interdependences. In this thesis, we chose to approach the very general problems of the interdependences by three more specific studies which constitute its three parts: a case study of the United Kingdom policy-mix. We mobilize microeconomic theory to evaluate its environmental effectiveness and its cost-efficiency ; the simulation of the interdependence of the European emission trading market using the general computable equilibrium model GTAP-ECAT and political economy model characterizing the impact of the lobbying in a context where two sectors are regulated by two different instruments
Demailly, Damien. "Compétitivité et fuites de carbone dans l'industrie sous politique climatique asymétrique." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0152.
Повний текст джерелаWithin a close economy, the economic efficiency of a tradable CO2 allowance system is maximum when all allowances are auctioned. Within an open economy, the competitiveness losses and carbon leakage challenge this efficiency for industrial sectors like cement or steel. There are two alternatives: border adjustment and output-based allocation. The former is politically sensitive but economically justified. The economic efficiency of the latter is dubious: there are many uncertainties on the magnitude of potential competitiveness losses and carbon leakage. These uncertainties are due to the lack empirical works on some key parameters and to the weakness of existing modelling works which assess these losses and leakage. Alternative modelling works lead to a better understanding of industrials dynamics but to similarly poor assessment
Aykut, Stefan Cihan. "Comment gouverner un 'nouveau risque mondial' ? : la construction du changement climatique comme problème public à l'échelle globale, européenne, en France et en Allemagne." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00757106.
Повний текст джерелаAmat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Flipo, Fabrice. "En quoi la crise environnementale contribue-t-elle à renouveler la question de la justice ? : Le cas du changement climatique." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1417.
Повний текст джерелаBoe, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique : une étude de régionalisation sur la France." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/227/.
Повний текст джерелаAs most of Europe, France might undergo severe climate changes during the 21st century. In this thesis we study the impacts of these changes on the hydrological cycle, at the scale of the French river basins. A statistical downscaling method, based on the concept on weather types is built and applied to regionalize an ensemble of climate scenarios in order to force an hydro-meteorological model. Severe impacts occur as soon as the middle of the 21st century, characterized by a strong decrease of mean river flows and a great increase in the occurrence of low-flow. Other downscaling methods are used in order to test the sensivity of the results to the choice of the method: this sensivity is limited. Actually, the main source of uncertainty lies in the choice of the climate model. To finish, we try to better understand the reasons for the spread of the climate change scenarios over Europe
Buffet, Christophe. "L'adaptation au changement climatique : construction, cadrages et acteurs, des arènes globales de négociations aux populations vulnérables du Bangladesh." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0091.
Повний текст джерелаClimate change is now considered as one of the biggest challenge of our century. If the reduction of emissions remains primordial, climatologists' projections prove that adaptation to its impacts has already become unavoidable. This imperative has expanded at all scales since the early 2000s, from the global arenas of negotiations (COPs) to the populations considered as the most vulnerable. Through a multidisciplinary approach including science studies (STS), political sciences and socio-anthropology, this thesis analyses the political, institutional, epistemic and practical construction of adaptation. It highlights multiple interactions between science and policy, as well as the framing of different actors that contributed to this construction. A particular emphasis is placed ori Bangladesh, which became a "hot spot" of adaptation, and on NGOs. As multiscalar actors, NGOs mobilized their expertise to participate and set adaptation on the agenda of COPs and to implement community-based adaptation programmes
Rocle, Nicolas. "L’adaptation des littoraux au changement climatique : une gouvernance performative par expérimentations et stratégies d’action publique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0896/document.
