Статті в журналах з теми "Politics and education, N.S.W"

Character education in early childhood is not new, and character education is also not just a transfer of knowledge, but something that needs to be built early on through various stimula- tions. This study aims to develop the character of early childhood through audio-visual media with traditional Javanese songs. Using educational design-based research to develop audio-visual media from traditional songs, this media was tested in the field with an experimental design with a control group. Respondents involved 71 kindergarten students from one experimental class in one control class. The data revealed that character education in children shows the average value of the experi- mental class is higher than the control group, this means character education in children can be built through traditional songs. Further research can be done to improve the character of early childhood through a variety of media that interests children. Keywords: Early Childhood, Character Education, Javanese Traditional Songs Media References: Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Bates, A. (2016). The management of ‘emotional labour’ in the corporate re-imagining of primary education in England. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 26(1), 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2016.1175959 Bates, A. (2019). Character education and the ‘priority of recognition.’ Cambridge Journal of Education, 49(6), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2019.1590529 Battistich, V., Schaps, E., Watson, M., Solomon, D., & Lewis, C. (2000). Effects of the Child Development Project on students’ drug use and other problem behaviors. Journal of Primary Prevention, 21(1), 75–99. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007057414994 Berkowitz, M. W. (1933). The Science of Character. 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Early childhood development (PAUD) is a fundamental investment that is included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Previous research has shown that ECD investment in Indonesia, and its financial governance remains a challenging issue. Through a qualitative approach to a case study method design, this study aims to examine the state of PAUD financial management in Panggungharjo Village, Yogyakarta. This study uses in-depth interviews and desk research as data collection techniques. The instrument was developed from the SABER-ECD World Bank Assessment and ECD Financial Profiling Tools. The results showed that PAUD financial management in established villages had innovative financing, budget management and institutional development resulted in a blueprint for managing PAUD financing in other villages in Indonesia. Important policy objectives in all aspects, including the legal framework, cross-sectoral coordination, program coverage, coverage, equity, data availability, quality standards, and compliance with standards, the vision of financing early childhood development will be more achievable for future research. Keywords: Early Childhood, Financial Governance, Village References: Alatas, H., Brinkman, S., Chang, M. C., Hadiyati, T., Hartono, D., Hasan, A., Hyson, M., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Pradhan, M., & Roesli, R. (2013). Early childhood education and development services in Indonesia. In Education in Indonesia (pp. 82–108). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Ambang.Yudanto. (2019). Analisis Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Desa dalam Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa: Studi Kasus Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul [Analysis of Village Head Transformational Leadership in Village Owned Enterprise Management: A Case Study of Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul]. 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The enthusiasm in the Tahfidz House (TH) education program especially for children shows an increasing trend in Padang, a modeling city in developing Islāmic character for children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Tahfidz House program trends development in early childhood in Padang. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection tools, namely inter- views, direct observation, and document analysis. The results showed that: First, the Tahfidz House program attracted public interest because it offered dimensions of character formation such as in- creasing Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Quotient, and Spiritual Quotient. Second, there is a theo- logical reason in the landscape of local people to think that the Qur'an offers a blessing concept in our lives. Third, Tahfidz House existences as non-formal education has two dominant affiliations, namely pure education and based on market interests or capitalization. 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One of the problems faced by working mothers is caring for children, especially children who are still at an early age. This is because their workplace does not allow them to bring small children or does not provide daycare. This study aims to find out the types of child care that working mothers in Indonesia choose and their considerations in choosing that type. This research method uses a mixed-method design by combining two types of quantitative and qualitative data. Data collection was carried out through surveys with questionnaire instruments and interviews with working mothers. The number of respondents surveyed was 500 working mothers and 100 of them were interviewed. Interviews were conducted in person or via telephone and video calls using the Zoom meeting and WhatsApp applications. The study was conducted in 2020 and 2021. The results of the study found that five types of child care were selected with the main considerations being the child's development, the competence and personality of the caregivers, the conditions of the living area, and considerations of cost.Keywords: early childhood, working mothers, types of care References: Alsheikh, N., Parameswaran, G., & Elhoweris, H. (2010). Parenting style, self-esteem, and student performance in the United Arab Emirates. Current Issues in Education, 13(1), 1–26. Amalia, R. P., Abidin, F. A., & Lubis, F. Y. (2022). Parenting Stress, Mother's Assessment Of Covid-19, And Supportive Parenting [Stres Pengasuhan, Penilaian Ibu Terhadap Covid-19, Dan Pengasuhan Suportif ]. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 15(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2022.15.1.51 Arabi, R., Mamat, R., Rashid, N. A., & Bakri, R. (2018). Working Mothers’ Knowledge of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM) (Pengetahuan Penyusuan Susu Ibu Secara Eksklusif dalam Kalangan Ibu Bekerja di Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM)). Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 16(1), 163–168. Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YcdlPWPJRBcC De Almeida, L. S. (2012). Working mothers and their multivoiced self. Revista Colombiana de Psicologia, 21(2), 313–322. Dey, S., Patra, A., Giri, D., Sharma, J., & Anna, L. (2021). The effectiveness of Parental Intervention in Teaching Emotional Intelligence to Their Adole scent Children. International Education & Research Journal [IERJ], 7(December), 9–12. Dhingra, V., & Keswani, S. (2019). Impact of Working and Non—Working Mothers on Development of their Children in Madhya Pradesh. 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Profile of Child Care Needs in Young Couples [Profil Kebutuhan Pengasuhan Anak pada Pasangan Muda]. Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku, 2(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.25077/jip.2.2.89-106.2018 Hurst, M., & Zambrana, R. E. (1982). Child Care and Working Mothers in Puerto Rican Families. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 461(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716282461000012 Meier, P., & Mead, L. (1978). Working Mothers. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 7(3), 49–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1978.tb00746.x Merlina, N. (2010). Parenting Patterns in the Giri Jaya Indigenous Community [Pola Pengasuhan Anak pada Komunitas Adat Giri Jaya]. Patanjala: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah Dan Nilai Tradisional Bandung, 2(2), 241–257. Montgomery, K. S. (2002a). Information for working mothers. The Journal of Perinatal Education an ASPOLamaze Publication, 11(2), 44–45. https://doi.org/10.1624/105812402X88713 Montgomery, K. S. (2002b). Resource Column: Information for Working Mothers. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 11(2), 44–45. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.11.2.44 Nilam Sari, P. (2017). Increasing the Success of the Exclusive Breastfeeding Program for Working Mothers as an Effort to Achieve the MDGs [Meningkatkan Kesuksesan Program ASI Ekslusif pada Ibu Bekerja sebagai Upaya Pencapaian MDGs]. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas, 9(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.24893/jkma.9.2.93-97.2015 Odenweller, K. G., & Rittenour, C. E. (2017). Stereotypes of Stay-at-Home and Working Mothers. Southern Communication Journal, 82(2), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2017.1287214 R, R., & Chacko, E. (2019). Effectiveness of Day Care center son working Mothers. Center for Management Studies, Jain University,. Retnaningsih, W., & Setiyawati, D. (2019). Validation of the Positive Discipline Training Module to Improve Parenting Practices in Mothers of Preschool Children [Validasi Modul Pelatihan Disiplin Positif untuk Meningkatkan Praktik Pengasuhan pada Ibu Anak Prasekolah]. Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP), 5(2), 158. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.50373 Rimba Eka Handini, Haryoko, S. F., & Yulianto, A. (2017). Relationship between Work-Family Conflict and Work Engagement [Hubungan antara Work-Family Conflict dan Keterikatan Kerja pada Ibu Bekerja]. Jurnal NOETIC Psychology, 4(July-Deesember), 169–180. Salum, E. D. O., Lima, J. C., Marcacine, P. R., Walsh, H. P., & Walsh, I. A. P. de. (2020). Epidemiological profile of working mothers. Revista Família, Ciclos de Vida e Saúde No Contexto Social, 8(2), 200. https://doi.org/10.18554/refacs.v8i2.4525 Saraswati, W., & Febriani, Z. (2018). Relationship between Mindful Parenting and Parenting Style in Mothers with Children Aged 3-6 Years. [Hubungan antara Mindful Parenting dengan Gaya Pengasuhan pada Ibu yang Memiliki Anak Usia 3-6 Tahun]. Journal Psikogenesis, 6(2), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.24854/jps.v6i2.704 Shao, M., He, W., Zhao, L., & Su, Y. S. (2022). The Influence of Parental Involvement on Parent Satisfaction: The Moderating Effect of Parental Educational Level and the Number of Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752802 Sim, W. H., Jorm, A. F., & Yap, M. B. H. (2022). The Role of Parent Engagement in a Web-Based Preventive Parenting Intervention for Child Mental Health in Predicting Parenting, Parent and Child Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042191 Widyastuti, S. B., Soedjatmiko, & Firmansyah, A. (2011). Growth and development profile of children at two-day care centers in Jakarta. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 45(11–12), 275–279. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi Xia, X. (2022). 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The challenge for rural communities to provide quality education for early childhood in Indonesia is difficult. National politics, policies, and economic and cultural conditions affect the Early Childhood Education system, and Indonesia is a large multicultural country, so, even the quality of education is difficult. This study aims to look at the quality of children's education in Pandalungan. Using qualitative methods with ethnographic design, data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that educational institutions for children in urban areas can be categorized quite high. However, for early childhood education services in Desa Sukorambi Pandalungan, the quality is quite poor. Research suggestions are the need for follow-up related to social, economic, cultural and environmental factors at the level of Pandalungan community awareness of early childhood education. Keywords: Early Childhood, Learning Quality, Pandalungan Community References: Bernal, R., & Ramírez, S. M. (2019). Improving the quality of early childhood care at scale: The effects of “From Zero to Forever.” World Development, 118, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.02.012 Bers, M. U., González-González, C., & Armas-Torres, M. B. (2019). Coding as a playground: Promoting positive learning experiences in childhood classrooms. Computers and Education, 138, 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.013 Biersteker, L., Dawes, A., Hendricks, L., & Tredoux, C. (2016). Center-based early childhood care and education program quality: A South African study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.01.004 Burchinal, M. (2018). Measuring Early Care and Education Quality. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12260 Church, A., & Bateman, A. (2019). Methodology and professional development: Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM) for early childhood education. Journal of Pragmatics, 143(xxxx), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.022 Ciolan, L. E. (2013). Play to Learn, Learn to Play. Creating Better Opportunities for Learning in Early Childhood. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 76, 186–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.096 Correia, N., Camilo, C., Aguiar, C., & Amaro, F. (2019). Children’s right to participate in early childhood education settings: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.031 Cycyk, L. M., & Hammer, C. S. (2018). Beliefs, values, and practices of Mexican immigrant families towards language and learning in toddlerhood: Setting the foundation for early childhood education. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.09.009 Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design Of Instruction. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River. Grindal, T., Bowne, J. B., Yoshikawa, H., Schindler, H. S., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2016). The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.018 Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Jacobs, E. L., Tabachnick, A. R., & Kichline, T. (2019). Early childhood risk and later adaptation: A person-centered approach using latent profiles. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 62(January), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.01.003 Hunkin, E. (2018). Whose quality? The (mis)uses of quality reform in early childhood and education policy. Journal of Education Policy, 33(4), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1352032 Johson, J. E, & Roopnarine, J. L. (2011). Pendidikan anak usia dini dalam berbagai pendekatan. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Lucas, F. M. M. (2017). The Game as an Early Childhood Learning Resource for Intercultural Education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237(June 2016), 908–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.127 Atwi Suparman. (2012). Desain Intruksional Modern. Jakarta: Erlangga. Mapiare, A. (2013). Tipe-tipe Metode Riset Kualitatif Untuk Eksplanasi Sosial Budaya Dan Bimbingan Konseling. Malang: Elang Emas & Prodi Bimbingan Dan Konseling Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Malang. Milner, K. M., Bhopal, S., Black, M., Dua, T., Gladstone, M., Hamadani, J., … Lawn, J. E. (2019). Counting outcomes, coverage and quality for early child development programmes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 104, S3–S12. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315430 Morrison, G. S. (2012). Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Indeks. Nutbrown, C. (2011). Key Concepts in Early Childhood Education and Care (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publication Ltd. Perpres. Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. , 6 Peraturan Presiden RI § (2017). Puspita, W. A. (2013). Multikulturalisme dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Ilmiah VISI P2TK PAUDNI, 8(2), 144–152. Raikes, A., Sayre, R., Davis, D., Anderson, K., Hyson, M., Seminario, E., & Burton, A. (2019). The Measuring Early Learning Quality & Outcomes initiative: purpose, process and results. Early Years, 39(4), 360–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2019.1669142 Satrio Roefandi, P. (2019). Keluarga Pendalungan, Keluarga Berbasis Budaya Madura Atau Jawa? 10 Th Psychofest Conference, (March), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/v8g5b Stokoe, E. (2014). The Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM): a method for training communication skills as an alternative to simulated role-play. Res. Lang. Soc. Interact, 47(3), 255–265. Sutarto, A. (2006). Sekilas Tentang Masyarakat Pandalungan. Jelajah Budaya 2006, 1–7. Suyadi. (2010). Psikologi Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Insan Madani. Tapscott, D. (2011). Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World. Bucharest: Publica. Wijana, W. D. (2014). Konsep-Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. In UT. https://doi.org/10.1101/112268 Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Raikes, A., Kim, S., & Kabay, S. B. (2018). Toward High-Quality Early Childhood Development Programs and Policies at National Scale: Directions for Research in Global Contexts. Social Policy Report,31(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2018.tb00091.x

