Дисертації з теми "Politics and farming"
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1
Leung, Shi Chi. "Farming as Method: Contextualising the Politics of Food and Farming in South China." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25683.
Анотація:
How can we feed China? This perennial question addresses the human, social, economic and ecological problems that China has confronted for centuries. Agriculture, which includes peasants, villages and the land, has been an enduring material and theoretical subject for the Chinese communist agrarian revolution and transformation. Drawing on Chen Kuan-hsing’s Asia as Method (2010), I analyse farming as an evolving social and historical-material practice. This entails a decolonial contextualisation in rethinking Chinese modernisation. I propose the concept of farming as method to analyse the shifting conjuncture of food production and consumption within specific historical, social and material conditions¬—namely from socialist to reformist China. I ground this with empirical data collected during my ethnography of food activism in the Guangdong area. My thesis is structured by three major moments. First, for the Maoist “long collectivisation” (1950s–70s), I analyse what I call the “socialist toilet system,” and provide a metabolic account of human waste for understanding the shifting local and geopolitical conditions of the Cold War. Second, I show that the food activism in South China attempts to revitalise “traditional” farming knowledge as a cultural method for peasants’ struggles over livelihood and the environment while countering the reformist development. Third, I investigate a participatory method for forming a producer-consumer nexus, and focus on the articulation of a “convivial technique” that recognises and negotiates responsibilities among different actors caring for the agricultural commons. I conclude that farming as method provides a historically grounded, socially engaged, and ecologically concerned approach to think about our food present and future.
2
Clunies-Ross, Tracey. "Agricultural change and the politics of organic farming." Thesis, Online version, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.256832.
3
Antoine, Adrien. "The politics of rice farming in Dagbon, 1972-79." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326636.
4
Pile, Stephen John. "The private farmer : transformation and legitimation in advanced capitalist agriculture." Thesis, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310515.
5
Shubert, Natalie E. "No Farm, No Food: Organizing Appalachian Family Farms around the Politics of 'Good Food'." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1272911792.
6
Kumar, Sanjay. "Social capital, local politics and sustainable rural livelihoods : a case study of the Eastern India Rainfed Farming Project." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613885.
7
Halpin, Darren Richard, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Authenticity and the representative paradox: the political representation of Australian farmers through the NFF family of interest groups." THESIS_FEMA_ARD_Halpin_D.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/22.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the political representation of Australian farmers. The NFF family of interest groups is charged with the political representation of farmers in Australia.Given that their state affiliates are the only organisations that farmers can directly join, this study takes the case of the New South Wales Farmers' Association (NSWFA) as its major reference point. A paradox is immediately confronted. On one hand, both the state and commentators refer to the NFF family as an exemplar of a successful modern interest group. However, on the other, the NFF family is being confronted with escalating levels of disillusionment and criticism from its own constituency.Two points of interest are highlighted. Firstly, it is suggested that theoretical frameworks, which assist commentators and researchers to come to the conclusion that the NFF family is 'successful', are not constructed in such a fashion as to throw sufficient light on the paradoxical nature of an existing situation. Secondly, this paradox suggests that the NFF itself must be able to disassociate the contingent relationship between its internal levels of support and external levels of access and influence. These two focal points are explored in this thesis, and the framework used by researchers to understand the actions of Australian farm interest groups are scrutinised. Discussing 'authentic' political representation assists considering the major theme of the 'representative paradox'. It is argued that this paradox is best understood by locating it within a search by farmers for authentic political representation - both through the NFF family and apart from it.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
8
Hashe, Luvuyo E. "The role of the state and the environment in indigenous livestock farming: a case study of Debe Marela, Middledrift area, Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/372.
Анотація:
The study focused on the role of the State and the environment in indigenous livestock farming in Debe Marela in Middledrift. Although communal farmers in the area used ethnoveterinary medicines to treat and prevent animal diseases, they also widely used conventional medicines, as these often provided a remedy to animal diseases. The livestock farmers believed in indigenous knowledge which empowered them in using herbs to a certain extent, but the latter was preferred. The Department of Agriculture has featured as a support institution and although livestock farmers in the area have participated in and benefitted from state programmes, they believe that they needed more interventions such as visits from veterinary surgeons, Extension Officers and Animal Health Technicians. The study therefore attempts to address the gaps highlighted in the work of other researchers.
9
Halpin, Darren Richard. "Authenticity and the representative paradox: the political representation of Australian farmers through the NFF family of interest groups." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/22.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the political representation of Australian farmers. The NFF family of interest groups is charged with the political representation of farmers in Australia.Given that their state affiliates are the only organisations that farmers can directly join, this study takes the case of the New South Wales Farmers' Association (NSWFA) as its major reference point. A paradox is immediately confronted. On one hand, both the state and commentators refer to the NFF family as an exemplar of a successful modern interest group. However, on the other, the NFF family is being confronted with escalating levels of disillusionment and criticism from its own constituency.Two points of interest are highlighted. Firstly, it is suggested that theoretical frameworks, which assist commentators and researchers to come to the conclusion that the NFF family is 'successful', are not constructed in such a fashion as to throw sufficient light on the paradoxical nature of an existing situation. Secondly, this paradox suggests that the NFF itself must be able to disassociate the contingent relationship between its internal levels of support and external levels of access and influence. These two focal points are explored in this thesis, and the framework used by researchers to understand the actions of Australian farm interest groups are scrutinised. Discussing 'authentic' political representation assists considering the major theme of the 'representative paradox'. It is argued that this paradox is best understood by locating it within a search by farmers for authentic political representation - both through the NFF family and apart from it.
10
Carrer, Celso da Costa. "Caracterização e diferenciação regional da pecuaria de corte no Brasil do fim do seculo : genese, modernização e a reestruturação produtiva e mercadologica." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257535.
Анотація:
Orientador : João Luiz CardosoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: O presente trabalho pretende abordar alguns aspectos que enfocam o desenvolvimento e a modernização da pecuária de corte bovina brasileira, em recente período, com a consolidação de uma nova base técnica apoiada em mudanças de natureza macroeconômica e estruturais. O pano de fundo é a questão tecnológica. A partir deste pressuposto, segue-se inicialmente com a tarefa de retratar o processo histórico que conformou o segmento até a recente modernização produtiva observada, sendo este o foco inicial do trabalho de revisão abordado no primeiro capítulo. Após, no segundo capítulo, considera-se a crescente interação dos diversos elos da cadeia negocia I, na atividade bovina, formando, hoje, um novo cenário que indica a existência de uma dinâmica de consolidação do complexo agroindustrial de carnes em nosso país, bem como se apresenta a atual coordenação desta cadeia. No diagnóstico inicial dos dois primeiros capítulos, busca-se ainda, a tarefa de abordar algumas das mais importantes questões emergentes que se sucedem ao processo de modernização, com seus reflexos típicos no mercado de trabalho, terras e capital. O terceiro capítulo baseia-se nas comparações inter-temporal e regional de informações colhidas no levantamento dos bancos de dados das principais entidades que configuram o segmento de produção de carnes, procurando-se subsídios que alicercem as teses da presença de profundas mudanças causadas por variáveis tecnológicas recentemente incorporadas à atividade e mudanças estruturais ocasionadas por motivos de ordem macroeconômica. Durante este processo, demandas crescentes de tecnologia de produção e de gestão foram sendo incorporadas ao sistema da pecuária de corte no país, culminando com forte tendência de mudança da base técnica de produção. A análise estatística multivariada aplicada aos diversos indicadores que buscaram retratar a situação atual da pecuária de corte no país, permitiu verificar que, fundamentalmente, esta atividade sofreu, em sua gênese histórica, um processo de diferenciação que estabelece, neste final de século, uma situação de grandes diferenças inter regionais e entre as Unidades da Federação, com relação ao seu estágio de desenvolvimento no país. Trata-se de uma situação de grande heterogeneidade e que foi sendo estabelecida por interação multifatorial, onde estão presentes aspectos históricos, sociais, econômicos e naturais
Abstract: The paper traces some of the aspects that outline the Brazilian beef cattle industry development and modernization in present time, with the consolidation of a new technical basis supported in changes of macroeconomics and structure natures. The back-cloth is the technology matter. Starting frem that presumption, it follows initially that the goal is to portray the historical process 'Which shaped this segment being that, as a result, the starting point of the literature review, approached in first chapter. Thereafter, in second chapter, it is considered the increasing interaction among the large number of links trom the business chain, at the beef cattle industry, creating nowadays, a new scenery that indicates the existence of a dynamic of modernization and consolidation frem the national meat industry complex, as well as it presents itself the actual chain coordination. Starting frem initial diagnosis, the task is to approach some of the highlighting emerging questions that succeed in the process of modernization is sough, also their typical reflects on the employment, land and capital markets. It is considered, in third chapter, the comparison of inter-temporal and regional information collected in the data captured frem the main associations 'Which configures the meat production segments, it is sough subsidies that support the thesis of the presence of deep changes caused by technological variants recently incorporated ín the activity and structural changes due to macroeconomic factors. During this process, increasing demands from production and management technologies were incorporated into the national beef caUle system, resulting in a heavy tendency of production technical basis. The multivariate statistical analysis applied to the diverse indexes that attempted to portray the national beef cattle industry real situation showed that, essentially, this activity suffered in its hístorical genesis, a process of differentiation which establishes, in late 20th century, a situation of huge regional and State differences, related to the stage of the country development. This is ali about a great heterogeneity situation, and it has been established by multifactorial interaction, where historical, social, economical and natural aspects are present
Doutorado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
11
Moore, Julie. "The impact of agricultural depression and land ownership change on the county of Hertfordshire, c.1870-1914." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/5413.
Анотація:
The focus of this research has been on how the county of Hertfordshire negotiated the economic, social and political changes of the late nineteenth century. A rural county sitting within just twenty miles of the nation’s capital, Hertfordshire experienced agricultural depression and a falling rural population, whilst at the same time seeing the arrival of growing numbers of wealthy, professional people whose economic focus was on London but who sought their own little patch of the rural experience. The question of just what constituted that rural experience was played out in the local newspapers and these give a valuable insight into how the farmers of the county sought to establish their own claim to be at the heart of the rural, in the face of an alternative interpretation which was grounded in urban assumptions of the social value of the countryside as the stable heart of the nation. The widening of the franchise, increased levels of food imports and fears over the depopulation of the villages reduced the influence of farmers in directing the debate over the future of the countryside. This study is unusual in that it builds a comprehensive picture of how agricultural depression was experienced in one farming community, before considering how farmers’ attempts to claim ownership of the ‘special’ place of the rural were unsuccessful economically, socially and politically. Hertfordshire had a long tradition of attracting the newly wealthy looking to own a country estate. Historians have suggested that in the late nineteenth century there was a shift in how such men understood ownership of these estates, showing little enthusiasm for the traditional paternalistic responsibilities; in the face of a declining political and social premium attached to landownership, their interest lay purely in the leisure and sporting opportunities of the rural. However, as this research will show, the newly wealthy were not immune to that wider concern with social stability, and they engaged with their local environment in meaningful ways, using their energies and wealth to fund a range of social improvements. This research extends our understanding of just how the rhetoric of the rural was experienced by the residents of a county which so many saw as incorporating the best of the ‘south country’. In so doing, it makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of how this period of agricultural depression was interpreted by the wider nation, and the impact on social and cultural understanding of the place of the countryside within the national identity.
