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Статті в журналах з теми "Politics and farming"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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1

Hasanah, Mahesti. "Politics of Legitimation." PCD Journal 10, no. 1 (November 18, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/pcd.v10i1.4824.

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This research discusses contract farming—an agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketing firms, usually agribusiness transnational companies (TNCs), under a specific arrangement that commonly includes predetermined prices for the production and supply of agricultural products—in a transnational policy context. The study is dominated by institutionalism and materialism approaches which hold that structural changes coincide with economic development. However, this approaches raises a question about the role of actors in instituting, transferring, and challenging the norms of contract farming. This research seeks to challenge the literature by focusing on how contract farming, as a dual process, constitutes a territory for its actors to claim and reclaim their authority. Drawing on the implementation of agreements between TNCs and small farmers in Davao, Mindanao, we discuss the legitimation process within a context of strong state political control and complicated global market flows. Specifically, this research aims to understand how contract farming institutes a particular type of legitimation through the influence of transnational policy. Using the organisational and institutional legitimation approaches, we understand contract farming as a fluid and openly contested distributing authority. This research uses four data collection methods: desk studies, interviews, focus group discussions, and observation.

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2

Wegren, Stephen K. "The politics of private farming in Russia." Journal of Peasant Studies 23, no. 4 (July 1996): 106–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066159608438621.

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3

sayre, laura. "The Politics of Organic Farming: Populists, Evangelicals, and the Agriculture of the Middle." Gastronomica 11, no. 2 (2011): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2011.11.2.38.

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This article examines the political allegiances of the organic food and farming movement, asking whether the widespread media assumption that organic agriculture is a leftist cause is correct. Despite the enthusiasm with which organic food advocates welcomed the election of President Obama in 2008—and despite the fact that the geographical distribution of certified organic farms in the United States maps closely against states and counties voting Democratic in the 2008 Presidential elections—a wide range of historical and contemporary evidence suggests that political and social conservatives have long formed an important element within the organic movement's ranks. A distinction is drawn between the politics of organic consumers and the politics of organic farmers, although both groups are shown to include vocal supporters from both ends of the political spectrum. Ultimately, organic farming's political shape-shifting is linked to its mobilization of agrarian ideology, which can be seen as both a strength and a weakness for the movement. On the one hand, organic agriculture shows signs of capturing a political authority and authenticity long associated with America's heartland; on the other hand, a hard-line conservative approach to food and farm policy leaves major social and environmental issues associated with agriculture unaddressed.

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4

Loker, William M. "Risky Rivers: the Economics and Politics of Floodplain Farming in Amazonia:Risky Rivers: the Economics and Politics of Floodplain Farming in Amazonia." Culture Agriculture 20, no. 1 (March 1998): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1998.20.1.43.

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5

Coppock, J. T., Philip Lowe, Graham Cox, Malcolm MacEwen, Tim O'Riordan, Michael Winter, and W. M. Adams. "Countryside Conflicts: The Politics of Farming, Forestry and Conservation." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 12, no. 2 (1987): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622532.

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6

Martiniello, Giuliano, Arthur Owor, Ibrahim Bahati, and Adam Branch. "The fragmented politics of sugarcane contract farming in Uganda." Journal of Agrarian Change 22, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12455.

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7

Alliston, J. "Book Review: British Farming - Changing Politics and Production Systems." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 3 (September 1995): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400312.

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8

Ulbricht, Tilo. "Countryside conflicts The politics of farming, forestry and conservation." Land Use Policy 4, no. 2 (April 1987): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(87)90052-4.

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9

Green, Bryn. "Countryside conflicts: the politics of farming, forestry and conservation." Journal of Rural Studies 3, no. 1 (January 1987): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(87)90016-7.

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10

McEachern, Charmaine. "Farmers and conservation: Conflict and accommodation in farming politics." Journal of Rural Studies 8, no. 2 (April 1992): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90074-g.

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11

Maat, Harro. "Group compositions: the politics of technology implemented in smallholder farming." Journal of Political Ecology 25, no. 1 (November 24, 2018): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22389.

