Статті в журналах: "Police alcohol use"

1

Copenhaver, Allen, and Richard Tewksbury. "Predicting state police officer alcohol consumption and use of tobacco." International Journal of Police Science & Management 20, no. 3 (September 2018): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355718793667.

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Criminal justice research has well documented the fact that law enforcement officers experience a significant amount of stress. Research also suggests law enforcement officers use tobacco (which is not healthy at any rate) and alcohol at rates exceeding those of other populations. Although several studies have documented the above across a wide variety of law enforcement populations, research has not previously explored the extent to which state police officers use tobacco and alcohol. Because no studies explore state law enforcement officer use of tobacco and alcohol, no studies exist that identify factors predictive of state police officer use of alcohol and tobacco. This study addresses these gaps in the literature by surveying all sworn state police officers of one state police agency. Policy recommendations, as they pertain to reducing state police officer use of alcohol and tobacco are discussed below.

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Brennan, Iain R. "In Vino Silentium? Individual, Situational, and Alcohol-Related Factors in Reporting Violence to the Police." Violence and Victims 26, no. 2 (2011): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.2.191.

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This study identifies the individual, situational, and alcohol-related factors associated with reporting violent victimization to the police. Factors positively associated with reporting included older age and incident severity (the assailant’s use of a weapon, incurring injury that required attendance at an emergency department). Factors negatively associated with reporting included higher educational qualifications, assault in the nighttime economy (NTE), and drinking more than two alcoholic drinks immediately prior to victimization. It is possible that drinkers engage in “moratorium” on reporting violence in the NTE. Recognizing and reducing the acceptability of violence in the NTE may help reduce incidence of alcohol-related violence. Organizations that use police records of violence to inform practice and policy should account for uneven distributions in reporting behavior when analyzing trends in violence.

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Hall, Wayne, Ernest Hunter, and Randolph Spargo. "Alcohol Use and Incarceration in a Police Lockup among Aboriginals in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 27, no. 1 (June 1994): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589402700109.

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Data from a general population survey of a stratified random sample of 516 Aboriginal men and women over the age of 15 years in the Kimberley region of Western Australia were used to estimate patterns of incarceration in police lockups and their relationship to self-reported alcohol consumption. Participants in the survey were asked about their lifetime experience of incarceration in police cells, and about their frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption. Estimates of the population risk of incarceration indicated that 81% of Kimberley Aboriginal men, and 37% of Kimberley Aboriginal women have been locked up in police cells. Alcohol use was strongly related to the risk of being locked up in police cells, and the risk was higher among current drinkers who were of full rather than mixed Aboriginal descent. Urgent action is required to reduce rates of incarceration in police cells among Kimberley Aboriginals. In addition to the decriminalisation of public drunkenness, action needs to be taken to reduce the prevalence of heavy alcohol use, and to improve the social and economic conditions in which Kimberley Aboriginals live.

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Rossow, Ingeborg, Trygve Ugland, and Bergljot Baklien. "Use of research in local alcohol policy-making." Drugs and Alcohol Today 15, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-05-2015-0022.

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Purpose – On-premise trading hours are generally decided at the local level. The purpose of this paper is to identify relevant advocacy coalitions and to assess to what extent and how these coalitions used research in the alcohol policy-making process concerning changes in on-premise trading hours in Norway. Design/methodology/approach – Theory-driven content analyses were conducted, applying data from city council documents (24 Norwegian cities) and Norwegian newspaper articles and broadcast interviews (n=138) in 2011-2012. Findings – Two advocacy coalitions with conflicting views and values were identified. Both coalitions used research quite extensively – in the public debate and in the formal decision-making process – but in different ways. The restrictive coalition, favouring restricted trading hours and emphasising public health/safety, included the police and temperance movements and embraced research demonstrating the beneficial health/safety effects of restricting trading hours. The liberal coalition of conservative politicians and hospitality industry emphasised individual freedom and industry interests and promoted research demonstrating negative effects on hospitality industry turnover. This coalition also actively discredited the research demonstrating the beneficial health/safety effects of restricting trading hours. Originality/value – Little is known about how local alcohol policy-making processes are informed by research-based knowledge. This study is the first to analyse how advocacy coalitions use research to influence local alcohol policy-making.

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5

Chopko, Brian A., Patrick A. Palmieri, and Richard E. Adams. "Associations Between Police Stress and Alcohol Use: Implications for Practice." Journal of Loss and Trauma 18, no. 5 (March 18, 2013): 482–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.719340.

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Denis, Céline, and Patrick Chariot. "Alcohol and substance use among arrestees examined in police custody." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 23 (March 2014): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.01.016.

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Smith, Nina, Jim Harper, Ché Smith, and Deja Young. "Don't shoot!: State-wide police shootings, adolescent risk-taking behaviors, and the historic influence of wealth." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 7 (August 2, 2020): 640–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.77.8653.

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The present study uses Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory as a framework for understanding the influence of state-wide fatal police shootings and wealth on a host of adolescent risk-taking behaviors (i.e. sexual risk taking, tobacco use, drug use, alcohol use, and suicide risk). Using data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, associations were tested among black and white adolescents from five states (N=13,314). State-wide police shootings were positively associated with drug use, alcohol use, and suicide risk among black adolescents. In contrast, state-wide police shootings, alone, were not associated with any risk-taking behaviors among white adolescents. However, wealth mattered, such that increases in wealth were significantly associated with lower sexual risk-taking, drug use, and suicide risk for white adolescents. Wealth was only associated with lower alcohol use among black adolescents. Our results indicate that state-wide fatal police shootings may shape adolescent health in unfavorable ways – namely among Black youth. Wealth may serve as a buffer against the negative effects of state-wide fatal police shootings.

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8

Hall, C. A., K. Votova, D. Eramian, S. MacDonald, C. G. Heyd, and C. Sedgwick. "LO59: Police use of force and subsequent emergency department assessment-mental health concerns are the driving force behind ED use and choice of transport mode." CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.121.

