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Статті в журналах з теми "Policy and ethics"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Garcia-Capilla, Diego José, Alfonso Rubio-Navarro, Maria José Torralba-Madrid, and Jane Rutty. "The development of a clinical policy ethics assessment tool." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 7-8 (October 14, 2018): 2259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733018795207.

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Introduction: Clinical policies control several aspects of clinical practice, including individual treatment and care, resource management and healthcare professionals’ etiquette. This article presents Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool, an ethical assessment tool for clinical policies that could be used not only by clinical ethics committees but also by policy committees or other relevant groups. Aim: The aim of this study was to find or create a tool to identify ethical issues and/or confirm ethical validity in nursing practice policies, protocols and guidelines. Methodology: The development of Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool involved first a literature review, followed by modification of the Research Protocol Ethics Assessment Tool, which was created to identify research protocols’ ethical issues, and finally, a trial of Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool to ensure its reliability and validity. Ethical consideration: The policies analysed trialling Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool were in the public domain and did not contain any confidential information. Despite that, Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool also had the approval of a research ethics committee. Results: Research Protocol Ethics Assessment Tool was chosen as the template for a Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool, to which several modifications were added to adapt it to work within a nursing practice context. Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool was tested twice, which resulted in a general test–retest reliability coefficient = 0.86, r = 0.84, α1 = 0.817, α2 = 0.824 and interclass correlation coefficient = 0.874. Discussion: Contemporary nursing practice in a developed country is often ruled by clinical policies. The use of Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool could confirm the ethical validity of those clinical practice policies, impacting on nurses’ education, values and quality of care. Conclusion: Clinical Policy Ethics Assessment Tool has the potential to detect ethical issues and facilitate the correction and improvement of clinical policies and guidelines in a structured way. This is especially so as it has shown reliability in detecting issues in clinical policies involving human participants and in encouraging policymakers to consider common ethical dilemmas in nursing practice.

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2

Lagunov, Aleksey. "Ethics and policy." Журнал философских исследований 1, no. 3 (November 25, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16585.

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3

Kelbessa, W. "Climate Ethics and Policy in Africa." Thought and Practice 7, no. 2 (October 8, 2016): 41–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tp.v7i2.4.

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In this article, I use case studies from some African countries to determine whether or not African climate management policies have been guided by ethical principles. I argue that although climate change is fundamentally an ethical issue, African policymakers have not paid sufficient attention to ethical principles in this regard. I argue that the major ethical principles embodied in different African traditions can assist African and non-African countries to address the challenges occasioned by climate change. Finally, I suggest that technological societies whose current emissions most exceed their fair share of emissions ought to give attention to justice, and play their respective roles in averting the most extreme effects of climate change. KeywordsAfrican ethics, climate ethics, climate change, climate policy, inter-generational justice

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4

Miller, Steven I., and L. Arthur Safer. "Evidence, Ethics & Social Policy Dilemmas." education policy analysis archives 1 (July 16, 1993): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v1n9.1993.

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Within the philosophy of the social sciences, the relationship between evidence, ethics, and social policy is in need of further analysis. The present paper is an attempt to argue that while important social policies can, and perhaps ought to be, grounded in ethical theory, they are seldom articulated in this fashion due to the ambiguity surrounding the "evidence condition." Using a consequentialist-utilitarian framework, and a case study of a policy dilemma, the authors analyze the difficulties associated with resolving policy-based dilemmas which must appeal to evidential support as a justification for an ethical stand. Implication for the relevance of ethics to social policy formulation are discussed in detail.

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5

Bellemare, Christian A., Pierre Dagenais, Suzanne K.-Bédard, Jean-Pierre Béland, Louise Bernier, Charles-Étienne Daniel, Hubert Gagnon, Georges-Auguste Legault, Monelle Parent, and Johane Patenaude. "ETHICS IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, no. 5 (2018): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318000508.