Повний текст джерелаSea level rise accelerated by climate change is of major concern at international scale since the 1990’s. From now on, climate change adaptation is institutionalized from global to local scales. I analyze policy making processes related to climate change adaptation in French coastal areas. Two qualitative case studies are at the heart of the thesis: Aquitaine coastline and Martinique Island (French West Indies). They are contrasted in their history, their coastal planning policy and their social dynamics, though they share common processes of attractiveness and vulnerability to submersion and coastal erosion. I analyze discourses, actors and policy instruments in the legitimization of anticipation and preparation as guiding principles to cope with coastal risks and threats. The theoretical framework builds on political sociology of science and policy, as well as insights from pragmatic sociology. Direct observation of local, regional and national consultation and steering committees, semi-structured interviews and documentation analysis are the key methodological approaches. A questionnaire survey has been conducted in the coastal town of Lacanau, on Aquitaine coastline, in order to analyze the way in which residents and users experiment coastal retreat. The main line of argumentation advanced in this thesis is that coastal adaptation to climate change proceeds with performative governance, by which policy devices and narratives are geared towards building adaptation policies upon their interpretive effects. I demonstrate how climate adaptation mainstreaming and planning (adaptation and coastal risks prevention plans…) is combined with experimentalist forms to govern new adaptation options (like planned retreat) and with a new public risk management in which political and institutional risks are as important to prevent as socio-ecological vulnerabilities. The concept of “public action strategy” is built to better capture these forms of managerial policy instruments used for framing, rationalizing and performing a governance of preparedness and adaptation, by means of expert knowledge, collaborative procedures and concertation to render local actors accountable for their own security. State steering practices and decentralization policies are key processes shaping coastal adaptation and risk regulation. This new public risk management strengthens expert configurations for defining and operationalizing coastal risks policy strategies
Photinodellis, Roxane. "Politique climatique dans le secteur agricole : efficacité, coûts de surveillance, séquestration du carbone et risque." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB011.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to explore the trade-off between the effectiveness of net GHG mitigation policies and the costs associated with monitoring emissions and carbon sequestration. In the first contribution, our objective is to estimate the marginal cost andeffectiveness in terms of mitigating net GHG emissions for several policies partially covering emission sources and sinks. We find that subsidies for total carbon sequestrationand for carbon contained only in above-ground biomass are more cost-effective than aGHG tax. In the second contribution, at the scale of the plot, we examine the costs of participation in two types of carbon contracts, one model-based and the other results-based. For the latter type, we take into account the risk aversion of farmers regarding the uncertainty surrounding carbon sequestration results. The goal is to highlight the trade-offs regarding risk-sharing between the regulator and farmers, while defining theoretical conditions for farmer participation in these contracts. In the third contribution, at the scale of a French region, we compare the cost-effectiveness of different carbon contracts, whether results-based, model-based, or practice-based. This analysis takes into account some of the heterogeneity among farmers. Our results indicate that the most cost-effective contract form is to remunerate farmers per hectare for the implementation of intra-parcel agroforestry
Pottier, Antonin. "L’économie dans l’impasse climatique : développement matériel, théorie immatérielle et utopie auto-stabilisatrice." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0052.
Повний текст джерелаGreenhouse gas emissions still grow unabated. Instead of blaming policy-makers for the implementation gap, I question the toolbox of neo-classical economists and restate the conundrum as: how inadequate is economic theory as a mental map for climate change? I identify turning points in the history of resource economics and exhibit a constant trend of forgetting the material embeddedness of the economy. Economists' use of the production function is based on a misunderstanding, as the Cambridge controversy shows that it has no technical content. The cost-benefit analysis, allegedly the only way to be positive, is favored to assess climate change, even if it relies on unknown relationships. Damage function extrapolates shared prejudices; the incessant controversy on discounting highlights the inconsistency of the macroeconomic framework. An analysis of a recent article explains how economics can operate this distanciation from reality: loose connections between the mathematical structure of a model, the words used to describe it and its numerical results leave extraordinary space for interpretation. I then explore the relationship between the economy, economics and ideology through the study of two symbols: the homo economicus and the market. The peculier status of economics and the economy in Western societies is traced back to the 18th century. The current prominence of the market enhances the inadequacy of economic theory to address climate change. The sociological phenomenon of climate-skepticism and the failed construction of carbon markets can be seen as impediments to mitigation induced by the market mentality
Amat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Verlynde, Nicolas. "De la perception du risque d'inondation aux propositions d'adaptation en territoire de côtes basses densément peuplées : le cas de la communauté urbaine de Dunkerque." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0500/document.