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Introduction: We examined persons transported to hospital after police use of force to determine whether Emergency Department (ED) assessment and/or mode of transport could be predicted. Methods: A multi-site prospective consecutive cohort study of police use of force with data on ED assessment for individuals ≥18 yrs was conducted over 36 months (Jan 2010-Dec 2012) in 4 cities in Canada. Police, EMS and hospital data were linked by study ID. Stepwise logistic regression examined the relationship between the police call for service and subject characteristics on subsequent ED assessment and mode of transport. Results: In 3310 use of force events, 86.7% of subjects were male, median age 29 yrs. ED transport occurred in 26% (n=726). Odds of ED assessment increased by 1.2 (CI 1.1, 1.3) for each force modality >1. Other predictors of ED use: if the nature of police call was for Mental Health Act (MHA) (Odds 14.3, CI 10.6, 19.2), features of excited delirium (ExD) (Odds 2.7, CI 1.9, 3.7), police-assessed emotional distress (EDP) not an MHA (Odds 2.1, CI 1.5, 3.0) and combined drugs, alcohol and EDP (Odds 1.7, CI 1.9, 3.7). Those with alcohol impairment alone were less likely to go to ED from the scene: OR 0.6 (CI 0.5, 0.7). EMS transported 55% of all patients (n=401), although police transported ~100 people who EMS attended at the scene but did not subsequently transport. For patients brought to the ED, 70% had a retrievable chart (512/726) with a discernible primary diagnosis: 25% for physical injury, 32% for psychiatric and 43% for drug and/or alcohol intoxication. For use of force events that began as MHA calls, patient transport was more often by police car than ambulance OR 1.8 (CI 1.2, 2.5), while those with drug intoxication or ≥3 ExD features were more often brought by ambulance: odds of police transport 0.5 (CI 0.3, 0.9) and 0.4 (CI 0.3, 0.7). Violence or aggression did not predict mode of transport in our study. Conclusion: About one quarter of police use of force events lead to ED assessment; 1 in 4 patients transported had a physical injury of some description. Calls including the Mental Health Act or individuals with drug intoxication or excited delirium features are most predictive of ED use following police use of force. In MHA calls with use of force, persons are nearly twice as likely to go to ED by police car than by ambulance.

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9

Ostrowsky, Michael K. "Sports Fans, Alcohol Use, and Violent Behavior: A Sociological Review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838016663937.

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This review makes four contributions to the sociological study of sports fans, alcohol use, and violent behavior. First, this article focuses explicitly on the relationship between alcohol use and violent behavior among sports fans. This is a worldwide social problem, yet it is quite understudied. Second, this article synthesizes the fragmented literature on alcohol use and violent behavior among sports fans. Third, this article identifies four broad sets of risk factors—sociocultural, event/venue, police, and crowd—that appear to be closely related to violent behavior among sports fans. Finally, to help explain the possible correlation between alcohol and violence among sports fans, this article draws upon the key understandings from the literature on alcohol and violence in wider society. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.

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10

Violanti, John M., James E. Slaven, Luenda E. Charles, Cecil M. Burchfiel, Michael E. Andrew, and Gregory G. Homish. "Police and Alcohol Use: A Descriptive Analysis and Associations with Stress Outcomes." American Journal of Criminal Justice 36, no. 4 (June 23, 2011): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12103-011-9121-7.

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11

Costa, Sérgio Henrique Nascente, Luiz Carlos da Cunha, Maurício Yonamine, Liuba Laxor Pucci, Fernando Gomes Ferreira Oliveira, Camila Gabriela de Souza, Guilherme Alves Mesquita, et al. "Survey on the use of psychotropic drugs by twelve military police units in the municipalities of Goiânia and Aparecida de Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 32, no. 4 (August 13, 2010): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462010005000023.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of psychotropic drug use among military police officers in the state of Goiás, Brazil. METHOD: Study carried out at twelve military police units located in the municipalities of Goiânia and Aparecida de Goiânia between March to October 2008. Volunteers (n = 221) were interviewed about drug use using a questionnaire especially designed by the Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas (CEBRID). Descriptive statistics was used to determine the prevalence of licit and illicit drug use in the study sample. RESULTS: The frequency of use was divided into: 1) lifetime use: tobacco - 39.9%, alcohol - 87.8%, cannabis - 8.1%, cocaine - 1.8%, stimulants - 7.2%, solvents - 10.0%, sedatives, anxiolytics, antidepressants - 6.8%, LSD - 0.5%, Bentyl® - 0.5%, anabolic steroids - 5.4%; 2) use in the previous year: tobacco - 15.4%, alcohol - 72.9%, stimulants - 6.3%, solvents - 0.5%, sedatives, anxiolytics, antidepressants - 3.7%; 3) use in the previous 30 days: tobacco - 14.5%, alcohol - 57.5%, stimulants - 5.0%, solvents - 0.5, sedatives, anxiolytics, antidepressants - 3.7%. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence rate of psychotropic drug use found amoung military police officers in two cities of the state of Goiás in Brazil can be considered an important factor with potential influence on job activities.

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12

Ballucci, Dale, Mary Ann Campbell, and Carmen Gill. "Use of the ODARA by police officers for intimate partner violence: Implications for practice in the field." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 5, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.150.

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Despite research demonstrating the validity of the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA) for appraising risk of subsequent intimate partner violence, gaps remain with regard to its actual use by police officers in the field. The primary goals of the current study were to assess the rate at which the ODARA was used by police officers for intimate partner violence (IPV) in the Canadian context and to identify factors associated with its use. The current study used 142 randomly selected police files meeting criteria for IPV from three police agencies in an Atlantic Canadian province, following province-wide training on domestic violence and the ODARA. The ODARA was used by police in 60.3% of cases, though more commonly when physical Violence was present at index (70%). Significant ODARA use variation was noted across the three police gencies. ODARAs were more likely administered when the suspect was using drugs/alcohol (76.4%), the incident was between parties in a current intimate relationship (67.0%), when physical violence occurred in the index event (70.6%), and when a weapon was used (84.2%). Decisions to arrest and recommend charges to the prosecutor were predicted by higher ODARA total scores, above and beyond the influence of the police organization, suspect/victim characteristics, and incident context variables. Results are discussed in the context of police discretion/decision-making and the need for stronger implementation and policy use guidelines for risk appraisal by police officers, which includes a better understanding of IPV and the ODARA.