Curriculum material is generally considered the subject matter of information, talents, dispositions, understandings, and principles that make up research programs in the field. At a more complex level, the curricula need to contain historical and socio-political strengths, traditions, cultural views, and goals with wide differences in sovereignty, adaptation, and local understanding that encompass a diversity of cultures, laws, metaphysics, and political discourse This study aims to develop a curriculum with local content as a new approach in early childhood science learning. The Local Content Curriculum (LCC) is compiled and developed to preserve the uniqueness of local culture, natural environment, and community crafts for early childhood teachers so that they can introduce local content to early childhood. Research and model development combines the design of the Dick-Carey and Dabbagh models with qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that local content curriculum products can be supplemented into early childhood curricula in institutions according to local conditions. Curricula with local content can be used as a reinforcement for the introduction of science in early childhood. The research implication demands the concern of all stakeholders to see that the introduction of local content is very important to be given from an early age, so that children know, get used to, like, maintain, and love local wealth from an early age. Keywords: Early Childhood, Scientific Learning, Local Content Curriculum Model References: Agustin, R. S., & Puro, S. (2015). Strategy Of Curriculum Development Based On Project Based Learning (Case Study: SMAN 1 Tanta Tanjung Tabalong South Of Kalimantan ) Halaman : Prosiding Ictte Fkip Uns, 1, 202–206. Agustina, N. Q., & Mukhtaruddin, F. (2019). The Cipp Model-Based Evaluation on Integrated English Learning (IEL) Program at Language Center. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 2(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v2i1.1043 Altinyelken, H.K. (2015). Evolution of Curriculum Systems to Improve Learning Outcomes and Reduce Disparities in School Achievement, in Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2015. Andrian, D. (2018). International Journal of Instruction. 11(4), 921–934. Andrian, D., Kartowagiran, B., & Hadi, S. (2018). The instrument development to evaluate local curriculum in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 11(4), 921–934. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11458a Aslan, Ö. M. (2018). From an Academician’ s Preschool Diary: Emergent Curriculum and Its Practices in a Qualified Example of Laboratory Preschool. 7(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v7n1p97 Bakhtiar, A. M., & Nugroho, A. S. (2016). Curriculum Development of Environmental Education Based on Local Wisdom at Elementary School. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 3(3), 20–28. Barbarin, O. A., & Wasik, B. H. (2009). Handbook of child development and early education. Guilford Press. Baron-gutty, A. (2018). Provision in Thai basic education”. March. Bodrova, E. (2008). Make-believe play versus academic skills: A Vygotskian approach to today’s dilemma of early childhood education. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 16(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930802291777 Bohling-philippi, V., Crim, C., Cutter-mackenzie, A., Edwards, C., Desjean-perrotta, B., Finch, K., Brien, L. O., & Wilson, R. (2015). International Journal of Early Childhood. 3(1), 1–103. Brooker, L., Blaise, M., & Edwards, s. (2014). The SAGE handbook of play and learning in early childhood. Sage. Broström, S. (2015). Science in Early Childhood Education. Journal of Education and Human Development, 4(2(1)). https://doi.org/10.15640/jehd.v4n2_1a12 Childhood, E., Needs, T., & Han, H. S. (2017). Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Early Childhood Teachers’ Needs 1 ). March. Dabbagh, N & Bannan-Ritland, B. (2005). Online Learning: Concepts, Strategies, and Application. Pearson Education, Inc. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Daryanto. (2014). Pendekatan Pembelajaran Saintifik. Gava Media. Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design of Instruction. Upper Saddle River. Elde Mølstad, C., & Karseth, B. (2016). National curricula in Norway and Finland: The role of learning outcomes. European Educational Research Journal, 15(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904116639311 Eurydice. (2018). Steering Documents and Types of Activities. Farid, MN. (2012). Peranan Muatan Lokal Materi Batik Tulis Lasem Sebagai Bentuk Pelestarian Budaya Lokal. Jurnal Komunitas, 4(1), 90–121. Fisnani, Y., Utanto, Y., Ahmadi, F., Tengah, J., Technology, E., Semarang, U. N., Education, P. T., Semarang, U. N., & Info, A. (2020). The Development of E-Module for Batik Local Content in Pekalongan Elementary. 9(23), 40–47. Fitriani, R. (2018). The Effect of Scientific Approach Applied on Scientific Literacy to Student Competency at Class VIII Junior High School 12 Padang. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), 7(1), 97–105. Fleer, M. (2015). Pedagogical positioning in play-teachers being inside and outside of children’s imaginary play. Early Child Development and Care, 185(11–12), 1801–1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03004430.2015.1028393 Hakk, İ. (2011). Curriculum Reform and Teacher Autonomy in Turkey: The Case of the HistoryTeachi̇ng. International Journal of Instruction, 4(2), 113–128. Haridza, R., & Irving, K. E. (2017). The Evolution of Indonesian and American Science Education Curriculum: A Comparison Study. 9(February), 95–110. Hatch, J. A. (2012). From theory to curriculum: Developmental theory and its relationship to curriculum and instruction in early childhood education. In & D. W. N. File, J. Mueller (Ed.), Curriculum in early childhood education: Re-examined, rediscovered, renewed (pp. 42–53). Hos, R., & Kaplan-wolff, B. (2020). On and Off Script: A Teacher’ s Adaptati on of Mandated Curriculum for Refugee Newcomers in an Era of Standardization On and Off Script: A Teacher’ s Adaptati on of Mandated Curriculum for Refugee Newcomers in an Era of Standardization. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 9(1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v9n1p40 Hosnan, M. (2014). Pendekatan saintifk dan kontekstual dalam pembelajaran abad 21. Ghalia Indonesia. Hussain, A., Dogar, A. H., Azeem, M., & Shakoor, A. (2011). Evaluation of Curriculum Development Process. 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The purpose of this article is to analyze the so-called human capital theory and to clarify the concept of public good, as well as the frequency of the expression "public" in the Declarations adopted at the Regional Conferences of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2008 and 2018. For this, in methodological terms, this article analyzes documents from certain International Organizations (UNESCO, World Bank and OECD) and seeks theoretical support in Reinhart Koselleck's History of Concepts and other authors such as Roger Dale, Susan Robertson, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson , Karl Polanyi and Pierre Bourdieu.ResumoO presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a chamada teoria do capital humano e precisar o conceito de bem público, bem como a frequência da expressão “público” nas Declarações aprovadas nas Conferências Regionais de Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe, em 2008 e 2018. Para isto, em termos metodológicos, o presente artigo analisa documentos de determinadas Organizações Internacionais (UNESCO, Banco Mundial e OCDE) e busca apoio na História dos Conceitos de Reinhart Koselleck e em autores como Roger Dale, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson, Karl Polanyi, Pierre Bourdieu.Keywords: Public good, Human capital theory, Commodification, Education, CRES 2008 and CRES 2018.Palavras-chave: Bem público, Teoria do capital humano, Mercadorização, Educação, CRES 2008 e CRES 2018.ReferencesALVES, Giovanni. O que é o precariado? Blog da Boitempo. Extraído de <https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2013/07/22/o-que-e-o-precariado/>, 22 Jul 2013, acesso em 28 fev 2019.ARENDT, Hannah. A crise na educação. In: Entre o passado e o futuro. Tradução: Mauro W. Barbosa de Almeida. 3ª reimpressão da 5ª ed. de 2000. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2005.AUDITORIA CIDADÃ DA DÍVIDA. Dividômetro: quanto pagamos (juros e amortizações) – dívida pública federal. Auditoria Cidadã da Dívída. 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ABSTRAK Lingkungan rumah tangga keluarga merupakan tempat pertama kali kita menghadapi persoalan ekonomi. Ketidakpastian ekonomi di satu sisi meningkatkan permintaan akan perencanaan keuangan. Penelitian ini akan berfokus pada mencari tahu faktor-faktor mikro keluarga muslim di Indonesia yang dapat mempengaruhi keputusan investasi khususnya saham. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode kuantitatif dengan instrumen data sekunder Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) gelombang 5. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi probit, teknik analisis yang dilakukan dalam regresi probit meliputi; uji kelayakan model, analisis koefisien determinasi (R2), dan uji hipotesis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa variabel variabel jumlah keluarga, pinjaman, usia, dan status pernikahan tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap probabilitas kepemilikan saham. Adapun variabel pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, jenis kelamin dan financial worship memiliki hubungan positif dan signifikan terhadap probabilitas kepemilikan saham pada keluarga muslim di Indonesia. Diharapkan penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat bagi Otoritas Jasa Keuangan dan Bursa Efek Indonesia sebagai informasi tambahan dan bahan pertimbangan dalam pembenahan kebijakan mengenai peningkatan literasi manajemen keuangan keluarga dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Kepemilikan Saham, Pendapatan, Tingkat Pendidikan, Jumlah Tanggungan Keluarga, Pinjaman, Usia, Jenis Kelamin, Status Pernikahan, Financial Worship. ABSTRACTThe family home environment is the first place we face economic problems. Economic uncertainty on the one hand increases the demand for financial planning. This study will focus on finding out the micro factors of Muslim families in Indonesia that can influence investment decisions, especially stocks. This study applies quantitative methods with secondary data instruments Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) wave 5 The data analysis technique used is probit regression analysis, the analysis techniques carried out in probit regression include; model feasibility test, analysis of the coefficient of determination (R2), and hypothesis testing. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the variables of family size, loan, age, and marital status did not significantly influence the probability of stock ownership. The variables of income, education level, gender and financial worship have a positive and significant relationship to the probability of stock ownership in Muslim families in Indonesia. It is hoped that this research can be useful for the Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and the Bursa Efek Indonesia as additional information and consideration in reforming policies regarding increasing literacy in family financial management and community welfare in Indonesia.Keywords: Stock Ownership, Income, Education Level, Number of Dependents in the Family, Loans, Age, Gender, Marital Status, Financial Worship. DAFTAR PUSTAKAAhmed, H. (2016). Inclusive Islamic financial planning: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 9(2), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1108/mf.2008.00934jaa.001Anshori, M., & Iswati, S. (2009). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, edisi 1. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press.Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kemendikbud RI. (2016). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Kemendikbud RI.Badan Pusat Statistik. (n.d.). Jumlah anggota rumah tangga. 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Religious tolerance is a supporter of social harmony and brings a country to a better life. Instilling tolerance in early childhood is a challenge for early childhood educators. This study aims to describe the transformation of religious tolerance values ​​by teachers in early childhood education. This research is a type of qualitative case study research model with researchers as observer participants. This research produces the following findings, that (1) transformation of tolerance values ​​among religious communities, is explicitly not taught in Early Childhood Education (ECE) on the grounds that all students are of the same religion, (2) transformation of tolerance of values among religious students taught through learning integrated with other lessons, (3) although explicitly the values ​​of tolerance among religious students are not taught, but the values ​​of togetherness such as greeting, sharing something that is owned, and helping the needs of other students are taught by practicing at the same time. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Tolerance Values in Religion References: Adams, K. (2019). Navigating the spaces of children’s spiritual experiences: influences of tradition(s), multidisciplinarity and perceptions. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 24(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2019.1619531 Adams, K., Bull, R., & Maynes, M. L. (2016). Early childhood spirituality in education: Towards an understanding of the distinctive features of young children’s spirituality. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(5), 760–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.996425 Atamturk, N. (2018). The role of English as a foreign language classes in tolerance education in relation to school management practices. Quality and Quantity, 52, 1167–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0575-7 Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2015). “Everything Happens for a Reason”: Children’s Beliefs About Purpose in Life Events. Child Development, 86(2), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12312 Bano, M., & Ferra, E. (2018). Family versus school effect on individual religiosity: Evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Development, 59(August 2017), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.10.015 Coleman, E. B., & Eds, K. W. (2011). Religious Tolerance, Education and the Curriculum. In Religious Tolerance, Education and the Curriculum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-412-6 Elza, Y., Handini, M. C., & Abdurrahman, M. (2018). The Effects of Storytelling Method with Audiovisual Media and Religiosity toward Clean and Healthy Living Program Behaviour ( CHLB ) of Early Childhood. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 6(June), 547–552. Ene, I., & Barna, I. (2015). Religious Education and Teachers’ Role in Students’ Formation towards Social Integration. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180(November 2014), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.081 Ergun, S. J., & Rivas, M. F. (2019). The effect of social roles, religiosity, and values on climate change concern: An empirical analysis for Turkey. Sustainable Development, 27(4), 758–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1939 Faas, D., Smith, A., & Darmody, M. (2018). Children’s Agency in Multi-Belief Settings: The Case of Community National Schools in Ireland. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 32(4), 486–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2018.1494645 Firdaus, E. (2018). The Learning of Religious Tolerance among Students in Indonesia from the Perspective of Critical Study. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 145(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/145/1/012032 Ganjvar, M. (2019). Islamic Model of Children’s Spiritual Education (CSE); its influence on improvement of communicational behaviour with non-coreligionists. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 24(2), 124–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2019.1624254 Granqvist, P., & Nkara, F. (2017). Nature meets nurture in religious and spiritual development. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12170 Heiphetz, L., Lane, J. D., Waytz, A., & Young, L. L. (2016). How Children and Adults Represent God’s Mind. Cognitive Science, 40(1), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12232 King, U. (2013). The spiritual potential of childhood: Awakening to the fullness of life. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 18(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2013.776266 Kirschenbaum, H. (2019). Models of Values Education and Moral Education in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. 8(2), 103–109. Lehtonen, M. (2019). The Development of Religious Tolerance: Co-operative Board Games with Children and Adolescents. IATL Reinvention: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2(2). Retrieved from https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/iatl/reinvention/ Łowicki, P., & Zajenkowski, M. (2019). Empathy and Exposure to Credible Religious Acts during Childhood Independently Predict Religiosity. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 00(00), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2019.1672486 Maussen, M., Bader, V., Dobbernack, J., Modood, T., Olsen, T. V., Fox, J., & Vidra, Z. (2012). Tolerance and cultural diversity in schools Comparative report. Amsterdam. Miedema, S., & Bertram-Troost, G. (2008). Democratic citizenship and religious education: Challenges and perspectives for schools in the Netherlands. British Journal of Religious Education, 30(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200701830970 Moore, D. . (2007). Overcoming Religious Illiteracy: A Cultural Studies Approach to the Study of Religion in Secondary Education. US: Palgrave Macmillan. Niculescu, R. M., & Norel, M. (2013). Religious Education an Important Dimension of Human’s Education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 338–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.200 Pandya, S. P. (2019). Spiritual education programme (SEP) for enhancing the quality of life of kindergarten school children. Pastoral Care in Education, 37(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2018.1562493 Parekh, B. (2019). Ethnocentric Political Theory. Ethnocentric Political Theory, 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11708-5 Sari, A. D. P., & Indartono, S. (2019). Teaching Religious Tolerance Through Social Studies Education Based On Multicultural Approach. 323(ICoSSCE 2018), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.2991/icossce-icsmc-18.2019.40 Scheiner, P. (2015). Crossings and Crosses: Borders, Educations, and Religions in Northern Europe. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. Scott, K. (2014). Inviting young adults to come out religiously, institutionally and traditionally. Religious Education, 109(4), 471–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2014.924790 Stockinger, H. (2019). Developing spirituality–an equal right of every child? International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 24(3), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2019.1646218 Thibodeau, R. B., Brown, M. M., Nancarrow, A. F., Elpers, K. E., & Gilpin, A. T. (2018). Conceptual Similarities among Fantasy and Religious Orientations: A Developmental Perspective. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(1–2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340021 Tratner, A. E., Sela, Y., Lopes, G. S., Ehrke, A. D., Weekes-Shackelford, V. A., & Shackelford, T. K. (2017). Individual differences in childhood religious experiences with peers. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.045 UNESCO. (2015). Second UNESCO Forum on Global Citizenship Education: Building Peaceful and Sustainable Societies (Paris, 28-30 January 2015). Final Report. (January), 1–22. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/pdf/FinalReport-GCED_21April.pdf Uzefovsky, F., Döring, A. K., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Values in Middle Childhood: Social and Genetic Contributions. Social Development, 25(3), 482–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12155 Van Der Walt, J. L. (2014). Towards an instrument for measuring religious tolerance among educators and their students worldwide (Potchefstroom Campus-North-West University). Retrieved from https://www.driestar-educatief.nl/medialibrary/Driestar/Engelse-website/Documenten/2014-VanderWalt-Measuring-religious-tolerance-in-education.pdf Yulianti, E., Sutarto, J., & Sugiyo. (2019). Sentra Nasima Learning Strategies to Enhance Religious Nationalist Characters in Kindergarten. Journal of Primary Education, 8(69), 238–247.

e3828021The text is an essay based on theoretical reflections on institutional and symbolic violence in higher education which seeks to analyze the interface as evasion in exclusion processes. This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, which uses theoretical and documentary sources in order to elicit different investigations. The debate focuses on the contradictory elements of the university institution in the context of expanding access, it is assumed that the logic of its function, organization, and functioning contribute to the multiplication of inequalities and evasion mechanisms; Between opposites and contradictions, the analysis indicates the university institution as a space of criticism and combat to violence, fight and production of critical knowledge.ResumoO texto é um ensaio a partir de reflexões teóricas sobre a violência institucional e simbólica na educação superior em que se busca analisar a interface como a evasão em processos de exclusão. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e de abordagem qualitativa, que utiliza fontes teóricas e documentais a fim de suscitar diferentes investigações. O debate centra-se nos elementos contraditórios da instituição universitária no contexto de expansão do acesso, parte-se do princípio que a lógica de sua função, organização e funcionamento contribuem para a multiplicação das desigualdades e mecanismos de evasão. Entre opostos e contradições a análise indica a instituição universitária como um espaço de crítica e combate à violência, de luta e produção de conhecimento crítico.Palavras-chave: Educação superior, Violência, Evasão.Keywords: Higher education, Violence, Evasion.ReferencesARENDT, H. Da violência. Trad. Maria Cláudia Drummond Trindade. Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, 1985.BAUMAN. Z. Comunidade: a busca por segurança no mundo atual. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 2003.BELTRÁN, J. L. Ser para aprender. Los beneficios sociales de la educación a lo largo de la vida. In: Cristina Civera Mollá. In. XIII Encuentro Estatal de Programas Universitarios para Mayores. Nuevos tiempos, Nuevos retos para los Programas Universitarios para Mayores. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, pp.10-123, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.aepumayores.org/es/contenido/xiii-encuentro-estatal-de-programas-universitarios-para-mayores-aepum-2013. Acesso em: 05 nov. 2019.BELTRÁN, J. L. La escuela y sus metáforas. Materiales de Sociología de la Educación. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, D.L., 2015.BENEDITO, A. C. La historicidad del objeto de conocimiento sociológico como principio de investigación de las relaciones entre educación y cambio social. Universidad de Valencia. Texto original. Impresso, 2015.BONETI, Lindomar Wessller. Políticas Públicas, Educação e Exclusão Social. In: Boneti, L W. Educação, exclusão e cidadania. Rio Grande do Sul: Editora UNIJUÍ, 2000.BOURDIEU, Pierre; WACQUANT, Loïc. In: SCHUBERT, J. D. Sofrimento/Violência Simbólica. Pierre Bourdieu, conceitos fundamentais. Editado por Michael Grenfell. Petropólis, R. J.: Vozes, 2005. pp. 234-252. BOURDIEU, Pierre; WACQUANT, Loïc. Una invitación a la sociología reflexiva. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores Argentina, 2ª. ed. 1ª. reimp. Traducido por: Ariel Dilon, 2012.BRASIL. Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional. Brasília, MEC, 2016. Disponível em: https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/529732/lei_de_diretrizes_e_bases_1ed.pdf . Acesso em: 10 ago. 2019.BRASIL. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (Pnad Contínua/ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), 2018. Disponível em: https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/pesquisas/pesquisa_resultados.php?id_pesquisa=149. Acesso em: 08 fev. 2019.BRASIL. Sinopse Estatística da Educação Superior 2016. Brasília. INEP, 2016. Disponível em: http://portal.inep.gov.br/censo-da-educacao-superior. Acesso em 09/10/2019. Acesso em: 10 ago. 2019.BROWN, P.; LAUDER, H. Globalização econômica, formação de habilidades e as consequências para o ensino superior. In: Apple, M.; Ball, S. L.; Gandin, L. A. Sociologia da Educação. Análise Internacional. Tradução de Cristina Monteiro. Porto Alegre: Pensa, 2013. pp. 256-267.BUARQUE, C. A aventura da universidade. São Paulo: Editora da UNESP; Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1994.CASTEL, R. De l’ indigence à l’exclusión. La desaffiliation: précarité du travail et vulnerabilité relacionelle. In: Face à la exclusión: le modèle français. Paris: Sprit, 1991. CHAUÍ, M. Convite à filosofia. São Paulo: Ática, 1994.COSTA, A. F. da; LOPES, J. T.; CAETANO, A. (Orgs). Percursos de estudantes no Ensino Superior: fatores e processos de sucesso e insucesso. Lisboa: Editora Mundo social, 2014.COSTA, A. F.; MACHADO, F. L.; ÁVILA, P. (Orgs.). Sociedade e conhecimento (Portugal no Contexto Europeu, vol. II), Lisboa: Celta, 2007.DUBET, F. O. Que É Uma Escola Justa? 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During COVID-19, early-childhood school closings led to higher levels of stress in parents when compared to childless adults. In addition, lack of time to prepare, as well as mental-health problems, worry, and stress in parenting, may have hampered parents' ability to support their children's educational needs. The research aims to solve the problem of early childhood parenting during learning from home and improve the quality of early childhood parenting. The research method uses the research and development stage of the Borg & Gall model. Participants are mothers who have children aged 5-6 years. The data collection technique was done through expert validation and effectiveness testing with a quasi-experimental design. The data analysis used paired t-test statistical analysis. The findings show that the validity of the results of the material expert's test is 96%, and the media expert's test is 94% in the very good category. The effectiveness test based on the pre-test and post-test results showed that Sig. (2-tailed) <0,05 (α), which means that the parenting e-book media significantly increases mothers' understanding of parenting well-being practices in early childhood. The implications of this multimedia-based anyflip e-book can be downloaded via gadgets, android, laptop, practical, easy to read and repeated to accompany childcare activities from home. Keywords: Anyflip E-book, Early Childhood, Parenting References Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Kyle, J., Olken, B. A., & Sumarto, S. (2019). Private Outsourcing and Competition: Subsidized Food Distribution in Indonesia. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 101–137. https://doi.org/10.1086/700734 Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (2007). Educational Research an Introduction. Fourth Edition. Bacon Publishing. Bruni, O., Sette, S., Fontanesi, L., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Baumgartner, E. (2015). Technology Use and Sleep Quality in Preadolescence and Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11(12), 1433–1441. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5282 de Jong, E., Visscher, T., HiraSing, R., Heymans, M., Seidell, J., & Renders, C. (2013). Association between TV viewing, computer use and overweight, determinants and competing activities of screen time in 4- to 13-year-old children. International Journal of Obesity, 7. Dong, C., Cao, S., & Li, H. (2020). Young children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440 Ebert, S. (2020). Theory of mind, language, and reading: Developmental relations from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 191, 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104739 Evans, M. A., Nowak, S., Burek, B., & Willoughby, D. (2017). The effect of alphabet eBooks and paper books on preschoolers’ behavior: An analysis over repeated readings. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 40, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.02.002 Fry, A. (2020). Use patterns for ebooks: The effects of subject, age and availability on rate of use. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(3), 102150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102150 Gerber, L. A., Guggenheim, M., Pang, Y. C., Ross, T., Mayevskaya, Y., Jacobs, S., & Pecora, P. J. (2020). Understanding the effects of an interdisciplinary approach to parental representation in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105163 Lau, E. Y. H., & Lee, K. (2020). Parents’ Views on Young Children’s Distance Learning and Screen Time During COVID-19 Class Suspensio. Early Education and Development, 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1843925 Lee, S. J., Ward, K. P., Chang, O. D., & Downing, K. M. (2021). Parenting activities and the transition to home-based education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 105585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105585 Morawska, A., Dittman, C. K., & Rusby, J. C. (2019). Promoting Self-Regulation in Young Children: The Role of Parenting Interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00281-5 Mourlam, D. J., DeCino, D. A., Newland, L. A., & Strouse, G. A. (2020). “It’s fun!” using students’ voices to understand the impact of school digital technology integration on their well-being. Computers & Education, 159, 104003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104003 Nuñez, B., Stuart-Cassel, V., & Temkin, D. (2020). As COVID-19 spreads, most states have laws that address how schools should respond to pandemics. 66. Paredes, E., Hernandez, E., Herrera, A., & Tonyan, H. (2020). Putting the “family” in family childcare: The alignment between familismo (familism) and family childcare providers’ descriptions of their work. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52, 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.04.007 Rosen, L. D., Felice, K. T., & Walsh, T. (2020). Whole health learning: The revolutionary child of integrative health and education. EXPLORE, 16(4), 271–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.003 Thomas, V., De Backer, F., Peeters, J., & Lombaerts, K. (2019). Parental involvement and adolescent school achievement: The mediational role of self-regulated learning. Learning Environments Research, 22(3), 345–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-019-09278-x Tran, T., Hoang, A.-D., Nguyen, Y.-C., Nguyen, L.-C., Ta, N.-T., Pham, Q.-H., Pham, C.-X., Le, Q.-A., Dinh, V.-H., & Nguyen, T.-T. (2020). Toward Sustainable Learning during School Suspension: Socioeconomic, Occupational Aspirations, and Learning Behavior of Vietnamese Students during COVID-19. Sustainability, 12(10), 4195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104195 Troseth, G. L., & Strouse, G. A. (2017). 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Indonesia consists of various tribes and possesses hundreds of distinctive native languages. Therefore, the influence of the native language on English pronunciation is seen as an obstacle for Indonesian EFL learners. In Second Language Acquisition (SLA) it is classified as language transfer. Selayarese language as one of the native languages existed in South Sulawesi Province also gave positive and negative transfer towards English pronunciation. It was verified through a qualitative case study employed towards 20 students from XI IPA 5 at SMAN 1 Selayar. Several methods were undergone to obtain the data namely questionnaires and students’ recording. The result of the study revealed that Selayarese language gave major negative transfer towards English vowel /æ/ and clusters /bl/. Moreover, Selayarese language gave minor negative transfer towards English long vowels /ɑ:/, /i:/, /u:/, /ɜ:/, /ɔ:/ and vowel /ɒ/, diphthongs /əʊ/, /aʊ/, /eə/, /ɪə/ and /ʊə/, also consonants /v/, /ð/, /ɵ/, /ʃ/ and /z/. besides that, Selayarese language also gave minor positive transfer towards; English vowels /ɛ/, /ʌ/, /ʊ/, /ɪ/ and /ɔ/, diphthongs /aɪ/ and /ɔɪ/ and also consonants /b/, /d/, /g/, /h/, /dʒ/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /ŋ/, /r/, /s/, /t/, /w/ and /j/.