12
Caruso, Cíntia de Oliveira. "A agroindustria familar no extremo sul gaúcho: limites e possibilidades de uma estratégia de reprodução social." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1567.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2008-05-28A dissertação aborda o tema das agroindústrias artesanais existentes em municípios da microrregião de Pelotas, sendo vista como estratégia específica de reprodução social de famílias rurais que buscam incrementar e diversificar suas fontes de ingresso econômico. O reconhecimento quanto à importância dessas práticas do ponto de vista da geração de emprego e renda no meio rural tem inspirado a criação de alguns programas de fomento no plano estadual e federal. Contudo, muitos fatores interferem no funcionamento deste tipo de empreendimento, especialmente as determinações que emanam das legislações fiscal, sanitária, previdenciária e ambiental que, ao fim e ao cabo, foram concebidas para atender à lógica em que operam as grandes empresas do complexo agroindustrial. A superação desses limites e obstáculos há que ser buscada a partir da organização das agroindústrias familiares no sentido de fomentar o capital social no âmbito das comunidades rurais e dos municípios em que essas agroindústrias encontram-se operando. A pesquisa desenvolveuse a partir de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com proprietários de agroindústrias artesanais familiares existentes em cinco municípios da microrregião de Pelotas (Pelotas, São Lourenço do Sul, Cerrito, Canguçu e Herval), bem como com outros atores sociais, especialmente técnicos da extensão rural e agentes de desenvolvimento ligados a organizações não-governamentais envolvidos na implementação de projetos de agroindustrialização e assistência técnica às famílias. Os resultados de nossa pesquisa indicam que apesar dos esforços em estabelecer as agroindústrias, estas pequenas empresas familiares esbarram na inexistência de um marco jurídico e institucional específico, levando a um quadro de dificuldades e incertezas. Os agricultores arcam com todo o ônus das restrições impostas a seus produtos pelos órgãos de vigilância, levando muitos destes empreendedores rurais a desistirem do processo de adequação, muitas das vezes, além de sua capacidade de investimento. Diante desses fatores há razões evidentes para compreender as causas pelas quais muitos desses agricultores optam por permanecer na condição de clandestinidade.
13
Connolly, Creighton Paul. "A landscape political ecology of 'swiftlet farming' in Malaysian cities." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-landscape-political-ecology-of-swiftlet-farming-in-malaysian-cities(c44a80de-103d-4f0a-9e83-c62b40d5ac3b).html.
Анотація:
This dissertation develops the conceptual framework of landscape political ecology (LPE) to consider particular forms of socio-ecological transformation resulting from the relatively re- cent but heavily contested practice of ‘swiftlet farming’ in Malaysian cities. Swiftlet farming is a colloquial term given to the semi-domestication of edible-nest swiftlets (Aerodramus fuciphagus) in converted buildings within urban areas in order to harvest their nests. These nests have long been a highly sought-after delicacy in China and overseas Chinese communities, and subsequently fetch over US$2000 on the international market. The primary research question investigated asks how the industry has been perceived and contested on an everyday basis in Malaysian cities. Engaging these controversies provides the opportunity to capture the significant negotiation that is embedded in the mechanisms of landscape production and capital accumulation as they take place through struggles over swiftlet farming in contemporary Malaysian cities. This research also seeks to understand how the swiftlet farming industry has transformed not only the cities in which it has been located, but also the ecology of swiftlets and their breeding patterns. The dissertation is centered on a six-month participatory ethnography which took place primarily in the city of George Town, Penang, but also investigated other related sites in peninsular Malaysia. I maintain that such ‘co-productive’ research has enabled a more situated view of socio-ecological transformations that have transpired through urban swiftlet farming in Malaysia, and the controversies surrounding them. The empirical chapters aim to unpack the controversies and discourses that emerged in response to swiftlet farming in the study areas, primarily its perceived impact on urban health, forms of cultural heritage, and the wider implications of ‘farming’ such animals in urban residential areas. In exploring these topics, LPE provides a cohesive and integrated approach that helps to untangle the interconnected economic, political, ecological and discursive processes that together form increasingly heterogeneous socio-natural landscapes. The implications of this thesis thus speak to the fraught cultural politics underlying processes of urban socio-ecological transformation in contemporary Southeast Asian cities.
14
Higgins, John Erwin 1954. "The political ecology of peasant sugarcane farming in northern Belize." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288803.
Анотація:
The Belizean export sugar industry is dominated by small family farmers who produce the nation's most important cash crop in terms of area under cultivation, employment, and export earnings. These peasant farmers control both cane cultivation and the harvest transport system and receive the lion' s share of the proceeds from the sale of Belizean sugar. The origins of this anomalous industry can be traced to the regions' long history of peasant resistance to exploitation. Sugarcane was brought to Belize by refugees of the Mayan Caste Wars in the mid-nineteenth century who began producing sugar for the local market using swidden technology. Sugar production was briefly taken over by British plantations; however, the peasants were never fully proletarianized despite attempts to turn them into a plantation labor force. The peasantry's historical resistance to proletarianization is the result of several factors. Colonial officials and capitalists found it difficult to control either the movements or the labor of these independent cultivators. Low rural population density, peasants' refusal to give up subsistence farming, sugarcane's compatibility with swidden farming practices, and the peasantry's politicization all contributed to the dominance of small-farmer cane production during this century. During the 1950s plantation production was resurrected in order to meet the colony's recently acquired Commonwealth Sugar Agreement export quota. Colonial planners assumed that plantations were more efficient and competitive than peasant farmers. Nevertheless, in 1972 the state sponsored plantations were forced to shut down due to competition from independent small cane farmers. Peasant sugarcane farming has proven to be remarkably resilient in the face of crises spawned by chronic fluctuations in the price and demand for cane sugar. Most farmers depend heavily on family labor to minimize their production costs. Because they have minimal capital inputs to production, they can sustain negative profits from cane and still survive by deploying family labor into other income and/or subsistence producing activities. The viability of peasant farming families that allows them to compete successfully with large-scale capitalist sugarcane farmers contradicts the Marxian notion of the inevitability of polarization into capitalist farmers and proletarian workers.
15
Edleman, Paul Richard Boroujerdi Mehrzad. "Grain contract farming in the United States two case studies /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
16
Mier, y. Terán Giménez Cacho Mateo. "The political ecology of soybean farming systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil : a cross-scale analysis of farming styles in Querência-MT." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48263/.
Анотація:
Over the past two decades the expansion of soybean production in Brazil has been assessed and used as an example of the success or failure of large-scale, mechanized agricultural production. Indeed, the economic, social and environmental implications of this agricultural expansion are highly contested. Nevertheless, the complexity behind this process is rarely depicted. Instead simplistic and monolithic notions of agronegocio (agribusiness), and linear interpretations of soybean expansion are offered. These general accounts reduce agrarian dynamics, diversity of farming styles and differences in livelihoods to a homogenous phenomenon in all soybean production regions in Brazil. This limits the scope to understand processes of socio-technical, socio-economic and socio-environmental transformations and the existence of diverse pathways related to the soybean agri-food systems. This study therefore rejects the simple narratives, and argues for a more nuanced understanding of the diverse processes and dynamics between soybean farming styles and its actors' interactions as part of fast‐changing agri‐food systems. This is done through a case study approach in the municipality of Querência in the state Mato Grosso, Brazil. An examination of narratives (the ways different people talk about and construct farming and its objectives) and practices (the different farming styles and livelihood strategies) informs this analysis. In particular, the research explores how a heterogeneity of soybean farming styles – contrasting large-scale, medium-scale and smallholder soybean farmers – is constructed in a particular place, offering in turn a more nuanced account of the standard, highly polarised assessment of farming styles and their implications. It then contributes to an understanding of how policies and practices related to diverse soybean agri-food systems in Mato Grosso state are played out. This sheds light on how notions of rural development are constructed and how pathways to sustainable development are seen.
17
García-Caro, Briceño Daniela. "Vertical Farming Sustainability and Urban Implications." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-364788.
Анотація:
Meeting current and future demands for food is one of the biggest problems facing the world today. Despite the positive correlation that exists between food production and urban food demand, food systems remain separate and excluded from cities. Vertical farming has been proposed as a solution projected to address these issues in a sustainable way. This study aims to determine the sustainability of a vertical farm operation and its perceived value to food security and urban systems. This study implements a qualitative approach and case study research design useful for small, applied research studies, where data is collected via a literature review, emails, and semi- structured interviews. Systems theory is used to frame the phenomena at hand since it allows for a holistic systems view, and the study’s results are analyzed using emergy theory and a conceptual framework based on urban political agroecology. A vertical farm was selected as the focus of the case study, with the vertical farm sustainability serving as this study’s unit of analysis. Contrary to existing information, the results indicate that the vertical farm studied is unsustainable due to its dependence on imported resources. Additionally, an assessment of vertical farm impacts through a conceptual framework on urban political agroecology determined that vertical farming is incompatible with agroecological principle, provides few positive impacts to urban systems, and makes most of its contributions to urban food security rather than food sovereignty. For the sustainable development of vertical farms and urban systems, emergy theory stresses that inputs into the system must be local renewable inputs (i.e. natural inputs located within the system boundaries), and that successful systems should create and implement reinforcing feedbacks. Nonetheless, vertical farming systems are quite immature and carry great potential for change; this study presents recommendations for vertical farming systems reorganizing more sustainably.
18
Ochieng, Cosmas Milton Obote. "The political economy of contract farming in Kenya : a historical-comparative study of the tea and sugar contract farming schemes, 1960-2002." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422519.
19
Signorotti, Claudio <1972>. "A farm-level programming model to compare the atmospheric impact of conventional and organic farming." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6017/.