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13

Mignon, Sylvia I., and William M. Holmes. "Police Response to Mandatory Arrest Laws." Crime & Delinquency 41, no. 4 (October 1995): 430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128795041004004.

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Mandatory arrest laws, although controversial, have gained support as one mechanism for reducing domestic violence. This research examines how police officers responded to mandatory arrest statutes. Twenty-four police departments produced data on interventions in 861 cases of domestic violence. Implementing a mandatory arrest law significantly increased arrests of offenders, especially those in violation of a restraining order. Arrest was affected by injury to the victim, use of a weapon, use of alcohol, and presence of a witness. Police training was crucial to the implementation of the mandatory arrest statute.

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DAVEY, JEREMY D., PATRICIA L. OBST, and MARY C. SHEEHAN. "The use of AUDIT as a screening tool for alcohol use in the police work-place." Drug and Alcohol Review 19, no. 1 (March 2000): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230096147.

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15

Frances, R. J. "Patterns and Predictors of Alcohol Use in Male and Female Urban Police Officers." Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health 2012 (January 2012): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypsy.2011.07.053.

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Ballenger, James F., Suzanne R. Best, Thomas J. Metzler, David A. Wasserman, David C. Mohr, Akiva Liberman, Kevin Delucchi, et al. "Patterns and Predictors of Alcohol Use in Male and Female Urban Police Officers." American Journal on Addictions 20, no. 1 (November 8, 2010): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00092.x.

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17

Nepal, Smriti, Kypros Kypri, John Attia, Tanya Chikritzhs, and Peter G. Miller. "Indicators for estimating trends in alcohol-related assault: evaluation using police data from Queensland, Australia." Injury Prevention 25, no. 5 (January 31, 2019): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042985.

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Monitoring levels of alcohol-related harm in populations requires indicators that are robust to extraneous influence. We investigated the validity of an indicator for police-attributed alcohol-related assault. We summarized offence records from Queensland Police, investigated patterns of missing data, and considered the utility of a surrogate for alcohol-related assault. Of 242 107 assaults from 2004–2014, in 35% of cases the drug used by the offender was recorded as ‘unknown’. Under various assumptions about non-random missingness the proportion of assaults judged to be alcohol-related varied from 30%–65%. We found a sharp increase in missing data from 2007 suggesting the downward trend from that point is artefactual. Conversely, we found a stable and increasing trend using a time-based surrogate. The volume of missing data and other limitations preclude valid estimation of trends using the police indicator, and demonstrate how misleading results can be produced. Our analysis supports the use of an empirically-based surrogate indicator.

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Stockwell, Tim, Jane Buxton, Cameron Duff, David Marsh, Scott MacDonald, Warren Michelow, Krista Richard, et al. "The British Columbia Alcohol and other Drug Monitoring System: Overview and Early Progress." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 459–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600307.

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This pilot project is a province-wide and nationally=supported collaboration intended to add value to existing monitoring and surveillance exercises that currently exist and are being developed in Canada. The fundamental aim is to create a system that generates a timely flow of data on hazardous patterns of substance use and related harms so as to inform public debate, to support effective policy, and to facilitate policy-relevant epidemiological research. Pilot and feasibility exercises have been conducted in relation to developing consistent questions in surveys of general and special populations, treatment system data, data on the contents of drugs seized by police, interviews with police, rates of alcohol and other drug mortality and morbidity, alcohol sales data, and data from the emergency departments. Wherever possible, links with the equivalent national data collection processes have been established to create consistencies. This article provides a general overview of the BC pilot monitoring system and discusses some potential advantages of planning and designing a comprehensive system with built-in consistencies across data collection elements.

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Hall, C. A., K. Votova, G. Randhawa, D. Andrusiek, A. Carter, S. MacDonald, and D. Eramian. "LO082: EMS response to police use of force events: periods of personal and professional risk in prehospital care." CJEM 18, S1 (May 2016): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.119.

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Introduction: This study provides an estimate of the number of EMS calls related to police use of force events that involve struggling, intoxicated and/or emotionally distressed patients. We hypothesized there would be under-reporting of EMS risk by paramedic agencies due to lack of standardized reporting of police events by EMS services and lack of a common linked case number between prehospital agencies in Canada. Methods: Data were collected during a multi-site, prospective, consecutive cohort study of police use of force in 4 Canadian cities using standardized data forms. Use of force was defined a priori and the application of handcuffs was not considered a force modality. Inclusion criteria: all subjects ≥ 18 years of age involved in a use of force police-public encounter. We defined risk to EMS as the presence of police- and/or paramedic- assessments of violent or struggling subjects on the scene. Three separate data forms (police-report of use of force, EMS encounter, and Emergency Department (ED) visit) were linked in the study by unique ID. When police-reported EMS was activated, investigators hand searched the EMS service reports at the relevant agencies for matching call sheets. Results: From Jan 2010 to Dec 2012, we studied 3310 consecutive public-police interactions involving use of force above simple joint lock application. Subjects were male (86%) with a mean age of 33 yrs; 85% were assessed by police as emotionally disturbed, intoxicated with drugs and/or alcohol or a combination of those. 45% were violent at the scene. Police-reported EMS attendance in 24% (809/3310) of use of force events, of which only 43% (349/809) of EMS run sheets were available. In events with violent subjects, EMS transported 51% to ED compared to 35% by police transport (chi=79.7, p=0.00). Conclusion: We identified periods of professional and physical risk to paramedics attending police use of force events and found that risk significantly underrepresented in EMS data. Paramedical training would benefit from policy and procedures for response to police calls and the violent patient, the majority of whom are struggling. A common linked case number in prehospital care would enable more specific quantification of the risk for EMS providers involved in police events.