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Анотація:

This article investigates the connection between performance, group, and society. The argument is that group formation around particular farm operations and the details of the activities they engage in are an expression of the preferred way of technology implementation. The argument is developed using Paul Richards' notion of agriculture as performance. Two cases are presented. The first is the composition of a spraying team for weed control in smallholder oil palm production in Sumatra, connected to a global agreement on sustainable oil palm production, known as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). The second case is about a team of women transplanting young rice seedlings on prepared paddy fields in a village in Uttarakhand, India. A new way of rice transplanting was introduced by a local non-governmental organization, known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). The analysis shows that group performances provide essential information about how introduced plans, regulations and material designs are reworked and turned into meaningful and effective changes to agricultural practices. The article concludes that these activities are not merely technical adjustments but in themselves express arguments about the preferred way of organising farming, farm labor, and payments. Performing groups thus exert a form of bargaining power against development actors.Keywords: Group performance, smallholder farming, technology transfer, political acts

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12

Winter, Michael. "Geographies of food: agro-food geographies – farming, food and politics." Progress in Human Geography 28, no. 5 (October 2004): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph512pr.

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13

Van Dijk, G. "Future production and productivity in livestock farming: Science versus politics." Livestock Production Science 21, no. 2 (February 1989): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(89)90047-x.

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14

Brown, Robert D. "The politics of deer farming in North Carolina-Lessons learned." Wildlife Society Bulletin 40, no. 1 (March 2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.622.

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15

Bruckert, Michaël. "Chicken Politics." Gastronomica 21, no. 2 (2021): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2021.21.2.33.

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Some scholars contend that the Global South is experiencing a consumer-driven nutrition transition characterized by a sharp increase in meat consumption. This article engages critically with this hypothesis by exploring the production, distribution, and consumption of chicken in Tamil Nadu (South India). Using the analytical lens of political ecology, it argues that food circuits are shaped in the interaction among political-economic processes, biophysical processes, and embodied encounters with food. In India, intensified farming and agrifood industrial capitalism affect the materialities of, and the meanings attributed to, chicken meat, making it more available, more accessible, and more desirable. The industry strives to control and conceal the animality and organicity of chicken as animal and as food. Yet new materialities and meanings are resisted by the biophysical processes that pervade the circuits of meat provision and by eaters’ visceral and cognitive engagement with chicken meat. The very people who produce, sell, buy, cook, and ingest food, even though they are partly dispossessed by capitalist and state control over knowledge and economic processes, also play a role in shaping, negotiating, and resisting the material, political, and emotional dimensions of taste, and of eating practices at large.

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16

Wang, Jamie. "The Sprouting Farms: You Are What You Grow." Humanities 10, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h10010027.

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In 2017, the Singaporean government unveiled the Farm Transformation Map, a highly technology-driven initiative that intends to change its current, near-total dependence on imported food. The plan focuses on the prospect of high-productivity farming—in particular, integrated vertical, indoor, and intensive urban farming—as a possible solution to geopolitical uncertainty, intense urbanisation, and environmental degradation. What to farm (or not) and how to farm has long mediated social, cultural, political, and environmental relations. Following the stories of a few small- to medium-scale urban farms, including rooftop gardens, community farms, and organic farms, in this future-oriented city polis, this article explores the rise of urban farming through the politics of localism and the notion of care. How has localism, in some contexts, been reduced to a narrow sense of geographic location? What is being cared for in and through farming in urban locales? How might this type of farming transform and shape bio-cultural, social-technological relations within humans, and between humans and non-humans? More importantly, this article explores how urban agriculture might forge a kind of thick localism rooted in situated care as it carries out social missions, experimenting with and subverting the dominant imaginary of industrial farming.

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17

Smith, Nigel, and Michael Chibnik. "Risky Rivers: The Economics and Politics of Floodplain Farming in Amazonia." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2, no. 3 (September 1996): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034938.

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18

Redford, Kent H., and Michael Chibnik. "Risky Rivers: The Economics and Politics of Floodplain Farming in Amazonia." Hispanic American Historical Review 76, no. 4 (November 1996): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2518029.

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19

Coomes, Oliver T., and Michael Chibnik. "Risky Rivers: The Economics and Politics of Floodplain Farming in Amazonia." Geographical Review 86, no. 1 (January 1996): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215159.

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20

Marshall, Jonathan Paul. "Psycho-social disruption, information disorder, and the politics of wind farming." Energy Research & Social Science 45 (November 2018): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.07.006.

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21

Morehart, Christopher T. "Sustainable Ecologies and Unsustainable Politics: Chinampa Farming in Ancient Central Mexico." Anthropology News 52, no. 4 (April 2011): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3502.2011.52409.x.