Michele Stephen; Desire, divine and demonic; Balinese mysticism in the paintings of I Ketut Budiana and I Gusti Nyoman Mirdiana (Andrea Acri) John Lynch (ed.); Issues in Austronesian historical phonology (Alexander Adelaar) Alfred W. McCoy; The politics of heroin; CIA complicity in the global drug trade (Greg Bankoff) Anthony Reid; An Indonesian frontier; Acehnese and other histories of Sumatra (Timothy P. Barnard) John G. Butcher; The closing of the frontier; A history of the maritime fisheries of Southeast Asia c. 1850-2000 (Peter Boomgaard) Francis Loh Kok Wah, Joakim Öjendal (eds); Southeast Asian responses to globalization; Restructuring governance and deepening democracy (Alexander Claver) I Wayan Arka; Balinese morpho-syntax: a lexical-functional approach (Adrian Clynes) Zaharani Ahmad; The phonology-morphology interface in Malay; An optimality theoretic account (Abigail C. Cohn) Michael C. Ewing; Grammar and inference in conversation; Identifying clause structure in spoken Javanese (Aone van Engelenhoven) Helen Creese; Women of the kakawin world; Marriage and sexuality in the Indic courts of Java and Bali (Amrit Gomperts) Ming Govaars; Dutch colonial education; The Chinese experience in Indonesia, 1900-1942 (Kees Groeneboer) Ernst van Veen, Leonard Blussé (eds); Rivalry and conflict; European traders and Asian trading networks in the 16th and 17th centuries (Hans Hägerdal) Holger Jebens; Pathways to heaven; Contesting mainline and fundamentalist Christianity in Papua New Guinea (Menno Hekker) Ota Atsushi; Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java; Society, state and the outer world of Banten, 1750-1830 (Mason C. Hoadley) Richard McMillan; The British occupation of Indonesia 1945-1946; Britain, the Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution (Russell Jones) H.Th. Bussemaker; Bersiap! Opstand in het paradijs; De Bersiapperiode op Java en Sumatra 1945-1946 (Russell Jones) Michael Heppell; Limbang anak Melaka and Enyan anak Usen, Iban art; Sexual selection and severed heads: weaving, sculpture, tattooing and other arts of the Iban of Borneo (Viktor T. King) John Roosa; Pretext for mass murder; The September 30th Movement and Suharto’s coup d’état in Indonesia (Gerry van Klinken) Vladimir Braginsky; The heritage of traditional Malay literature; A historical survey of genres, writings and literary views (Dick van der Meij) Joel Robbins, Holly Wardlow (eds); The making of global and local modernities in Melanesia; Humiliation, transformation and the nature of cultural change (Toon van Meijl) Kwee Hui Kian; The political economy of Java’s northeast coast c. 1740-1800; Elite synergy (Luc Nagtegaal) Charles A. Coppel (ed.); Violent conflicts in Indonesia; Analysis, representation, resolution (Gerben Nooteboom) Tom Therik; Wehali: the female land; Traditions of a Timorese ritual centre (Dianne van Oosterhout) Patricio N. Abinales, Donna J. Amoroso; State and society in the Philippines (Portia L. Reyes) Han ten Brummelhuis; King of the waters; Homan van der Heide and the origin of modern irrigation in Siam (Jeroen Rikkerink) Hotze Lont; Juggling money; Financial self-help organizations and social security in Yogyakarta (Dirk Steinwand) Henk Maier; We are playing relatives; A survey of Malay writing (Maya Sutedja-Liem) Hjorleifur Jonsson; Mien relations; Mountain people and state control in Thailand (Nicholas Tapp) Lee Hock Guan (ed.); Civil society in Southeast Asia (Bryan S. Turner) Jan Mrázek; Phenomenology of a puppet theatre; Contemplations on the art of Javanese wayang kulit (Sarah Weiss) Janet Steele; Wars within; The story of Tempo, an independent magazine in Soeharto’s Indonesia (Robert Wessing) REVIEW ESSAY Sean Turnell; Burma today Kyaw Yin Hlaing, Robert Taylor, Tin Maung Maung Than (eds); Myanmar; Beyond politics to societal imperatives Monique Skidmore (ed.); Burma at the turn of the 21st century Mya Than; Myanmar in ASEAN In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 163 (2007) no: 1, Leiden

Resumen: El objetivo de la presente investigación es explorar la estructura y el contenido de una red de usuarios de abuso sexual basado en imágenes en Twitter. Para ello se analizaron los perfiles de Twitter que contienen la palabra "Quemón o “Nudes” utilizando análisis de redes, técnicas de procesamiento natural del lenguaje. Entre 2017 y 2018 hubo una comunidad de abuso sexual basado en imágenes en Twitter. Al menos 329 usuarios se dedicaron y se auto describieron como cuentas sexualmente explícitas, vengativas, y en donde contenido sexual no consensual podía ser compartido de forma anónima. Ya con seguidores, la red comprende a más de 130,000 personas. Esta es una estimación conservadora, más cuentas podrían utilizar diferentes palabras clave, no tener ninguna descripción, o formar parte de comunidades privadas. Estos resultados sugieren que los consumidores de contenido de abuso sexual basado en imágenes son los principales responsables de su propagación. Abstract: This study aimed to explore the structure and content of an image-based sexual abuse user network on Twitter. For this purpose, Twitter profiles containing the word “Quemones” or "Nudes" were analyzed using network analysis, natural language processing techniques. Between 2017 and 2018 there was a community of image-based sexual abuse on Twitter. At least 329 users engaged in and self- described themselves as sexually explicit, vindictive accounts, and where nonconsensual sexual content could be shared anonymously. Already with followers, the network comprises more than 130,000 people. This is a conservative estimate; more accounts could use different keywords, have no description, or be part of private communities. These results suggest that consumers of image-based sexual abuse content are primarily responsible for its spread. Fuentes de Consulta: Allen, W. D. (2007). The Reporting and Underreporting of Rape. 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A partir de análises que constataram que falantes de Língua de Herança (LH), ao estudarem a língua na fase adulta, produziam elementos fonéticos/fonológicos relacionados à variante da região de origem dos pais, que foram aprendidos na infância, apresentamos nesse artigo repercussões desse resultado de pesquisa para as famílias e para os professores de línguas de herança. Para isso, utilizamos Cummins (1983), com o conceito de LH, Gontijo e Silva (2016) e Souza (2016), que estudam o ensino de LH em diferentes contextos. Também nos baseamos em Izquierdo et al (2013) e Xavier (2013), para compreendermos aspectos da memória humana e em Fonseca, Weiss e Dutra (2018), que observaram os indícios da atuação da memória fonológica no registro da fonética das línguas aprendidas na primeira infância. O aluno de língua de herança tem nessa memória fonológica uma vantagem - uma marca que lhe confere uma identidade cultural, e uma habilidade valorizada na proficiência em L2. REFERÊNCIASBADDELEY, A; ANDERSON, M. C.; EYSENCK, M. W. M. Memória. Tradução de Cornélia Stolting. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2011.BRITO, K. S. Influências Interlinguísticas na Mente Multilíngue: perspectivas psicolinguísticas e (psico)tipológicas. Tese (Doutorado em Letras - Estudos Linguísticos) - Setor de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Curitiba, 2011. 274 p. Disponível em: https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/27123/R%20-%20T%20-%20KARIM%20SIEBENEICHER%20BRITO.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y. Acesso em: 14 fev. 2019.CUMMINS, J. Heritage Language Education: a literature review. Ontario Inst. for Studies in Education, Ontario Dept. of Education: Toronto, 1983. 64 p.DALMAZ, C..; NETTO, C. A. A memória. Cien. Cult. São Paulo, v. 56, n. 1, p. 30-31, jan./mar. 2004. Disponível em: http://cienciaecultura.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0009-67252004000100023lng=ennrm=iso. Acesso em: 28 out. 2018.DOI, E. T. O ensino de japonês no Brasil como língua de imigração. Estudos Lingüísticos. XXXV. Campinas, 2006. p. 66-75.FLORES, C.; MELO-PFEIFER, S. O conceito “Língua de Herança” na perspectiva da Linguística e da Didática de Línguas: considerações pluridisciplinares em torno do perfil linguístico das crianças luso descendentes na Alemanha. Revista Domínios de Lingu@gem. São Paulo, v. 8, n. 3, p. 16-45, 2014. Disponível em: http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/view/24736/15191. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2018.FONSECA, A. A.; WEISS, D. B.; DUTRA, M. C. P. Memória fonológica de falantes de português brasileiro como língua de herança. Revista Domínios de Lingu@gem. São Paulo, v. 12, n. 2, p. 1267-1293, 2018. Disponível em: http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/view/40099/22388. Acesso em: 28 ago. 2018.GONTIJO, V.; SILVA, G. V. A ansiedade no aprendizado de Português como Língua Estrangeira e Português como Língua de Herança. In: SILVA, K. A.; SANTOS, D. T. 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The article presents results of the investigation whose objective was to understand the relations with knowledge established by the graduates of Basic Education with the memory of the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship. From the contributions made by historical-critical pedagogy and by Bernard Charlot’s studies, it takes as epistemological reference the dialectical relation between the social and singular history of the subjects to problematize the tensions and contradictions posed by plural realities that present themselves in formal environments of education. Having as research subject young people of the Socioeducational Project Popular Course and making use of structured questionnaires, the objective social position of the subjects investigated was used to group the data, which from a dialectical perspective was treated in its quantitative and qualitative pertinence. The conclusions point out that the relationship with knowledge is also a relation with the world and that, for the popular classes, education in memory implies the possibility of relating to the renunciation of a memory that does not affirm its interests, that denies its rights and make it impossible to occupy a place as a historical agent that interacts with the world and with others.ResumoO artigo apresenta resultados da investigação cujo objetivo consistiu em compreender as relações com o saber estabelecido pelos egressos da Educação Básica com a memória da ditadura civil-militar brasileira. Desde as contribuições postas pela pedagogia histórico-crítica e pelos estudos de Bernard Charlot toma como referência epistemológica a relação dialética entre a história social e singular dos sujeitos para problematizar as tensões e contradições postas por realidades plurais que se apresentam em ambientes formais de educação. Tendo como sujeitos da investigação jovens do Projeto Socioeducativo Cursinho Popular e fazendo uso de questionários estruturados valeu-se da posição social objetiva dos sujeitos investigados para agrupamento dos dados, os quais desde uma perspectiva dialética foram tratados em sua pertinência quantitativa e qualitativa. As conclusões apontam que a relação com o saber também é uma relação com o mundo e que para as camadas populares a educação em memória implica em possibilidade de relacionar-se com a renúncia de uma memória que não afirme seus interesses, que negue seus direitos e impossibilite ocupar um lugar enquanto agente histórico que interage com o mundo e com os outros.ResumenEl artículo presenta resultados de la investigación cuyo objetivo consistió en comprender las relaciones con el saber establecido por los egresados de la Educación Básica con la memoria de la dictadura civil-militar brasileña. Desde las contribuciones puestas por la pedagogía histórico-crítica y por los estudios de Bernard Charlot toma como referencia epistemológica la relación dialéctica entre la historia social y singular de los sujetos para problematizar las tensiones y contradicciones puestas por realidades plurales que se presentan en ambientes formales de educación. En el marco de la investigación juvenil del Proyecto Socioeducativo Curso Popular y haciendo uso de cuestionarios estructurados se valió de la posición social objetiva de los sujetos investigados para agrupar los datos, los cuales desde una perspectiva dialéctica fueron tratados en su pertinencia cuantitativa y cualitativa. Las conclusiones apuntan que la relación con el saber también es una relación con el mundo y que para las capas populares la educación en memoria implica la posibilidad de relacionarse con la renuncia de una memoria que no afirme sus intereses, que niegue sus derechos y imposibilita ocupar un lugar como agente histórico que interactúa con el mundo y con los demás.Keywords: Education, Relations with knowledge, Policies of memory, Military dictatorship.Palavras-chave: Educação, Políticas de memória, Relações com o saber, Ditadura militar.Palabras claves: Educación, Políticas de memoria, Relaciones con el saber, Dictadura militar.ReferencesADORNO, T. Educação após Auschwitz. In: MAAR, T. W. Educação e Emancipação (pp. 119 - 138). Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1995.AMÉZOLA, G. D. La enseãnza escolar de la Historia del presente en la Argentina. Revista de Teoría y Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales, no. 8, p.7-30, Enero - Diciembre, 2003. Mérida, Venezuela. Recuperado em 01 de março de 2016 de: http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/23983/1/gonzalo_amezola.pdf.ANDRÉ, M.; JUNCKES, R. S. O professor formador e as relações com os seus saberes profissionais. Diálogo Educacional. Curitiba, v.12. n. 36, maio/agosto, 2012, p. 511-527.ARGENTINA. Lei nº 26.206, de 27 de dezembro de 2006. Ley de Educación Nacional. Orden del Día, Buenos Aires, DF, 2006.BRASIL. Plano Nacional de Educação em Direitos Humanos. Brasília: Secretaria Especial de Direitos Humanos da Presidência da República, Ministério da Educação, Ministério da Justiça, 2006.BRASIL. Programa Nacional de Direitos Humanos - PNDH-3. Brasília: Secretaria Especial de Direitos Humanos da Presidência da República, 2009.BROITMAN, C. Adultos que inician la escolaridad: Sus conocimientos aritméticos y la relación que establecen con el saber y con las matemáticas. 2012. 397p. Tesis de posgrado (Doctorado en Ciencias de la Educación). La Plata: Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Faculdad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. En Memoria Acadêmica, 2012. Disponíble em http://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/tesis/te.899/te.899.pdf.CHARLOT, B. Da relação com o saber: elementos para uma teoria. Tradução de Bruno Magne. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 2000.CHARLOT, B. Os jovens e o saber: perspectivas mundiais. Tradução de Fátima Murad. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2001.CHARLOT, B. Relação com a escola e o saber nos bairros populares. Perspectiva, Florianópolis, v.20, n. Especial, jul/dez., p.17-34, 2002.CHARLOT, B. Relação com o saber, formação de professores e globalização. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2005.DUSSEL, I. La educacion y la memoria. Notas sobre la politica de la transmisión. Revista Anclajes (La Pampa), vol. VI, n. 6, parte II, diciembre, 267 – 293, 2002.MARX, K. Trabalho alienado e superação positiva da autoalienação humana. Manuscritos econômicos-filosóficos de 1844. In: Coletânea organizada por Florestan Fernandes. São Paulo: Ática, 1989.RAGGIO, S. La enseñanza del pasado reciente: hacer memoria y escribir la historia en el aula. Revista Clio & Asociados, volumen 5. Universidad Nacional del Litoral, p. 95-111, 2004SOARES, I. V. P. Desafios ao lidar com o legado da ditadura brasileira: e se usarmos os instrumentos protetivos dos bens culturais? Texto publicado originalmente em 60 Desafios do Direito: Política, Democracia e Direito, Coordenadores Ana Claudia S. Scalquette e José Francisco Siqueira Neto, Volume 3, organizadores: Clarice Seixas Duarte e Daniel Nagao Menezes, Editora Atlas, 2013, p.54-65. Revista Eletrônica do Ministério Público Federal, Vol. 4, 2013. SOUSA, J. D. Marx e a crítica da educação: da expansão liberal-democrática à crise regressivo-destrutiva do capital. São Paulo: Ideias & Letras, 2010.

ABSTRAK Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan pertumbuhan ekonomi global melambat. Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang dikuru melalui GDP suatu negara dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal. OIC merupakan organisasi negara-negara muslim didunia dimana GDP mereka juga juga terdampak secara signifikan akibat pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengobservasi pertumbuhan ekonomi negara anggota OKI yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel Industri manufaktur, Penanaman Modal Asing, dan Total konsumsi yang di moderasi oleh tenaga kerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis data panel. Data diambil dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel 10 negara aggota OKI dalam rentan tahun 2018-2020. Studi ini menggunakan teknik Random Effect Model (REM) untuk melihat pengaruh hubungan variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen secara simultan maupun parsial. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa beberapa variable independen seperti total konsumsi dan Penanaman Modal Asing mampu memberikan pengaruh signifikan untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi tanpa harus dimoderasi oleh Tenaga Kerja. Sedangkan industri manufaktur ketika dimoderasi oleh tenaga kerja, justru memberikan pengaruh yang relevan kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi di beberapa negara anggota OKI saat masa pandemi Covid-19. Maka, saran kepada pemangku kepentingan diharapkan memberikan perhatian khusus terhadap sektor industri manufaktur yang sangat banyak menyerap tenaga kerja. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya, diharapkan mampu menambah jumlah sampel data jika topik yang diambil sama dengan penelitian ini karena sampel data terbatas hanya pada negara OKI dalam penelitian ini. Kata kunci: Covid-19, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Penanaman Modal Asing, Tenaga Kerja, OKI. ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has caused global economic growth to slow down. Economic growth measured through a country's GDP is influenced by several things. OIC is an organization of Muslim countries in the world where their GDP has also been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to observe the economic growth of OIC member countries which is influenced by the variables of the manufacturing industry, foreign investment, and total consumption which are moderated by labor. This research used panel data type. Data were taken using purposive sampling method. This study used a sample of 10 OIC member countries in the 2018-2020 vulnerable years. This study uses the Random Effect Model (REM) technique to see the effect of the relationship of the independent variable on the dependent variable simultaneously or partially. The results showed that several independent variables such as total consumption and foreign investment are able to have a significant influence on economic growth without having to be moderated by the labour force. Meanwhile, the manufacturing industry, when moderated by the labour force, actually has a relevant influence on economic growth in several OIC member countries during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, suggestions to stakeholders are expected to pay special attention to the manufacturing industry sector which absorbs a lot of workers. For further research, it is expected to be able to increase the number of data samples if the topic taken is similar to this recent study because the data sample in this study is limited to only the OIC countries. Keywords: Covid-19, Economics Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Labor Force, OIC. REFERENCES Almosabbeh, I. A., & Almoree, M. A. (2018). The relationship between manufacturing production and economic growth in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Economic Studies, 45(4), 674–690. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-02-2017-0029 Anto, M., H. (2013). Introducing an Islamic human development index (i-hdi) to measure development in oic countries. 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Anthony Esler. The Human Venture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Volume I: The Great Enterprise, a World History to 1500. Pp. xii, 340. Volume II: The Globe Encompassed, A World History since 1500. Pp. xii, 399. Paper, $20.95 each. Review by Teddy J. Uldricks of the University of North Carolina at Asheville. H. Stuart Hughes and James Wilkinson. Contemporary Europe: A History. Englewood Clifffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Sixth edition. Pp. xiii, 615. Cloth, $35.33. Review by Harry E. Wade of East Texas State University. Ellen K. Rothman. Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. xi, 370. Paper, $8.95. Review by Mary Jane Capozzoli of Warren County Community College. Bernard Lewis, ed. Islam: from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Volume I: Politics and War. Pp.xxxvii, 226. Paper, $9.95. Volume II: Religion and Society. Pp. xxxix, 310. Paper, $10.95. Review by Calvin H. Allen, Jr. of The School of the Ozarks. Michael Stanford. The Nature of Historical Knowledge. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Pp. vii, 196. Cloth, $45.00; paper, $14.95. Review by Michael J. Salevouris of Webster University. David Stricklin and Rebecca Sharpless, eds. The Past Meets The Present: Essays On Oral History. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988. Pp. 151. Paper, $11.50. Review by Jacob L. Susskind of The Pennsylvania State University. Peter N. Stearns. World History: Patterns of Change and Continuity. New York: Harper and row, 1987. Pp. viii, 598. Paper, $27.00; Theodore H. Von Laue. The World Revolution of Westernization: The Twentieth Century in Global Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xx, 396. Cloth, $24.95. Review by Jayme A. Sokolow of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean R Quataert, eds. Connecting Spheres: Women in the Western World, 1500 to the Present. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xvii, 281. Cloth, $29.95; Paper, $10.95. Review by Samuel E. Dicks of Emporia State University. Dietrich Orlow. A History of Modern Germany: 1870 to Present. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. Pp. xi, 371. Paper, $24.33. Review by Gordon R. Mork of Purdue University. Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield. Out of the Cage: Women's Experiences in Two World Wars. Pandora: London and New York, 1987. Pp. xiii, 330. Paper, $14.95. Review by Paul E. Fuller of Transylvania University. Moshe Lewin. The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988. Pp. xii, 176. Cloth, $16.95; David A. Dyker, ed. The Soviet Union Under Gorbachev: Prospects for Reform. London & New York: Croom Helm, 1987. Pp. 227. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Elizabeth J. Wilcoxson of Northern Essex Community College. Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. Pp. viii, 308. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Arthur Q. Larson of Westmar College. Stephen G. Rabe. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill & London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Pp. 237. Cloth $29.95; paper, $9.95. Review by Donald J. Mabry of Mississippi State University. Earl Black and Merle Black. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. ix, 363. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Donn C. Neal of the Society of American Archivists. The Lessons of the Vietnam War: A Modular Textbook. Pittsburgh: Center for Social Studies Education, 1988. Teacher edition (includes 64-page Teacher's Manual and twelve curricular units of 31-32 pages each), $39.95; student edition, $34.95; individual units, $3.00 each. Order from Center for Social Studies Education, 115 Mayfair Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15228. Review by Stephen S. Gosch of the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Media Reviews Carol Kammen. On Doing Local History. Videotape (VIIS). 45 minutes. Presented at SUNY-Brockport's Institute of Local Studies First Annual Symposium, September 1987. $29.95 prepaid. (Order from: Dr. Ronald W. Herlan, Director, Institute of Local Studies, Room 180, Faculty Office Bldg., SUNY-Brockport. Brockport. NY 14420.) Review by Herbert Janick of Western Connecticut State University.

Po l i s h In s u r a n c e La w i n t h e C o n t e x t o f t h e ‘Ac q u i s Communautaire’ UE Requirements (Recapitulation of the Standpoints Presented in the Chamber’s Works)SummarySubstantial changes of the legal status in the system of Polish economic insurance, called a revolution in the Polish insurance law, initiated by a series of bills dated 22 M ay 2003 and multiplicity of accompanying secondary legislation made the insurance market start numerous analytic works, also in the context o f the requirements to adapt to the com m unity law.These im portant and vast issues, already for some time, have been subject to studies and discussions taking place in the Insurance and Risk Management Cham ber of Commerce. They draw to a conclusion that the quality o f Polish law is unsatisfactory, the law is complicated and unclear. Further they show deficiencies in the knowledge of the com m unity law in Poland due to which a social and professional insurance education is necessary.Further adaptation measures should start from a substantial change of the law on insurance contract. This process should also regard the act insurance agencies.An urgent need of insurance education, belonging to a so-called Lisbon strategy adopted by the European Council in M arch 2000, is highly im portant for the insurance market.

Aristotle?s definition of humans determines his understanding of education (paideia) in Politics as politikon zo?n. This definition should always be considered together with the other most important Aristotle?s statement about the human being, in which he claims that ?man alone of the animals possesses speech (log?s)?. The ability to speak becomes most important within the specific political partnership (p?lis), which has at last attained the limit of virtually complete ?self-sufficiency? (autarke?as). Contrary to ?every household? where the eldest member ?gives the law? (themiste?ei) to sons and spouses, in the city (p?lis), the ?speech (log?s) is designed to indicate (sema?neiv) the advantageous and harmful, and the right and wrong?. In sum, justice became political (dikaiosun? politik?v). It always appears like the outcome of an argument or dispute (kr?sis) on what is just (to? dika?ou). We should understand education (paideia) in the context of the previous statements. Dispute (amfisbet?in), the keyword of Aristotle?s understanding of education, appears in the first sentence of Politics VIII. Aristotle states that ?they (people) dispute? the question of what ?constitutes education and what is the proper way to be educated?. There is not one complete, definitive, and standard answer to the question of what is the best way to be educated that we should implement in the educational activities. Based on Aristotle?s view, I claim that the first purpose of education is not to determine and constrain the activity of the youth and citizens in general, but to provoke and facilitate the dispute on the essence and aims of education.