Анотація:
A model is developed to represent the activity of a farm using the method of linear programming. Two are the main components of the model, the balance of soil fertility and the livestock nutrition. According to the first, the farm is supposed to have a total requirement of nitrogen, which is to be accomplished either through internal sources (manure) or through external sources (fertilisers). The second component describes the animal husbandry as having a nutritional requirement which must be satisfied through the internal production of arable crops or the acquisition of feed from the market. The farmer is supposed to maximise total net income from the agricultural and the zoo-technical activities by choosing one rotation among those available for climate and acclivity. The perspective of the analysis is one of a short period: the structure of the farm is supposed to be fixed without possibility to change the allocation of permanent crops and the amount of animal husbandry.
The model is integrated with an environmental module that describes the role of the farm within the carbon-nitrogen cycle. On the one hand the farm allows storing carbon through the photosynthesis of the plants and the accumulation of carbon in the soil; on the other some activities of the farm emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The model is tested for some representative farms of the Emilia-Romagna region, showing to be capable to give different results for conventional and organic farming and providing first results concerning the different atmospheric impact. Relevant data about the representative farms and the feasible rotations are extracted from the FADN database, with an integration of the coefficients from the literature.
20
Watts, Natasha Alice. "Investing for impact : finance and farming in the southern highlands of Tanzania." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271887.
Анотація:
African agriculture has attracted increased global policy attention over the last 10 years due to concerns over both food security and economic growth. In this context, social impact investing (SII)—where investors use financial models to achieve positive social impacts as well as financial returns—is presented as a viable means of financing agricultural development in the context of reduced public funding This thesis is concerned with how SII (and its understandings, assumptions, and models of agricultural development) interact with smallholder farming in Tanzania. I unpack how the concept of SII takes shape, how it is translated into the Tanzanian context, and how it interacts with farmer livelihoods through a case study of Cheetah Development in Lower Kilolo District. I take a political ecology approach drawing mainly on qualitative methods. The concept of assemblages is employed to investigate how diverse actors enter into relationships, how those relationships hold together, and how they fall apart. I focus on three key analytical themes: power (discursive, disciplinary, and institutional), moral economies, and the role of socio-material entities. My findings show that SII is being driven by the pursuit for new profit frontiers and concerns over business risks, and also by a belief that a more ethical capitalist economy can be built. This has resulted in a narrative of ‘Africa rising’. How exactly ‘social impact’ is being defined and the motivations for pursuing it, however, differ widely within SII. To investigate how agricultural SII is translated in Tanzania I focus on Cheetah Development, an American social impact investor that provides agricultural inputs on credit to smallholder farmers and attempts to involve them in new maize value chains. Cheetah’s model identifies existing maize value chains centred around middlemen as features of an immoral capitalism. It also views smallholders as not only lacking market access and inputs, but also lacking in business-orientated mindsets. The Cheetah model builds various mechanisms to discipline farmers and render them bankable. Through examining farmer livelihoods, I find that farmers conduct diverse livelihood activities, and maize plays a variety of roles in village life. Farmer livelihoods are underpinned by a moral economy involving flexible relations of borrowing and lending. I conclude that assumptions of ethical capitalism embedded in the Cheetah model clash with farmer livelihoods and their conceptions of just socio-economic relationships.
21
MacCready, Stacy D. "Food, farming, and our justice system| Horticulture programs in correctional settings." Thesis, University of La Verne, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3648372.
Анотація:
Purpose. The purpose of this research was to examine how inmate horticulture programs have emerged and have been replicated in an effort to rehabilitate individuals, curtail spending, and reduce recidivism. The research explores how food justice and drug policy intersect, examining the roles of classism and racism and taking note of factors influencing recidivism.
Theoretical Framework. Diffusion of innovation analyzes the adoption of a new idea, technique, product, or service, focusing on how it is communicated and adopted by a social system over a period of time. It is necessary to understand the relationship among culture, values, existing practices, and political/social/environmental climate in order to facilitate the adoption of a new innovation.
Methodology. The researcher employed a mixed methods research design. The researcher performed a historical review of policies and events that led to the overcrowding of prisons and the criminalization of certain substances. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 individuals involved with inmate horticulture programs. Elements included in the study are the variation between programs and their perceived efficacy, challenges, and barriers.
Findings. Research findings revealed inmate horticulture programs fall into different areas of focus; innovative programs have blended components to provide integrated services. Five primary archetypes were identified: rehabilitative/therapeutic, punitive/labor, vocational, cost savings, and sustainability. Collaboration was crucial in framing the conversation, determining the skillsets of those involved, and the best way to leverage resources. Challenges to diffusing therapeutic inmate horticulture programs stem from social and political inflexibility.
Conclusions and Recommendations. The social construction of an issue or population impacts the political response, framing of issues, and type of media attention received. The amount of public demand to address the policy issue and federal government involvement influence the adoption and diffusion of innovations. The community benefits from horticulture programs, because former inmates are less likely to commit crimes or victimize people if they have been exposed to rehabilitative programs that prepare them for job opportunities upon release. Well-rounded programs give participants an understanding of food justice, horticulture, leadership, restoration, and healing and access to wraparound services.
22
Bryant, Julia R. "Urban Farming in Atlanta, Georgia: The Seed of Neoliberal Contestation or Hybridized Compromise?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/51.
Анотація:
The space on which the urban farm is produced has a history of its own that can be explored for evidence of neoliberal shaping and retooling. This thesis explores how the city and the farm are understood through the complex articulations of farmers and through the account of the specific historical and geographical context of the farm. The urban farm is a uniquely situated land use that can provide the spaces for contestation to the neoliberalization of the city and the United States food system. Through qualitative analysis, including a case study, interviews with farmers, participant observation, and archival data collection, this research examines the city and the farm from the perspective of the farmer to understand the degree to which these contestations are resisting neoliberalism. Furthermore, it suggests that scholars of neoliberalism and urban farming should more fully consider the hybridized nature in which urban farmers understand their work.
23
Jay, Grace Mairi M. "Symbolic order and material agency: A cultural ecology of native forest remnants on Waikato dairy farms." The University of Waikato, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2603.
Анотація:
Loss of native biological diversity is a world-wide problem of growing international concern. One of the main causes of native biodiversity loss is destruction and degradation of native habitat through land development for agriculture. The Waikato region is an example of the destruction and degradation of native habitat in association with the development and intensification of farming, including dairy farming. This thesis explores cultural reasons for the loss of native forest in the Waikato region, and reasons why fragments of native forest remain. The research involves a participant observation study of 'typical' dairy farm families for 9 months of the dairy year, in-depth interviews of dairy farmers who have protected a significant proportion of their land for conservation of native habitat, a questionnaire of dairy farmers, and an examination of dairy farm magazines and other literature to identify the values and attitudes that motivate dairy farmers in relation to land management and protection of native habitat. The title of the thesis suggests two elements that are important for understanding the loss and persistence of native forest in Waikato's farmed landscapes. Symbolic reason refers to the values, attitudes and perceptions of farmers that derive from socio-political and economic forces which encourage productivist practises that leave little opportunity for native forest to survive. Material agency refers to the local circumstances of particular farms and individual people which enable native forest to persist. The thesis argues that persistence of native forest depends on the idiosyncrasies of material circumstance in the face of relentless pressure to transform the production landscape for economic purposes. The thesis concludes with a suggestion that policies to assist survival of native habitat in farmed landscapes need to include ones that encourage the odds in favour of fortuitous circumstance. In the face of globalised economic pressures, policies for conservation of native biodiversity need to involve a 'portfolio' of measures that apply to individual landowners and the wider rural community by recognising, assisting and rewarding management for non-production values.
24
Pospíšilová, Romana. "Zemědělská politika KSČ v 60. letech 20. století." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205621.
Анотація:
The agricultural policy of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia in the 60s of the 20th century was influenced by the transition from socialism over the political release to economic normalization. The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the agricultural policy of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia during this period and assess the impact of the established goals for the results of agricultural production. The thesis is also focused on the analysis of crop and animal production based on parameters which are statistically monitored and reported. In conclusion, there is a summary of the results, which were achieved in agriculture during the 60s of the 20th century and also evaluated successes and failures. Thesis will be based on resources that are processed in the National archive in Prague and contemporary literature.
25
Thiers, Paul Robert. "Green food : the political economy of organic agriculture in China /." view abstract or download file of text, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9948031.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-318). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9948031.
26
D'ANNOLFO, RAFFAELE. "The effects of agroecological farming systems on smallholder farmers’ livelihoods." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/72836.
Анотація:
Lo scopo della tesi di dottorato è comprendere gli effetti dell'adozione degli approcci agroecologici sul Sustainable Livelihood Framework dei piccoli agricoltori. Sono state adottate tre metodologie di ricerca, revisione della letteratura, meta-analisi e caso di studio, al fine di valutare i benefici derivanti dall'attuazione degli approcci agroecologici sul capitale umano, sociale, naturale, finanziario e fisico. I risultati della tesi hanno mostrato come l’adozione dei sistemi agroecologici possono migliorare i mezzi di sussistenza dei piccoli agricoltori, senza che si verifichino trade-off su una serie di indicatori socio-economici e ambientali selezionati. La tesi evidenzia come i metodi agroecologici possano essere considerati uno strumento praticabile ed efficace per promuovere l’Obiettivo di Sviluppo Sostenibile 1 "Porre fine ad ogni forma di povertà nel mondo" e l’Obiettivo di Sviluppo Sostenibile 2 "Porre fine alla fame, raggiungere la sicurezza alimentare, migliorare la nutrizione e promuovere un’agricoltura sostenibile", in particolare per i piccoli agricoltori con scarse risorse nei paesi in via di sviluppo.The purpose of the PhD thesis is to understand the effects of the adoption of agroecological approaches, both systems and practices, on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework of smallholder farmers. Three research methodologies, literature review, meta-analysis and case study, have been adopted in order to assess the benefits derived from implementing agroecological approaches on human, social, natural, financial and physical capitals. The results of the thesis have contributed to building evidence which demonstrates that agroecological approaches can improve the livelihood of smallholders farmers, without any trade-offs occurring in a wide range of socio-economic and environmental indicators. The thesis highlights that agroecological methods can be considered as a viable and effective tool to promote SDG1 “End poverty in all its forms everywhere” and SDG2 “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”, especially for poor-resource farmers in developing countries.
27
Johansson, Karin. "Tiyeseko : A Study on Small-Scale Farming Women in Sustainable Agriculture in Zambia." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-355.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study is to understand what impact courses in sustainable agriculture have had on small-scale farming women in Zambia, who have started using alternative techniques in their farming. Weather conditions, political issues and other circumstances in Zambia have made it difficult for people to grow enough crops to feed their families and gain extra money alternative methods are being promoted by organisations at all institutional levels, in order for people to survive. At Kasisi Agricultural Training Centre, east of the capital, Lusaka, sustainable methods in farming practices are taught to small-scale farmers. It is a qualitative study, accomplished within the field of Human Geography, and the theoretical frameworks that have been used are political ecology of sustainability, low-external input in sustainable agriculture, and gender and development. The qualitative methods used are in accordance to Rapid Rural Appraisal, where small-scale farming women have been interviewed on a semi-structural basis. Additionally, secondary data in the form of literature has been gathered and direct observations have been made in the field. Results show that the courses in sustainable agriculture have had an impact on the lives of participating small-scale farming women and that they are able to spread their knowledge to neighbouring small-scale farmers. It also shows that politics has a major influence on the daily life of the women.