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Yun, Ilhong, and Chang-Hun Lee. "Hazardous alcohol use among South Korean police officers: Examining predictions from general strain theory." International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 43, no. 2 (June 2015): 194–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2014.08.002.

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Ganesh, KS, AGV Naresh, and C. Bammigatti. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Male Police Personnel in Urban Puducherry, India." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 12, no. 4 (October 19, 2015): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v12i4.13728.

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Background Hypertension is an important health issue among high risk occupation groups like police personnel.Objective To assess the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among male police personnel.Method This cross sectional study was conducted among male police personnel residing in urban Puducherry, India. Data on blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, demographic factors, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, stress level, obesity and dietary factors were collected by interview technique using a standard questionnaire.Result About 296 police personnel were participated. Most of them belonged to the age group of 25-39 years (68%). The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 37.8% and 34.5% respectively. Among those with hypertension, 56.86% (58/102) were known hypertensives and 43.13% (44/102) were newly diagnosed. Age group of 50-59 years (AOR=8.472) and 40-49 years (AOR=8.15), currently using alcohol (AOR=1.797), less than 7 servings of fruits in a week (AOR=3.228), moderate stress level (AOR=2.374) and waist circumference more than 90 cm (AOR=4.937) were associated with higher prevalence of hypertension among police personnel.Conclusion Hypertension among Police personnel is comparatively higher than general population in this area. Reduction in alcohol use, increase in fruit servings along with other lifestyle modification measures may help in prevention and control of hypertension.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(4) 2014; 242-246

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van Amsterdam, Jan G. C., Johannes G. Ramaekers, Robbert-Jan Verkes, Kim P. C. Kuypers, Anna E. Goudriaan, and Wim van den Brink. "Alcohol- and drug-related public violence in Europe." European Journal of Criminology 17, no. 6 (February 21, 2019): 806–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370819828324.

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This study summarizes the literature about alcohol- and drug-related public violence in Europe. The proportion of all public violent incidents linked to alcohol was about 50 percent in the UK and ranged from 26 percent to 43 percent in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. Public violence related to drugs is much lower (1.5–18.0 percent). Relatively many public violent incidents occur in relation to nightlife (80 percent of alcohol-related incidents). Though a considerable proportion of public violence was alcohol or drug related, the actual use of such substances was rarely ascertained in perpetrators’ specimens. Such analysis is a prerequisite to heavier penalize alcohol- or drug-intoxicated perpetrators of public violence. More capacity should be deployed to measure alcohol and drugs in the specimens of violent perpetrators by analytical-chemical tests. As a result, more accurate estimates of substance-related public violence are obtained, which will serve policy makers and police enforcement officials to take measures for securing a safer public environment and sustainable nightlife industry in the future.

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Pillon, Sandra Cristina, Beverley O'Brien, and Ketty Aracely Piedra Chavez. "The relationship between drugs use and risk behaviors in brazilian university students." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 13, spe2 (December 2005): 1169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692005000800011.

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The aim was to describe relationships between gender and drug use as well as risk behaviors that may be associated with drug use among first-year students at the University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is an anonymous survey that was used for this descriptive correlational study. It was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. The sample (n=200) included (50%) males and (50%) females. Their ages ranged from 18 to 26 years. Results showed that more female than male students use alcohol and tobacco, but that the probability of heavy consumption is higher among men. There was a low incidence of illicit drug use for both groups. Male students were more likely to drive under the influence of alcohol than female students and more men were involved in violent behaviors such as fights with friends and police. In relation to sexual behavior, male students were likely to have more partners and less protection while under influence of alcohol. It was concluded that gender is associated with recreational drug use, specifically tobacco and alcohol, as well as other risk behaviors in university students.

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Sjogren, H., U. Bjornstig, and A. Eriksson. "Comparison between blood analysis and police assessment of drug and alcohol use by injured drivers." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(98)90020-7.

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Ménard, Kim S., and Michael L. Arter. "Police officer alcohol use and trauma symptoms: Associations with critical incidents, coping, and social stressors." International Journal of Stress Management 20, no. 1 (2013): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031434.

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Sjögren, Harmeet, Ulf Björnstig, and Anders Eriksson. "Comparison between blood analysis and police assessment of drug and alcohol use by injured drivers." Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 25, no. 3 (September 1997): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349489702500312.

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Farmer, Clare, Ashlee Curtis, and Peter Miller. "The steady proliferation of Australia’s discretionary police-imposed patron banning powers: An unsubstantiated cycle of assertion and presumption." Criminology & Criminal Justice 18, no. 4 (September 27, 2017): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817733792.

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Patron banning in Australia embodies a range of exclusionary measures in response to alcohol-related disorder. Patrons can be banned from licensed venues, entertainment precincts or wider public areas. Banning mechanisms remove and exclude troublesome individuals and are presumed to deter them, and others, from engaging in further problematic behaviour. The use of exclusion reflects key assumptions in relation to alcohol-related disorderly behaviour and effective management of risks to which it may give rise. However, the rationale underpinning much of the banning-related legislative and operational policing developments reflects largely unsubstantiated assertions of need and effect. Despite the steady expansion of banning powers across Australian jurisdictions there is limited oversight of their use. This article examines the expansion of police-imposed banning powers. Their discretionary, on-the-spot and permissible pre-emptive imposition has potential consequences that extend beyond the management of alcohol-related issues. Yet their use and effect has been subject to little scrutiny.

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Bergman, Hans, Beata Hubicka, and Hans Laurell. "Alcohol Problems and Blood Alcohol Concentration among Swedish Drivers Suspected of Driving under the Influence." Contemporary Drug Problems 32, no. 3 (September 2005): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090503200304.