Background: ‘Women rights’ is a contentious social issue. Well-being, occupation, money, education and knowledge (W. O. M. E. N.), are the basic parameters based on which a women’s status in the society depends. Her wellbeing shows us her health, her occupation and education help us understand how she gets treated in her family and her capability to take future life decisions. Her involvement in the family money, her income, shows her economic understanding. Her knowledge, on her reproductive and sexual health, on domestic abuse shows her awareness on these issues and reflects on her personal experiences as well.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on NFHS-4 data (with permission from DHS) using Maharashtra and India data for analysis of W. O. M. E. N.’s characteristics.Results: The results showed that p value for all W. O. M. E. N.’s characteristics in association with Maharashtra and India values was found to be highly significant.Conclusions: the 904 (19.2%) women in Maharashtra said that beating was justified when wife goes out without telling the husband, whereas compared to India statistics, 28002 (23.8%) women feel the same. In a study by Jeyaseelan et al a cross-sectional study was conducted on 9938 women surveyed, 26% reported experiencing spousal physical violence during the lifetime of their marriage

e4912046This scoping exploratory review was aimed at analyzing the challenges that the so-called post-truth world represents for teaching in Ibero-Latin American higher education. With the increased access to online information media and social networks, netizens are increasingly exposed and may be more vulnerable to false or misleading information that seeks to generate action from emotions rather than reason (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). The reference search was carried out in the databases of SciELO and La Referencia, from which 26 titles out of 196 were selected. Combinations of terms such as social media, post-truth, fake news, fact-checking, education, higher education, university, teaching, critical thinking, and freedom of expression were used, with the Boolean “Y” connector. The analysis of the references resulted in six thematic categories: main concepts; realms of fake news; news verification initiatives and methods; theoretical analysis and its relationship with education; studies on the factors, perception and credibility of fake news; and addressing misinformation in higher education. The discussion presents the draft of a proposed pedagogical model to be used in higher education and to address misinformation. Includes: critical thinking habits, democratic dialogue, intellectual skepticism, research skills, use of reliable sources of information, and analysis from multiple perspectives.ResumoEsta revisão exploratória de escopo teve como objetivo analisar os desafios que o chamado mundo pós-verdade representa para o ensino na educação superior ibero-americana. Com o aumento do acesso às mídias de informação online e redes sociais, os internautas estão cada vez mais expostos e podem ficar mais vulneráveis a informações falsas ou enganosas que buscam gerar ações a partir de emoções ao invés da razão (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). A busca das referências foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO e La Referencia, das quais foram selecionados 26 títulos em 196. Combinações de termos como mídia social, pós-verdade, notícias falsas, checagem de fatos, educação, ensino superior, universidade, ensino, pensamento crítico e liberdade de expressão foram usadas, com o conector booleano “Y”. A análise das referências resultou em seis categorias temáticas: conceitos principais; escopos de notícias falsas; iniciativas e métodos de verificação de notícias; análise teórica e sua relação com a educação; estudos sobre os fatores, percepção e credibilidade das notícias falsas; e aproximação a desinformação no ensino superior. A discussão apresenta o esboço de uma proposta de modelo pedagógico para ser usado no ensino superior e para lidar com a desinformação. Inclui: hábitos de pensamento crítico, diálogo democrático, ceticismo intelectual, habilidades de pesquisa, uso de fontes confiáveis de informação e análise de múltiplas perspectivas.ResumenEsta revisión exploratoria de alcance tuvo como fin analizar los desafíos que para la enseñanza en la educación superior iberoamericana representa lo que se denomina el mundo posfactual (post-truth). Con el incrementado acceso a medios de información en línea y las redes sociales, los cibernautas están cada vez más expuestos y pueden ser más vulnerables a información falsa o engañosa que busca generar acción a partir de las emociones antes que la razón (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). La búsqueda de referencias se efectuó en las bases de datos de SciELO y La Referencia, de la cual se seleccionaron 26 títulos de 196. Se usaron combinaciones de términos como redes sociales, posverdad, noticias falsas, verificación de hechos, educación, educación superior, universidad, enseñanza, pensamiento crítico y libertad de expresión, con el conector booleano “Y”. El análisis de las referencias dio como resultado seis categorías temáticas: conceptos principales; ámbitos de las noticias falsas; iniciativas y métodos de verificación de noticias; análisis teóricos y su relación con la educación; estudios sobre factores, percepción y credibilidad de las noticias falsas; y abordaje de la desinformación en la educación superior. En la discusión se presenta el borrador de un modelo pedagógico propuesto para ser utilizado en la educación superior y abordar la desinformación. 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Pamplona: Universidad Pública de Navarra, 2020.KOONCE, Glenn L. Are truly democratic classrooms possible? In: Glenn L. Koonce, Taking sides. Clashing vies on educational issues, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill: 2014, p. 79-91.LÓPEZ BORRULL, Alexandre; VIVES GRÀCIA, Josep; BADELL GUIJARRO, Joan Isidre. Fake news, ¿Amenaza u oportunidad para los profesionales de la información y la documentación? El Profesional de la Información, v. 27, n. 6, 2018, p. 1346-1356. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.nov.17. Acesso em: 4 de outubro de 2020.LOUREIRO, Robson; GONÇALVES, Emerson Campos. (Semi)formação no contexto das fake news e da pós-verdade na sociedade excitada - de Adorno a Türcke. Educação em Revista, v. 37, e225778, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-4698225778. Acesso em: 2 de outubro de 2020.MARTÍNEZ-CARDAMA, Sara; ALGORA-CANCHO, Laura. Lucha contra la desinformación desde las bibliotecas universitarias. 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Cali, Colombia: IESALC-UNESCO, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2008, p. 166-198.MURIEL-TORRADO, Enrique; PEREIRA, Danielle Borges. Correlations between the concepts of disinformation and Fogg’s Behavior Model. Transinformação, v. 32, 2020, e200026. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0889202032e200026. Acesso em: 14 de outubro de 2020.NOAIN SÁNCHEZ, A. Periodismo de confirmación vs. desinformación: Verificado18 y las elecciones mexicanas de 2018. Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicación. V. 43, n. 1, 2019, p. 95-114. Disponível em: https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2019.i43.05. Acesso em: 2 de outubro de 2020.OJEDA COPA, Alex; PEREDO RODRÍGUEZ, Valeria. Convergencia entre desinformación política y social en el conflicto electoral de 2019 en Bolivia. Temas Sociales. N. 46, 2020, p. 98-126. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0040-29152020000100005lng=estlng=es. Acesso em: 3 de dezembro de 2020.ORELLANA BENADO, M. E. 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The objective of this study is to identify the teachers’ profile funded by the Productivity in Research scholarship (PQ), in order to analyze the promotion of research within the scope of CNPq for Education. Regarding the theoretical reference, Pierre Bourdieu, on social fields, and in particular on the scientific field, associated with the notion of habitus (trajectory, practical sense and strategy), considers that academic practices, university training and scientific research, on which they constitute a specific ethos through which certain values are required and developed. In methodological field, it is based on a qualitative and exploratory approach, based on a bibliographical study, database composition on funding and scholarship, obtained in the CNPq through the SIGEF (Management of Development System) and Directory of Research Groups ( DGP), tabulated using SPSS software and documentary analysis, focusing on official documents of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications (MCTIC) and CNPq, regarding the PQ scholarship and APQ grants. Among the results, it is noted that the investment in Brazilian science and in scientific production area was based on international strategic and political interest. In the promotion of education, the data allowed to establish the trajectory of formation, institutional linkage and research, and demonstrate a certain conservatism that can be understood as difficulty or impossibility to develop new processes and practices more inclusive from the point of view of the equanimous development between the researchers in Brazil and your ‘homo academicus’.ResumoO trabalho objetiva identificar o perfil dos professores financiados com bolsa Produtividade em Pesquisa (PQ), com intuito de analisar o fomento à pesquisa no âmbito do CNPq para a área de Educação. No que concerne ao referencial teórico, perpassa-se por Pierre Bourdieu, sobre campos sociais, e em particular sobre o campo científico, associado à noção de habitus, considerando que as práticas acadêmicas, a formação universitária e a pesquisa científica, sobre as quais constituem-se em um ethos específico por meio do qual determinados valores são requeridos e desenvolvidos. No campo metodológico, apoia-se em abordagem qualitativa, exploratória, com base em estudo bibliográfico, composição de banco de dados sobre financiamento e bolsistas, obtidos no CNPq por meio do Sistema de Gerenciamento do Fomento (SIGEF) e Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa (DGP), tabulados por meio do software SPSS; e análise documental, com foco em documentos oficiais do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC) e CNPq, no que tange aos editais de bolsa PQ e de auxílio à pesquisa (APQ). Entre os resultados, nota-se que o investimento na ciência brasileira partiu do interesse estratégico e político internacional. No fomento à Educação os dados permitiram estabelecer a trajetória de formação, de vinculação institucional e de pesquisa, e demonstram certo conservadorismo que pode ser entendido como dificuldade ou impossibilidade de desenvolver novos processos e práticas mais inclusivas do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento equânime entre os pesquisadores do Brasil e seu homo academicus.Keywords: Promotion of research, PQ scholarship, Educational policies, Researcher profile.Palavras-chave: Fomento à pesquisa, Bolsa PQ, Política educacional, Perfil do pesquisador.ReferencesALBAGULI, S. Ciência e Estado no Brasil Moderno: um Estudo sobre o CNPq. 1988. 1 v. (Tese (de Doutorado). Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pos-Graduação e Pesquisa em Engenharia - COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 1998.ANDRÉ, Marli. Pesquisa em educação: buscando rigor e qualidade. Cadernos de Pesquisa, São Paulo, n. 113, jul. 2001.BIANCHETTI, Lucídio e MEKSENAS, Paulo (Orgs.). 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The people who live in the Merapi area have been going on for years. Merapi is the most active volcano in Central Java that can threaten the community, but the community still exists today, of course, having local wisdom in responding to the eruption of Merapi. This study aims to determine the local wisdom of Wonolelo Village before, during, and after the Merapi eruption. In addition, to find out the historical relationship of the Merapi eruption to local wisdom and the challenges faced by Wonolelo Village in maintaining the sustainability of local wisdom. This research was used as a descriptive qualitative method. The method of collecting data is done through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data sources of this study are community leaders, spiritual leaders, and people who are more than 70 years old. Analysis of the data used is sourced triangulation based on the Miles & Huberman model. The results showed that local wisdom in responding to the Merapi eruption in Wonolelo Village still exists today. Local wisdom is divided into three segments, namely before, during, and after the eruption of Merapi. Local wisdom before the Merapi eruption is a notification that Merapi eruption activity will occur. Local wisdom in Wonolelo Village has challenges in the form of modernization and not running the local wisdom relay to young people. Keywords: Disaster, Local wisdom, Merapi volcano. References Andreastuti, S.D., Newhall, C., Dwiyanto, J. (2006). Menelusuri Kebenaran Letusan Gunung Merapi 1006. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 1, No. 4, Hal. 201-207. Andreastuti, S., Paripurno, E., Gunawan, H., Budianto, A., Syahbana, D., & Pallister, J. (2019). Character of community response to volcanic crises at sinabung and kelud volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 382, 298-310. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.01.022 Atmojo, S. E., Rusilowati, A., Dwiningrum, S. I. 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The following texts and comments are a supplement to ‘Democritus on Politics and the Care of the Soul’, CQ 39 (1989), 307–31 (henceforth ‘Democritus on Politics’). The Democritean fragments there were quoted only in translation; detailed commentary on them would have taken up too much space and clogged the argument. They make their appearance here in the same order as they did there, preceded by a thumb-nail résumé of that argument and of their place in it. Text, spelling and numbering is that of the standard edition: H. Diels, W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Berlin, 1951–2). Reference will also be made to collections by P. Natorp, Die Ethika des Demokritos (Marburg, 1893), S. Y. Luria, Democritea (Leningrad, 1970) and G. Ibscher, Demócrito y sus sentencias sobre ética y education (Lima, 1983–4), as well as to translations by V. E. Alfieri, Gli Atomisti (Bari, 1936), K. Freeman, Ancilla to the Presocratics (Oxford, 1948) and J. Barnes, Early Greek Philosophy (Harmondsworth, 1987).

Abstract Background Education about advance directives typically is incorporated into medical school curricula and is not commonly offered in residency. Residents' experiences with advance directives are generally random, nonstandardized, and difficult to assess. In 2008, an advance directive curriculum was developed by the Scott & White/Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine (S&W/Texas A&M) internal medicine residency program and the hospital's legal department. A pilot study examining residents' attitudes and experiences regarding advance directives was carried out at 2 medical schools. Methods In 2009, 59 internal medicine and family medicine residents (postgraduate year 2–3 [PGY-2, 3]) completed questionnaires at S&W/Texas A&M (n = 32) and The University of Texas Medical School at Houston (n = 27) during a validation study of knowledge about advance directives. The questionnaire contained Likert-response items assessing attitudes and practices surrounding advance directives. Our analysis included descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare responses across categories. Results While 53% of residents agreed/strongly agreed they had “sufficient knowledge of advance directives, given my years of training,” 47% disagreed/strongly disagreed with that statement. Most (93%) agreed/strongly agreed that “didactic sessions on advance directives should be offered by my hospital, residency program, or medical school.” A test of responses across residency years with ANOVA showed a significant difference between ratings by PGY-2 and PGY-3 residents on 3 items: “Advance directives should only be discussed with patients over 60,” “I have sufficient knowledge of advance directives, given my years of training,” and “I believe my experience with advance directives is adequate for the situations I routinely encounter.” Conclusion Our study highlighted the continuing need for advance directive resident curricula. Medical school curricula alone do not appear to be sufficient for residents' needs in this area.

Pragmatism is a philosophical model, which appealed to the 20thcentury Western world. W. James, C. S. Peirce and E. Durkheim, among others, formulated a model to replace ancient and other earlier models. The criterion of meaning or value of an idea is judged by its consequences. James referred more to practical consequences; Peirce referred more to logical consequences. Reference to truth was made by all, especially Pierce. The relationship to truth will be questioned here (what is the meaning of truth?), while the model itself is positively evaluated. Applications can be traced in psychology, sociology, education, politics, management and other areas.

The text proposes to report a teacher training experience with the Proesde/Educational Degree (Higher Education Program for the Regional Development of the State of Santa Catarina), linked to the Regional University of Blumenau - FURB. In 2018, this program sought to qualify undergraduate students to work in front of the BNCC (Common National Curricular Base), configured as a public policy for standardizing the national curriculum. Within the planned training program, a meeting had been provided that covered other flows of the hitherto instituted and discussed about BNCC, problematizing the curriculum through the post-critical epistemological bias, which interprets it as being a field of disputes for the meaning of what comes curriculum and how it should operate in the school institution. This perspective understands that political decisions are determined by discourses of truth that crystallize common and totalitarian norms that deserve to be questioned, giving rise to the antagonisms of what was sedimented as a result of a choice/act of power. Thus, the BNCC doubts its own legitimacy in the current social-political-economic context. The objective of this training meeting was to discuss, with the undergraduate students, through texts and videos, the contingencies and flows of the BNCC, defending the idea of a curriculum policy without foundation to be able, from there, to think about possibilities of other curricula, less hegemonic, normatized, unequal, excluding, assisted by the idea of minor education. The result of such a discussion crystallized in the activity of writing and rewriting a cloud of words throughout the formation, in which the Base went from a set of statements to a set of uncertainties and questions.ResumoO texto propõe relatar uma experiência de formação docente junto ao Proesde/Licenciatura (Programa de Educação Superior para o Desenvolvimento Regional do Estado de Santa Catarina), vinculado à Universidade Regional de Blumenau – FURB. No ano 2018, tal programa buscou qualificar os estudantes de licenciatura para atuarem frente à BNCC (Base Nacional Comum Curricular), configurada como sendo uma política pública de padronização do currículo nacional. Dentro do programa previsto de formação, foi proporcionado um encontro que percorresse outros fluxos do até então instituído e discursado sobre a BNCC, problematizando o currículo através do viés epistemológico pós-crítico, que o interpreta como sendo um campo de disputas pela significação do que vem a ser currículo e como ele deve operar na instituição escolar. Essa perspectiva entende que as decisões políticas são determinadas por discursos de verdade que cristalizam normas comuns e totalitárias que merecem ser questionadas, fazendo emergir os antagonismos daquilo que foi sedimentado em decorrência de uma escolha/ato de poder. Assim, a BNCC coloca em dúvida sua própria legitimidade no contexto social-político-econômico atual. Objetivou-se nesse encontro de formação discutir, junto aos licenciandos, através de textos e vídeos, as contingências e os fluxos da BNCC, defendendo a ideia de uma política curricular sem fundamentos para poder, a partir daí, pensar possibilidades de currículos-outros, menos hegemônicos, normatizados, desiguais, excludentes, assistidos pela ideia de educação menor. O resultado proveniente de tal discussão cristalizou-se na atividade de escrita e reescrita de uma nuvem de palavras ao longo da formação, na qual a Base passou de um conjunto de afirmações para um conjunto de incertezas e interrogações.Palavras-chave: BNCC, Currículo, Formação docente, Políticas educacionais.Keywords: Curriculum, Teacher training, Educational policies.ReferencesA LINGUA das mariposas (La lengua de las mariposas, original). Direção: José Luis Cuerda. Elenco: Manuel Lozano, Fernando Fernán Gómez, Uxía Blanco, outros. Roteiro: José Luis Cuerda, Manuel Rivas, Rafael Azcona. Produção: Canal+ España. Espanha, 1999 (drama, 96 min).AGUIAR, Marcia Angela da S.; DOURADO, Luiz Fernandes. (orgs.). A BNCC na contramão do PNE 2014-2014: avaliação e perspectivas. [Livro Eletrônico]. – Recife: ANPAE, 2018.APPLE, Michael W. Reestruturação Educativa e Curricular e as Agendas Neoliberal e Neoconservadora: Entrevista com Michael Apple. Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.1, n.1, pp.5-33, jan./jun. 2001.BRASIL. LEI Nº 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996. Estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional. Diário Oficial da União: Brasília, 1996; 175º da Independência e 108º da República.DELEUZE, Gilles. Conversações. Tradução de Peter Pál Pelbart. São Paulo: Editora 34, 2013.DELEUZE, Gilles; GUATARRI, Félix. Kafka: por uma literatura menor. Tradução Cintia Vieira da Silva. Belo Horizonte: Editora Autêntica, 2015.FOUCAULT, Michel. Vigiar e Punir: Nascimento da Prisão; tradução de Raquel Ramalhete. 38. Ed. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2010.GALLO, Sílvio. Deleuze & a Educação. 3. ed. 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Direção e Roteiro: Youssef Chahine, Amos Gitaï, Alejandro González Iñárritu, Shohei Imamura, Claude Lelouch, Ken Loach, Samira Makhmalbaf, Mira Nair, Idrissa Ouedraogo, Sean Penn, Danis Tanovic. Produção: Alain Brigand. França, Estados Unidos, México, Irã, outros, 2002 (drama, 134 min).e3924129