28
Dubb, Alexander. "Dynamics of social reproduction and differentiation among small-scale sugarcane farmers in two rural wards of Kwazulu-Natal." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4250.
Анотація:
Magister Philosophiae - MPhilDynamics of Social Reproduction and Differentiation among Small-Scale Sugarcane Farmers in Two Rural Wards of KwaZulu-Natal A. Dubb M.Phil thesis, Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape. Outgrower or contract-farming schemes have long been considered an important „pro-poor‟ method of incorporating small-scale farmers into agro-commodity chains, oft defined by their capital intensity and consequent high barriers of entry. Nonetheless, critics have observed that such schemes often operate under highly imbalanced relations of power between farmers and processors, generate substantial inequality, and negatively impact on household food security. In the province of KwaZulu-Natal, home to much of South Africa‟s sugar industry, the number of small-scale sugarcane outgrowers increased rapidly from near nothing in the late 1960s to around 50,000 in the early 2000s; an increase born out of industry-subsidized miller initiatives, disguised as micro-credit, to bring commercially inalienable Bantustan land under cane production. However, in the past decade small-scale sugarcane growers have faced a precipitous decline following the restructuring of the sugar industry in the 1990s and the onset of drought in the 2000s. This study seeks to trace the origins and shifting structural foundations of small-scale sugarcane production and investigate its impacts on dynamics of social reproduction and accumulation in two rural wards of the Umfolozi region, in the wake of the sale of the central mill by the multinational corporation Illovo to a consortium of largescale white sugarcane growers. Utilizing survey data from 74 small-scale grower homesteads and life-history interviews, it is argued that regulatory restructuring resulted in deteriorating terms of exchange and the retraction of miller oversight in production, cane-haulage and ploughing operations, hence devolved to commercially unstable local contractors. Growers have subsequently struggled to compensate for consequent capital inefficiencies through intensified exploitation, largely due to the successful impact of social grants in mitigating the desperation of family and hired labour, and further face considerable barriers to expansion in land. While proceeds from sugarcane continue to represent an additional source of coveted cash-income, sparse off-farm income opportunities have gained prominence as a basis for stabilizing consumption and some re-investment in cane. The centrality of incomediversification for simple reproduction and limited accumulation has rendered the dynamics of social differentiation to be both unstable and reversible, and has closely tied sustained cane production to the labour content of non-cane income sources. Meanwhile, with less direct oversight in production, millers face the challenge of retaining their implicit „grab‟ on customary land, throwing into relief the contradictions inherent in attempts „from above‟ to foster a nominal „peasant‟ class „from below‟.
29
Pettan, Kleber Batista. "A Politica Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (PNATER) = percepções e tendencias." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256920.
Анотація:
Orientador: Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira BergamascoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T23:10:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pettan_KleberBatista_D.pdf: 4916137 bytes, checksum: c7a9649e984eb2fa505da30bc068608c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Com a implementação da nova Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (PNATER) a partir de 2004, a temática assistência técnica e extensão rural (Ater) surgiu revigorada e fortalecida no âmbito das políticas públicas para a agricultura familiar brasileira. Os textos de apoio à política recorrem à estratégia didática de contraposição desta com as orientações dominantes no período anterior (a "Extensão Rural Agroecológica" versus "Extensão Rural Convencional") ressaltando-se a magnitude da mudança preconizada nas orientações da configuração institucional e da ação extensionista. Embora os novos perfis das entidades de ATER e dos extensionistas estejam configurados com relativa clareza do ponto de vista teórico e durante os sete primeiros anos de sua implementação (2003 a 2009) foram realizadas ações com vistas a promover tais mudanças, registram-se dificuldades para a concretização das mesmas em favor de uma prática mais participativa, mais inclusiva socialmente, mais agroecológica e dirigida à agricultura familiar. Esta situação tem causado preocupações e a discussão de suas causas tem despertado interesse acadêmico e político. Diante deste cenário, o presente trabalho parte do suposto que existe no país uma grande diversidade de ação extensionista e de entidades de ATER. Neste contexto, importa identificar em que medida estão ocorrendo tais mudanças a partir do momento que começam a implementar a PNATER. Nesta perspectiva, a pesquisa objetivou conhecer os perfis dos extensionistas e das entidades cadastradas no Sistema Brasileiro de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (Sibrater) responsáveis pela implementação da política em todo o território nacional de modo a construir uma tipologia que permitisse situá-los em relação ao alinhamento ou não à PNATER. Depois da aplicação - via web - de um questionário em âmbito nacional, os dados foram analisados por meio de ferramentas e técnicas da Estatística Descritiva e da Análise Estatística de Dados Multivariados. Desta forma foram identificados três Grupos Comportamentais de Extensionistas: fortemente alinhados, moderadamente alinhados e levemente alinhados. Não foi identificado nenhum grupo formado por extensionistas não alinhados com a política. Quanto às entidades de Ater foram identificados três tipos de comportamentos em relação às suas capacidades organizacional e institucional para implementar a atual política nacional: um grupo Moderadamente Alinhado, outro Alinhado e o terceiro Não Alinhado. Se unidos os dois primeiros grupos, verifica-se que 79,7% dos extensionistas trabalham em organizações alinhadas com a Pnater e que somente 20,3% atuam em organizações Não Alinhadas. Embora muitos autores tenham apontado dificuldades na implementação da política analisada, os resultados desta pesquisa demonstram que tanto os extensionista quanto as organizações de Ater estão se ajustando às novas proposições demonstrando avanços na sua implementação
Abstract: With the implementation of the new National Policy on Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (NAPTARE) as from 2004, the area of technical assistance and rural extension (TARE) emerged invigorated and strengthened within the framework of public policies for family farming in Brazil. The supporting literature to the policy uses the didactic strategy of opposing their guidelines to those of the previous period (the "Agroecological Rural Extension versus Conventional Rural Extension") highlighting the magnitude of change advocated in the guidelines of the institutional setting and of the extensionist action. This has caused some concern and the discussion of their causes have attracted scholarly and political interest. Given this scenario, this work assumes to exist in the country a great diversity of extensionist action and TARE entities. In this context it is important to identify to what extent such changes are occurring from the moment NAPTARE begins to be implemented. In this perspective, the research aimed to identify the profiles of extensionists and organizations responsible for policy implementation throughout the national territory registered in the Brazilian System of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (Sibrater) in order to create a typology for situating them in relation to alignment or not with NAPTARE. After the application - via web - of a nationwide survey, data were analyzed using tools and techniques of Descriptive Statistics and Statistical Analysis of Multivariate Data. Three Groups of Extensionist Behavior were identified: strongly, moderately and lightly alined. There was no group of extensionists not aligned with the policy. With regard to TARE organizations, three types of behavior in relation to their organizational and institutional capacities to implement the current national policy were identified: moderately aligned, aligned, and another third group non-Aligned. If the first two groups are put together, it is verified that 79.7% of the extensionists work in organizations aligned with the TARE and only 20.3% work in organizations not aligned. Although many authors have pointed to difficulties in implementing the analyzed policy, the results of this study demonstrate that both the extension workers and TARE organizations are adjusting to the new propositions showing progress in its implementation
Doutorado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
30
Grabner, Rachel M. "The Lives of Suburban Peasants: Agricultural Change and Mobility in Haiti." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6849.
Анотація:
This dissertation develops a political ecology of suburban peasants to describe the lives of Haitian farmers residing in a neighborhood on the margins of Port-au-Prince. The category of suburban peasants has been well described for Chinese small-scale farmers but has yet to be applied elsewhere as an analytic category. Using participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth, key informant interviews, an ethnographic account is provided of changes in agricultural practices made by Haitian peasants as a result of environmental changes that impact their ability to make a living in contemporary Haiti. Farmers’ primary concerns are related to an increased need for agrochemicals because of declining soil fertility, but increased fertilizer prices make this a significant barrier to their economic activities. In addition, the influx of non-Haitians into the neighborhood has resulted in less available land to farm. In many cases worldwide, these two challenges have led to out-migration patterns, either within-country rural-urban migration or to another country altogether. Yet, in the study site this is not happening. The changes in agricultural practices that the Dounet peasants have made, like changing to wage-based labor and occupational multiplicity, have also created greater poverty, in which they are more vulnerable to the risks associated with environmental change while at the same time rendered immobile in the face of future extreme environmental events. This study uses the suburban peasant concept to explore how environmental changes simultaneously intersect with urbanization processes like the enclosure of land and changes in rural land use.
31
Warren, Alec J. "Britain's Green Fascists: Understanding the Relationship between Fascism, Farming, and Ecological Concerns in Britain, 1919-1951." UNF Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/755.
Анотація:
This study explores the relationship between fascism, fascist ideas, and environmental consciousness in Britain during the pre- and post-World War II decades. In examining this topic, two main questions arise. First, why did fascist intellectuals support environmentally conscious ideas, and how did they relate these positions to their political ideologies? Second, why were many environmentally conscious thinkers during this period attracted to fascism? This thesis will also address several related issues regarding fascism and environmental consciousness. These issues include what role environmental concerns played in the British Union of Fascist’s platforms and in fascism’s public appeal, and how that role changed as the party’s needs and goals changed. This project also addresses how former members of the BUF drew attention to environmental issues after World War II, and how such ideas related to broader environmental discussions taking place in Britain at the time.
32
Luck, Kelly. "Contested rights : the impact of game farming on farm workers in the Bushmen's River area." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004144.