Повний текст джерелаFlooding is one of the world's main natural hazards. In view of this risk, being amplified by climate change, management has become crucial, especially in low-lying coastal areas. Risk perception, as a complex notion referring to cognitive, social, economic and environmental aspects, is a real contribution to reveal the vulnerability points of populations. This PhD thesis adresses the analysis of the population's perception of the flood risk within the "Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque". In this territory, located on a densely populated, urbanized and historically flood-affected low-lying coastal area, a large perception survey was carried out among inhabitants and risk management stakeholders. Its aim was to measure their flood risk perception and to bring to light various factors that influence it. The survey was conducted according to a methodology at the crossroads of several disciplines (geography, sociology, psychosociology and economics). The results highlight : (1) a discordant perception of this risk and a low concern ; (2) spatial risk representations very different from official ones ; (3) the influence of risk perception on willingness to pay to prevent themselves from risk. This thesis provides input to cindynics sciences and risk geography. It suggests adjustments to reduce these inhabitant's vulnerability to flood risk
Flipo, Fabrice. "En quoi la crise environnementale contribue-telle à renouveler la question de la justice ? Le cas du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957797.
Повний текст джерелаNdiaye, Marième Pollèle. "La communication intercommunale sur le changement climatique : entre stratégies et paradoxes : l'exemple de la Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (CUB)." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30011/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis research aims at addressing, through the example of the Urban Community of Bordeaux (UCB), the topic of communication practices regarding climate change, and more generally the issue of finding the right way to communicate in the scope of a coordinated action by a local authority. In particular, it will tackle the implementation of practices and strategies to mobilize locals actors (mainly municipalities) around the “pioneers of climate” project, a program launched to promote environmentally friendly behaviors. In this context, our thesis seeks to provide insight into the relation between territorial communication and the collective action against climate change. Three theoretical approaches were adopted to analyze the empirical data: commitment communication AND instituted paradigm (Bernard, 2010) ; theories of collective action (Snow & Benford, 1986 ; Neveu, 2005; Céfaï 2007 ; Contamin, 2009) ; and theory of public communication (Zémor 2004 ; Sfez, 2007 Bessières, 2008). The applied methodology includes the use of two qualitative method tools (semi-directive interview and participant observation) to help us grasp the relationship between local actors and the complex issues of territorial communication to fight against climate change. Through this research, it appeared to us that climate change communication in the UCB is part of a dynamic process, which vacillates between strategies and paradoxes. This situation leads us to discuss the theory of communicative discrepancies as way to fight against climate change
Top, Arame. "Évolution des systèmes de production agricole dans un contexte de changement climatique et de migration et effet de genre dans les trois zones éco-géographiques de la région de Matam au Sénégal." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20030/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of production systems in a global context and such kind of effect in the Matam region aims to introduce mutations in a traditional development environment based on crop rotation and seasonal and spatial alternation in context of irrigated agriculture through the waters of the Senegal River. This context is part of a state policy Senegalese anxious to boost household food security of the river valley rocked by a violent climate crisis which hit nearly two decades. These populations heavily dependent decline integrated culture in a traditional production system that highlighted the livestock, fisheries, rainfed agriculture, seasonal migration, saw their hopes dashed survival. Commissioning of dam Diaman and Manantali, registered in the 0MVS program (development of the Senegal River) between riparian countries (Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea and Mali) significantly reduced the occurrence of floods. This program, which had vast ambitions confiscated the life of riverine populations of the river hindsight flood the Senegal River. These people, whose seasonal migration was part of their production system, adopted a long-term migration to ensure food security of households left the village. The irrigated farming system implemented through irrigation schemes, requires greater human resources and flood recession cultivation and higher production costs
Fustec, Klervi. "Processus multi-échelles, enjeux environnementaux et construction étatique : le cas de l'autorité palestinienne, des politiques de gestion de l'eau et du changement climatique." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON30068/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis analyses the power relations involved in environmental issues (water management and climate change) and the process of state building of the Palestinian Authority, an entity dependent on international aid and under israeli occupation. This thesis mobilises sociology of public action, political ecology and science and technology studies in order to examine the multi-level processes of co-construction of social order and environment through knowledges, problems definition and public policies adopted to tackle them. This research analyses the interactions between international aid, development and environment and the objective of empowerment of the Palestinian Authority. It focuses on the circulation and hybridisation of knowledge and public policy solutions. Beyond national and international decision makers, other actors such as NGOs or humanitarian organisations participate and mobilise other representations of environmental problems and solutions in relation with their representations of the territory and the conflict. This thesis is based on a series of interviews, informal discussions, grey literature dealing with the subject and observational work