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Objectives:Integration of ethics into health technology assessment (HTA) remains challenging for HTA practitioners. We conducted a systematic review on social and methodological issues related to ethical analysis in HTA. We examined: (1) reasons for integrating ethics (social needs); (2) obstacles to ethical integration; (3) concepts and processes deployed in ethical evaluation (more specifically value judgments) and critical analyses of formal experimentations of ethical evaluation in HTA.Methods:Search criteria included “ethic,” “technology assessment,” and “HTA”. The literature search was done in Medline/Ovid, SCOPUS, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the international HTA Database. Screening of citations, full-text screening, and data extraction were performed by two subgroups of two independent reviewers. Data extracted from articles were grouped into categories using a general inductive method.Results:A list of 1,646 citations remained after the removal of duplicates. Of these, 132 were fully reviewed, yielding 67 eligible articles for analysis. The social need most often reported was to inform policy decision making. The absence of shared standard models for ethical analysis was the obstacle to integration most often mentioned. Fairness and Equity and values embedded in Principlism were the values most often mentioned in relation to ethical evaluation.Conclusions:Compared with the scientific experimental paradigm, there are no settled proceedings for ethics in HTA nor consensus on the role of ethical theory and ethical expertise hindering its integration. Our findings enable us to hypothesize that there exists interdependence between the three issues studied in this work and that value judgments could be their linking concept.

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6

Dunne, Timothy. "Ethics and foreign policy." International Affairs 70, no. 2 (April 1994): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2625268.

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7

Hardin, Russell. "Ethics and Defense Policy." Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics 6 (1986): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/asce1986613.

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8

Kroeker, P. Travis. "Theocentric Ethics and Policy." Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics 17 (1997): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/asce1997174.

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9

Romano, Megan E., Staffan B. Wahlander, Barbara H. Lang, Guohua Li, and Kenneth M. Prager. "Mandatory Ethics Consultation Policy." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84, no. 7 (July 2009): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/84.7.581.

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10

Rich, Gregory. "Ethics in Policy Analysis." Social Philosophy Today 6 (1991): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/socphiltoday199169.

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11

Hoeyer, Klaus. "Studying Ethics as Policy." Current Anthropology 46, S5 (December 2005): S71—S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/432454.

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12

Haridakis, Paul. "Commentator Ethics: A Policy." Journal of Mass Media Ethics 14, no. 4 (September 1999): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme1404_3.

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13

Lebow, Richard Ned. "Ethics and Foreign Policy." Historically Speaking 6, no. 3 (2005): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hsp.2005.0005.

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14

Romano, Megan E., Staffan B. Wahlander, Barbara H. Lang, Guohua Li, and Kenneth M. Prager. "Mandatory Ethics Consultation Policy." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84, no. 7 (July 2009): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(11)60746-5.

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15

Parekh, R., and V. K. Rajput. "Mandatory Ethics Consultation Policy." Yearbook of Critical Care Medicine 2010 (January 2010): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-3299(09)79298-6.

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16

Greening, Lorna A. "Energy Policy: Publishing ethics." Energy Policy 71 (August 2014): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.05.028.

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17

Wodak, Alex. "Ethics and drug policy." Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (February 2007): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2007.01.001.

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18

Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. "Ethics in Policy Analysis." Teaching Philosophy 10, no. 3 (1987): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil198710349.

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19

Holdstock, Douglas. "Economics, ethics and policy." Medicine, Conflict and Survival 14, no. 4 (October 1998): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699808409406.

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20

Bodde, David L. "Ethics and policy analysis." Technology in Society 8, no. 3 (January 1986): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-791x(86)90001-1.

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21

Mandinach, Ellen B., and Jo Beth Jimerson. "Data ethics in education: a theoretical, practical, and policy issue." Studia paedagogica 26, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sp2021-4-1.

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Responsible data use has emerged as an important concept in education, especially in the wake of the COVJD-19 pandemic, which continues to highlight inequities. The knowledge and skills to use data effectively and appropriately are at the heart of data ethics. Educators must tightly couple data literacy with an ethical approach to using data—that is, they must be thoughtful about what they choose to do with data, how they go about their work, and how they center their work to benefit, rather than to harm, those engaged in the work of schooling, including students, teachers, families, and other educators. In this article, intended to provoke thought around data ethics among educators, researchers, and policymakers, we take a broad view of what data are and assert that data ethics go far beyond protecting the privacy and confidentiality of data. To be an ethical data user means using the right data in the right ways for the right purposes. The article lays out a context for data ethics, demonstrates how ethics are coupled with data literacy, provides examples of data ethics in practice, and recommends steps for strengthening ethical data use in practice.