Анотація:
This thesis is an investigation of the impact of commercial game farming on former farm workers in the Bushman's River area of the Eastern Cape. In its examination of the broader economic and political changes that have facilitated a move from agriculture to game farming, it analyses how these changes affect farm workers. The main concern of the thesis is the ways in which farm workers (at the local level) respond to changes at the national and global level (legal and political changes, the advent of tourism, and the injection of foreign capital and businessmen into the area). Lack of knowledge about their rights under the current political dispensation, as well as the perceived need for mediation between themselves and foreign landowners, points to a general sense of powerlessness. Feelings of alienation from local government structures aimed at fulfilling this function indicate a significant gap between the statute at the national level and the local reality. Local reality is informed by a strong conservatism which is generated by African Independent Church structures and local Xhosa perceptions of manhood and respectability. This conservative discourse leads to a frame of reference which is largely informed by pre-1994 interactions with farmers and government. This results in a situation in which farm workers, largely unaware of their rights in the new dispensation, operate as they did in the past; waiting for landowners to decide their fate for them. What ensues is a lack of meaningful interaction with government and landowners, perpetuating their subjugation and cynicism as to whether government structures are in fact working in their interests. The thesis comes to three main conclusions. The first is that game farming has been negatively received by farm workers due to the associated threats of unemployment and eviction. The second is that despite high levels of subjugation, even the very poor are agents to some degree. The creation of a masculine identity which is internally articulated, as opposed to outwardly expressed, and the grounding of reputation in the family suggest that farm workers have developed mechanisms to deal with their disempowered position. Lastly, farm workers are in possession of social capital which has made it possible for them to deal with their low status in the societal hierarchy. This includes the Church, family and fellow community members. These coping strategies have however proved a disadvantage in the current era because they prevent direct communication with landowners, government and NGOs.
33
Stretton, Natasha Anne. "The political economy of educational provision in "white" commercial farming areas: findings from a case study conducted in the Ugie district in the north eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003043.
Анотація:
The under-provision of education for black South Africans has reached crisis proportions. While the education for black people in general is discriminatory and unequal, black rural people suffer further deprivations as there is a serious imbalance in the allocation of resources and the provision of education between urban and rural areas. Black education in the rural areas has been historically neglected for political and socio-economic reasons and, as a consequence, rural blacks have limited or no access to education. The purpose of this' study is to examine an aspect of rural education; viz: black farm schools in the 'white' commercial farming areas. It is argued that the provision of farm schools is intricately linked to the labour requirements of farmers and consequently farm schools cannot be understood independently from the social relations within commercial farming areas. The impact of local decision-making on the process of farm schooling is also significant and is an important aspect of this study. This thesis explores the political and socio-economic processes that have structured the provision of education within a small farming community, looking specifically at the effects of particular interest groups on the provision of black farm schools. The study operates on three levels. The first level provides a theoretical framework within which rural education can be better understood. It is argued that the bias towards urban areas is reflected in the current theoretical debates on the role and function of education ·in South Africa. As these theories are generally incapable of explaining rural education, an alternative model is proposed. As education cannot be understood in isolation from the rest of society, the second level of the study locates farm schooling within the broader political and socio-economic systems. This is done from two perspectives. The first perspective focuses on black education in general, tracing aspects of its development and highlighting the impact .of economic interests, white political control and black resistances to this development. The neglect of rural education is also contextualised historically and politically. The second perspective looks at rural education at a macro-level. The historical origins of the farm schools system and the effects of the relationship between agricultural capital and the state, and between farmers and farm workers on the process of farm schooling is examined. The final level of the study focuses on the micro-situation and provides an in-depth analysis of the political and socio-economic dynamics which have impacted upon the provision and process of farm schools within a specific farming community. In an attempt to understand the types of issues effecting farm schooling in this area, the attitudes of farmers, farm workers, farm- children and farm school teachers towards education are investigated. Four main issues were identified and are discussed in depth, viz: I) factors effecting the provision of black farm schools; 2) the relationship between education and the economic structure of the area; 3) the value of education; and 4) socio-economic factors effecting education in the area.
34
Souza, JÃnia Maria Pinho. "AvaliaÃÃo do Financiamento da Agricultura Familiar na ProduÃÃo, OcupaÃÃo e Renda." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3232.
Анотація:
Banco do Nordeste do BrasilTrata-se de uma investigaÃÃo sobre o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf), com Ãnfase na modalidade denominada Pronaf B, voltada para o combate à pobreza rural. O estudo avalia os reflexos do Pronaf B em relaÃÃo à produÃÃo, ocupaÃÃo e renda dos agricultores familiares, com base na atuaÃÃo do programa no Ãmbito do municÃpio de IrauÃuba, no CearÃ. Adotou-se metodologia baseada em pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e pesquisa de campo de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa, levando-se em conta estudo realizado em 2005, o qual à utilizado como Linha de Base. Constatou-se que o Pronaf B à uma relevante polÃtica dirigida aos agricultores pobres, tendo crescido significativamente, entretanto deixando margem para sua ampliaÃÃo. O programa contribuiu para o fortalecimento da ovinocaprinocultura local, de natural vocaÃÃo do municÃpio, com reflexo na elevaÃÃo da produÃÃo e da produtividade da atividade. AlÃm disso, o Pronaf B possibilitou o ingresso dos grupos familiares em novas atividades, bem como a manutenÃÃo em outras que jà eram desenvolvidas pelos agricultores. A ocupaÃÃo principal relaciona-se à agropecuÃria, que emprega uma mÃdia de 2,5 pessoas por famÃlia. A renda mÃdia mensal lÃquida das famÃlias elevou-se dos R$320,79 registrados na Linha de Base, para os atuais R$460,90. A renda das atividades financiadas pelo programa foi superior à das demais atividades, porÃm inferior Ãquela propiciada por programas sociais. Foi constatada a ausÃncia de assistÃncia tÃcnica, assim como de outras formas de apoio, Ãs atividades produtivas financiadas pelo Pronaf B. As famÃlias estudadas fazem parte do Programa Fome Zero-Bolsa FamÃlia, constituindo o mesmo pÃblico-alvo para os dois programas, os quais, no entanto, atuam sem qualquer interaÃÃo.
This study investigates the National Program for Strengthening for the Family Farmers (PRONAF), with a focus on the Group B of this Program, which is directed to reduce the rural poverty. The study evaluates the PRONAF B in terms of production, occupation and income of family farmers in the municipality of IrauÃuba, in the state of CearÃ. The methodology utilized bibliographical and documental research as well as a qualitative and quantitative field research. The results of the present field research were compared to a baseline, that is, a similar study conducted in 2005. The results here achieved demonstrate that PRONAF B can be considered as a relevant public policy that benefits poor family farmers. The program has been expanded although it can spread out even more. The Program has contributed to enhance the local caprine and ovine activities in terms of production and productivity. In addition, PRONAF B allowed family farmers to participate in new activities, and the Program allowed that these farmers do not leave their traditional activities. The main occupation of the family farmers is agriculture and livestock, which employ 2.5 persons per family. The net family income per month raised from R$ 320,79 (in 2005) to R$ 460,90 (2007). The income obtained from the financed activities was superior as compared to the income from non financed activities. However, the income acquired from the governmental social programs was superior as compared to the income from the financed activities. The study concluded that extension services offered to the family farmers does not exist, as well as other means of technical support to the activities financed by PRONAF B. In general, families that are participants of the Zero Hunger Program-Family Stamps qualify for PRONAF B as well. Although these families constitute the same target group, these two programs are not interconnected.
35
Pinheiro, Glaucio de Melo. "AnÃlise da ambiÃncia institucional na implantaÃÃo e operacionalizaÃÃo do PRONAF B, no municÃpio de BaturitÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3193.
Анотація:
Banco do Nordeste do BrasilTrata sobre a existÃncia do ambiente institucional, visando à implementaÃÃo de polÃticas de financiamento direcionadas à agricultura familiar, mediante uma anÃlise sobre as aÃÃes integradas entre o Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S/A â BNB e seus parceiros, no intuito de consolidar a agricultura familiar como fonte geradora de emprego e renda, atravÃs da operacionalizaÃÃo do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar â PRONAF B, no municÃpio de BaturitÃ, Estado do CearÃ, atentando para as situaÃÃes mais crÃticas e apresentando propostas que visem à melhoria dessa relaÃÃo para alcanÃar os resultados almejados. Tem como objetivo principal verificar se as aÃÃes desenvolvidas pelo Banco e seus parceiros foram eficazes e se as famÃlias beneficiadas pelo PRONAF B podem integrar-se em melhores indicadores sociais e econÃmicos, considerando a renda familiar e o apoio creditÃcio que visa uma melhor estruturaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de exploraÃÃo da atividade rural e das aÃÃes estruturadoras desenvolvidas de forma integrada pelo arranjo institucional local, ou seja, Banco do Nordeste, EMATER, Sindicato Rural, Conselho de Desenvolvimento Rural e Prefeitura Municipal, a maior parceria jà firmada no municÃpio, com o objetivo de atingir melhores Ãndices sociais e econÃmicos da populaÃÃo rural. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, optou-se pelo mÃtodo de pesquisa denominado estudo de caso, considerando-se as caracterÃsticas do mesmo. Foram realizadas entrevistas abertas com parceiros do programa, alÃm da aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios fechados com o pÃblico diretamente beneficiado â pesquisa bibliogrÃfica. Os resultados indicam que hà uma maior disponibilidade de recursos nos Ãltimos anos, e consequentemente, um aumento da base de agricultores familiares atendida. Entretanto, o bom nÃvel de satisfaÃÃo dos pronafianos junto ao programa e a evidente melhoria nos aspectos econÃmicos e sociais do banco, apontam empecilhos ao tando no que diz respeito ao avanÃo do PRONAF B como no aperfeiÃoamento que se faz necessÃrio para ampliar os objetivos e metas deste programa. Os parceiros institucionais, apesar do reconhecido esforÃo, sob a percepÃÃo dos pronafianos ainda nÃo conseguiram desenvolver suas atribuiÃÃes dentro de um mesmo direcionamento. O PRONAF B, como polÃtica pÃblica, tem levado seus beneficiÃrios a terem, de si mesmos, uma percepÃÃo jamais imaginada. Todavia, estes ainda se sentem ÃrfÃos no tocante ao trabalho desenvolvido em conjunto pelo arranjo institucional. Este, incluindo o Banco do Nordeste, deve estimular, nÃo somente recorrendo ao crÃdito, novas oportunidades de negÃcios agrÃcolas e nÃo-agrÃcolas para as famÃlias rurais mais pobres, buscando o uso mais intensivo dos meios de produÃÃo e, particularmente, do fator terra. Para isso, devem ser consideradas as particularidades dessas famÃlias quanto Ãs suas vocaÃÃes, seus desejos e à localizaÃÃo de suas residÃncias e locais de trabalho. Deve, articulando uma pressÃo polÃtica sobre os demais parceiros institucionais, promover nos serviÃos pÃblicos de atendimento ao cidadÃo do meio rural, um carÃter que nÃo apenas o identifique, mas que tambÃm lhe facilite o conhecimento dos seus direitos e dos deveres que a cidadania lhe impÃe. A percepÃÃo desses cidadÃos sobre os resultados de uma polÃtica pÃblica com o carÃter do PRONAF B està condicionada pelas particularidades da realidade rural em que eles vivem e pelas condiÃÃes do ambiente institucional em que o programa se desenvolve.