Béal, Vincent. "Les politiques du développement durable. : Gouverner l'environnement dans les villes françaises et britanniques (1970-2010)." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STETT093.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation provides an analysis of the influence of environ mental issues on the transformation of urbanpolicy-making. Based on four case studies (Nantes and Saint-Etienne in France, Leicester and Manchesterin the United Kingdom), it examines the rise of environ mental issues on urban agendas and its influence inthe transformation of urban policies and urban governance. Built around three main theoretical perspectives- public policy analysis, urban political science and urban political economy -, this work shows that urbanenviron mental management has been shaped by three different emblems : the emblem of« urban ecology »with its grass roots frame in the 1970s and 1980s, the emblem of « sustainable development » with itsentrepreneurial frame in the 1990s and 2000s, and, finally, the emblem of « climate change » with its newmanagerial and control frame since 2005. This periodisation of urban environmental management stressesthe rise of cities as prominent scales of environ mental regulation and construction. However, this rise has notbeen synonymous of a strengthening of local public spaces around environ mental issues. It is argued thatthe reshaping of state/society relationships has led ta a gap between urban political elites and urbansocieties. By helping ta reshape political elites' activities towards the production of urban policies and tamarginalise actors who are not considered as «responsible», urban environmental policies have supportedthe roll out of oligarchie and post-democratie patterns of urban governance
Espagne, Etienne. "Trois essais d’économie sur les politiques climatiques dans un monde post-Kyoto." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0066.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with three complementary economic approaches of the climate challenge. First, a critical analysis of integrated assessment models is carried out using the RESPONSE model. It concludes to their relative usefulness as a transparency tool for reasonings and hypotheses of the negociating parties in the climate diplomacy. A methodology to compare modelization structures is then proposed and tested. Finally the economic conditions for not trespassing the 2°C threshold are put into light, inside a cost-benefit framework, as well as their implications for the diplomatic agenda. Second, we analyze some obstacles and driving forces of a real economy in its interaction with the climate constraint. Three levels of viscosity of an economy are highlighted, having sufficiently different properties to justify a different analytical treatment. On the institutional level, we lower the importance of the pure time preference in the Stern/Nordhau controversy. On the infrastructure level, we show that the introduction of climate uncertainty can justify precautionary investment in the long-term sector and also define some properties of an infrastructure relevant to the climate question. On the technical change side, we build a critic of the AABH model and present some elements of an alternative research program on the subject of its redirection. Third, we introduce money in this description of a real economy, or more precisely the financial sector. We describe and modelize an innovative tool for the energy transition respecting the constraints highlighted in the two preceding parts
Bourgeaud, Luana. "Histoire évolutive et potentiel adaptatif : une approche éco-évolutive de la vulnérabilité des espèces aux changements climatiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30263.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding the processes influencing the geographical distribution of species is one of the main aims in ecology and is of particular interest since climate change caused by human activities is currently leading to the geographical redistribution of species. In this context, we explored the temporal dynamics of the climatic niche (the set of climatic requirements of a species) in an attempt to determine species' ability to cope with climate change. To do this, we investigated historical rates of climatic niche change which describe past climatic niche changes that occurred over the course of species evolutionary history assuming that past climatic changes reflect current climate change. Following the reconstruction of a dated phylogeny for 12,616 fish species, we compiled climate and distribution data to estimate historical rates of climatic niche change. In a first project, we studied the factors influencing historical rates of climatic niche change in aquatic environments. In particular, we confirmed that historical rates of climatic niche change are greater at higher latitudes. We also discussed the differences between marine and freshwater ecosystems. In a second project, we correlated historical rates of climatic niche change with measures of contemporary range shifts. We showed that historical rates of climatic niche change are positively associated with contemporary range shifts in marine fish. Our results suggest that the influence of historical rates of climatic niche change and more generally of species evolutionary history on their response to current climate change needs to be further explored to determine how it can inform biodiversity conservation
Rudianto, Ekawan. "Charbon en Europe : Quel Avenir ? Perspectives de l'industrie du Charbon et étude des impacts du Protocole de Kyoto." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004737.
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