Covid-19 has changed the learning process from class attendance to distance learning using the Internet. Early childhood education is threatened to enter into the lost generation, due to distance learning, which causes confusion for teachers and parents to be able to provide the best stimulation for them. Therefore, the Indonesian government made a new policy on online learning. The objectives of this research are to find how effective at online learning policy formulation, how productive it is in policy implementation, and what are the obstacles of the implementation at Early-Childhood Education (ECE). This qualitative research uses a mixed method approach with an iterative analysis design, conducted in Central Java Province in 35 districts / cities with 1,899 respondents. Data collection techniques with open-closed questionnaires, study from 15 documentation, and in-depth interviews. Data analysis uses quantitative-qualitative software Nvivo12+, with Miles and Huberman models. The results showed the policy formulation of online learning at ECE has been effective. However, the implementation of online learning policy at ECE still takes a lot of effort to become more powerful in preventing a decline in learning. There are five obstacles in in applying this in the field, namely the ability of teachers, the ability of parents, economic capability, facility constraints, and pedagogical constraints. Keywords: Online Learning Policy; Children Engagement; Learning Management System References Allen, I. E., Seaman, J. (2013). Changing course: Ten years of tracking online education in the United States. ERIC, ISBN 0984028838. Asilestari, P. (2016). Komputer Interaktif sebagai Media Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris pada Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 2, n. 1, p. 55-62. Association, I. I. S. P. (2018). Penetrasi & Profil Perialku Pengguna Internet Indonesia. Coates, H. (2006). 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The role of social media in reshaping the academic activities of vocational and technical education lecturers in Nigeria. Int. J. Eval. & Res. Educ. Vol, 8, n. 4, p. 735-741. Johnson, K. & Manning, S. (2010). Online education for dummies. Canada: John Wiley & Sons Publishing ISBN 0470536209. Juwah, C. (2006). Interactions in online education: Implications for theory and practice. Routledge, ISBN 1134247494. Kemendikbud. (2020). Surat Edaran Nomor 4 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Pendidikan Dalam Masa Darurat Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19). Kong, S. C., Chan, T.-W., Griffin, P. & Hoppe, U. et al. (2014). E-learning in school education in the coming 10 years for developing 21st century skills: Critical research issues and policy implications. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17, n. 1, p. 70-78. Kwon, J. B., Debruler, K. & Kennedy, K. (2019). A Snapshot of Successful K-12 Online Learning: Focused on the 2015-16 Academic Year in Michigan. Journal of Online Learning Research, 5, n. 2, p. 199-225. Layne, M., Boston, W. E. & Ice, P. (2013). A longitudinal study of online learners: Shoppers, swirlers, stoppers, and succeeders as a function of demographic characteristics. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 16, n. 2, p. 1-12. Lynch, M. M. (2002). The online educator: A guide to creating the virtual classroom. Routledge, ISBN 1134542542. Novianti, R. & Garzia, M. (2020). Penggunaan Gadget Pada Anak; Tantangan Baru Orang Tua Milenial. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 4, n. 2. Nugroho, R. (2008). Kebijakan Pendidikan: Pengantar untuk Memahami Kebijakan Pendidikan Sebagai Kebijakan Publik. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Nugroho, R. (2017). Public Policy: Dinamika Kebijakan, Analisis Kebijakan, dan Manajemen Politik Kebijakan Publik. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Palloff, R. M. & Pratt, K. (2002). Lessons from the cyberspace classroom: The realities of online teaching. California: John Wiley & Sons Publishing, ISBN 0787959960. Pangondian, R. A., Santosa, P. I. & Nugroho, E. (2019). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kesuksesan Pembelajaran Daring Dalam Revolusi Industri 4.0. Panjaitan, N. Q.; Yetti, E. & Nurani, Y. (2020). Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran Digital Animasi dan Kepercayaan Diri terhadap Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam Anak. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 4, n. 2, p. 588-596. Pebriana, P. H. (2017). Analisis penggunaan gadget terhadap kemampuan interaksi sosial pada anak usia dini. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1, n. 1, p. 1-11. Pertiwi, W. K. (2020). Penetrasi Internet di Indonesia Capai 64 Persen. https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2020/02/20/14090017/penetrasi-internet-di-indonesia-capai-64-persen. Ramadhan, B. (2020). Ini Data Pengguna Internet Di Seluruh Dunia Tahun 2020. Jakarta https://teknoia.com/data-pengguna-internet-dunia-ac03abc7476. Roach, V. & Lemasters, L. (2006). 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e4731034The paper is linked to the social and philosophical conception that implies the development of research with political, social and epistemological options, consistent with the demands of the popular classes to whom the research carried out by the public university is most important. It results from the collaborative work of educator-researchers linked to a Research Center and educational practices for people in restriction and deprivation of liberty. The qualitative study uses as a methodological procedure the participation in formative meetings held in 2020 with educators from Brazilian states and has as its guiding question: what expectations/training needs do manifest the educators who develop educational actions in units of deprivation of liberty for young people and adults in the post-pandemic period? Data were collected through participatory observation in virtual meetings, organized by State Secretariats and Research Groups of Brazilian universities. The analysis of the data had as theoretical support the work of Paulo Freire, and three focuses were analyzed: educating for dialogue, educating for love, and educating for hope. The study reveals through the creative and successful pedagogical experiences that have been developed in Brazilian states, announcements of educators, willing to contribute to modify educational actions for the spaces of deprivation of liberty of young people and adults.ResumoO artigo está atrelado à concepção social e filosófica que implica no desenvolvimento da pesquisa com opções políticas, sociais e epistemológicas, coerentes às demandas das classes populares a quem mais deve servir as pesquisas realizadas pela universidade pública. Resulta do trabalho colaborativo de educadores-pesquisadores vinculados a um Núcleo de investigação e práticas educativas para pessoas em restrição e privação de liberdade. O estudo de natureza qualitativa utiliza como procedimento metodológico a participação em encontros formativos realizados, no ano de 2020, com educadores de estados brasileiros e tem como questão norteadora: que expectativas/necessidades formativas manifestam os educadores que desenvolvem ações educativas em unidades de privação de liberdade para jovens e adultos no período pós-pandemia? Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação participativa em encontros virtuais, organizados por Secretarias de Estado e Grupos de Pesquisa de universidades brasileiras. A análise dos dados teve como suporte teórico a obra de Paulo Freire, e foram analisados três focos: educar-se para o diálogo, educar-se para a amorosidade e educar-se para o esperançar. O estudo revela através das experiências pedagógicas criativas e exitosas que têm sido desenvolvidas em estados brasileiros, anúncios dos educadores, dispostos a contribuir para modificar as ações educativas para os espaços de privação de liberdade de jovens e adultos. ResumenEste artículo relaciona los conceptos social y filosófico involucrados en el desarrollo de investigaciones con perspectivas políticas, sociales y epistemológicas, acorde con las demandas de las clases populares a las que la investigación que se realiza en la universidad pública debería contribuir en gran medida. Se trata del resultado de un trabajo colaborativo entre educadores e investigadores vinculados a un Núcleo de investigación y de prácticas educativas para personas que se encuentran privadas de la libertad. El estudio se fundamenta en el método cualitativo y emplea como metodología la participación de educadores de los estados brasileños en reuniones formativas, realizadas en el año 2020 y tiene como pregunta orientadora: ¿qué expectativas/necesidades de formación manifiestan los educadores que desarrollan acciones educativas en unidades de privación de la libertad para jóvenes y adultos durante el período post-pandémico? Los datos se reunieron a través de la observación participativa en reuniones virtuales, organizadas por las Secretarias de Estado y los Grupos de Investigación de las universidades brasileñas. El análisis de los datos tuvo como base teórica la obra de Paulo Freire, fueron analizados tres enfoques: educar para el diálogo, educar para el amor y educar para la esperanza. El estudio revela que a partir de las experiencias pedagógicas creativas y exitosas desarrolladas en los estados brasileños, los educadores están dispuestos a contribuir y modificar las acciones educativas de los espacios de privación de libertad para jóvenes y adultos.Palavras-chave: Educação, Privação de liberdade, Formação de educadores.Keywords: Education, Deprivation of liberty, Training of educators.Palabras claves: Educación, Privación de libertad, Formación de educadores.ReferencesANDREOLI, Balduíno. Contribuição de Ernani Maria Fiori para uma pedagogia política de libertação. Cadernos de Educação. Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, v. 6, 1997, p. 41-72.ANDERSON, Perry. Balanço do Neoliberalismo. In: SADER, Emir; GENTILI, Pablo (Orgs.). Pós-neoliberalismo: as políticas sociais e o Estado democrático. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1995, p. 9-23.ANDERSON, Perry. Neoliberalismo, ordem contestada. Outras Palavras. São Paulo. 25 de março de 2017. Disponível em: https://outraspalavras.net/sem-categoria/neoliberalismo-ordem-contestada/# Acesso em: 3 ago. 2020.ARAÚJO-OLIVEIRA, Sônia Stella. Exterioridade: o outro como critério. In: OLIVEIRA, Maria Waldenez; SOUSA, Fabiana Rodrigues. (Orgs.). Processos educativos em práticas sociais: pesquisas em educação. São Carlos: EdUFSCar, 2014. p. 47-112.CUNHA, Manuela Ivone. O tempo insuspenso. Uma aproximação a duas percepções carcerais da temporalidade. In: ARAÚJO; Emilia, DUARTE, Ana Maria; RIBEIRO, Rita. (Orgs.). O tempo, as culturas e as instituições. Para uma abordagem sociológica do tempo, Lisboa: Edições Colibri, 2007, p. 91-104.FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogia da Esperança: um reencontro com a Pedagogia do Oprimido. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1992.FREIRE, Paulo. À sombra desta mangueira. 11. ed. – Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2015. Recurso digital. Formato: Epub.FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogia do Oprimido. 71. ed. Rio de Janeiro/São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2019.FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogia da autonomia: saberes necessários à uma prática educativa. 63. ed. Rio de Janeiro/São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2020.GARCIA, Regina L. Para quem investigamos – Para quem escrevemos: Reflexões sobre a responsabilidade social do pesquisador. In: MOREIRA, Antônio Flávio; SOARES, Magda; FOLLARI, Roberto A., GARCIA, Regina Leite (Orgs.). Para quem investigamos – Para quem escrevemos: o impasse dos intelectuais. São Paulo: Cortez, 2003. p. 11-35.KOHAN, Walter. Paulo Freire mais do que nunca: uma biografia filosófica. Belo Horizonte: Vestígio, 2019.LÜDKE, Menga; ANDRÉ, Marli E. D. A. Pesquisa em Educação: abordagens qualitativas. 2. ed. São Paulo: EPU, 2013.MARCHESI, Álvaro. O bem-estar dos professores. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2008.MINAYO, Maria Cecília de S. Pesquisa social: teoria, método e criatividade. 23ª Ed. Petrópolis/RJ, 1994.OLIVEIRA, Maria W.; SILVA, Petronilha B. G.; GONÇALVES JUNIOR, Luiz; MONTRONE, Aida V. G.; JOLY, Ilza Z. L. Processos educativos em práticas sociais: reflexões teóricas e metodológicas sobre pesquisa educacional em espaços sociais. In: OLIVEIRA, Maria W.; SOUSA, Fabiana R. (Org.). Processos educativos em práticas sociais: pesquisas em educação. São Carlos: EdUFSCar, 2014, p. 29-46.ONOFRE, Elenice. M. C. Educação Escolar em prisões: brechas, apostas e possibilidades. Revista NUPEM, v. 11, n. 23, p. 99-129, 2019.RANGEL, Hugo. Educación contra corriente en las Cárceles latinoamaericanas: la enseñanza vc el castigo. Revista Educação Realidade, v. 38.1, p. 33-69, 2013.SANTOS, Boaventura Sousa. A cruel pedagogia do vírus. Coimbra: Almedina, 2020.STRECK, Danilo R., ADAMS, Telmo. Pesquisa participava, emancipação e (des)colonialidade. Curitiba: CRV, 2014.

ABSTRAK Gadget merupakan salah satu media yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia sebagai sumber informasi, hiburan dan pendidikan sehingga gadget dapat memberikan dampak yang postif dan negatif. Pemakaian gadget pada sekarang ini sudah digunakan mulai dari anak usia dini hingga orang dewasa. Persepsi efek positif anak terhadap gadget sangat penting untuk dikembangkan karena dapat membantu anak sebagai khalayak aktif untuk membedakan antara tontonan yang positif dan negative bagi anak.Dalam menggunakan g adget tentunya anak memerlukan dukungan dengan dilakukannya pendampingan dari orang tua untuk mengarahkan serta memberikan pemahaman-pemahaman mengenai media yang ditonton sehingga dapat meminimalisir dampak negatif. Pendampingan penggunaan media dan teknologi serta perangkatnya dikenal dengan istilah parental mediation . Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengawasan orangtua (parental mediation) terhadap anak usia dini dalam menggunakan gadget . Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah kajian pustaka dan literatur yang berisi teori. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut digunakan Teori Parental Mediation. Hasil dari kajian yang telah dilakukan terdapat tipe mediasi yang dilakukan orangtua untuk melakukan pengawasan terhadap anak usia prasekolah dalam menggunakan gadget yaitu mediasi restriktif (restrictive mediation), mediasi aktif (active mediation) , mediasi penggunaan bersama (co - use) ABSTRACK The gadget is one of the media used by Indonesian people as a source of information, education and education so that gadgets can have positive and negative impacts. The use of gadgets at this time has been used starting from early childhood to adults. Percepti on of positive effects of children on gadgets is very important to be developed because it can help children as active audiences to distinguish between positive and negative shows for children. In using gadgets, make sure children support by supporting the assistance of parents to support providing media supports watched so that it can minimize negative impacts. Assistance in the use of media and technology known as parental mediation. The purpose of this study is to learn how to supervise parents of early childhood using gadgets. The research method used in the research is lit e r a t u r e r e vie w a n d lit e r a t u r e w hic h c o n t ain s t h e o r y . T o a n s w e r t h e s e q u e s tio n s u s e t h e P a r e n t al Mediation Theory. Restrictive mediation (restrictive mediation), active mediation (activ e mediation), co - use mediation.

Student unrest of 1956 in Soviet universities is examined based on the example of the Ural State University and the Ural Polytechnic Institute in Sverdlovsk. Student attitudes are analyzed in terms of social and critical thinking, and the reaction of authorities — in light of the policy towards the intelligentsia. The theoretical and methodological frame of analysis is constructivism, with emphasis put on aspects of bilateral, reciprocal design and temporality. The empirical base consists of documents from the collections of the Documentation Centre of the Social Institutions of Sverdlovsk Region, the University Museum, as well as materials from local and national press. The mid 1950’s were marked by a radical revision of the limits of acceptable criticism, which was unfolding until the end of 1956. Unorthodox activity was not regarded as seditious up until a point. The gap, interval between the original action and the resulting stigmatizing mark shows how such a notion crystallized. At some point it seemed as if you could criticize everyone and everything. It is shown that the most crucial effect was produced not by the theme of student statements but rather by a mismatch in the magnitude of the subjects and objects of public criticism. The position of authorities was to depoliticize student activity, while using such a relatively new course as pathologizing objectification: the younger generation was treated as a bearer of specific problems requiring special attention. “Labor education” with emphasis on hard physical labor was used as the universal lifesaver. Sundays at construction sites, hedgehog-fit visits to farms, as well as sending expelled students to factories inform the phenomenon of organic intellectuals “on the contrary” (in the words of A. Gramsci and N. Savelyeva). At the same time, the pragmatic benefits of resolving to admit to universities only those who had sufficient work experience was not reduced to disposing of students’ “unhealthy moods”, but rather “postponement” of higher education was to attract the youngsters to the virgin lands and construction sites. Students themselves insisted on the political connotations of their actions. The desire of the young generation to “catch the winds of history in their sails” was gradually accumulated in the concept of romance, which had yet to displace the patriotism and heroism that prevailed within the ideological orientations and the official rhetoric of the 50’s.

Ocean literacy is currently at the forefront of the development of the notion of marine environmental sustainability. It is critical to compare ocean literacy ideas in curriculum standards. Comics Convey various messages of maritime insight content on integrated, contextual, and meaningful learning. This study aims to design STEAM (to R-SLAMET; Religion, Science, Literacy, Art, Math, Engineer, and Technology) learning that contains ocean literacy messages in a comic media. Through the qualitative research method with study case type, researchers seek to aid early childhood education (ECE) educators in designing R-SLAMET learning through the media to overcome maritime cultural literacy problems. The participants of this study consisted of three educators and 43 children. The findings show that the natural play experience of early childhood can be a source of inspiration to find ocean literacy through R-SLAMET learning activities. 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(2020). Development of Educational Comic Media Based on PowerPoint Class III Indonesian Language Content. Elementary School Teacher, 4(2), 5. https://doi.org/10.15294/est.v4i2.29027 Hidayat, S., & Ridwan. (2017). Kebijakan poros maritim dan keamanan nasional indonesia: Tantangan dan harapan. Pertahanan & Bela Negara, 7(3), 107–121. Koutníková, M. (2018). The Application of Comics in Science Education. Acta Educationis Generalis, 7(3), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1515/atd-2017-0026 Melliou, K., Moutafidou, A., & Bratitsis, T. (2014). Digital Comics Use to Develop Thinking Dispositions in Early Childhood Education. 2014 IEEE 14th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 502–504. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2014.148 Mogias, A., Boubonari, T., Realdon, G., Previati, M., Mokos, M., Koulouri, P., & Cheimonopoulou, M. Th. (2019). Evaluating Ocean Literacy of Elementary School Students: Preliminary Results of a Cross-Cultural Study in the Mediterranean Region. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00396 Mokos, M., Realdon, G., & Zubak Čižmek, I. (2020). How to Increase Ocean Literacy for Future Ocean Sustainability? The Influence of Non-Formal Marine Science Education. Sustainability, 12(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410647 Ntobuo, N. E., Arbie, A., & Amali, L. N. (2018). The Development of Gravity Comic Learning Media Based on Gorontalo Culture. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 7(2), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v7i2.14344 Oliver, K. L. (1998). A Journey into Narrative Analysis: A Methodology for Discovering Meanings. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17(2), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.17.2.244 Pramitasari, M., Yetti, E., & Hapidin, H. (2018). Pengembangan Media Sliding Book Untuk Pengenalan Sains Kehidupan (Life Science) Kelautan Untuk Anak Usia 6-7 Tahun. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.21009/jpud.122.09 Puspitorini, R., Prodjosantoso, A. K., Subali, B., & Jumadi, J. (2017). Penggunaan Media Komik Dalam Pembelajaran Ipa Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Dan Hasil Belajar Kognitif Dan Afektif. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v3i3.2385 Rahmatullah, R., Inanna, I., Rakib, M., Mustari, M., & Rabania, R. (2020). Developing Tematic Economic Comic with Characters for Early Childhood. Journal of Educational Science and Technology (EST), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.26858/est.v6i3.14949 Rina, N., Suminar, J. R., Damayani, N. A., & Hafiar, H. (2020). Character education based on digital comic media. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 14(3), 107–127. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i03.12111 Santoro, F., Santin, S., Gail, S., Fauville, G., & Tuddenham, P. (2017). Ocean Literacy for All; A toolkit. UNESCO United Nations Educational. Steel, B. S., Smith, C., Opsommer, L., Curiel, S., & Warner-Steel, R. (2005). Public ocean literacy in the United States. Ocean & Coastal Management, 48(2), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2005.01.002 Syarah, E. S., Yetti, E., Fridani, L., Yufiarti, Hapidin, & Pupala, B. (2019). Electronic comics in elementary school science learning for marine conservation. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 8(4), 500–511. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v8i4.19377 Tatalovic, M. (2009). Science comics as tools for science education and communication: A brief, exploratory study. Journal of Science Communication, 8(4). Tuddenham, P., Schoedinger, S., Cava, F., & Strang, C. (2005). Science Content and Standards for Ocean Literacy: A Report on Ocean Literacy. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12126.84804 Visbeck, M. (2018). Ocean science research is key for a sustainable future. Nature Communications, 9(1), 690. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03158-3 Yulianti, D., Khanafiyah, S., & Sulistyorini, S. 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O presente artigo estabelece as relações entre a A room of one’s own e a crítica feminista, observando como essa tem revisto e ressignificado o ensaio de Virginia Woolf. Serão problematizadas questões como a exclusão feminina dos espaços públicos, das esferas políticas e, consequentemente, da literatura e da história. Depois disso, abordaremos a personagem Judith Shakespeare. Por último, duas questões problematizadas serão tratadas nesta análise, a primeira refere-se à tradição literária feminina e a segunda refere-se à própria frase feminina. Palavras-chave: Crítica feminista, Judith Shakespeare, tradição literária feminina. Referências AUERBACH, E. Brown Stocking. In: ______. Mimesis: a representação da realidade na literatura ocidental. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 1971. BARRETT, M. Introduction. In: WOOLF, V. A room of one’s own and Three guineas. Introd. Michèle Barrett. London: Penguin, 1993. ______ (ed.). Women and writing. London: The Women’s Press, 1979. BOWLBY, R. Feminist destinations and further essays on Virginia Woolf. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University, 1997. ______. Walking, women and writing: Virginia Woolf as flâneuse. In: ARMSTRONG, I. (ed.). New Feminist discourses: critical essays on theories and texts. London: Routledge, 1992. CAUGHIE, P. L. Virginia Woolf & postmodernism literature in quest and question of itself. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1991. COELHO, N. N. Dicionário crítico de escritoras brasileiras. São Paulo: Escrituras, 2002. ______. A literatura feminina no Brasil contemporâneo. São Paulo: Siciliano, 1993. GILBERT, S. Woman’s Sentence. Man’s Sentencing: Linguistic Fantasies in Woolf and Joyce. In: MARCUS, J. Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury: A Centenary. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1987. GILBERT, S.; GILBERT, S. Shakespeare’s sisters: feminist essays on women poets. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1979. ______. The madwoman in the attic: the woman writer in the nineteenth-century literary imagination. New Haven: Yale University, 2000. ______. The war of words. vol.1 of No man’s land: the place of the woman writer in the twentieth century. New Haven: Yale University, 1988. HUSSEY, M. Virginia Woolf: A to Z. New York: Oxford University, 1995. JONES, S. Writing the woman artist: essays on poetics, politics, and portraiture. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 1991. MARCUS, J. Art and anger: reading like a woman. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1988. ______. Virginia Woolf and the languages of the patriarchy. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1987a. MINOW-PINKNEY, M. Virginia Woolf and the problem of the subject: feminine writing in the major novels. New Brunswick: Rutgers University, 2010. MOERS, E. Literary women: the great writers. New York: Doubleday, 1976. MUZART, Z. L. Escritoras brasileiras do século XIX. Florianópolis: Mulheres, 2005. OLSEN, T. Silences. New York: Seymour Lawrence, 1978. RICH, A. Of woman born: motherhood as experience and institution. New York: W W. Norton, 1995. ROSENBAUM, S.P. Women and fiction: the manuscript versions of A room of one’s own. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. SHOWALTER, E. Feminist criticism in the wilderness. In: GILBERT, S.; GUBAR, S. Feminist literary theory and criticism. New York; London: W. W. Norton, 2007. SNAITH, A. Introduction. In: WOOLF, V. A room of one’s own and Three guineas. Oxford: Oxford University, 2015. STETZ, M. D. Anita Brookner: Woman writer as reluctant feminist. In: ______. Writing the woman artist: essays on poetics, politics and portraiture. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 1991. WALKER, A. In search of our mother’s gardens. In: ______. In search of our mother’s gardens: womanist prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. WOOLF, V. A room of one’s own and Three guineas. Introd. Anna Snaith. Oxford: Oxford University, 2015. WOOLF, V. A room of one’s own and Three guineas. Introd. Michèle Barrett. London: Penguin, 1993.