This research investigates the existence of an adequate institutional environment for the implementation of financing policies for the family farming sector through an analysis of the integrated initiatives carried out between the Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S/A â BNB and its partners, seeking to consolidate family farming as a source of employment and income through the National Program to Strengthen Family Farming â PRONAF B, in the Municipality of BaturitÃ, Cearà State. The objective is to take care of the most critical situations, presenting proposals that aim at improving such conditions, seeking to achieve expected results. More specifically, the main object is to verify if the necessary initiatives for the families that benefit from the program to improve their social and financial conditions, and especially to increase their family income, are being developed by the Bank and its partners through credit destined to offer better structural conditions to exploit rural activities. Here, we shall focus on the existence of integrated structuring initiatives developed by the institutional organization composed by the Banco do Nordeste, EMATER, the Sindicato Rural (Rural Syndicate) and the Conselho de Desenvolvimento Rural e Prefeitura Municipal (Rural Development Council and the Municipality). This is the most ambitious partnership ever created in the municipality, seeking to improve socioeconomic indicators in the rural community. The work was developed through the case study research methodology, considering individual features. Open interviews with program partners have been carried out, besides the application of closed questionnaires for program beneficiaries and the use of bibliographic research. Results suggest that even with the more availability of funds in recent years and the consequent growth in the number of family farmers included in the program, the good level of satisfaction of program beneficiaries and the obvious improvement in their socioeconomic situation, there are still some obstacles for the improvement of PRONAF B and its necessary upgrading, seeking to widen program goals and objectives. According to program beneficiaries, institutional partners, despite their recognized effort, have yet to develop their attributions in a more coordinated fashion. The PRONAF B, as a public policy, has lead its beneficiaries to have a self-perception never imagined before, however they still feel orphans with regards to the work developed by the institutional partnership as a team. This arrangements, which include the participation of the Banco do Nordeste, must stimulate, and not just through credit, the development of new business opportunities, both agricultural and non-agricultural, for the poorest rural families, considering a more intensive use of production means and particularly the land, also taking into account the peculiarities of each of these families with regards to their vocation, their desires and the location of their residencies and places of work. It is therefore necessary to exercise political pressure on the other institutional partners in order to grant permanent public services for rural citizens, not just to identify them, but rather to offer them knowledge and access to their citizenship rights and obligations. The perception theses citizens have on the results of a public policy like the PRONAF B, is affected by the peculiarities of the rural reality in which they live and the institutional environment conditions in which the program is being developed.
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Gao, Ze. "Organic Farming is Coming to Our Valley : The Development of Pumi Eco-Agriculture and the Indigenisation of Modernity in Sino-Myanmar Borderlands." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388436.
Анотація:
How do indigenous people perceive and practice eco-agriculture, especially when it was introduced as a development project? This thesis aims to delve into this question by focusing on a policy-induced agrarian transition for Pumi community in Sino-Myanmar borderlands. Using ethnographic methods, I intend to offer an intimate account of a provincial programme to facilitate eco-agriculture in this ethnic region. With the conceptual framework presented, the current research starts with the introduction of Pumi agricultural history and indigenous farming knowledge, with a focus on Pumi biocultural heritage. Then, I will examine how the process of ‘indigenisation of modernity’ (Sahlins 2000) has occurred against the backdrop of Pumi eco-agriculture programme. The insights will be distilled from three different aspects, which are agricultural land use, technical practices, and governance issues. For each aspect, I will scrutinise to what degree the government is following an industrial model to design the eco-agriculture agenda which corresponds to the ‘conventionalisation hypothesis’ of organic production (Buck 1997) and is thus in alignment with their long-term strategic goals to ‘modernise’ this borderland region through agricultural transformations, whereas the local Pumi farmers are actively coping with the government’s external interventions, meanwhile searching for the ‘alternative pathway’ towards agricultural modernisation. In the final chapter, I will interpret the motives of the both actors in the programme. For the government, the post-development theory will be employed to provide a critique of the ‘development discourse’ embedded in the agenda. For local farmers, the concept of ‘environmentality’ (Agrawal 2005) will be focused to interpret the Pumi farmers’ motives to indigenise, which ultimately questioning the transforming powers of modernity and globalisation on Pumi agrarian society. Basically, this thesis aims to trace the socio-political processes which drive the ‘agrarian transition’ in a Southeast Asian frontier, and further demonstrate how the resource abundance in the borderlands can underpin intense processes of commodification and dispossession (Nevins and Peluso 2008; Ishikawa 2010; see also Milne and Mahanty, 2015), the implications of which crystallised in an ethnographic context. To a larger extent, this research aims to shed lights on the interactions between social structure and individual agency ― although the Pumi farmers are struggling to survive with the adaptation to modern inputs, they are still marginalised by the structured inequality of the market economy, which limited the farmers’ opportunities to improve their own livelihoods. Furthermore, this research also has significant policy implications as it addresses the issues such as agricultural policy and ethnic relations in the borderland regions. By reflecting upon the overlapping implications of highland livelihoods, agencies, and the transforming powers of social change, the current study aims to build a locally rooted understanding of Pumi eco-agriculture programme, and provide lessons for sustainable planning and future policy-making for rural development in developing countries such as China.
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Timpone, Ian Taibo [UNESP]. "Impacto dos programas da Secretaria Especial da Aquicultura e Pesca (SEAP) na competitividade da produção aquícola de Teodoro Sampaio e Santa Fé do Sul." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96547.
Анотація:
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A Secretaria Especial de Aquicultura e Pesca (SEAP) foi criada para formulação de políticas e diretrizes voltadas ao desenvolvimento e o fomento da produção pesqueira e aquícola no Brasil, executando e avaliando medidas, programas e projetos de apoio ao desenvolvimento da pesca artesanal e industrial. Este estudo realiza uma análise das principais iniciativas estabelecidas pela SEAP a partir de sua criação em 2003 até o ano de 2007, classificando em nível nacional e por regiões brasileiras, os investimentos em capacitação, realização de eventos, logística, pesquisa e produção, considerando suas capacidades de alteração na competitividade aquícola. Analisa ainda a competitividade dos aquicultores das regiões de Teodoro Sampaio e de Santa Fé do Sul, estado de São Paulo, causadas pelas políticas e ações da SEAP nestas regiões. Foram aplicados questionários junto aos assentados e produtores que desenvolvem a atividade nestas regiões, incluindo os beneficiados pelos projetos de Unidades Demonstrativas concedido pela SEAP, identificando a adequação, eficiência e eficácia (técnica, produtiva e econômica) dos programas visando à adequação destas políticas aos produtores.
The Special Secretariat of Aquaculture and Fisheries (SEAP) was established to formulate policies and guidelines aimed at development and promotion of fisheries and aquaculture production in Brazil, running and evaluating measures, programs and projects to support the development of industrial and artesian fisheries. This study conducts an analysis of the key initiatives established by SEAP from its creation in 2003 until the year 2007, sorting at the national level and Brazilian regions, investments in training, development of events, logistics, research and production, considering their capacity for change in competitiveness aquaculture. It also examines the competitiveness of farmers in regions of Teodoro Sampaio and Santa Fé do Sul, state of São Paulo, caused by the policies and actions of SEAP in these regions. Questionnaires were applied with the settlers and producers who develop the activity in these regions, including the benefit of the projects implemented by SEAP demonstration units, identifying the adequacy, efficiency and effectiveness (technical, productive and cost) of programs to the adequacy of these policies to producers . by the impact and competitiveness of producers.
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Tarvainen, Evelina. "Seeds of sustainability? : A case study on agricultural sustainability perceptions among small-scale farmers in the Manyara region, Tanzania." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-175042.
Анотація:
Agricultural policies worldwide are giving an increased focus to the goal of sustainable agriculture, but there are still uncertainties around how this is performed and achieved. As small-scale farmers are a fundamental part of agricultural production worldwide, earlier scholars request deeper understanding of how these farmers perceive sustainable agriculture and how they perceive the pathway towards sustainability. In Tanzania, many small-scale farmers choose to participate in initiatives and organizations under the Organic Farming Movement. By focusing on small-scale farmers that have joined an organic initiative in the Manyara region in Tanzania, this study aims to interpret how these farmers perceive that joining the Organic initiative of a local seed trading system could contribute to sustainable agriculture for them. The study's theoretical approach was a framework where agricultural sustainability consists of an ecological, economic, and social dimension and that normative assumptions of sustainability can be divided into either an Environmentalist or Ecologist approach. Through an open-ended question survey, ten local farmers' perceptions of agricultural sustainability were collected. The result indicates that the farmers perceive that the local seed trading system to some extent will contribute to parts of all three dimensions of agricultural sustainability, and that normative assumptions in both Environmentalism and Ecologism can be identified within the farmer's answers.
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Vestling, Veronika, and Viktoria Forsberg. "The livelihoods of female seaweed farmers : A study about women's experiences of old and new techniques of seaweed farming on Zanzibar, Tanzania." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40719.
Анотація:
Seaweed has been hit hard by climate change around the world. The island of Zanzibar, which is the world’s third biggest exporter of seaweed, is one of the places where seaweed is affected. 80 percent of the seaweed farmers on Zanzibar are women who are directly affected by climate change since they are making a living from seaweed farming. New efforts to tackle the impact of climate change on seaweed has been made on Zanzibar through the SEA PoWer project which is a new technique of growing seaweed and enables twenty-four female seaweed farmers to grow in deep and cooler waters instead of the more traditional way which is in shallow waters. The aim of this study is to, from a livelihood perspective, examine women’s experiences and perceptions of the old versus the new techniques of farming seaweed on Zanzibar, Tanzania. The research questions for this study focus on finding out the women’s experiences and perceptions of the changes in the techniques in relation to opportunities for livelihoods through seaweed farming. Furthermore, this study investigates if women experience conflicts of interest with men regarding the use of ocean space. Semi-structured interviews with eleven women who have used the new technique of growing seaweed were conducted and the results was analyzed in the light of previous research, through the definitions of livelihood and gender, and the theoretical concept of feminist political ecology. The result has shown that all women experienced improvements in their livelihoods through the new technique of seaweed farming. One clear improvement was that there were no negative health effects when using the new technique. The study also found that there are no conflicts of interest between men and women regarding the use of ocean space when using the new technique of seaweed farming. The women had a positive view on the future and had high expectations, they had already noticed positive effects on their livelihoods in form of social, human, physical capital and health.
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Santos, Renato Alves dos. "AvaliaÃÃo dos Efeitos do PRONAF SemiÃrido Junto aos Agricultores de CÃrrego dos Tanques, MnicÃpio de Itapipoca - CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14488.