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The purpose of the study was to map alcohol problems in relation to blood alcohol concentration in a large representative sample of male and female Swedish drivers suspected of drunk driving. Twenty-one hundred suspected DUI offenders (drivers suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol) were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Information from the police regarding BAC, age, gender, and place and time of the stop was also collected. More than half (58%) of the suspected DUI offenders had alcohol problems, and among these 24% had high levels of alcohol problems. Of specific interest was the observation that almost half (46%) of the suspects with a BAC below the Swedish legal limit of 0.02% had alcohol problems, a prevalence that did not increase until a BAC of 0.10%–0.15%. It can be concluded that the mere suspicion of drunk driving indicates alcohol problems.

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Reitzel, Lotte Ask, Niels Bjerre Holm, Kristian Linnet, and Irene Breum Müller. "A case story, involving the use of maltitol, a sugar alcohol, as a cutting agent in amphetamine and cocaine powders." Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjfs-2016-0001.

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Abstract In a criminal case involving cutting and resale of amphetamine and cocaine in the Copenhagen area of Denmark, maltitol was used as a cutting agent. The analysis of maltitol in seizures of pure diluents as well as in amphetamine and cocaine powders was carried out using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with high-resolution (HR) mass spectrometric detection. Maltitol was identified in four out of nine amphetamine samples and in five out of six cocaine samples from the case in question. The use of maltitol as a cutting agent was considered by the police as a specific marker of the particular criminal group under investigation. To support or reject this hypothesis, cocaine and amphetamine samples from a four month period after the involved persons had been arrested were evaluated, also as part of the police investigation. None of these samples contained maltitol. The work described covers the part of the case involving the department of forensic chemistry, and not the whole police investigation, but everything was done within the frames given by the police. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a disaccharide polyol being used as a cutting agent for illicit drugs.

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García-Echalar, Andrés, and Tomás Rau. "The Effects of Increasing Penalties in Drunk Driving Laws—Evidence from Chile." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 8103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218103.

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This paper analyzes Chile’s drunk driving laws and their effects on car crashes, injuries, and deaths. There were two policy changes. While the 2012 law increased license suspension penalties and decreased the legal blood alcohol limits for drivers, the 2014 law only increased sanctions, including at least one year of actual imprisonment for drunk driving implicated in car crashes with severe injury or death. We use a rich data set of countrywide administrative records that permit us to identify direct measures of alcohol-related accidents, including fatalities and injuries. We also have access to blood alcohol tests to assess whether the laws affected drivers’ alcohol consumption. Using count data models and a rich set of covariates, including police stops and gasoline sales, we find a short-run decrease in accidents and injuries for the 2012 law and a sustained decline in these outcomes for the 2014 law. Neither intervention has an effect on deaths. There is a marginal decline in alcohol consumption after the enactment of both legal changes. However, while the 2012 law only affects male drivers, the 2014 law affects both males and females. No reductions in alcohol intake are found for heavy drinkers.

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Guo, Zhan, and Zu Ming Xiao. "Design of System to Prevent Drunken Driving Based on GPSGSM Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3873.

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Against drunk driving, this paper puts forward a kind of design scheme of vehicular system to prevent drunk driving based on GPS/GSM technology. The system is at the core of a single chip processor with the use of the alcohol sensor to test the driver's alcohol concentration.alcohol sensor.If alcohol is beyond the limit, cars are banned running and drunk driving information will be sent to the traffic police command monitoring platform through the GPS/GSM technology. The system has the characteristics of integration, human nature, and intelligence.

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Westermann, Edward B. "Drinking Rituals, Masculinity, and Mass Murder in Nazi Germany." Central European History 51, no. 3 (September 2018): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000663.

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AbstractDuring the Third Reich, alcohol served as both a literal and metaphorical lubricant for acts of violence and atrocity by the men of theSturmabteilung(SA), theSchutzstaffel(SS), and the police. Scholars have extensively documented its use and abuse on the part of the perpetrators. For the SA, the SS, and the police, the consumption of alcohol was part of a ritual that not only bound the perpetrators together, but also became a facilitator of acts of “performative masculinity”—a type of masculinity expressly linked to physical or sexual violence. In many respects, the relationship among alcohol, masculinity, sex, and violence permeated all aspects of the Nazi killing process in the camps, the ghettos, and the killing fields. After the outbreak of war in September 1939, such practices were increasingly radicalized, with drinking and celebratory rituals becoming key elements for these closed male communities of perpetrators, who used them to prepare for acts of mass killing and, ultimately, genocide.

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Perez, Arlene de Maria, and Isabela Martins Benseñor. "Tobacco and alcohol use, sexual behavior and common mental disorders among military students at the Police Academy, São Paulo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 133, no. 3 (June 2015): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2014.9102711.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The lifestyle of military personnel has been little studied in Brazil. This study evaluated the frequencies of tobacco and alcohol use, sexual behavior and mental health among military students.DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at the Police Academy, in São Paulo.METHODS: Students answered a questionnaire about tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sexual behavior and common mental disorders (CMDs). To analyze associations among the frequencies of smoking and alcohol use, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and CMDs during the undergraduate years, we built a multinomial logistic regression model adjusted for age and sex.RESULTS: All 473 students were invited to participate and 430 (90.9%) agreed (10.5% were women). Most were white (76.6%), aged < 30 years, from the upper middle class (78.1%). The frequency of smoking was 6.5%, alcohol consumption 69.3%, STDs 14% and CMDs 15.6%. The use of condoms was low. Fourth-year students presented a lower odds ratio (OR) for STDs than the first-year students: 0.44 (95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.90). Third-year students presented a lower OR for CMDs than the first-year students.CONCLUSION: The frequencies of smoking and CMDs were low, while the frequency of alcohol consumption was similar to that of the Brazilian population. The use of condoms was low, in comparison with previous studies with similar samples. The results suggest that there was a certain degree of protection against CMDs and STDs during the undergraduate years.