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22

Burroughs, Michael. "On Ethics Institute Activism." Teaching Ethics 21, no. 2 (2021): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tej2022325111.

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Social injustice and calls to activism take many forms, whether in environmental, medical, legal, political, or educational realms. In this article, I consider the role of activism in ethics institute initiatives. First, as a case study, I discuss an activist initiative for police reform led, in part, by the Kegley Institute of Ethics at California State University, Bakersfield. Specifically, I outline the formation of the Bakersfield Police Department—Community Collaborative (BPD-CC), created to review regional and national police policy and training recommendations and to solicit and formalize community-sourced recommendations for policing reform and building trust and greater partnership between the BPD and community. Second, I discuss outcomes and implications of this project and consider its significance for understanding activist roles available to the community engaged ethics institute more generally. In this discussion, I explore practical dimensions and ethical implications of activist approaches in the work of an ethics institute.

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23

Chunoh Park. "Expansion of the Bureaucratic Ethics: From Behavioral Ethics to Policy Ethics." Journal of Governmental Studies(JGS) 20, no. 2 (August 2014): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19067/jgs.2014.20.2.155.

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24

Rosenblatt, Zehava, and Orly Shapira-Lishchinsky. "Temporal withdrawal behaviors in an educational policy context." International Journal of Educational Management 31, no. 7 (September 11, 2017): 895–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-12-2015-0165.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differential relations between two teacher withdrawal behaviors: work absence and lateness, and two types of school ethics: organizational justice (distributive, procedural) and ethical climate (formal, caring), all in the context of school turbulent environment. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 1,016 teachers in 35 Israeli high schools. The GLIMMIX procedure was used to consider simultaneously the hierarchical structure of the data, as well as the two dependent variables (absence and lateness). Findings The results showed that lateness was negatively related to two relatively short-term aspects of school ethics: distributive justice, in particular for women, and formal ethical climate. Absence was negatively related to a relatively long-term aspect of school ethics: caring climate, in particular for low- to medium-level seniority teachers. Research limitations/implications The paper’s theoretical contribution is to explicate the unique relation of each temporal withdrawal behavior to specific dimensions of the school ethical constructs studied. Practical implications In order to reduce teachers’ temporal withdrawal behaviors, school management may need to attenuate policy that taps into organizational ethics, while considering the effects of school culture and turbulent environment. Originality/value This study offers a time perspective, which fine-tunes understanding of teachers’ lateness and absence behaviors, while pointing out the unique relations of lateness and absence to school ethical within educational policy context.

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25

Isneniwati, Carlia. "In Search of Code Ethics Principles for IT Professionals in Indonesia." ACMIT Proceedings 1, no. 1 (March 18, 2014): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/acmit.v1i1.20.

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A type of standard problem in computer ethics occurs because there is no policy about how computer technology should be used. Computers are provided to us with new capabilities and giving us a choice of use. Frequently, not only a policy that gives direction in this situation, the existence of a policy has the same function. A primary goal of the Computer Ethics is to explain what we should do in these circumstances, for example, to formulate a policy that aims to direct our activities. Of course some ethical situations are suitable for individuals and some for community. Computer ethics includes consideration of both individual and community to user ethics of computer technology. Computer ethics include (1) identification of the cause of the gap in policy; (2) clarification of the concept which is chaotic; (3) formulate policies for users of computer technology; and (4) ethics justification such as policy.

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26

Hofmann, Bjørn Morten. "Why ethics should be part of health technology assessment." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 24, no. 04 (October 2008): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462308080550.