Анотація:
O presente trabalho trata-se de uma investigaÃÃo sobre o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf), com Ãnfase na linha de crÃdito para investimentos em infraestruturas hÃdricas e produÃÃo para convivÃncia com o SemiÃrido, denominada Pronaf SemiÃrido. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo verificar se essa linha especÃfica de crÃdito, atravÃs dos seus financiamentos, tem, de fato, possibilitado aos agricultores familiares de CÃrrego dos Tanques, municÃpio de Itapipoca-CE, uma melhor convivÃncia com as adversidades climÃticas que se apresentam no SemiÃrido. Para isso, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliogrÃfica, documental e de campo. Na pesquisa de campo foram obtidos dados quantitativos coletados atravÃs da aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios semiestruturados, junto aos beneficiÃrios do programa e dados qualitativos obtidos atravÃs da realizaÃÃo de entrevistas em profundidade, com tÃcnicos de diversas instituiÃÃes envolvidas com essa polÃtica pÃblica. Os resultados mostraram que 62,5% dos entrevistados aumentaram o rebanho e 81,3% dos entrevistados se consideraram preparados, apÃs o financiamento, no que diz respeito ao abastecimento de Ãgua para a produÃÃo. No entanto, no que se refere à capacidade forrageira, 68,8% afirmaram terem encontrado dificuldade para manter o nÃmero de animais no atual perÃodo de seca, que jà se estende por dois anos.The present study is an investigation of the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Pronaf), with emphasis on the credit line for investments in water infrastructure and production for coexistence with the semiarid (Pronaf SemiÃrido). Thus, this study aims to evaluate if this specific line of credit through its financing, has, in fact, enabled the farmers of the locality of the CÃrrego dos Tanques, municipality of Itapipoca-CE a better living climate adversities present in the Semi-Arid. The methodology of the research was based on literature, documentary and field research, where quantitative data collected through the application of semi-structured questionnaires were obtained from research involving beneficiaries of the program and obtained qualitative data by conducting in-depth interviews with beneficiaries and with experts from various institutions involved with this policy. The results showed that 62.5% of respondents increased the herd and 81.3% feel more prepared for coexistence with the semiarid. However, with regard to the forage capacity, 68.8% said they found it difficult to keep the number of animals in the current drought, which spans two years.
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Vankeerberghen, Audrey. "Etre agriculteur bio: engagements individuels, engagements collectifs." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209890.
Анотація:
Cette thèse se propose d'explorer ce que signifie "être agriculteur bio" aujourd'hui en Wallonie. Après une analyse socio-historique du développement de l'agriculture biologique dans cette région d'Europe, la première partie s'attache à comprendre en finesse les parcours de vie des agriculteurs bio wallons, leurs pratiques ainsi que la construction de leurs identités professionnelles. La deuxième partie se penche quant à elle sur les aspects institutionnels de l'agriculture bio :sur la structuration du secteur syndical et associatif ainsi que sur les interactions entre les pratiques des agriculteurs et la législation encadrant l'agriculture biologique.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Nicolas, Frédéric. "Entrer en agriculture biologique : sociologie politique d’une professionnalisation sous contrainte (1945-2015)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCF006.
Анотація:
Comment se fabriquent les vocations agrobiologiques ? Si l’émergence, l’institutionnalisation et la transformation de l’agriculture biologique en objet d’action publique laissent à penser qu’un segment professionnel s’autonomise, notre enquête montre que les agriculteurs biologiques ne peuvent entièrement échapper à l’action de la profession et de l’encadrement agricoles ainsi qu’aux systèmes de classement produits par leurs pairs. Derrière l’enjeu technique qui consiste à produire sans intrants de synthèse se jouent en effet des luttes pour définir et contrôler le titre d’agriculteur. Ces luttes se jouent à un niveau institutionnel et interpersonnel et ont pour effet de délimiter les frontières du territoire professionnel. De ce point de vue, la figure de « l’agriculteur professionnel » (pratiquant une agriculture à temps complet, intensive et spécialisée) continue à structurer l’économie morale du groupe professionnel et son segment agrobiologique : la sélection et la hiérarchisation des représentants, des encadrants et des producteurs s’opèrent alors en fonction de leur plus ou moins grand ajustement à cette forme d’agriculture. Dès les années 1950, la sélection des dirigeants agrobiologiques s’opère sur leur acceptation de la division de plus en plus réglée des tâches de représentation, de conception, d’encadrement et de production. C’est ce que nous montrons dans un premier temps à partir de l’analyse des archives de la société Lemaire-Boucher et des archives personnelles de Raoul Lemaire, à la fois producteur, boulanger, entrepreneur, sélectionneur et homme politique. L’homme échoue dans sa croisade morale en faveur de l’agriculture biologique précisément parce qu’il se situe à l’intersection d’espaces occupés par des agents de plus en plus spécialisés. À partir d’entretiens semi-directifs, d’observations directes et d’un questionnaire auprès du personnel scientifique et technique participant au contrôle des vocations agrobiologiques, nous analysons ensuite ce contrôle, qui s’opère à bas bruit et de manière indirecte depuis les années 1980. La focale portée sur le processus d’institutionnalisation du segment et sur les logiques de recrutement et de travail des agents d’encadrement permet de montrer que la sélection des agriculteurs biologiques s’opère d’abord par la sélection de ceux qui les sélectionnent. De ce point de vue, l’émergence d’une nouvelle forme d’agriculture n’entraîne pas mécaniquement l’émergence d’un espace d’encadrement autonome : d’un côté, la construction de l’agriculture biologique comme objet de recherche légitime contribue à isoler les chercheurs des agriculteurs — et donc à renforcer les effets du processus de professionnalisation — ; d’un autre côté, l’institutionnalisation de l’agriculture biologique contribue à la naissance d’un appareil d’encadrement dual reposant sur une division morale du travail, entre des organisations et agents d’encadrement favorisant la reproduction de la figure de l’agriculteur professionnel et d’autres dont l’action consiste à ménager des espaces où l’hétérodoxie reste possible.Le contrôle des vocations agrobiologiques s’opère aussi entre agriculteurs, comme l’analyse la troisième partie, basée sur une enquête à dominante ethnographique en Midi-Pyrénées. Nous y montrons que les coûts d’entrée, de sortie et de maintien en agriculture biologique sont différenciés selon l’origine et la trajectoire sociales des agriculteurs, mais également selon la valeur de leur patrimoine de ressources au sein du groupe professionnel agricole. Tant leurs choix professionnels que leur style de vie sont évalués à l’aune de l’idéal modernisateur et professionnel de l’après-guerre. Dès lors, l’origine agricole, le capital symbolique procuré par le diplôme d’agronome, les ressources d’autochtonie, le capital économique et le patrimoine sont autant de ressources qui permettent à certains agriculteurs biologiques d’être considérés comme de « bons professionnels »How does one get into organic farming? Even though it has gained its autonomy as a segment, organic farming is not free from the structural constraints imposed to farmers as an occupational group. To produce food without any pesticides is not only a technical matter. Behind that lies a struggle to define and control who is licensed to be a farmer. This struggle takes place both at an institutional and interpersonal level and revolves around the definition of farming. In that matter, the definition inherited from the “modernisation” period (from the 1950s onwards) still has consequences on the way farmers are selected, on the way extension services work and on the way farmers are represented by professional organisations. Our main aim is therefore to understand the effects of “professional farming” on the way people come to organic farming, practice it and talk about it, and on how it creates social and professional differentiation between organic farmers. First, we consider the effects of this new moral economy on the way organic farmers are represented. By analysing the archives of Raoul Lemaire, one of the first advocate of organic farming in France, we show that his moral crusade to represent small scale farmers – and organic farmers in particular – doesn’t succeed because the personal domination he wants to build his power on tends to be replaced by a less personal and more bureaucratic domination embodied by “la profession” : therefore, organic farming lacks visibility from the very beginning of its existence in France in the end of the 1950s. Then, relying on semi-structured interviews and on a survey, we emphasize that the institutional control of who is allowed to be an organic farmer doesn’t depend entirely on organic organisations. By focusing on the way people are recruited and work in specialised and non-specialised research and extension organisations, we show that the selection of the people who select farmers is paramount in reproducing the definition of the occupational territory inherited from the “modernisers”. Finally, relying on qualitative material (observations and semi-structured interviews mainly), we show that there are multiple ways to get into organic farming but also unequal means to resist to the modernisers’ moral economy: thus, being from a farmer’s background and/or being trained as an agronomist and/or having local social capital tend to differentiate some organic farmers form others. Therefore, the technical and symbolic unification of the farming occupational group that took place after 1945, still has important effects on the way the group, the organic segment and rural areas more generally are socially stratified
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Curran, Grace M. "Something in Our Souls Above Fried Chicken: On Meaningful Feminist Action in Food Justice Movements." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1408104622.
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Santos, Fábio Pereira dos. "Coalizões de interesses e a configuração política da agricultura familiar no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8211.
Анотація:
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This research intends to explain the emergence and development of family farming public policy in Brazil since the early 1990’s. In this period two advocacy coalitions emerged – in defense of family farming and in defense of corporate agriculture – with opposing beliefs on the model of agriculture the country should adopt. Throughout this process the fundamental actors in each coalition rebuilt their own political identities: traditional rural landowners’ framework from the 1980’s is modernized as agribusiness; rural workers are now also family farmers. The development of family farming public policies is treated as a path dependent process. The period in which Pronaf (National Program for Strengthening of Family Farming) was created is characterized as a critical juncture signaling the beginning of a new path of public policy in Brazil. The existence of two advocacy coalitions was one of the most relevant forces at that juncture, but only the convergence of several factors, among them social pressure from family farmers, the challenging of the traditional ideas about the rural world up to then dominant in Brazilian thought and socioeconomic and political factors made possible the creation of these new policies. Once adopted, family farming policies have their institutional development constrained by the initial choices, and create a new environment for actors intervention. Family farming policies began to produce effects on players in a process of policy feedback that was crucial to the expansion and institutional consolidation of these policies. The first effect was to intensify the dispute between the two advocacy coalitions over the public policies for the rural areas. The second policy effect was the strengthening of family farmers’ organizations. Policies have also contributed to increasing the participation of family farmers in the formal political system; they have produced political impacts on beneficiaries and on politicians and voters, forging legitimacy for that social category. Finally, family agriculture policies have produced changes in state capacity and organization, with the creation of a new Ministry (MDA) and increasing the volume and scope of policies for family farming, including other areas of federal government as well as in municipal and state level governments.