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Meyer, R., S. Rothmann, and J. Pienaar. "Coping, stress and suicide ideation in the South African Police Service in the Eastern Cape." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 6, no. 4 (November 15, 2003): 881–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v6i4.1527.

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The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between coping and stress on the one hand and suicide ideation among police members on the other. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population (N = 307) consisted of uniformed police members in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The COPE, Police Stress Inventory, Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire and a Biographical Questionnaire were used as measuring instruments. The results showed that passive coping strategies are related to suicide ideation. A discriminant analysis showed that suicide attempt, passive coping strategies, medical conditions, use of alcohol, problem-focused coping strategies and police-specific demands correctly classified 64.29 per cent of participants who scored high on suicide ideation.

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Jaworska-Dębska, Barbara. "The place and role of the Police in upbringing in sobriety and counteracting alcoholism." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Seria Prawnicza. Prawo 31 (2020): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/znurprawo.2020.31.6.

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The Police as a uniformed service, functioning throughout the country, is established in order to take care of security and public order. The Police occupy a special place among other public administration bodies operating in this field. This place of the Police undoubtedly follows the fact that it functions on the basis of a general competence regulation in the scope of ensuring security and public order. Alcohol and its abuse, illegal consumption or illegal trade are one of the most common factors generating situations leading to breach of safety and order in many areas of public and private life. Furthermore, is the fact that as a uniformed service with power, it has the ability to use police coercion.

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Hammer, Torild, and Hilde Pape. "Alcohol-Related Problems in Young People: How are Such Problems Linked to Gender, Drinking Levels, and Cannabis Use?" Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 4 (October 1997): 713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700403.

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This paper focuses on problems related to drinking, including interpersonal aggression, accidents and injuries, trouble with the police, and problems at school or work. The data stem from a representative, longitudinal survey of Norwegian youth aged 19 to 22 years at the first assessment and 25 to 28 at the last. Men reported more problems due to drinking, in both alcohol consumption and general problem proneness, than women. Furthermore, early age at first intoxication seemed to be a male-specific predictor of negative consequences of drinking. Cannabis users reported more alcohol-related problems than others. There was a substantial reduction in problems attributed to drinking between late adolescence and early adulthood, implying that little individual stability in such problems was found. Even so, multivariate analyses showed that alcohol-related problems before ages 19 to 22 were the most powerful predictor of similar problems 6 years later. Registered criminality, cannabis use, and low self-esteem also had a predictive power, but only for men.

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Lee, Kang-Hoon, and Seung-Hyun LeLee. "A Study on the Effects of Demographic Factors on Alcohol Use Disorders in Maritime Police Officers." Korean Association of Maritime Police Science 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30887/jkmps.2018.8.4.107.

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Newbury-Birch, Dorothy, Ruth McGovern, Jennifer Birch, Gillian O'Neill, Hannah Kaner, Arun Sondhi, and Kieran Lynch. "A rapid systematic review of what we know about alcohol use disorders and brief interventions in the criminal justice system." International Journal of Prisoner Health 12, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-08-2015-0024.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence of alcohol use disorders within the different stages of the criminal justice system in the UK. Furthermore it reviewed the worldwide evidence of alcohol brief interventions in the various stages of the criminal justice system. Design/methodology/approach – A rapid systematic review of publications was conducted from the year 2000 to 2014 regarding the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in the various stages of the criminal justice system. The second part of the work was a rapid review of effectiveness studies of interventions for alcohol brief interventions. Studies were included if they had a comparison group. Worldwide evidence was included that consisted of up to three hours of face-to-face brief intervention either in one session or numerous sessions. Findings – This review found that 64-88 per cent of adults in the police custody setting; 95 per cent in the magistrate court setting; 53-69 per cent in the probation setting and 5,913-863 per cent in the prison system and 64 per cent of young people in the criminal justice system in the UK scored positive for an alcohol use disorder. There is very little evidence of effectiveness of brief interventions in the various stages of the criminal justice system mainly due to the lack of follow-up data. Social implications – Brief alcohol interventions have a large and robust evidence base for reducing alcohol use in risky drinkers, particularly in primary care settings. However, there is little evidence of effect upon drinking levels in criminal justice settings. Whilst the approach shows promise with some effects being shown on alcohol-related harm as well as with young people in the USA, more robust research is needed to ascertain effectiveness of alcohol brief interventions in this setting. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence of alcohol use disorders in the different stages of the criminal justice system in the UK using a validated tool as well as reviewing the worldwide evidence for short ( < three hours) alcohol brief intervention in this setting.

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Astuti, Tri, and Pungky Dwi Putra Handoko. "Effect of Selection of Classification Features C4.5 Algorithm in Student Alcohol Consumption Dataset." IJIIS: International Journal of Informatics and Information Systems 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47738/ijiis.v1i1.20.

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Alcoholic beverages are psychoactive substances that are addictive. Psychoactive substances are a class of substances that work selectively, especially in the brain, which can cause changes in behavior, emotion, cognition, perception and awareness of one's and others. Police survey results in 2014 showed that users of narcotics and liquor. Most of the group of students, both junior, and senior student, which amounts to 70%, while only 20% of primary school graduates. In the modern era, especially in information technology, the need for information and the latest knowledge is multiplying. One of them is the user information of alcohol among teenagers is more accurate. Data mining is the process for extracting and identifying information useful and relevant knowledge from a variety of big data. In the data mining, there is a classification technique that assesses the data objects to include it in a particular class of several classes available, can be applied in the case - the case in the health sector, for example, in the case of alcohol addiction in adolescents. The algorithm that can be used in the classification is the C4.5 decision tree. The use of the decision tree algorithm to determine the level of alcohol use in teenagers using two methods, namely, the selection of attributes and without attributes.

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Gadd, David, Juliet Henderson, Polly Radcliffe, Danielle Stephens-Lewis, Amy Johnson, and Gail Gilchrist. "The Dynamics of Domestic Abuse and Drug and Alcohol Dependency." British Journal of Criminology 59, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 1035–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz011.