Increasing the education budget in Indonesia has become the focus of economic politics because it is a fundamental issue. Education, as a significant component of labor productivity, plays a vital role in driving the welfare of the workforce due to the increase in the Total Factor Productivity (TFP). This paper aims to test the quality of tertiary education by using World Bank and APO data. This paper provides an overview of tertiary education that influences TFP when juxtaposed with several other control variables and uses the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) test. The results show that TFP growth is significantly positively affected by the improvement of tertiary education quality and production capital but is significantly affected by the welfare of the workforce. This study implies that the government must allocate an adequate budget to improve education quality in Indonesia.How to Cite:Aji, R. H. S., Baharin, R., Yussof, I., & Mohd Saukani, M. N. (2022). Do Education Investment and Welfare of Labor Affect Productivity Growth in Indonesia. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 11(2), 273-288. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v11i2.26401.

In this paper we investigate the interpretant signs production during mathematical modelling activities development. The theoretical framework is based on the relationship between mathematical modelling and some elements of the semiotics structured by Charles Sanders Peirce, more specifically in his interpretant theory. This theoretical framework is associated with an empirical research in which modelling activities are developed by students of a Degree in Mathematics in a differential and integral calculus subject. The analysis of the activities follows qualitative research directions and leads us to infer that the students produced different interpretant signs when they developed mathematical modelling activities. In the warm up activity development it was possible to identify immediate interpretant signs, while during the follow up activities the students produced dynamic interpretants and some final interpretants for the extreme function values. In general, the interpretant signs give evidence of how the derivative was being used by the students to decide on the existence of maximum or minimum values of a function obtained when they developed mathematical modeling activities.ResumoNeste artigo investigamos a produção de signos interpretantes no desenvolvimento de atividades de modelagem matemática. O quadro teórico em que se fundamenta nossa pesquisa articula a modelagem matemática na Educação Matemática e elementos da semiótica estruturada por Charles Sanders Peirce e reconhecida na literatura como semiótica peirceana, com foco na denominada teoria dos signos interpretantes. As argumentações teóricas são associadas a uma pesquisa empírica em que uma sequência de atividades de modelagem matemática foi desenvolvida com alunos de um curso de licenciatura em matemática na disciplina de cálculo diferencial e integral I. A análise das atividades segue encaminhamentos da pesquisa qualitativa e nos leva a inferir que, na sequência de atividades de modelagem matemática, signos interpretantes imediatos são mais evidentes na atividade de aquecimento, enquanto interpretantes dinâmicos e interpretantes finais podem ser identificados com mais frequência nas atividades de acompanhamento. De modo geral, os interpretantes dão indícios de como a derivada foi sendo usada pelos alunos para deliberar sobre a existência de valor máximo ou valor mínimo nos problemas investigados nas atividades de modelagem matemática.Palavras-chave: Educação matemática, Modelagem matemática, Semiótica peirceana.Keywords: Mathematics education, Mathematical modeling, Peircean semiotics.ReferencesALMEIDA, L. M. W. Um olhar semiótico sobre modelos e modelagem: metáforas como foco de análise. Zetetiké. FE-Unicamp, v. 18, número temático, p. 387-414, 2010.ALMEIDA, L. M. W. Considerations on the use of mathematics in modeling activities. ZDM, v. 50, p. 19-30, 2018.ALMEIDA, L. M. W.; BRITO, D. S. Atividades de Modelagem Matemática: que sentido os alunos podem lhe atribuir?. Ciência e Educação (UNESP), 11, 1-16, 2005.ALMEIDA, L. M. W.; SILVA, K. A. P. A Ação dos Signos e o Conhecimento dos Alunos em Atividades de Modelagem Matemática. Boletim de Educação Matemática, v. 31, n. 57, p. 202-219, abr., 2017.ALMEIDA, L. M. W.; SILVA, K. A. P.; VERONEZ, M. R. D. Sobre a geração e interpretação de signos em atividades de modelagem matemática. In: VI SEMINÁRIO INTERNACIONAL DE PESQUISA EM EDUCAÇÃO MATEMÁTICA - VI SIPEM, 2015, Pirenópolis. Anais do VI SIPEM. Rio de Janeiro: SBEM, 2015. v. 1. p. 1-12.ÄRLEBÄCK, J.; DOERR, H. Moving beyond a single modelling activity. In: Mathematical Modelling in Education Research and Practice. Springer International Publishing, p. 293-303, 2015.ÄRLEBÄCK, J.; DOERR, H. Students’ interpretations and reasoning about phenomena with negative rates of change throughout a model development sequence. ZDM, v. 50, n. 1-2, p. 187-200, 2018.BOGDAN, R. C.; BIKLEN, S. K. Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods. New York: Pearson Education, 2003.CARREIRA, S.; BAIOA, A. M. Mathematical modelling with hands-on experimental tasks: On the student’s sense of credibility. ZDM, v. 50, n. 1-2, p. 201-215, 2018.DRIGO, M. O. Comunicação e cognição: semiose na mente humana. In: Comunicação e cognição: semiose na mente humana. Sulinas, 2007.LESH, R.; CRAMER, K.; DOERR, H.; POST, T.; ZAWOJEWSKI, J. Model Development Sequences. In: Richard Lesh & Helen Doerr, (Eds.), Beyond constructivism: Models and modeling perspectives on mathematics problem solving, learning, and teaching. Mahwah: Erlbaum, 2003.NÖTH, W. Panorama da Semiótica: de Platão a Peirce. São Paulo: Annablume, 2008.PEIRCE, C. S. Semiótica e filosofia. Editora Cultrix, 1972.PEIRCE, C. S. Semiótica. 3. ed. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2015.SANTAELLA, L. Semiótica aplicada. São Paulo: Thomson Learning, 2012.e3504064

Parental Involvement in their children's schooling has long been recognized as a critical component of good education. This study aims to find out the relationship between socioeconomic status, interpersonal communication, and school climate with parental involvement in early childhood education. Using survey and correlational research design, data collection was carried out through accumulation techniques with tests and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used statistical analysis and multiple regressions. The findings in the socio-economic context of parents show that the measure of power is an indicator in the very high category with a total score of 5, while the measures of wealth, honour and knowledge are included in the high category with a total score of 4 in relation to parental involvement. The form of interpersonal communication, the openness of parents in responding happily to information / news received from schools about children is a finding of a significant relationship with parental involvement in early childhood education. The school climate describes the responsibility for their respective duties and roles, work support provided, and interpersonal communication relationships, parents at home and teachers at school. Keywords: Socio-economic Status, Interpersonal Communication, Climate School, Parental Involvement, Early Childhood Education References Amato, P. R. (2005). The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation. The Future of Children, 15(2), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2005.0012 Arnold, D. H., Zeljo, A., Doctoroff, G. L., & Ortiz, C. (2008). Parent Involvement in Preschool: Predictors and the Relation of Involvement to Preliteracy Development. School Psychology Review, 37(1), 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2008.12087910 Barbato, C. A., Graham, E. E., & Perse, E. M. (1997). Interpersonal communication motives and perceptions of humor among elders. Communication Research Reports, 14(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099709388644 Barbato, C. A., Graham, E. E., & Perse, E. M. (2003). Communicating in the Family: An Examination of the Relationship of Family Communication Climate and Interpersonal Communication Motives. Journal of Family Communication, 3(3), 123–148. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327698JFC0303_01 Barnard, W. M. (2004). Parent involvement in elementary school and educational attainment. Children and Youth Services Review, 26(1), 39–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2003.11.002 Benner, A. D., Boyle, A. E., & Sadler, S. (2016). Parental Involvement and Adolescents’ Educational Success: The Roles of Prior Achievement and Socioeconomic Status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(6), 1053–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0431-4 Berkowitz, R., Astor, R. A., Pineda, D., DePedro, K. T., Weiss, E. L., & Benbenishty, R. (2021). Parental Involvement and Perceptions of School Climate in California. Urban Education, 56(3), 393–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916685764 Berkowitz, R., Moore, H., Astor, R. A., & Benbenishty, R. (2017). A Research Synthesis of the Associations Between Socioeconomic Background, Inequality, School Climate, and Academic Achievement. Review of Educational Research, 87(2), 425–469. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316669821 Brand, S., Felner, R. D., Seitsinger, A., Burns, A., & Bolton, N. (2008). A large-scale study of the assessment of the social environment of middle and secondary schools: The validity and utility of teachers’ ratings of school climate, cultural pluralism, and safety problems for understanding school effects and school improvement. Journal of School Psychology, 46(5), 507–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.12.001 Brand, S., Felner, R., Shim, M., Seitsinger, A., & Dumas, T. (2003). Middle school improvement and reform: Development and validation of a school-level assessment of climate, cultural pluralism, and school safety. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(3), 570–588. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.570 Culp, A. M., Hubbs-Tait, L., Culp, R. E., & Starost, H.-J. (2000). Maternal Parenting Characteristics and School Involvement: Predictors of Kindergarten Cognitive Competence Among Head Start Children. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 15(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568540009594772 Dearing, E., McCartney, K., Weiss, H. B., Kreider, H., & Simpkins, S. (2004). The promotive effects of family educational involvement for low-income children’s literacy. Journal of School Psychology, 42(6), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2004.07.002 Desforges, C., Abouchaar, A., Great Britain, & Department for Education and Skills. (2003). The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievements and adjustment: A literature review. DfES. El Nokali, N. E., Bachman, H. J., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2010). Parent Involvement and Children’s Academic and Social Development in Elementary School: Parent Involvement, Achievement, and Social Development. Child Development, 81(3), 988–1005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01447.x Englund, M. M., Luckner, A. E., Whaley, G. J. L., & Egeland, B. (2004). Children’s Achievement in Early Elementary School: Longitudinal Effects of Parental Involvement, Expectations, and Quality of Assistance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(4), 723–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.96.4.723 Epstein, J. L. (Ed.). (2002). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action (2nd ed). Corwin Press. Fan, X. (2001). Parental Involvement and Students’ Academic Achievement: A Growth Modeling Analysis. The Journal of Experimental Education, 70(1), 27–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970109599497 Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental Involvement and Students’ Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 23. Georgiou, S. N., & Tourva, A. (2007). Parental attributions and parental involvement. 10. Gorski, P. (2008). The Myth of the Culture of Poverty. Educational Leadership, 65(7), 32–36. Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2005). Can Instructional and Emotional Support in the First-Grade Classroom Make a Difference for Children at Risk of School Failure? Child Development, 76(5), 949–967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00889.x Hill, N. E., & Taylor, L. C. (2004). Parental School Involvement and Children’s Academic Achievement: Pragmatics and Issues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00298.x Hong, S., & Ho, H.-Z. (2005). Direct and Indirect Longitudinal Effects of Parental Involvement on Student Achievement: Second-Order Latent Growth Modeling Across Ethnic Groups. 11. Hornby, G., & Lafaele, R. (2011). Barriers to parental involvement in education: An explanatory model. Educational Review, 63(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2010.488049 Hoy, W. K., Tarter, C. J., & Hoy, A. W. (2006). Academic Optimism of Schools: A Force for Student Achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 425–446. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312043003425 Jeynes, W.H. (2014). Parent involvement for urban youth and student of color. In Handbook of urban education (In H. R. Milner&K. Lomotey (Eds.)). NY: Routledge. Jeynes, William H. (2005). Effects of Parental Involvement and Family Structure on the Academic Achievement of Adolescents. Marriage & Family Review, 37(3), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v37n03_06 Jeynes, William H. (2007). The Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Urban Secondary School Student Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis. Urban Education, 42(1), 82–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085906293818 Kaplan, D. S., Liu, X., & Kaplan, H. B. (2010). Influence of Parents’ Self-Feelings and Expectations on Children’s Academic Performance. 12. Kuperminc, G. P., Leadbeater, B. J., & Blatt, S. J. (2001). School Social Climate and Individual Differences in Vulnerability to Psychopathology among Middle School Students. Journal of School Psychology, 39(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(01)00059-0 Kutsyuruba, B., Klinger, D. A., & Hussain, A. (2015). Relationships among school climate, school safety, and student achievement and well-being: A review of the literature. Review of Education, 3(2), 103–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3043 Long, H., & Pang, W. (2016). Family socioeconomic status, parental expectations, and adolescents’ academic achievements: A case of China. Educational Research and Evaluation, 22(5–6), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2016.1237369 Loukas, A. (2007). High-quality school climate is advantageous for all students and may be particularly beneficial for at-risk students. 3. Mattingly, D. J., Prislin, R., McKenzie, T. L., Rodriguez, J. L., & Kayzar, B. (2002). Evaluating Evaluations: The Case of Parent Involvement Programs. Review of Educational Research, 72(4), 549–576. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543072004549 McWayne, C., Hampton, V., Fantuzzo, J., Cohen, H. L., & Sekino, Y. (2004). A multivariate examination of parent involvement and the social and academic competencies of urban kindergarten children. Psychology in the Schools, 41(3), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10163 Miedel, W. T., & Reynolds, A. J. (1999). Parent Involvement in Early Intervention for Disadvantaged Children: Does It Matter? Journal of School Psychology, 24. N.A., A., S.A., H., A.R., A., L.N., C., & N, O. (2017). Parental Involvement in Learning Environment, Social Interaction, Communication, and Support Towards Children Excellence at School. Journal of Sustainable Development Education and Research, 1(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsder.v1i1.6247 Poon, K. (2020). The impact of socioeconomic status on parental factors in promoting academic achievement in Chinese children. International Journal of Educational Development, 75, 102175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102175 Porumbu, D., & Necşoi, D. V. (2013). Relationship between Parental Involvement/Attitude and Children’s School Achievements. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 76, 706–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.191 Potvin, R. D. P., & Leclerc, D. (1999). Family Characteristics as Predictors of School Achievement: Parental Involvement as a Mediator. MCGILLJOURNAL OF EDUCATION, 34(2), 19. Reynolds, A. J. (1991). Early Schooling of Children at Risk. 31. Reynolds, A. J. (1992). Comparing measures of parental involvement and their effects on academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 7(3), 441–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2006(92)90031-S Reynolds, A. J., Ou, S.-R., & Topitzes, J. W. (2004). Paths of Effects of Early Childhood Intervention on Educational Attainment and Delinquency: A Confirmatory Analysis of the Chicago Child-Parent Centers. Child Development,75(5), 1299–1328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00742.x Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Ou, S.-R., Arteaga, I. A., & White, B. A. B. (2011). School-Based Early Childhood Education and Age-28 Well-Being: Effects by Timing, Dosage, and Subgroups. 333, 6. Shute, V. J., Hansen, E. G., Underwood, J. S., & Razzouk, R. (2011). A Review of the Relationship between Parental Involvement and Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement. 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STEAM-based learning is a global issue in early-childhood education practice. STEAM content becomes an integrative thematic approach as the main pillar of learning in kindergarten. This study aims to develop a conceptual and practical approach in the implementation of children's education by applying a modification from STEAM Learning to R-SLAMET. The research used a qualitative case study method with data collection through focus group discussions (FGD), involving early-childhood educator's research participants (n = 35), interviews, observation, document analysis such as videos, photos and portfolios. The study found several ideal categories through the use of narrative data analysis techniques. The findings show that educators gain an understanding of the change in learning orientation from competency indicators to play-based learning. Developing thematic play activities into continuum playing scenarios. STEAM learning content modification (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Math) to R-SLAMETS content (Religion, Science, Literacy, Art, Math, Engineering, Technology and Social study) in daily class activity. Children activities with R-SLAMETS content can be developed based on an integrative learning flow that empowers loose part media with local materials learning resources. Keyword: STEAM to R-SLAMETS, Early Childhood Education, Integrative Thematic Learning References Ali, E., Kaitlyn M, C., Hussain, A., & Akhtar, Z. (2018). the Effects of Play-Based Learning on Early Childhood Education and Development. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 7(43), 4682–4685. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2018/1044 Ata Aktürk, A., & Demircan, O. (2017). A Review of Studies on STEM and STEAM Education in Early Childhood. Journal of Kırşehir Education Faculty, 18(2), 757–776. Azizah, W. A., Sarwi, S., & Ellianawati, E. (2020). Implementation of Project -Based Learning Model (PjBL) Using STREAM-Based Approach in Elementary Schools. Journal of Primary Education, 9(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpe.v9i3.39950 Badmus, O. (2018). Evolution of STEM, STEAM and STREAM Education in Africa: The Implication of the Knowledge Gap. In Contemporary Issues in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics Teacher Education in Nigeria. Björklund, C., & Ahlskog-Björkman, E. (2017). Approaches to teaching in thematic work: early childhood teachers’ integration of mathematics and art. International Journal of Early Years Education, 25(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1287061 Broadhead, P. (2003). Early Years Play and Learning. In Early Years Play and Learning. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203465257 Canning, N. (2010). The influence of the outdoor environment: Den-making in three different contexts. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 555–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2010.525961 Clapp, E. P., Solis, S. L., Ho, C. K. N., & Sachdeva, A. R. (2019). Complicating STEAM: A Critical Look at the Arts in the STEAM Agenda. Encyclopedia of Educational Innovation, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2262-4_54-1 Colucci, L., Burnard, P., Cooke, C., Davies, R., Gray, D., & Trowsdale, J. (2017). Reviewing the potential and challenges of developing STEAM education through creative pedagogies for 21st learning: how can school curricula be broadened towards a more responsive, dynamic, and inclusive form of education? BERA Research Commission, August, 1–105. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22452.76161 Conradty, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2018). From STEM to STEAM: How to Monitor Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 30(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1488195 Conradty, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2019). From STEM to STEAM: Cracking the Code? How Creativity & Motivation Interacts with Inquiry-based Learning. Creativity Research Journal, 31(3), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2019.1641678 Cook, K. L., & Bush, S. B. (2018). Design thinking in integrated STEAM learning: Surveying the landscape and exploring exemplars in elementary grades. School Science and Mathematics, 118(3–4), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12268 Costantino, T. (2018). STEAM by another name: Transdisciplinary practice in art and design education. Arts Education Policy Review, 119(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2017.1292973 Danniels, E., & Pyle, A. (2018). Defining Play-based Learning. In Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development (Play-Based, Issue February, pp. 1–5). OISE University of Toronto. DeJarnette, N. K. (2018). Implementing STEAM in the Early Childhood Classroom. European Journal of STEM Education, 3(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/3878 Dell’Erba, M. (2019). Policy Considerations for STEAM Education. Policy Brief, 1–10. Doyle, K. (2019). The languages and literacies of the STEAM content areas. Literacy Learning: The Middle Years, 27(1), 38–50. http://proxy.libraries.smu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eue&AN=133954204&site=ehost-live&scope=site Edwards, S. (2017). Play-based learning and intentional teaching: Forever different? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 42(2), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.23965/ajec.42.2.01 Faas, S., Wu, S.-C., & Geiger, S. (2017). The Importance of Play in Early Childhood Education: A Critical Perspective on Current Policies and Practices in Germany and Hong Kong. Global Education Review, 4(2), 75–91. Fesseha, E., & Pyle, A. (2016). Conceptualising play-based learning from kindergarten teachers’ perspectives. International Journal of Early Years Education, 24(3), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2016.1174105 Finch, C. R., Frantz, N. R., Mooney, M., & Aneke, N. O. (1997). Designing the Thematic Curriculum: An All Aspects Approach MDS-956. 97. Gess, A. H. (2019). STEAM Education. STEAM Education, November, 2011–2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04003-1 Gronlund, G. (n.d.). “ Addressing Standards through Play-Based Learning in Preschool and Kindergarten .” Gronlund, G. (2015). Planning for Play-Based Curriculum Based on Individualized Goals to Help Each Child Thrive in Preschool and Kindergarten Gaye Gronlund. Gull, C., Bogunovich, J., Goldstein, S. L., & Rosengarten, T. (2019). Definitions of Loose Parts in Early Childhood Outdoor Classrooms: A Scoping Review. The International Journal of Early Childhood Education, 6(3), 37–52. Hapidin, Pujianti, Y., Hartati, S., Nurani, Y., & Dhieni, N. (2020). The continuous professional development for early childhood teachers through lesson study in implementing play based curriculum (case study in Jakarta, Indonesia). International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(10), 17–25. Hennessey, P. (2016). Full – Day Kindergarten Play-Based Learning : Promoting a Common Understanding. Education and Early Childhood Development, April, 1–76. gov.nl.ca/edu Henriksen, D. (2017). Creating STEAM with Design Thinking: Beyond STEM and Arts Integration. Steam, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5642/steam.20170301.11 Inglese, P., Barbera, G., La Mantia, T., On, P., Presentation, T., Reid, R., Vasa, S. F., Maag, J. W., Wright, G., Irsyadi, F. Y. Al, Nugroho, Y. S., Cutter-Mackenzie, A., Edwards, S., Moore, D., Boyd, W., Miller, E., Almon, J., Cramer, S. C., Wilkes-Gillan, S., … Halperin, J. M. (2014). Young Children’s Play and Environmental Education in Early Childhood Education. PLoS ONE, 2(3), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.106 Jacman, H. (2012). Early Education Curriculum. Pedagogical Development Unit, FEBRUARY 2011, 163. https://www.eursc.eu/Syllabuses/2011-01-D-15-en-4.pdf Jay, J. A., & Knaus, M. (2018). Embedding play-based learning into junior primary (Year 1 and 2) Curriculum in WA. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 43(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n1.7 Kennedy, A., & Barblett, L. (2010). Supporting the Early Years Learning Framework. Research in Practise Series, 17(3), 1–12. Keung, C. P. C., & Cheung, A. C. K. (2019). Towards Holistic Supporting of Play-Based Learning Implementation in Kindergartens: A Mixed Method Study. Early Childhood Education Journal, 47(5), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00956-2 Keung, C. P. C., & Fung, C. K. H. (2020). Exploring kindergarten teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in the development of play-based learning. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(2), 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1724656 Krogh, S., & Morehouse, P. (2014). The Early Childhood Curriculum : Inquiry Learning Through Integration. Liao, C. (2016). From Interdisciplinary to Transdisciplinary: An Arts-Integrated Approach to STEAM Education. Art Education, 69(6), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1224873 Lillard, A. S., Lerner, M. D., Hopkins, E. J., Dore, R. A., Smith, E. D., & Palmquist, C. M. (2013). The impact of pretend play on children’s development: A review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029321 Maxwell, L. E., Mitchell, M. R., & Evans, G. W. (2008). Effects of Play Equipment and Loose Parts on Preschool Children’s Outdoor Play Behavior: An Observational Study and Design Intervention. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(2), 37–63. McLaughlin, T., & Cherrington, S. (2018). Creating a rich curriculum through intentional teaching. Early Childhood Folio, 22(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.18296/ecf.0050 Mengmeng, Z., Xiantong, Y., & Xinghua, W. (2019). Construction of STEAM Curriculum Model and Case Design in Kindergarten. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(7), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-7-8 Milara, I. S., Pitkänen, K., Laru, J., Iwata, M., Orduña, M. C., & Riekki, J. (2020). STEAM in Oulu: Scaffolding the development of a Community of Practice for local educators around STEAM and digital fabrication. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 26, 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100197 Moomaw, S. (2012). STEM Begins in the Early Years. School Science and Mathematics, 112(2), 57–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2011.00119.x Peng, Q. (2017). Study on Three Positions Framing Kindergarten Play-Based Curriculum in China: Through Analyses of the Attitudes of Teachers to Early Linguistic Education. Studies in English Language Teaching, 5(3), 543. https://doi.org/10.22158/selt.v5n3p543 Pyle, A., & Bigelow, A. (2015). Play in Kindergarten: An Interview and Observational Study in Three Canadian Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-014-0666-1 Pyle, A., & Danniels, E. (2017). A Continuum of Play-Based Learning: The Role of the Teacher in Play-Based Pedagogy and the Fear of Hijacking Play. Early Education and Development, 28(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1220771 Quigley, C. F., Herro, D., & Jamil, F. M. (2017). Developing a Conceptual Model of STEAM Teaching Practices. School Science and Mathematics, 117(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12201 Ridgers, N. D., Knowles, Z. R., & Sayers, J. (2012). Encouraging play in the natural environment: A child-focused case study of Forest School. Children’s Geographies, 10(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2011.638176 Ridwan, A., Rahmawati, Y., & Hadinugrahaningsih, T. (2017). Steam Integration in Chemistry Learning for Developing 21st Century Skills. MIER Journail of Educational Studies, Trends & Practices, 7(2), 184–194. Rolling, J. H. (2016). Reinventing the STEAM Engine for Art + Design Education. Art Education, 69(4), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1176848 Sancar-Tokmak, H. (2015). The effect of curriculum-generated play instruction on the mathematics teaching efficacies of early childhood education pre-service teachers. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2013.788315 Sawangmek, S. (2019). Trends and Issues on STEM and STEAM Education in Early Childhood. Képzés És Gyakorlat, 17(2019/3-4), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.17165/tp.2019.3-4.8 Science, A. I. (n.d.). STEM Project-Based Learning. Spencer, R., Joshi, N., Branje, K., Lee McIsaac, J., Cawley, J., Rehman, L., FL Kirk, S., & Stone, M. (2019). Educator perceptions on the benefits and challenges of loose parts play in the outdoor environments of childcare centres. AIMS Public Health, 6(4), 461–476. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.461 Taylor, J., Bond, E., & Woods, M. (2018). A Multidisciplinary and Holistic Introduction. Varun A. (2014). Thematic Approach for Effective Communication in Early Childhood Education Thematic Approach for effective communication in ECCE. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR), 3(3), 49–51. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289868193 Wang, X., Xu, W., & Guo, L. (2018). The status quo and ways of STEAM education promoting China’s future social sustainable development. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124417 Whitebread, D. D. (2012). The Importance of Play. Toy Industries of Europe, April, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2015.27.438-441 Wong, S. M., Wang, Z., & Cheng, D. (2011). A play-based curriculum: Hong Kong children’s perception of play and non-play. International Journal of Learning, 17(10), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v17i10/47298 Zosh, J. M., Hopkins, E. J., Jensen, H., Liu, C., Neale, D., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Whitebread, Solis, S. L., & David. (2017). Learning through play : a review of the evidence (Issue November). The LEGO Foundation.