Este trabalho busca explicar a emergência e o desenvolvimento do apoio à agricultura familiar no Brasil a partir do início dos anos 1990. Nesse período se construíram duas coalizões de interesses, de defesa da agricultura familiar e de defesa da agricultura patronal, com concepções opostas sobre o modelo de agricultura que o país deveria adotar. Ao longo desse processo os atores fundamentais que compõem essas coalizões reconstruíram suas próprias identidades políticas: o ruralismo típico dos anos 1980 se apresenta modernizado como agronegócio; os trabalhadores rurais agora são também agricultores familiares. O desenvolvimento das políticas públicas de apoio à agricultura familiar é tratado como processo path dependent. Caracterizamos o momento de criação do Pronaf, em 1995, como uma conjuntura crítica que marca o início de uma nova trajetória de políticas públicas no Brasil. A existência das duas coalizões de interesses foi uma das forças relevantes nesse momento, mas somente a convergência de vários fatores, entre eles a pressão social dos agricultores, o questionamento das ideias até então dominantes no pensamento brasileiro sobre o mundo rural e fatores socioeconômicos e políticos, possibilitou a criação dessas novas políticas. Uma vez adotadas, as políticas para a agricultura familiar têm seu desenvolvimento institucional fortemente condicionado pelas escolhas iniciais, que criam um novo ambiente para a intervenção dos atores. As políticas para a agricultura familiar passaram a produzir efeitos sobre os atores, em um processo de policy feedback que foi determinante para a ampliação e consolidação institucional dessas políticas. O primeiro efeito foi o acirramento da disputa entre as coalizões nas políticas públicas para o mundo rural. O segundo efeito foi o fortalecimento das organizações de agricultores familiares. As políticas também contribuíram para aumentar a participação dos agricultores familiares no sistema político formal, produziram impactos políticos sobre os beneficiários e sobre os partidos políticos e eleitores, criando legitimidade para esta categoria social. Finalmente, as políticas de apoio à agricultura familiar produziram mudanças na organização administrativa do Estado, com a criação do MDA e a ampliação do volume e escopo das políticas para agricultura familiar, inclusive em outros setores do próprio governo federal e em governos estaduais e municipais.
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Williams, Brian Scott. "Perpetual Mobilization and Environmental Injustice: Race and the Contested Development of Industrial Agriculture in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366218013.
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Sousa, Raimunda áurea de. "O agro-hidronegócio no Vale do São Francisco : território de produção de riqueza e subtração da riqueza da produção." Pós-Graduação em Geografia, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5568.
Анотація:
It is verified in this thesis: to be the nature of capital strength extraction of surplus labor makes borderless. To this end, international competitiveness and efficiency productivist guide the European Common Agricultural Policy evading wealth polo Juazeiro/ Petrolina, in that obtains control of the land, water and all stages of production in the field by imposing stamp certifications as a determinant of the free movement of goods in the European market. Centered in the rules of accumulation and exploitation of the system capital, agro-hydro expands supported and encouraged by the state, as the only way to raise the standard of living of workers in town and country, justified the quantitative employment generated, which in turn, can result in unnecessary consumption of the city. While this discourse is divulgadado, land and water become appropriated by the owners of capital specifically for crop production required by the international market. Thus, demand for tropical fruits by countries that comprise the European Union has allowed the PAC to exert its total domination in the Valley, determining how to behave employee and employer, without necessarily having title to the land. Thus, the irrigation policy in areas that were implanted with the irrigated areas in particular: Bebedouro Nilo Coelho and Salitre has actually expanded production quantitatively and qualitatively, but this apparently positive balance has been extracted from the land rent , materialized in the precarious and temporary employees as well as the monopolization of land of small farmers who still has nominal bond with it. It is therefore the mediation of this land in the center of the factors that promote the separation between the place of production of the means of life that does not take the form of variable capital necessary reproduction of the worker and the place of production and reproduction of capital. With this, the surplus labor time that capital appropriates is shared by many capitalist agents in Polo and Europe.Comprova-se na presente tese que: por ser a natureza do capital força extratora do trabalho excedente o faz sem fronteiras. Para tanto, a competividade internacional e a eficiência produtivista norteiam a Política Agrícola Comum Europeia a subtrair a riqueza do Polo Juazeiro/Petrolina, na medida em que obtêm o controle da terra, água e todas as etapas da produção no campo, mediante a imposição do selo de certificações como determinante à livre circulação da mercadoria no Mercado Europeu. Centrado nas regras de acumulação e exploração do sistema do capital, o agro-hidronegócio se expande apoiado e incentivado pelo Estado, como sendo a única saída para elevar o nível de vida dos trabalhadores da cidade e campo justificado no quantitativo de emprego gerado que, por sua vez, pode resultar no consumo de produtos supérfluos na cidade. Enquanto esse discurso é propagandeado, a terra e água passam a ser apropriadas pelos proprietários do capital especificamente para produção de cultivos requeridos pelo mercado internacional. Assim, a procura de frutas tropicais pelos países que compõem a União Europeia tem permitido que a PAC exerça seu total domínio no Vale, determinando como deve comportar-se empregador e empregado, sem necessariamente ter o título de propriedade da terra. Desse modo, a politica de irrigação nas áreas em que foram implantados os Perímetros Irrigados, em especial: Bebedouro, Nilo Coelho e Salitre têm de fato ampliado quantitativa e qualitativamente a produção; porém, esse saldo aparentemente positivo tem sido extraído da renda da terra, materializado no trabalho precarizado e temporário dos assalariados, bem como na monopolização da terra dos pequenos produtores que ainda têm vínculo nominal com a mesma. É, portanto, a mediação da renda fundiária que está no centro dos fatores que promovem a separação entre o lugar da produção dos meios de vida que não assumem a forma de capital variável, necessários à reprodução do trabalhador e o lugar de produção e reprodução do capital. Com isso, o excedente do tempo de trabalho de que o capital se apropria é repartido por muitos agentes capitalistas no Polo e na Europa.
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Olofsson, Sven. "Till ömsesidig nytta : Entreprenörer, framgång och sociala relationer i centrala Jämtland ca. 1810-1850." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158684.
Анотація:
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the mutual impact which social relations and entrepreneurship had in relation to the success of four actors in a rural area in northern Sweden at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Many Swedish scholars have studied the process of social differentiation, before the industrial revolution. However, we still know very little about the forces behind this process, why some peasant households became more successful than others, especially during the first half of the nineteenth century when the economic differences were increasing. To grasp this process, the notion of social position has been used as a tool to grade the population on a scale from low- to high-ranked households in an economic and political sense. The fact that households were more or less successful turns our attention to the ability among individuals and households to change their social position. A theoretical concept chosen to investigate such change is the notion of entrepreneur, which implies a focus on the actor working for personal profit in a changing economic world. The main question has been how important social relations connected to entrepreneurship are in order to promote success among peasant households in the pre-industrial society. The empirical investigation has been conducted on two different levels. The first level is a structural study analysing the physical landscape of the court district of Rödön, the economic stratification and the political activity of the population in the area and, finally, their economic behaviours as peasants and rural businessmen. The second is a qualitative study emphasising on four individual actors: the businessman Per Wikström in the town of Östersund and three of the most successful peasant households in the region. The four case studies reveal that the rural elite had a pragmatic and dynamic approach to choosing social relations outside the family. Many acquaintances grew persistent and embedded in family or kinship relations, whereas others were short-lived or sacrificed for a calculated economic gain.
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Tomas, Cusicanqui. "Assessing the adaptive capacity of Sweden's environmental governance." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-128279.
Анотація:
Different challenges arising from increasingly uncertain and unpredictable environmental and economicconditions have been shifting the focus of public governance and socio-economic development. Morerecently, empirical studies have demonstrated a transitional epoch in which humanity is currently in: TheAnthropocene, as well as its harmful effects that degrade the biosphere, and thus our economic, political,social well-being. The casual dynamics of climate change and its impacts on life-supporting ecosystemshas increasingly been recognized by a resilient approach which incorporates adaptive processes andschemes, allowing public governance to embrace the changes rather than control uncertainty. Thisresearch introduces the interwoven concepts of adaptive capacity, adaptive governance, and resiliencewithin a social and environmental framework. It provides a review of how these concepts support aparadigm shift to mitigating current and future challenges—understood through a multidisciplinaryapproach, and how scholars have sought to develop a blueprint to improve the need to foster and mobilizeadaptive capacity within the governance of the commons. In Sweden, key governmental and businessleaders have shown the ability to foster environmental governance that is capable of developing analternative form of planning, implementing, and managing public policy. Moreover, Sweden’s concertedmultilevel governance and public policy efforts have promoted an all-encompassing generational, mainlythrough: coordinated environmental policies and private, public, and civil society partnerships. Theseinitiatives have led to innovative technologies and projects (e.g. urban vertical farming technology) as wellas cross collaboration and integration of companies and industries in order to achieve economic, social,and environmentally symbiosis.
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Geddes, Alistair. "Statistically modified farming the spatial politics in Scottish farming statistics /." 2006. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-1340/index.html.
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Paik, Yon Jae. "The Informal Life Politics of Community-based Organic Farming Movements in South Korea." Phd thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/231005.
Анотація:
This thesis presents the history of the organic farming movement in South Korea as an example that shows the significance of community as an alternative polity. The key questions I examine in the thesis are: In what contexts did organic farming become political? How has politics been defined and practiced in the organic farming movement? To explore these questions, I focus on the history of two of the most important organic farming movement groups in South Korea: Chongnonghoe, an organic farming movement group created in 1976, and Hansalim, the first organic cooperative, created in 1986. Chongnonghoe started organic farming as a social movement based on self-sufficient farming communities autonomous from the military government's Green Revolution project in the 1970s, and Hansalim expanded the movement by introducing consumer-supported agriculture (CSA) to deal with the decline of rural communities and the liberalisation of the food system in the 1980s.
By examining the origins and the ideological aspects of the communal tradition in the organic farming movement, I argue that organic farming is a community-based social movement embedded in the tradition of community as an alternative space. I show how organic farming communities serve as alternative spaces - spaces of living politics (or informal life politics) where people enact communal self-help to solve the challenges of their livelihood by themselves. For Chongnonghoe, this communal space took the form of self-sufficient farms inspired by the Danish-style rural movement of the 1920s, in which Korean Christian nationalists endeavoured to build autonomous communities under Japanese colonial rule. In the case of Hansalim, the 'urban-rural community' of consumers and organic farmers presented community as an alternative within the capitalist social formation.
By showing the vibrancy of small-scale communities as alternative polities in the organic farming movement, I demonstrate the resilience of such communities as sites of living politics, which repeatedly emerges and fades as people strive to deal with challenges caused by the dominance of the nation-state and the capitalist market. This work on the history of the organic farming movement expands the scope of religious and social movement history in rural Korea, and opens new perspectives for exploring the significant social changes in Korean society achieved by people's small-scale but widespread communal efforts.