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Abstract This article elucidates the dynamics that occur in relationships where there have been both substance use and domestic abuse. It draws interpretively on in-depth qualitative interviews with male perpetrators and their current and former partners. These interviews were undertaken for the National Institute for Health Research-funded ADVANCE programme. The article’s analysis highlights the diverse ways in which domestic abuse by substance-using male partners is compounded for women who have never been substance dependent, women who have formerly been substance dependent and women who are currently substance dependent. The criminological implications of the competing models of change deployed in drug treatment and domestic violence intervention are discussed alongside the policy and practice challenges entailed in reconciling them within intervention contexts where specialist service provision has been scaled back and victims navigate pressures to stay with perpetrators while they undergo treatment alongside the threat of sanction should they seek protection from the police and courts.

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Tesch, Falko, and Lukas Hohendorf. "Do Changes in Bar Opening Hours Influence Violence in the Night? Evidence from 13 Bavarian Towns." Journal of Drug Issues 48, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042617753146.

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Changes in opening hours for on-premise drinking places may influence the level of alcohol-related violence in two ways. The increased availability of alcohol increases the risks associated with it, while restrictive opening hours may produce more occasions for crime due to overcrowding at closing time. We use a quasi-experimental design with data from 13 Bavarian towns with and without restrictive opening hours and a negative binomial panel model. The outcome measure is violent incidents reported by the police between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. over the period of 12 years. Incidents at night disproportionally increase over the study period in the sample. After controlling for daily violence as well as for an interaction between policy regime and violence level, we find that restricted opening hours are only beneficial within settings of a low daily violence level.

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Parry, Charles, Andreas Plüddemann, and Arvin Bhana. "Monitoring Alcohol and Drug Abuse Trends in South Africa (1996–2006): Reflections on Treatment Demand Trends." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 685–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600319.

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This article describes the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use project, describes selected trends in treatment demand related to alcohol and other drug (AOD) use for a 10 year period, and reflects on the utility and impact of this initiative on policy and practice. Data are collected using a standardized data collection form from over 70 specialist AOD treatment centers in six sentinel sites in South Africa every 6 months. Data are also collected from police forensic records and community surveys. Treatment demand linked to methamphetamine use has increased substantially in recent years in one site (Cape Town), but not in other sites. Treatment demand for heroin-related problems has increased over time in most sites, with changes in the population group profile of patients being noted. Over time the proportion of adolescents admitted to treatment centers has also increased significantly. The project has informed policy development at provincial and national levels, has guided local training and resource allocation decisions, and has allowed us to engage meaningfully in international forums. It has furthermore strengthened collaboration among researchers and stimulated new research initiatives. Dissemination activities have been intensive.

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Беженцев, Александр, and Aleksandr Bezhentsev. "The activities of health facilities to prevent the consumption by minors of alcoholic beverages and drugs: administrative aspect." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2019, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2019-3-165-172.

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The illegal distribution of alcohol, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is now recognized as one of the serious threats to national security, public health and the gene pool of the peoples living in it. The spread of alcohol and drugs among minors and the increase in related administrative offenses are of particular concern. The article scientifically deals with the administrative and legal and law enforcement problems of the organization and activities of health authorities and institutions on the prevention of the use by minors of alcoholic beverages, intoxicating substances and narcotic drugs. The author describes the elements of the modern expansion of alcohol and narcotic drugs among people who have not reached social maturity, focuses on problems and solutions in the activities of the main institutions of the health system, which coordinating their activity with other participants in the system of prevention of youth administrative tort, are involved in the prevention of alcohol consumption and alcohol-containing products, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances – narcological dispensaries. The conclusions formulate the need further development of «helplines» network and counseling centers close to the population, helping families with minors to receive immediate psychological and narcological assistance; to pay attention of general practitioners (family doctors) to an early search for drug-addicted minors, their treatment, to involve public organizations in this work regularly; to strengthen and coordinate the interaction of health care institutions with the relevant structures of the internal affairs bodies (police) involved in working with difficult teenagers, educational institutions, as well as with the relevant structures of Rosmolodezh in the prevention of administrative offenses related to the use of drugs and alcohol among persons under eighteen.

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Magier, Megan J., Scott T. Leatherdale, Terrance J. Wade, and Karen A. Patte. "Disciplinary Approaches for Cannabis Use Policy Violations in Canadian Secondary Schools." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052472.

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The objective of this study was to examine the disciplinary approaches being used in secondary schools for student violations of school cannabis policies. Survey data from 134 Canadian secondary schools participating in the Cannabis use, Obesity, Mental health, Physical activity, Alcohol use, Smoking, and Sedentary behaviour (COMPASS) study were used from the school year immediately following cannabis legalization in Canada (2018/19). Despite all schools reporting always/sometimes using a progressive discipline approach, punitive consequences (suspension, alert police) remain prevalent as first-offence options, with fewer schools indicating supportive responses (counselling, cessation/educational programs). Schools were classified into disciplinary approach styles, with most schools using Authoritarian and Authoritative approaches, followed by Neglectful and Permissive/Supportive styles. Further support for schools boards in implementing progressive discipline and supportive approaches may be of benefit.

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Yushkevych, Olena. "Legislative lacunas in holding persons responsible for driving vehicles under the influence of alcohol." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-3-108-113.

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A general review of the legal framework for holding persons administratively responsible for driving vehicles under the influence of alcohol has been carried out. Lacunas in the current legislation on holding persons responsible for driving vehicles under the influence of alcohol have been identified. Thus, there is nowadays virtually no practice of drawing up re-ports on administrative offenses for transferring control of a vehicle to a person who is in a state of alcohol intoxication. The legislative alternative presupposing the police inspecting a vehicle on the scene using specialist equipment or medical staff examining the driver of that vehicle leads, in certain cases, to the closure of the administrative offense proceedings in the actual absence of the administrative offense case to answer. The relevant judicial practice has been analyzed. The distinctive features of the use by the police of specialist equipment, by means of which the drivers of vehicles are detected to have signs of alcohol intoxication, have been highlighted. Opposing views have been given on the issue of classifying certain equipment, currently used by the police officers, as specialist. Proposals regarding amendments to the respective regulations have been formulated. In particular, this is the establishment of the lower and upper limits of administrative penalties; taking disciplinary action against respective persons for failure to appear in court for hearing an administrative offense case, as well as conducting internal reviews in case the court recognizes the fact of unlawful drawing up of the report on an administrative offense; the expansion of the list of documents that must be carried by the driver of a motor vehicle, etc.