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22

Redford, Kent H. "Risky Rivers: The Economics and Politics of Floodplain Farming in Amazonia." Hispanic American Historical Review 76, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 846–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-76.4.846.

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23

Phillipov, Michelle, and Michael K. Goodman. "The celebrification of farmers: celebrity and the new politics of farming." Celebrity Studies 8, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2017.1311629.

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24

Ortiz, Sutti. "Risky Rivers: The Economics and Politics of Floodplain Farming in Amazonia." American Ethnologist 24, no. 1 (February 1997): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1997.24.1.226.

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25

Maciel, Elayna Cristina da Silva, Tatiana Cristina da Rocha, and Rodrigo Lopes de Almeida. "An overview of family fish farming: social, politics and food security implications." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): e14011124602. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i1.24602.

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One characteristic that can be observed in family farming is the diversity of activities that are carried out concurrently on the property, providing and guaranteeing products for personal consumption or sale over the course of the year. Fish farming, an activity destined for fish production, is often one of these activities developed by family farmers and contributes to the access to quality protein for rural families and to increase income. Furthermore, the techniques used for fish production in family farming can foment a sustainable form of production. However, the lack of incentives regarding extension projects, marketing barriers, the lack of integration of traditional communities in decision making, and the absence of adequate technical information for the reality of rural properties make this activity limited and even ineffective in some regions. The encouragement of this activity could provide family farmers with improved economic conditions and food security and, consequently, the reduction of poverty in rural areas. The present study originated from a bibliographic review that addresses the activity of fish production and its impacts on the development of rural family activities, food security, and public and social policies for the maintenance, regularity, and quality of the final product.

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26

Muenster, Daniel. "Performing alternative agriculture: critique and recuperation in Zero Budget Natural Farming, South India." Journal of Political Ecology 25, no. 1 (December 16, 2018): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22388.

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This article explores how 'Zero Budget Natural Farming', an Indian natural farming movement centered on its founder and guru Subhash Palekar, enacts alternative agrarian worlds through the dual practices of critique and recuperation. Based on fieldwork among practitioners in the South Indian state of Kerala and on participation in teaching events held by Palekar, I describe the movement's critique of the agronomic mainstream (state extension services, agricultural universities, and scientists) and their recuperative practices of restoring small-scale cultivation based on Indian agroecological principles and biologies. Their critique combines familiar political-ecological arguments against productionism, and the injustices of the global food regime, with Hindu nationalist tropes highlighting Western conspiracies and corrupt science. For their recuperative work, these natural farmers draw, on one hand, on travelling agroecological technologies (fermentation, spacing, mulching, cow based farming) and current 'probiotic', microbiological, and symbiotic understandings of soil and agriculture. On the other hand, they use Hindu nativist tropes, insisting on the exceptional properties of agrarian species native to, and belonging to India. I use the idea of ontological politics to describe the movement's performances as enacting an alternative rural world, in which humans, other-than-human animals, plants, mycorrhizae, and microbes are doing agriculture together.Keywords: agricultural anthropology; alternative agricultures; naturecultures; critique; ontological politics; small-scale cultivators; India; Kerala; Subhash Palekar

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27

Padel, Felix. "Book review: Debojyoti Das. 2018. The Politics of Swidden Farming: Environment and Development in Eastern India." Journal of South Asian Development 16, no. 2 (August 2021): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09731741211028096.

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28

Staudenmaier, P. "Organic Farming in Nazi Germany: The Politics of Biodynamic Agriculture, 1933-1945." Environmental History 18, no. 2 (January 24, 2013): 383–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/ems154.

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29

Jackson, Peter, Neil Ward, and Polly Russell. "Mobilising the commodity chain concept in the politics of food and farming." Journal of Rural Studies 22, no. 2 (April 2006): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.08.008.

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30

Voelcker, Becca. "Field work: Ogawa Productions as farmer‐filmmakers." Moving Image Review & Art Journal (MIRAJ) 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/miraj_00063_1.