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From the heydays of HTA in the 1970s, it has been argued that ethics should be a part of HTA. Despite more than 30 years with repeated intentions, only few HTA reports include ethical analysis, and there is little agreement on methods for integrating ethics. This poses the question of why it is so important to integrate ethics in HTA? The article analyzes ten arguments for making ethics part of HTA. The validity of the arguments depend on what we mean by “integrating,” “ethics,” and “HTA.” Some of the counterarguments explain why it has taken so long to integrate ethics in HTA and why there are so many ethical approaches. Nevertheless, some of the arguments for making ethics part of HTA appear to be compelling. Health care is a moral endeavor, and the vast potential of technology poses complex moral challenges. A thorough assessment of technology would include reflection on these moral aspects. Ethics provides such a moral reflection. Health technology is a way to improve the life of human individuals. This involves questions of what “the good life” is, and hence ethical issues. Trying to ignore such questions may inflict with the moral foundation of health care: to help people. Additionally, HTA is anevaluation, and as such also a reflection on values. Hence, there is a profound affinity between HTA and ethics. Accordingly, ethics cannot be “integrated” in HTA as ethics is already a constitutive part of HTA. However, ethics can be acknowledged and emphasized.

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27

Lebow, Richard Ned. "Max Weber’s ethics." Journal of International Political Theory 16, no. 3 (July 5, 2019): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755088219854780.

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I offer a critique of Weber’s two ethics. The first layer is internal and concerned with their logics. The second layer considers the external knowledge necessary to apply them appropriately and argues that it is extremely difficult to come by. The third layer connects Weber’s ethics to his politics because the choice of either ethic in almost any context is a value choice. This is apparent in Weber’s application of these ethics to Germany foreign policy. He used his ethics in a rhetorical way to justify his values rather than using these values as a guide to policy assessment. This reversal is endemic to politics. One response might be to stipulate beforehand the kinds of policies that are unacceptable in democracies regardless of their expected outcomes.

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28

Chukwuedo, Samson Onyeluka, and Charles Chukwuedo Nathaniel. "TEACHER EDUCATION POLICY, ETHICS, AND QUALITY OF GRADUATES: TRIAD ENTITIES FOR REMODELING GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING." ŠVIETIMAS: POLITIKA, VADYBA, KOKYBĖ / EDUCATION POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/spvk-epmq/20.12.92.

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The rating of an education system largely depends on the policy, ethical practices, and quality of the graduates. Thus, this research explores lecturers’ perception of the teacher education policy, ethics, and quality of its graduates. The research also theorized that policy, ethics, and quality are triad entities of an ideal educational institution. Hence, the relations between policy, ethics, and quality of graduate teachers were ascertained. The mixed-method design (qualitative and quantitative approaches) was employed. Participants were 606 lecturers of colleges of education and universities in Nigeria. For data collection, questionnaire and focus group discussions were employed. The questionnaire was validated by three experts, while its reliability (α = .889) was determined using Cronbach’s alpha method. Quantitative data were analysed with mean, standard deviation, and bivariate correlation. To analyse the qualitative data, thematic analysis was employed. Results revealed that teacher education policy and ethical practices in Nigeria were unsatisfactory, as perceived by the lecturers. More so, the quality of graduate teachers from Nigerian tertiary institutions declines. Hence, the need for attention on policy, ethics, and quality in teacher education programmes. Keywords: teacher education, education policy, ethics in education, quality of graduates, vocational education

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29

Mepham, T. Ben. "The role of food ethics in food policy." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 4 (November 2000): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000860.

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Certain developments in the agricultural and food sciences have far-reaching implications for society and the environment, which suggest the need to examine their ethical acceptability as a standard component of technology assessment. Such considerations have led to the emergence of a new academic discipline, food ethics. The present paper describes how ethical theory may be applied to the analysis of the impacts of prospective food biotechnologies to assess potential effects on four 'interest groups', i.e. consumers, producers, treated organisms and the biota (fauna and flora). The principles which structure the framework used, i.e. the ethical matrix, are adapted to the field of agriculture and food from those applied in medical ethics. Use of the ethical matrix is illustrated by applying it to the specific case of bovine somatotrophin, the genetically-engineered protein hormone which is injected into lactating cattle to increase their milk yields. Ethical analysis is seen to depend on a number of critical requirements, i.e. scientific data, non-scientific evidence and predictions, suitably-qualified assessors ('competent moral judges'), the 'world-views' of the assessors and application of the precautionary principle to cope with 'uncertainty'.