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Goldstick, Jason E., Allison B. Brenner, Robert I. Lipton, Ritesh Mistry, Sophie M. Aiyer, Thomas M. Reischl, and Marc A. Zimmerman. "A Spatial Analysis of Heterogeneity in the Link Between Alcohol Outlets and Assault Victimization: Differences Across Victim Subpopulations." Violence and Victims 30, no. 4 (2015): 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00187.

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The positive association between alcohol outlet density and assault rates is well established, but little is known about how this association differs across victim subpopulations. We use spatial point process models on police data from Flint, Michigan, to test how the link between alcohol outlet density and assault rates changes as a function of three victim characteristics: age, gender, and race. We found that, although both on-premises and package outlet densities consistently emerge as risk factors for victimization, their relative effects are markedly larger in Whites than in African Americans. No analogous age- or gender-based differences were found. These results suggest the racial effects arise more from relative differences in the atmosphere in and around alcohol outlets than differences in drinking behavior alone.

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McCarthy, John D., Patrick Rafail, Clark McPhail, Andrew W. Martin, and Edward T. Walker. "Issueless Campus Riots: Toward a Structural Account of Disorderly Gatherings, 1997–2007." Social Forces 99, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 870–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz164.

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Abstract Serious public disorders on or near US college and university campuses became common in the mid-1990s and have remained widespread. This research examines the structural conditions of campus communities where disorders are more likely to occur, drawing on findings from earlier work on racial disorders occurring in American cities during the 1960s. We propose several predictors of disorderly events, including concentrated student populations, alcohol availability, campus drinking behavior, and police behavior. We use a sample of 226 disorders occurring on the largest 274 campus communities between 1997 and 2007. Our results show that institutions with a combination of high student density and extensive alcohol availability experience the most disturbances. Aggressive policing of alcohol-related infractions is also associated with the likelihood of disturbances.

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DeJong, William. "A Short-Term Evaluation of Project Dare (Drug Abuse Resistance Education): Preliminary Indications of Effectiveness." Journal of Drug Education 17, no. 4 (December 1987): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n2jc-9dxb-blfd-41ea.

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This short-term evaluation was designed to assess the impact of Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education), a joint project of the Los Angeles Police Department and the Los Angeles Unified School District, on the knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported behavior of seventh-grade children who received the full-semester DARE curriculum during sixth grade. Compared to a control group, students who had DARE training reported significantly lower use of alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs since graduating from sixth grade. These findings were especially strong for boys. In response to questions for which students were to imagine friends pressuring them to use alcohol or drugs, DARE students refused the imagined offers more frequently and more often used refusal strategies that removed them from the immediate temptation.

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Huff, Jessica, Michael D. White, and Scott H. Decker. "Organizational correlates of police deviance." Policing: An International Journal 41, no. 4 (August 13, 2018): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2017-0092.

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PurposeMany examinations of police misconduct involve case study methodologies applied to a single agency, or a handful of agencies. Consequently, there is little evidence regarding the types of misconduct across agencies, or the impact of department-level characteristics on the nature and prevalence of officer deviance. The purpose of this paper is to address this research gap using statewide data of over 1,500 charges of police misconduct filed with the Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board (AZPOST) from 2000 to 2011.Design/methodology/approachThis study examines variation in the prevalence and forms of misconduct across 100+ agencies based on agency type and size. Difference scores were calculated for every agency in the state to determine whether an agency’s level of misconduct was proportionate to the number of officers employed by that agency. AZPOST data were supplemented with Law Enforcement Management and Statistics data to identify organizational correlates of misconduct in agencies generating disproportionately low and high levels of misconduct.FindingsResults identify variation in officer misconduct across different types of agencies. Tribal agencies generally experience higher rates of domestic violence and drug/alcohol-related incidents. Smaller agencies have more misconduct allegations involving supervisors. Organizational characteristics including pre-hiring screening, accountability mechanisms and community relationships are associated with lower levels of agency misconduct.Originality/valueThe use of AZPOST data enables a statewide examination of misconduct while accounting for organizational context. This study identifies organizational features that might serve to protect agencies against disproportionate rates of officer misbehavior.

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Rix, Keith J. B. "‘Alcohol Intoxication’ or ‘Drunkenness’: Is There a Difference?" Medicine, Science and the Law 29, no. 2 (April 1989): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248902900203.

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The terms ‘alcohol intoxication’ and ‘drunkenness' have hitherto been used interchangeably. A distinction between these terms is justified. Anthropological research suggests that the behaviour displayed by people who have consumed alcohol has more to do with culturally-determined expectations than with the properties of alcohol. Subjects who believe they have consumed alcohol when they have not behave more aggressively than those who believe that they have not consumed alcohol. There are significant false-positive and false-negative rates when doctors use clinical signs to judge whether or not a patient is intoxicated. People who die in police custody after arrest for offences of drunkenness include a porportion who have a negligible quantity of alcohol in the body and whose cause of death is unrelated to alochol. It is proposed: (1) that the term ‘alcohol intoxication’ should refer to a state in which alcohol is present in the body; (2) its diagnosis should be based on toxicological evidence for the presence of alcohol in body fluids or tissues; and (3) the term ‘drunkenness' should be used to describe behaviour displayed by people who have consumed, believe that they have consumed, or want others to believe that they have consumed, alcohol. Some clinical and legal implications of this distinction are discussed.

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