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This article considers the value of the leftist filmmaking collective Ogawa Productions’ interdisciplinary practice, which combined filmmaking and farming as an activist project of advocacy for social and environmental justice in 1980s Japan. It argues that Ogawa Pro, as the collective was known, integrated agriculture and film culture to construct a radically inclusive ecosystemic understanding of humans, plants, animals and the climate. Viewed today, their approach exemplifies an early model of ecological thinking that speaks to the recent multispecies turn in the arts, humanities and social sciences. But Ogawa Pro’s turn to the land is also riddled with ambivalence: the films harbour agrarian romanticism bordering on a politics of nostalgia and ethnic environmentalism. Torn between what we might today call progressive and reactionary traditionalist politics, Ogawa Pro’s enmeshed filming and farming practices constitute an important example of what I call Land Cinema ‐ that is, film entangled in territorial, ecological and aesthetic aspects of land. Though the collective’s earlier and more militant films have received critical acclaim in recent years, its later land-based work merits further attention for the way it exposes political tensions over how to cultivate, represent and share space responsibly.

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31

Weissman, Evan. "Brooklyn's agrarian questions." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 1 (June 13, 2014): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000222.

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AbstractThroughout the USA, urban agriculture is expanding as a manifestation of an emerging American food politics. Through a case study of Brooklyn, New York, I used mixed qualitative research methods to investigate the political possibilities of urban agriculture for fostering food justice. My findings build on the existing alternative food network (AFN) literature by indicating that problematic contradictions rooted in the neoliberalization of urban agriculture limit the transformative possibilities of farming the city as currently practiced in Brooklyn. I suggest that longstanding agrarian questions—concerns over the relationship between agriculture and capitalism and the politics of small-scale producers—are informative for critical interrogation of urban agriculture as a politicization of food.

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32

Clarke, Richard. "Marxist and socialist perspectives on food, farming and the future." Theory & Struggle 123, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ts.2022.14.

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Food is the basis of life but rarely features as a topic in Marxist analysis. The Marx Memorial Library’s series of panel discussions in the autumn of 2021 brought together prominent academics and activists to present a Marxist perspective on the politics of food and agriculture, to examine the changes necessary and how to achieve them.

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33

Clapp, Jennifer, and Sarah-Louise Ruder. "Precision Technologies for Agriculture: Digital Farming, Gene-Edited Crops, and the Politics of Sustainability." Global Environmental Politics 20, no. 3 (August 2020): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00566.

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This article analyzes the rise of precision technologies for agriculture—specifically digital farming and plant genome editing—and their implications for the politics of environmental sustainability in the agrifood sector. We map out opposing views in the emerging debate over the environmental aspects of these technologies: while proponents see them as vital tools for environmental sustainability, critics view them as antithetical to their own agroecological vision of sustainable agriculture. We argue that key insights from the broader literature on the social effects of technological change—in particular, technological lock-in, the double-edged nature of technology, and uneven power relations—help to explain the political dynamics of this debate. Our analysis highlights the divergent perspectives regarding how these technologies interact with environmental problems, as well as the risks and opportunities they present. Yet, as we argue in the article, developments so far suggest that these dynamics are not always straightforward in practice.

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34

Liepins, Ruth. "The gendering of farming and agricultural politics: a matter of discourse and power." Australian Geographer 29, no. 3 (November 1998): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189808703230.

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35

Mincyte, Diana. "Everyday Environmentalism: The Practice, Politics, and Nature of Subsidiary Farming in Stalin's Lithuania." Slavic Review 68, no. 1 (2009): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0037677900000073.

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In this article, Diana Mincyte looks at subsidiary farming during the years of intense collectivization and political repressions in Soviet Lithuania, 1948-1953. Through an analysis of how peasants imagined, experienced, and interacted with their environments, Mincyte constructs agricultural labor as a site through which Lithuania's peasants negotiated their relationship to the state and nature. She argues that because the peasants’ physical survival during this period depended solely on the harvests from the farms, the peasants constructed themselves primarily as subjects of land and nature, rather than as citizens of the Soviet state. Instead of focusing on how individuals reinvented themselves according to the ideologies of the New Soviet Man/Woman, the environmental approach she develops here shows that creative agricultural labor played a significant role in the processes of building socialism in Lithuania's villages.

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36

Yildiz, Aysel. "Politics, Economy, and Çiftliks: The History of Four Çiftliks in Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener)." Turkish Historical Review 11, no. 1 (November 5, 2020): 28–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10009.