School readiness is critical to academic achievement in first grade. However, often parents only focus on cognitive readiness without paying much attention to children's emotional factors and parental factors that affect school readiness. This study aims to identify the relationship between parenting skills, emotional quotient (EQ), intelligence (IQ), and children's school readiness. This study uses a correlation design that focuses on parental and internal factors. The research subjects were parents and students from 21 kindergartens in Magelang (n=165) who were selected through simple random sampling. Data collection was carried out through online questionnaires for parents, Raven Intelligence Scale, EQ Scale, and school readiness tests for children. The data obtained were analyzed through regression analysis techniques. The results of the study show that emotional intelligence has the strongest correlation with school readiness. Intelligence also correlates with children's school readiness. However, there is no significant correlation between parental skills and children's school readiness. Based on gender, there is no significant difference in school readiness between boys and girls. The findings of this study imply that school readiness needs to be improved by developing children's emotional intelligence as important as cognitive intelligence. Keywords: parenting skills, children’s EQ and IQ, school readiness References: Arnold, C., Bartlett, K., Gowani, S., & Shallwani, S. (2008). Transition to school: Reflections on readiness. Journal of Developmental Processes, 3(2), 26–38. Blankson, A. N., Miner, J., Leerkes, E. M., O’Brien, M., Calkins, S. D., & Marcovitch, S. (2017). Cognitive and Emotional Processes as Predictors of a Successful Transition into School HHS Public Access. Early Educ Dev, 28(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1183434 Cohen, J. (2006). Social, emotional, ethical, and academic education: Creating a climate for learning, participation in democracy and well-being. Harvard Educational Review, 76(2), 201–237. Coolahan, Kathleen, Mendez, Julia, Fantuzzo, John; McDermott, P. (2020). Preschool peer interactions and readiness to learn: Relationships between classroom peer play and learning behaviors and conduct. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2019.01.001.The Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (Fifth edition). Pearson. Crnic, Keith Lamberty, G. (1994). Reconsidering school readiness: Conceptual and applied perspectives. Early Education and Development, 5(2), 91–105. Dawson, Courtney; Huitt, W. G. (2011). Running head: Social Development. April. Edwards, C. P., Sheridan, S. M., & Lisa, K. (2008). Digital Commons @ University of Nebraska—Lincoln Parent Engagement and School Readiness: Parent- Child Relationships in Early Learning. Faculty Publications, Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, 60(September). Janus, M., & Offord, D. A. N. (1997). To Learn at School. 71–75. Janus, M., & Offord, D. R. (2007). Development and psychometric properties of the Early Development Instrument (EDI): A measure of children’s school readiness. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 39(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/cjbs2007001 Lucy S. King, 1 Kathryn L. Humphreys, 2 and Ian H. Gotlib1. (2020). The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving Environments. HHS Public Asses. Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Early Childhood Education: Implications for School Readiness. 2(1), 1–8. McLanahan, S., Haskins, R., Paxson, C., Rouse, C., & Sawhill, I. (2005). The Future of Children: School Readiness: Closing Racial and Ethnic Gaps Affairs. In The Future of Children (Vol. 15, Issue 1). Oyserman, D., Brickman, D., & Rhodes, M. (2007). School success, possible selves, and parent school involvement. Family Relations, 56(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00475.x Pagani, L. S., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2014). Children’s School Readiness: Implications for Eliminating Future Disparities in Health and Education. Health Education and Behavior, 41(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198113478818 Pagani, L. S., & Messier, S. (2012). Links between Motor Skills and Indicators of School Readiness at Kindergarten Entry in Urban Disadvantaged Children. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 2(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v2n1p95 Pianta, R. C., Barnett, W. S., Burchinal, M., & Thornburg, K. R. (2009). The effects of preschool education: What we know, how public policy is or is not aligned with the evidence base, and what we need to know. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement, 10(2), 49–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610381908 Raver, C., & Knitze, J. (2002). Ready to Enter: What Research Tells Policymakers About Strategies to Promote Social and Emotional School Readiness Among Three- and Four-Year-Old Children. Promoting the Emotional Well-Being of Children and Families, 3, 1–24. Sari, Y. D. L. A. (2019). Analysis of parental involvement in learning assistance in early childhood. [Analisis keterlibatan orang tua dalam pendampingan pembelajaran pada anak usia dini]. Jurnal Caksana-Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 2(1), 22–38. Shaari, M. F., & Ahmad, S. S. (2016). Physical Learning Environment: Impact on Children School Readiness in Malaysian Preschools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.164 Shan, W., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Cheung, E. F. C., Chan, R. C. K., & Jiang, F. (2019). Association between Maltreatment, Positive Parent–Child Interaction, and Psychosocial Well-Being in Young Children. Journal of Paediatrics, 213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.06.050 Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (Eds.). (2000). From neurons to neighbourhoods: The science of early childhood development. National Academy Press. Sudarsih, W. (2011). Social Skills [Keterampilan Sosial]. Repository.Upi. Edu, 12–35. Utami, N. R., & Novitasari, K. (2020). Developing a Multirepresentation Learning Model Based on Local Wisdom to Transform Character for Students Of 5-6 Years Old. Early Childhood Education and Development Journal, 1(2), 9. https://doi.org/10.20961/ecedj.v1i2.35362 Xiao Zhang; Bi Ying Hu; Lixin Ren; Meifang. (2019). Young Chinese Children’s Academic Skill Development: Identifying Child-, Family-, and School-Level Factors: Young Chinese Children’s Academic Skill Development. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2019(3), 3. Xing, X., & Wang, M. (2018). The moderating role of HPA activity in the relations between parental corporal punishment and executive function in Chinese school-aged children. Psychology of Violence, 8(4), 418–426., 8(4), 418-426.

Introduction. The article examines the influence of various factors on the academic performance of university students. The purpose of the article is to identify the degree of influence of various factors on first-year university students’ academic performance taking into account their gender. The study is based on students’ self-assessment. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research was the articles of Russian and foreign scholars devoted to the factors affecting the academic performance of university students (A. Alhadabi, H. W. Brink, Y. García, H. G. Hidajat, E. V. Krekhovets, F. Moradi, N. S. Nurieva, A. O. Ryazhkin, V. N. Shlyapnikov, D. R. Valeeva, S. D. Vaulin, S. V. Yaroshevskaya, I. Živčić-Bećirević and etc.). The empirical study was carried out at Tyumen State University. The sample consisted of 232 first-year students of various fields of study, including 101 males and 131 females. Results. The analysis of the scholarly literature on the research problem enabled the authors to identify the factors that influence the academic performance of university students and propose a classification of these factors. Based on students’ self-assessment, the degree of influence of each of the selected factors on their academic performance was determined. Significant differences in the assessment of the influence of a few factors on academic performance related to the students’ gender were revealed. According to the self-assessment of students, the competence of academic staff has the strongest influence on their academic performance. Within the framework of the proposed classification of factors, the most important for students was a group of factors related to their personal characteristics. Factors related to randomness and academic fraud were ranked among the least important. Intrinsic motivation as a factor influencing academic performance turned out to be more important than extrinsic positive and extrinsic negative motivation. Conclusions. The experimental data show that women, to a greater extent than men, associate their academic performance with external factors (teachers’ competence, learning environment, study facilities), or with their innate personality traits (intellectual abilities, memory characteristics and attention, emotional balance). For men, a more significant factor in academic performance is relying on their own strengths and expectations of success from their efforts. At the same time, their academic performance is more determined by the social environment at the university.

Competent coaches are the main goal of coach education (International Council for Coaching Excellence et al., 2013). In order to achieve this goal, coach education in Germany has been further developed in a competence-oriented way in recent years - inspired by corresponding developments in teacher education (e.g. Baumert & Kunter, 2013). For example, the German Olympic Sports Confederation, together with (educational) experts, has developed its own competency model for its coach education (Sygusch et al., 2020). The central starting point of this model - based on the discourse on competencies in educational science - is formed by requirement situations of coaches. They “comprise regularly occurring events with which coaches are confronted and which require them to act. Coping with requirement situations needs competencies that are (supposed to be) acquired in a coach education that is oriented towards requirement situations.” (Möhrle et al., in review) However, a systematic overview of requirement situations is not yet available for many educational settings - including coach education (Iller & Wick, 2009). This study addresses this desideratum by answering the question “What are requirement situations of competitive sport coaches?”. Method The answer is based on an exploratory mixed-methods design (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007). In the qualitative phase, n = 12 experts in coach education identified 53 association-specific requirement situations, which were concentrated in deductively derived requirement areas using content analysis (Mayring, 2015). In the quantitative phase, n = 280 competitive sport coaches (judo, soccer, field hockey, skiing, table tennis) assessed the extent to which the requirement situations apply to their everyday coaching work by means of a standardized online survey. Results Fifty-three association-specific requirement situations of coaches (field hockey, athletics = 17; judo = 7; ski = 12) were identified and concentrated in seven requirement areas. The core requirement area is training (39%), clearly ahead of analyzing & assessing, coaching in competition, educating & accompanying, management and interacting(15% to 9% each). Eleven requirement situations apply to competitive sports coaches of all participating associations (Example: The coach trains an athlete/training group. For the next weeks, the improvement of general fitness is on the agenda). Discussion The identified and systemized requirement situations enable conceptual and didactic implications for coach education (e.g., further development of curricula, thematization in teaching-learning situations) as well as empirical implications for coach education research (e. g., test development to assess coach competencies). Furthermore, this study not only initiates the discourse on requirement situations in coach education, but also offers orientation to other sport-related educational settings. References Baumert, J., & Kunter, M. (2013). The COACTIVE Model. In M. Kunter, J. Baumert, W. Blum, U. Klusmann, S. Kraus & M. Neubrand (Eds.), Cognitive Activation in the Mathematics Classroom and Professional Competence of Teachers (pp. 25-48). Springer. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Sage. Iller, C., & Wick, A. (2009). Prüfungen als Evaluation der Kompetenzentwicklung im Studium [Examinations as an evaluation of competence development in higher education]. Das Hochschulwesen, 57(6), 195-201. International Council for Coaching Excellence, Association of Summer Olympic International Federations & Leeds Beckett University. (2013). International sport coaching framework. Version 1.2. Human Kinetics. Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative content analysis. Theoretical background and procedures. In A. Bikner-Ahsbahs, C. Knipping & N. Presmeg (Eds.), Approaches to Qualitative Research in Mathematics Education. Examples of methodology and methods (pp. 365-380). Springer. Möhrle, A., Liebl, S., & Sygusch, R. (in review). Anforderungssituationen als Ausgangspunkt einer kompetenzorientierten Trainer:innenbildung im Leistungssport – Eine explorative Mixed-Methods-Studie[Requirement Situations as a Starting Point for Competence-Oriented Coach Education in Competitive Sports – An Explorative Mixed-Methods Study]. Sygusch, R., Muche, M., Liebl, S., Fabinski, W., & Schwind-Gick, G. (2020). Das Kompetenzmodell für die Trainerbildung: Teil 1 [The competency model for coach education: Part 1]. Leistungssport, 50(1), 41-47.

The pandemic that occurred this year created conditions that changed the activities of parents and children, the role of parents working outside the home often led to a lack of parental involvement in child development, especially the development of independence. The conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic have caused parents and children to be in one place at the same time. This study aims to determine the effect of parental involvement and maternal employment status on the independence of children aged 7-8 years in the Covid-19 pandemic situation. This quantitative research uses a comparative causal ex-post facto design, with groups of working mothers and groups of non-working mothers. The sample of each group was 60 people who were randomly selected. The findings of the study with the calculation of the two-way ANOVA test obtained the value of Fo = 4.616> F table = 3.92 or with p-value = 0.034 <α = 0.05, indicating that there is an interaction between parental involvement and maternal employment status on children's independence, and Based on the results of hypothesis testing, there is no effect of parental involvement and mother's work status on the independence of the child even though there are differences in the average results of children's independence. Keywords: Children's Independence, Parental Involvement and Mothers' Employment References: Areepattamannil, S., & Santos, I. M. (2019). Adolescent students’ perceived information and communication technology (ICT) competence and autonomy: Examining links to dispositions toward science in 42 countries. Computers in Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.005 Benner, A. D., Boyle, A. E., & Sadler, S. (2016). Parental Involvement and Adolescents’ Educational Success: The Roles of Prior Achievement and Socioeconomic Status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(6), 1053–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0431-4 Chusniatun, Kuswardhani, & Suwandi, J. (2014). Peran ganda pengembangan karier guru-guru perempuan. Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Sosial, 24(2), 53–66. Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < .05). (Vol. 49). American Psychologist,. DeLuca, C., Pyle, A., Braund, H., & Faith, L. (2020). Leveraging assessment to promote kindergarten learners’ independence and self-regulation within play-based classrooms. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 27(4), 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2020.1719033 Dong, C., Cao, S., & Li, H. (2020). Young children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440 Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Morris, A. S., Fabes, R. A., Cumberland, A., Reiser, M., Gershoff, E. T., Shepard, S. A., & Losoya, S. (2003). Longitudinal relations among parental emotional expressivity, children’s regulation, and quality of socioemotional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.3 Gassman-Pines, A., Ananat, E. O., & Fitz-Henley, J. (2020). COVID-19 and parent-Child psychological well-being. Pediatrics, 146(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3211 Grolnick, W. S., Benjet, C., Kurowski, C. O., & Apostoleris, N. H. (1997). Predictors of Parent Involvement in Children’s Schooling. 11. Gürbüztürk, O., & Şad, S. N. (2010). Turkish parental involvement scale: Validity and reliability studies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.049 Gusmaniarti, G., & Suweleh, W. (2019). Analisis Perilaku Home Service Orang Tua terhadap Perkembangan Kemandirian dan Tanggung Jawab Anak. Aulad : Journal on Early Childhood. https://doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v2i1.17 Hatzigianni, M., & Margetts, K. (2014). Parents’ beliefs and evaluations of young children’s computer use. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911403900415 Hornby, G., & Lafaele, R. (2011). Barriers to parental involvement in education: An explanatory model. Educational Review, 63(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2010.488049 Iftitah, S. L., & Anawaty, M. F. (2020). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Mendampingi Anak Di Rumah Selama Pandemi Covid-19. JCE (Journal of Childhood Education), 4(2), 71. https://doi.org/10.30736/jce.v4i2.256 Jeynes, W. H. (2005). Effects of Parental Involvement and Family Structure on the Academic Achievement of Adolescents. Marriage & Family Review, 37(3), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v37n03_06 Kadir. (2017). Statistika Terapan. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Komala. (2015). Mengenal dan Mengembangkan Kemandirian Anak Usia Dini Melalui Pola Asuh Orang Tua dan Guru. Tunas Siliwangi, 1(1), 31–45. Kumpulainen, K., Sairanen, H., & Nordström, A. (2020). Young children’s digital literacy practices in the sociocultural contexts of their homes. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 20(3), 472–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468798420925116 Levitt, M. R., Grolnick, W. S., Caruso, A. J., & Lerner, R. E. (2020). Internally and Externally Controlling Parenting: Relations with Children’s Symptomatology and Adjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(11), 3044–3058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01797-z Lie, A., & Prasasti, S. (2004). Menjadi Orang Tua Bijak 101 Cara Membina Kemandirian dan Tanggung Jawab Anak. PT. Alex Media. Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., Dreier, M., Chaudron, S., & Lagae, K. (2015). How parents of young children manage digital devices at home: The role of income, education and parental style. 26. 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This study was developed with the objective of determining the evaluation of teaching performance and its influence on the use of virtual classrooms in the higher education system, as an important relationship that encompasses social change, highlighting the health crisis and the impact on the teaching performance of the Lay University "Eloy Alfaro" of Manabí. A quantitative study was carried out, with a descriptive approach, applied to higher education students and teachers through surveys. The evaluation of teaching performance is used as a tool to manage the quality of teaching, being necessary to establish institutional improvement policies in terms of strengthening and training in the use of new technologies focused on the virtual classroom, being necessary the creation of an evaluation system of the teaching performance through virtual platforms, with a wide choice of common problems that may generate not so much determining the teaching action but the limitations that may arise. Keywords: Teaching performance, technologies, teaching-learning, virtual classrooms. References [1]S. Navarro, Cómo realizar una evaluaciòn del desempeño: método paso a paso para llevarlo a cabo y convertirte en consultor., Chile: Sebastian Navarro Rojas, 2016. [2]E. C. Inclán, B. Á. Díaz and R. A. Galaz, Evaluación del desempeño docente en américa latina: experiencias Chile y México, San Luís Potosí; Chile: Congreso Nacional de Investgación Educativa, COMIE, 2017. [3]D. Vaillant, Desarrollo profesional, evaluación y poiticas docentes en Latinoamerica, Uruaguay: Universidad ORT, 2016. [4]B. S. B. Ronquillo, R. R. X. Castro and V. P. A. Ortega, «Antecedentes de la evaluación del desempeño docente en el Ecuador,» Revista Publicando, 4 N°12(1), pp. pp.468-488, 2017. [5]S. Navarro, Cómo realizar una evaluaciòn del desempeño: método paso a paso para llevarlo a cabo y convertirte en consultor, Chile: Sevastián Navarro Rojo, 2016. [6]E. Rodríguez, Evaluación de centros y profesores, Madrid: Universidad Nacional a Distancia, 2017. [7]M. Román and J. Murillo, «La evaluación del desempeño docente:objeto de disputa y fuente de oportunidades en el campo educativo,» Revista Iberoamericana de Evaluación Educativa, v1 n 2, pp. pp. 96-114, 2013. [8]M. R. Ambrocio, Liderazgo del director y desempeño pedagógico docente, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala: Universidad Rafael Landívar, Campus de Quetzaltenango, 2014. [9]Ministerio de Educación, «Desempeño del Docente,» 2021. [Online]. Available: https://educacion.gob.ec/desempeno-del-docente-sne/. [10]E. Rodríguez, Evaluación de centros y profesores, Madrid, España: Universidad Nacional a Distancia, 2018. [11]Ministerio de Educación, «Marco de Buen Desempeño Docente; para mejorar tu práctica como maestro y guiar el aprendizaje de tus estudiantes,» 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.minedu.gob.pe/pdf/ed/marco-de-buen-desempeno-docente.pdf. [12]W. Horton, Designing web based training Wiley Computer Publisher, New York: NY, 2015. [13]P. K. F. Cáceres, Educación Virtual: creando espacios afectivos de convivencia y aprendizaje en tiempos de Covid-19, Quito, Ecuador: Nivelación de Carrera. Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2020. [14]M. Domingo and P. Marqués, «Aulas 2.0 y uso de las TIC en la práctica docente,» Comunicar, vol. 19, núm. 37, pp. 169-175, 2011. [15]T. D. Neira, Educación a Distancia y salas de clases virtuales, Chile: Universidad de Concepción, 2014. [16]J. M. Duart, «Evaluación de la calidad docente en entornos virtuales de aprendizaje,» 2018. [Online]. Available: http://reddigital.cnice.mec.es/6/Documentos/docs/articulo12_material.pdf. [17]M. I. Salinas, «Gestión de la evaluación del desempeño docente en aulas virtuales de un proyecto de blended-learning,» Rev. Ciencia, Docencia y Tecnología Vol. 28 No. 54 , pp. pp. 100-129, 2017. [18]L. U. e. I. UNIR, «Importancia de evaluar al profesorado,» 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.unir.net/educacion/revista/evaluacion-practica-docente/. [19]CNN, «De la educación presencial a la virtual: los desafíos para los estudiantes debido a la pandemia,» 2020. [Online]. Available: https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2020/12/23/de-la-educacion-presencial-a-la-virtual-los-desafios-para-los-estudiantes-debido-a-la-pandemia/. [20]S. U. d. M. E. SUME, Problemas más comunes que enfrentan los estudiantes en el aprendizaje en línea, México: Universidad de Guanajuato, 2017.