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30

Hardin, Russell. "Ethics and Stochastic Processes." Social Philosophy and Policy 7, no. 1 (1989): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001023.

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There is some irony, and perhaps a bit of gallows humor, in opening a paper in this volume with the claim that “applied ethics” is a misnomer. Yet that claim is true in the following sense. What we need for most of the issues that have sparked the contemporary resurgence of moral and political theory is not the application of ethics as we know it, but the revamping of ethics to make it relevant to the issues we face. It is in our concern with major policy programs that ethics and political philosophy are most commonly rejoined to become a unified enquiry after a nearly complete separation through most of this century. Yet, ethical theories may be shaken to their foundations by our effort to apply them to policy problems. I do not propose to revamp ethics here, but only to show that much ethical theory cannot readily be applied to major policy problems.There are at least three important characteristics of major policy issues in general that may give traditional moral theories difficulties. First, such issues can generally be handled only by institutional intervention; they commonly cannot be resolved through uncoordinated individual action. Theories formulated at the individual level must therefore be recast to handle institutional actions and possibilities. Second, major policy issues typically have complicating strategic interactions between individuals at their bases. Third, they are inherently stochastic in the important sense that they affect large numbers with more or less determinable (or merely guessable) probabilities. C. H. Waddington calls such issues instances of “the problem of the ethics of stochastic processes.”

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31

Ells, Carolyn, and Chris MacDonald. "Implications of Organizational Ethics to Healthcare." Healthcare Management Forum 15, no. 3 (October 2002): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60593-5.

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Organizational ethics is an emerging field concerned with the study and practice of the ethical behaviour of organizations. For effective application to healthcare settings, we argue that organizational ethics requires attention to organizations' special characteristics combined with tools borrowed from the fields of business ethics and bioethics. We identify and discuss several implications of this burgeoning field to healthcare organizations, showing how organizational ethics can facilitate policy making, accountability, self-evaluation, and patient and business perspectives. In our conclusion, we suggest an action plan for healthcare organizations to help them respond appropriately to their ethical responsibilities.

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32

Maak, Clarce Sarliana. "MEMBANGUN ETHICAL BEHAVIOR PEGAWAI BIDANG PENAGIHAN PAJAK (Studi Kasus Terhadap Juru Pungut di DISPENDA Kota Kupang)." Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) 10, no. 3 (February 2, 2020): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jom.v10i3.1995.

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The implementation of the ethics in a state-owned institution becomes an attention that attract the public services sectors a specially in tax services sector. The flare of news in media about the fraudulence ethic as a result of tax evasion and the untehical information about the tax collector, built up a phenomenon and wrong assumptions about the tax notably the tax collector. Through the phenomenon,so the purposes of this research is to find out how far the department of local revenue of Kupang city that operate in the sector of public services especially the tax services, in responding and overcome ethical issues that happen in the office of the tax collector. This research uses the descriptive research with qualitative approach. The Data were collected through observation, interview, documents collecting and related report. The result of this research shows the tendency of ethical in office mostly determined by the impact of policy and leadership factors. For more, this research contribute with new propositions and could be tested in upcoming research. Keywords : Ethics, Policy, Ethics Violation, Work Performance, Individual and Organization.

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33

O'Neill, Onora. "'Ethical Foreign Policy': Where Does the Ethics Come From?" European Journal of Political Theory 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147488510300202626.

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34

Fowler, Marsha D. "Nursing's Code of Ethics, Social Ethics, and Social Policy." Hastings Center Report 46 (September 2016): S9—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.624.

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35

Bonczek, Stephen J. "Ethical Decision Making: Challenge of the 1990's—A Practical Approach for Local Governments." Public Personnel Management 21, no. 1 (March 1992): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609202100107.