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Abstract The Ottoman state authorities tried to prevent çiftlik formation in all parts of the empire. Yet, they also tried to keep this valuable and cash/kind-producing economic commodity under strict surveillance. The tax-farming and confiscation systems served as two important mechanisms of state control and ensured the state’s redistributive/reallocative role. Having the right to confiscate and redistribute estates, as well as being the ultimate decision maker in the tax-farming system, the Ottoman authorities acted as the chief regulator of the çiftlik market. Therefore, the central state was always a crucial party to be taken into consideration in the triangle of the çiftlik economy together with the peasantry and the çiftlik holders. This article provides a survey of four çiftliks in Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener), namely Yeğenli, Göçeri, Köleler, and Zaim, in order to understand the redistributive and reallocative role of the Ottoman imperial center and its impact on the history of the region.

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37

Goulet, Frédéric. "Family Farming and The Emergence of an Alternative Sociotechnical Imaginary in Argentina." Science, Technology and Society 25, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971721819889920.

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Анотація:

In this article, we analyse the mechanisms by which family farming established itself in Argentina over the 2004–2016 period as a legitimate solution to the food security challenge. We show that this process has played a role in the emergence of an alternative sociotechnical imaginary built as a counter-model to the one associated with industrial agriculture. We highlight the importance of the processes of demarcation and detachment at the heart of this shift, in the political, techno-scientific and agricultural spheres. The actors involved in the promotion of family farming associate this alternative approach to the development of the agricultural sector with the implementation of an alternative practice and organisation of science and technology. These shifts correspond to a narrative and mode of political action that put the emphasis on the production of a national future liberated from the mistakes and injustices of the past, in which science and technology play a central role. By highlighting the tensions at the heart of this dynamic, between the establishment of new boundaries and the challenging of existing ones, the article contributes to the analysis of the formation of alternative sociotechnical imaginaries, and in particular the underlying mechanisms of co-production between science and politics.

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38

Chan, Kin Wing (Ray). "Politics of smell: Constructing animal waste governmentality and good farming subjectivities in colonial Hong Kong." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 6 (March 30, 2020): 1055–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654420914320.

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Анотація:

This paper examines the governmentality of colonial Hong Kong throughout the 1980s and 1990s, focusing on the implementation of the Livestock Waste Control Scheme (1987–1997), the production of normative waste treatment knowledge, the spatial control of farming practices and the resulting subjectivity in the construction of the ‘environmentally friendly farmer’ identity. These themes are examined by analysing archival materials and conducting in-depth interviews with two Pig Farmers Association representatives and 19 pig farmers. This paper argues that the colonial government of Hong Kong relied on environmental ordinances and zoning regulations, livestock waste demonstration projects and socially constructed perceptions of olfactory acceptability as major technologies of governance in the creation of ‘environmentally friendly’ pig farmers. Through being exposed to these technologies, pig farmers learned and internalised a particular concept of what constitutes appropriate animal waste management and treatment. This paper shows how the concept of being ‘environmentally friendly’ contributes to the creation and use of ‘good farming’ subjectivities when modernising pig farmers’ waste management practices.

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39

Lehman, Tim. "An Agrarian Republic: Farming, Antislavery Politics, and Nature Parks in the Civil War Era." Annals of Iowa 75, no. 2 (April 2016): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12284.

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40

Shonhe, Toendepi, and Ian Scoones. "Private and state‐led contract farming in Zimbabwe: Accumulation, social differentiation and rural politics." Journal of Agrarian Change 22, no. 1 (December 17, 2021): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12473.

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41

Elder, Sara D., and Peter Dauvergne. "Farming for Walmart: the politics of corporate control and responsibility in the global South." Journal of Peasant Studies 42, no. 5 (June 29, 2015): 1029–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2015.1043275.

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Lora-Wainwright, Anna. "Of farming chemicals and cancer deaths: The politics of health in contemporary rural China*." Social Anthropology 17, no. 1 (February 18, 2009): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2008.00057.x.

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Ainslie, Andrew. "Farming Cattle, Cultivating Relationships: Cattle Ownership and Cultural Politics in Peddie District, Eastern Cape." Social Dynamics 31, no. 1 (June 2005): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533950508628699.

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Connolly, Creighton. "Whose landscape, whose heritage? Landscape politics of ‘swiftlet farming’ in a World Heritage City." Landscape Research 42, no. 3 (February 23, 2017): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2016.1267128.