The age period of 0-8 years is the most important moment for every human being to develop all the developmental features supported by parents at home and teachers / tutors at the Early Childhood Education Institute (ECE). In parenting, six main aspects must be known and applied by each parent. Lack of education, nutritional knowledge, care and care, and aspects of clean-living habits in the family can have an impact on children's growth and development processes. This study aims to develop a module 6 aspects of child development for parental guidance. This study uses a research and development approach to test the effectiveness of the posttest design. Respondents in this study are parents who have children up to 5 years and early childhood educators. The findings show that from these six main aspects, it seems that parents and ECE tutors do not yet understand the ECE concept. In another perspective, there is still a lack of knowledge about these 6 main aspects which require training and parenting modules to develop the 6 aspects of child development. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Child Development Aspect, Parenting Training Module References: Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Asdi Mahasatya. Britto, P. R., Lye, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., … Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389(10064), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3 Coore Desai, C., Reece, J. A., & Shakespeare-Pellington, S. (2017). The prevention of violence in childhood through parenting programmes: a global review. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 22(February), 166–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1271952 Darling-Churchill, K. E., & Lippman, L. (2016). Early childhood social and emotional development: Advancing the field of measurement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 45, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.002 Davis, S., Votruba-Drzal, E., & Silk, J. S. (2015). Trajectories of Internalizing Symptoms From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Associations With Temperament and Parenting. Social Development, 24(3), 501–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12105 Đorđić, V., Tubić, T., & Jakšić, D. (2016). The Relationship between Physical, Motor, and Intellectual Development of Preschool Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 233(May), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.114 Eisenberg, N., Taylor, Z. E., Widaman, K. F., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015). Externalizing symptoms, effortful control, and intrusive parenting: A test of bidirectional longitudinal relations during early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4), 953–968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000620 Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2007). Educational Research: An Introduction (4th ed.). New York: Longman Inc. Gardner, F., Montgomery, P., & Knerr, W. (2016). Transporting Evidence-Based Parenting Programs for Child Problem Behavior (Age 3–10) Between Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(6), 749–762. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1015134 Gilmer, C., Buchan, J. L., Letourneau, N., Bennett, C. T., Shanker, S. G., Fenwick, A., & Smith-Chant, B. (2016). Parent education interventions designed to support the transition to parenthood: A realist review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 59, 118–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.03.015 Grindal, T., Bowne, J. B., Yoshikawa, H., Schindler, H. S., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2016a). The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.018 Guyer, A. E., Jarcho, J. M., Pérez-Edgar, K., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, E. E. (2015). Temperament and Parenting Styles in Early Childhood Differentially Influence Neural Response to Peer Evaluation in Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(5), 863–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9973-2 Jones, D. E., Feinberg, M. E., Hostetler, M. L., Roettger, M. E., Paul, I. M., & Ehrenthal, D. B. (2018). Family and Child Outcomes 2 Years After a Transition to Parenthood Intervention. Family Relations, 67(2), 270–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12309 Jürges, H., Schwarz, A., Cahan, S., & Abdeen, Z. (2019). Child mental health and cognitive development: evidence from the West Bank. Empirica, 46(3), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09438-5 Kalland, M., Fagerlund, Å., Von Koskull, M., & Pajulo, M. (2016). Families First: The development of a new mentalization-based group intervention for first-Time parents to promote child development and family health. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 17(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146342361500016X Knauer, H. A., Ozer, E. J., Dow, W. H., & Fernald, L. C. H. (2019). Parenting quality at two developmental periods in early childhood and their association with child development. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 47, 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.08.009 Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Cyr, M., Finsaas, M. C., Orawe, J., Huang, A., Tottenham, N., & Klein, D. N. (2018). Early Childhood Parenting Predicts Late Childhood Brain Functional Connectivity During Emotion Perception and Reward Processing. Child Development, 00(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13126 Kurniah, N., Andreswari, D., & Kusumah, R. G. T. (2019). Achievement of Development on Early Childhood Based on National Education Standard. 295(ICETeP 2018), 351–354. https://doi.org/10.2991/icetep-18.2019.82 Leijten, P., Raaijmakers, M. A. J., Orobio de Castro, B., van den Ban, E., & Matthys, W. (2017). Effectiveness of the Incredible Years Parenting Program for Families with Socioeconomically Disadvantaged and Ethnic Minority Backgrounds. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1038823 Lomanowska, A. M., Boivin, M., Hertzman, C., & Fleming, A. S. (2017). Parenting begets parenting: A neurobiological perspective on early adversity and the transmission of parenting styles across generations. Neuroscience, 342, 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.029 Lucassen, N., Kok, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., … Tiemeier, H. (2015). Executive functions in early childhood: The role of maternal and paternal parenting practices. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12112 Molchanov, S. V. (2013). The Moral Development in Childhood. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 86, 615–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.623 Morris, A. S., & Williamson, A. C. (2019). Building early social and emotional relationships with infants and toddlers: Integrating research and practice. Building Early Social and Emotional Relationships with Infants and Toddlers: Integrating Research and Practice, 1–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03110-7 Parhomenko, K. (2014). Diagnostic Methods of Socio – Emotional Competence in Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 146, 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.142 Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. 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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dikembangkan untuk menganalisa faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan menginap seorang konsumen muslim terhadap Hotel Syariah. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada tahun 2021 dengan 200 responden dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Dari hasil analisa regresi berganda halal awareness dan lifestyle seorang konsumen muslim berpengaruh signifikan dengan keputusan menginap di Hotel Syariah. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini mengungkapkan pentingnya para pelaku bisnis Hotel Syariah untuk menyusun strategi yang sesuai dengan halal awareness dan lifestyle pasar sasaran seorang konsumen muslim. Kata Kunci: Halal awareness, lifestyle, keputusan pembelian, Hotel Syariah. ABSTRACT This study was developed to analyze the factors that influence the decision to stay at a sharia hotel consumer. Data collection was carried out in 2021 with 200 respondents using the purposive sampling method. From the results of multiple regression analysis, halal awareness and lifestyle of a Muslim consumer have a significant effect on the decision to stay at a sharia hotel. Thus, this study reveals the importance of sharia hotel business players to develop strategies that are in accordance with halal awareness and the lifestyle of the target market of Muslim consumers. Keywords: halal awareness, lifestyle, decision to stay, sharia hotel. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Ahmad, N. A., Abaidah, T. N. T., & Yahya, M. H. A. (2013). A study on halal food awareness among Muslim customers in Klang Valley. Proceedings 4th International Conference on Business and Economic Research, 1073–1087. Alam, S. S., Rohani M., & Hisham, B. (2011). Is religiosity an important determinant on Muslim consumer behaviour in Malaysia? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831111115268 Amarul, A., Sukirno, S., & Kurnia, D. (2019). Understanding the awareness of the importance of halal labels to business actors based on range of long business variations. Business and Management Research, 8(1), 17-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v8n1p17 Ambali, A. R., & Bakar, A. N. (2013). Halal food andproducts in Malaysia: People's awareness and policy implications. Intellectual Discourse, 21(1), 7-32. Awan, H. M., Siddiquei, A. N., & Haider, Z. (2015). Factors affecting halal purchase intention–evidence from Pakistan’s halal food sector. Management Research Review, 38(6), 640-660. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-01-2014-0022 Azam, A. (2016). An empirical study on non-muslim’s packaged halal food manufacturers: Saudi Arabian consumers’ purchase intention. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 7(4), 441-460. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-12-2014-0084 BPS. (2019). Statistik hotel dan akomodasi lainnya di Indonesia 2018. 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Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi, 16(1), 493-502. Mowen, J., & Minor, M. (2002). Perilaku konsumen. Jakarta: Erlangga. Muslichah, M., Abdullah, R., & Razak, L. A. (2019). The effect of halal foods awareness on purchase decision with religiosity as a moderating variable: A study among university students in Brunei Darussalam. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(5), 1091-1104. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2017-0102 Muthoifin. (2015). Fenomena maraknya hotel syariah: Studi efektifitas, existensi, dan kesyariahan Hotel Syariah di surakarta. Prosiding University Research Colloquium, 93-106. Nitisusastro, M. (2012). Perilaku konsumen dalam perspektif kewirausahaan. Bandung: Alfabeta. Nurcahyo, A., & Hudrasyah, H. (2017). The influence of halal awareness, halal certification, and personal societal perception toward purchase intention: a study of instant noodle consumption of college student in Bandung. Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 21-31. Nurhayati, T., & Hendar, H. (2019). Personal intrinsic religiosity and product knowledge on halal product purchase intention: Role of halal product awareness. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(3), 603-620. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0220 Pektaş, F. (2018). The effect of lifestyle on the demand for alternative tourism. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(1), 187-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2018137581 Rachmawati, E., Suliyanto, & Suroso, A. (2020). A moderating role of halal brand awareness to purchase decision making. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(2), 542-563. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2020-0145 Rahardi, N., & Wiliasih, R. (2016). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi preferensi konsumen terhadap hotel syariah. Jurnal Syarikah: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 2(1), 180-192. https://doi.org/10.30997/jsei.v2i1.293 Rozalinda. (2014). Ekonomi Islam. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo. Saputra, N., & Tresnati, R. (2020). Pengaruh kesadaran halal dan pengetahuan produk halal terhadap keputusan pembelian pada wisata halal di Bali. Prosiding Manajemen, 6(1). Setiadi, N. J. (2003). Perilaku konsumen: Konsep dan implikasi untuk strategi dan penelitian pemasaran. Jakarta: Kencana. Setiadi, N. J. (2010). Perilaku konsumen. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Setyaningsih, E. D., & Marwansyah, S. (2019). The effect of halal certification and halal awareness through interest in decisions on buying halal food products. Syiar Iqtishadi: Journal of Islamic Economics, Finance and Banking, 3(1), 65-79. Sujarweni, V. W. (2014). SPSS untuk penelitian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru. Sulastiyono, A. (2011). Seri manajemen usaha jasa sarana pariwisata dan akomodasi manajemen penyelenggaraan hotel. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sumarwan, U., Jauzi, A., Mulyana, A., Karno, B. N., Mawardi, P. K., & Nugroho, W. (2011). Riset pemasaran dan konsumen seri 1. Bogor: IPB Press. Suprapti, N. W. S. (2010). Perilaku konsumen: Pemahaman dasar dan aplikasinya dalam strategi pemasaran. Bali: Universitas Udayana Bali. Swidi, A., Cheng, W., Hassan, M. G., Al-Hosam, A., & Mohd Kassim, A. W. (2010). The mainstream cosmetics industry in Malaysia and the emergence, growth, and prospects of halal cosmetics. Proceedings of Third International Conference on International Studies, 1-20. Yunus, N. S. N. M., Rashid, W. E. W., Ariffin, N. M., & Rashid, N. M. (2014). Muslim's purchase intention towards non-Muslim's Halal packaged food manufacturer. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 145-154.

Con el propósito de estudiar la organización de datos e identificar la diversidad de representaciones construidas en situación de exploración de datos auténticos, en un grupo de 56 estudiantes chilenos de tercer grado de primaria, se diseñó e implementó un plan de clases de estadística, en el que se solicitó a los estudiantes ordenar y organizar los datos para responder a un problema. Este artículo se centra en el estudio cualitativo de las representaciones de datos producidas por los estudiantes durante la implementación del plan de clases. La exploración de los datos realizada por los estudiantes sobre los alimentos que consumían en la escuela (“colaciones”), los llevó a elaborar representaciones de datos (listas, estado intermedio de esquema tabular y tabla de frecuencias). Se concluye que el contexto auténtico y la construcción de representaciones propias promovieron que los estudiantes construyeran preponderantemente listas (77%), aplicando con sentido la partición, la clase y el cardinal. Se sugiere incorporar explícitamente en la enseñanza el formato lista, como herramienta representacional y unidad básica de la tabla. Referencias Brizuela, B., y Alvarado, M. (2010). First graders' work on additive problems with the use of different notational tools. Revista IRICE, 21, 37-43. Recuperado a partir desde https://ojs.rosario-conicet.gov.ar/index.php/revistairice/article/view/v21n21a04 Brizuela, B., y Lara-Roth, S. (2002). Additive relations and function tables. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 20(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0732-3123(02)00076-7 Coutanson, B. (2010). La question de l’éducation statistique et de la formation de l’esprit statistique à l’école primaire en France. Étude exploratoire de quelques caractéristiques de situations inductrices d’un enseignement de la statistique au cycle III (Tesis doctoral). Université de Lyon, Francia. Recuperado desde https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00494338/ Dibble, E. (1997). The Interpretation of Tables and Graphs. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Duval, R. (2003). Comment Analyser le Fonctionnement Representationnel des Tableaux et leur Diversite? Spirale -Revue de Recherches en Éducation-, 32, 7-31. Recuperado desde http://spirale-edu-revue.fr/IMG/pdf/1_Duval_Spi32F.pdf Estrella, S. (2014). El formato tabular: una revisión de literatura. Revista Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 14(2), 1-23. Estrella, S., e Isoda, M. (2020). Suma Primero: manual del docente, 1° básico. Valparaíso: Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso. Estrella, S., Mena-Lorca, A., y Olfos, R. (2017). Naturaleza del objeto matemático “Tabla”. Magis: Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, 10(20), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.15517/aie.v14i2.14817 Estrella, S., Olfos, R., Morales, S., y Vidal-Szabó, P. (2017). Argumentaciones de estudiantes de primaria sobre representaciones externas de datos: componentes lógicas, numéricas y geométricas. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación en Matemática Educativa, 20(3), 345-370. https://doi.org/10.12802/relime.17.2034 Estrella, S., Olfos, R., Vidal-Szabó, P., Morales, S., y Estrella, P. (2018). Competencia meta-representacional en los primeros grados: representaciones externas de datos y sus componentes. Revista Enseñanza de las Ciencias, 36(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/ensciencias.2143 Estrella, S., Zakaryan, D., Olfos, R., y Espinoza, G. (2020). How teachers learn to maintain the cognitive demand of tasks through Lesson Study. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-018-09423-y Friel, S. N., Curcio, F. R., y Bright, G. W. (2001). Making sense of graphs: Critical factors influencing comprehension and instructional implications. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 124-158. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/749671 Gabucio, F., Martí, E., Enfedaque, J., Gilabert, S., y Konstantinidou, A. (2010). Niveles de comprensión de las tablas en estudiantes de primaria y secundaria. Cultura y Educación, 22(2), 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1174/113564010791304528 Kaufman, E. L., Lord, M. W., Reese, T. W., y Volkmann, J. (1949). The discrimination of visual number. The American journal of psychology, 62(4), 498-525. Lehrer, R., y Schauble, L. (2000). Inventing data structures for representational purposes: Elementary grade students' classification models. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 2(1-2), 51-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/S15327833MTL0202_3 Martí, E. (2009). Tables as cognitive tools in primary education. En C. Andersen, N. Scheuer, M. Pérez Echeverría, y E.V. Teubal (Coord.), Representational systems and practices as learning tools (pp. 133-148). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Martí, E., García-Mila, M., Gabucio, F., y Konstantinidou, K. (2010). The construction of a double-entry table: a study of primary and secondary school students’ difficulties. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 26(2), 215-234. www.jstor.org/stable/23883606 Martí, E., Pérez, E., y De la Cerda, C. (2010). Alfabetización gráfica. La apropiación de las tablas como instrumentos cognitivos. Contextos, 10, 65-78. Martínez, M., y Brizuela, B. (2006). A third grader’s way of thinking about linear function tables. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 25, 285-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2006.11.003 Ministerio de Educación de Chile. (2018). Bases Curriculares Primero a Sexto Básico. Santiago de Chile: Unidad de Currículum y Evaluación, Ministerio de Educación de Chile. Recuperado desde https://www.curriculumnacional.cl/614/articles-22394_bases.pdf Moore, D. S., y Cobb, G. W. (2000). Statistics and mathematics: Tension and cooperation. The American Mathematical Monthly, 107(7), 615-630. Nisbet, S., Jones, G., Thornton, C., Langrall, C., y Mooney, E. (2003). Children’s Representation and Organisation of Data. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 15(1), 42-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03217368 Pérez-Echeverría, M., y Scheuer, N. (2009). External Representations as Learning Tools: An Introduction. En C. Andersen, N. Scheuer, M. Pérez-Echeverría, y E. Teubal (Eds.), Representational systems and practices as learning tools (pp. 1-17). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Pfannkuch, M., y Rubick, A. (2002). An exploration of students’ statistical thinking with given data. Statistics Education Research Journal, 1(2), 4-21. https://iase-web.org/documents/SERJ/SERJ1(2).pdf Sepúlveda, A., Díaz-Levicoy, D., y Jara, D. (2018). Evaluación de la comprensión sobre Tablas Estadísticas en estudiantes de Educación Primaria. Bolema: Boletim de Educação Matemática, 32(62), 869-886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-4415v32n62a06 Tukey, J. (1977). Exploratory data analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Wu, H., y Krajcik, J. (2006). Inscriptional Practices in Two Inquiry-Based Classrooms: A Case Study of Seventh Graders’ Use of Data Tables and Graphs. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 43(1), 63-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20092 Financiamiento: Esta investigación se ha realizado dentro del proyecto subvencionado por Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) / FONDECYT 1200346 y Proyecto VRIE-PUCV 039.439/2020

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