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This article describes the challenges of establishing ethical decision-making in local government organizations. As governments operate in the “Sunshine,” the intense public and media scrutiny requires policy action on ethics for both elected and appointed officials. The ethical dilemmas facing public service are discussed as a prelude to developing ethics guidelines that reflect doing business in the 1990's. The City of Largo ethics policy is presented as an approach that recognizes the importance of merging a well articulated organizational value system with specific guidelines for ethical conduct.

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36

Gebbie, Kristine M., Christine Pierce, and Donald Vandeveer. "AIDS: Ethics and Public Policy." American Journal of Nursing 88, no. 9 (September 1988): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3471004.

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37

Wagner, Frederic H. "Ethics, Science, and Public Policy." BioScience 46, no. 10 (November 1996): 765–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312852.

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38

Pearn, J. H. "Public health policy and ethics." Medical Journal of Australia 143, no. 8 (October 1985): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb123075.x.

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Pearn, J. H., R. L. Kirk, J. A. Bell, and F. G. Bowling. "Public health policy and ethics." Medical Journal of Australia 143, no. 8 (October 1985): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb123076.x.

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Petrini, Carlo. "ETHICS-BASED PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY?" American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 2 (February 2010): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.181511.

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Milton, Constance L. "Ethics and Emerging Health Policy." Nursing Science Quarterly 35, no. 3 (June 27, 2022): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08943184221095083.

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Анотація:

Following the tumultuous times of a pandemic, members of the healthcare disciplines, including nursing, face mounting priorities and ethical straight-thinking questions for policy development. The processes for developing ethical policies must acknowledge others’ health priorities and what matters to them instead of political agendas that dominate global thinking. An example of doing harm in healthcare is examined here as a priority leadership policy opportunity from a humanbecoming ethos understanding.

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Джеллисон-Хаунканрин, Джойс Анджела. "RACE, ETHICS AND PUBLIC POLICY." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2020.3.1.

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There is reform and there is revolution. The fragility of Black lives in white spaces is long overdue for both reformation and revolution within the criminal justice organizational model. It is with particular urgency that current litigation within the Department of Justice be examined as it is an example of latent responses of American government to societal fracture and potential policy reform. There is no more representation of the fragility of Black lives in white spaces than American prison systems and relative to this; sentencing policies that disproportionally affect Blacks. This paper is drawn from deontological ethics, holding that human rights are a moral obligation that should not be excluded in the formation of public policy or the application of justice. It is a further suggestion that within reforms are potentials for revolutions. Salient questions proposed by this research are there accommodation for healing within structurally racist systems. Is reform enough or is there cause for revolutionary actions? The Department of Justice has launched an investigation into an alarming string of deaths within the Mississippi Department of Corrections. This paper will examine potential public policy changes that may emerge from that investigation as well as societal responses. Additionally, this paper is drawn from deontological ethics, holding that human rights are a moral obligation that should not be excluded in the formation of public policy or the application of justice.

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Holtug, Nils. "The Ethics of Immigration Policy." Nordic Journal of Migration Research 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10202-011-0002-4.

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Brown, Donald A. "Environmental Ethics and Public Policy." Environmental Ethics 26, no. 1 (2004): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics200426147.

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Hargrove, Eugene. "Biology, Environmental Ethics, and Policy." Environmental Ethics 34, no. 1 (2012): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics20123412.

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West, Robert. "Addiction, ethics and public policy." Addiction 92, no. 9 (September 1997): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1997.92910611.x.

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Brown, Carolyn L. "Ethics and Health Policy-Introduction." Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship 31, no. 3 (September 1999): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00492.x.

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GEBBIE, KRISTINE M. "AIDS: Ethics and Public Policy." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 88, no. 9 (September 1988): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198809000-00036.

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Thier, Samuel O. "Ethics, Physicians, and Public Policy." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 40, no. 4 (April 1992): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02147.x.

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West, Robert. "Addiction, ethics and public policy." Addiction 92, no. 9 (September 1997): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03662.x.

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