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Down, Russell J. "CULTURE AND POLITICS OF OFF-BOTTOM OYSTER FARMING IN CAPE MAY COUNTY, NEW JERSEY." Proceedings of the annual workshop - World Mariculture Society 4, no. 1-4 (February 25, 2009): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1973.tb00120.x.

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Peres, Zsuzsanna. "Land Politics in Hungary between the Two World Wars." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 4 (2011): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.12.008.0509.

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Land Politics in Hungary between the Two World Wars The paper discusses the Hungarian legislation that regulated the ownership referring to real property in the period between the World Wars. The discussion included also the review of the law on colonization and division of the land, as well as the law on bank loans offered to those who were professionally engaged in farming. In addition, the authoress made an analysis of the archaic institution of fideicomissum. While depicting the background of legislative efforts of the time, the authoress recalled the developments that took place prior to the discussed changes in the ownership relationships. Therefore she discussed also the 19th century reforms that abolished serfdom and serf labour, introduced the land and mortgage register etc.

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Anwar, Abaid Ullah, Muhammad Usman, and Dr Sohail Akhtar. "Tumandari System and Electoral Politics; A Case of D. G. Khan District." International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjmss.v2.2(21)13.142-154.

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This study deals with electoral politics and its relationship with Tumandarana System (a local landlordism) in Dera Ghazi Khan, a historic base camp of such a unique feudal system. This study is an exploration of Tumandars involvement in politics and elections of National Assembly and Provincial Assembly from 1988 to 2013. So, there is a scarcity of scholarly literature on this issue and this study is an attempt to fill this gap. The concept of Tumandar derived from Mangol history which means of ten thousand armed men. It has been modified time-to-time. Now, these Tumandars of Dera Ghazi Khan called as Tribal leader. Why Tumandarana System is dominating electoral politics of this region? This is a primary research question which have been explored. by applying qualitative and quantitative approaches and concludes that the patterns of tribal society are related to reliance upon horticultural system farming, having a strong grip over social economic resources. Tribal leaders have used this system to remain in power politics as well. Tribal leaders not only lead the tribe but, they are also political and administrative head of their tribe. Moreover, Tumandars or Tribal leaders create hurdle for vote casting and in the way of democratic system in district politics.

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Somé, Batamaka. "‘HOT MONEY’: GENDER AND THE POLITICS OF NEGOTIATION AND CONTROL OVER INCOME IN WEST AFRICAN SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS." Africa 83, no. 2 (May 2013): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000197201300003x.

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ABSTRACTMost development interventions targeting rural women's economic empowerment measure success through returns from women's on-farm or off-farm activities and the income they generate. This article suggests that special emphasis needs to be laid on income control, not just its generation, in order to take account of the more or less subtle socio-cultural obstacles and other structures of constraint hindering women in this regard. The article draws from ethnographic case studies conducted for a doctoral dissertation project in south-west Burkina Faso to show how women in cotton-farming zones strategize to circumvent customary rules and control their on-farm incomes. The context is an organic cotton-farming project targeting women. I argue that understanding these constraints and strategies provides policy makers and development practitioners with tools for a better grasp of the social landscape – and that this, in turn, enables them to reach empowerment goals.

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LUDDEN, DAVID. "Country Politics and Agrarian Systems: Land grab on Bengal frontiers, 1750–1800." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 2 (March 2017): 319–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000731.

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AbstractThe forceful expropriation of land, labour, water, and other productive resources is fundamental for processes of agricultural expansion and intensification. What is known today as ‘land grab’ was theorized by Marx as ‘primitive accumulation’ and by David Harvey as ‘accumulation by dispossession’. Today it is most prominent and controversial in Africa, where the governments of India and China are major perpetrators; and it also drives most contemporary urban expansion in India and China. This article deploys David Washbrook's idea of ‘country politics’ to explore the process of land grabbing in the early-modern expansion of agrarian Bengal, where local peasant society and worldwide imperial political economy came together to expand frontiers of farming in what is now the Sylhet District of Bangladesh.

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Liu, Yia-Ling. "Reform from Below: The Private Economy and Local Politics in the Rural Industrialization of Wenzhou." China Quarterly 130 (June 1992): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100004073x.

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Since the introduction of economic reform in late 1978, rural China has undergone an impressive economic transformation. On the one hand, decollectivization has culminated in the disbanding of the people's commune and the development of individual household farming. On the other, the re-emergence of the market has brought about a growing commercialization and industrialization of the rural economy.

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