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1
Schroeder, Lauren. "The evolution and diversification of Pleistocene Homo." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16715.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical referencesThe morphologically diverse and geographically expansive Pleistocene Homo fossil record continues to be a topic of debate. Recent fossil discoveries have highlighted the diversity, as well as the difficulty of identifying evolutionary relationships, within our lineage. Previous studies have focused on making distinctions between inter-and intra-specific variation, with relatively poor understanding of population structure or the evolutionary forces which have shaped the complex phenotypic diversity within our genus. The focus of this thesis is to expand our current understanding of the cranial and mandibular variation within Pleistocene Homo by assessing patterns of variation within our lineage, exploring the morphological link between newly discovered Homo (and Homo-like) fossil species and existing Homo taxa, investigating the evolutionary processes acting during the emergence and diversification of our genus, and considering the possible ancestor-descendant relationships at the transition from australopith to Homo. Analyses are performed on three-dimensional scan data (landmarks and interlandmark distances) collected from specimens of Pleistocene Homo. To provide context, robust and gracile australopiths are incorporated due to their temporal and/or spatial correspondence. The core of this thesis consists of four manuscripts. A suite of quantitative methods are utilized in these manuscripts to evaluate the morphological diversity within this hypodigm. These include statistical tests developed from quantitative evolutionary theory, Mahalanobis' distances, Generalised Procrustes Analysis, and Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis. The results of these analyses emphasise the importance of neutral evolutionary forces in shaping morphological diversity during the evolution of Homo. However, they also indicate that adaptive evolution /selection contributed to the differences in masticatory morphology within our genus, played a significant role in the dispersal of Homo out of Africa, and may have been an important driver of diversification during the transition from Australopithecus to Homo, as well as between Homo rudolfensis and other Homo groups. Importantly, they show that specimen affiliations, the effect of selection, as well as patterns of variability vary depending on the skeletal region analysed and extant model choice. Finally, they highlight the large amount of morphological variability during the emergence and evolution of our genus, supporting the coexistence of a diversity of forms, and the presence of multiple lineages. Taken together, these results reveal a complex evolutionary scenario shaping the diversity within Pleistocene Homo and their possible ancestors, challenging previous notions of a linear evolutionary trajectory. This conclusion emphasises the need for future research on hominin diversity to incorporate evolutionary process into models of evolutionary change.
2
Bluff, Kyla Catherine Pelton. "The terminal pleistocene of Klipfonteinrand rock shelter in the Cederberg." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27340.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis focuses on Klipfonteinrand Rock Shelter in the eastern Cederberg, during the Late Pleistocene period (22.3 - 13.4 cal kyr BP), and specifically the materials analysed after the completion of excavations at the site. The study aims, firstly, to unpack changes in the composition of the archaeological assemblage of Klipfonteinrand during Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2), by analysing variation in the abundance and composition of lithics, ostrich eggshell, marine shell, charcoal, ochre, bone and roof spall from the site; and, secondly, to situate these changes in the context of changes in palaeoenvironments and patterns in the use of nearby and more distant archaeological sites. Results display a hornfels-dominant lithic assemblage, with a distinctive silcrete-rich Robberg-like industry during the period 22.3 - 16.3 cal kyr BP, categorised by micro-bladelets and bipolar cores. Ostrich eggshell fragments undergo variation in thickness in relation to variation in environmental and climatic changes, and also contain a handful of decorated fragments that mirror a sample from Boomplaas during a similar time period. Donax serra dominates the marine shell assemblage, which peaks in number between 16.6 and 15.9 cal kyr BP, at the time of rapid sea level rise across the subcontinent. Links are drawn between Klipfonteinrand and sites further afield such as Elands Bay Cave, based on the movement of hornfels from the interior to the coast and marine shell from the coast to the interior at the time of sea level rise. Roof spall is smallest and most abundant during colder periods, and charcoal and bone are most abundant then too. Red ochre is the most frequently occurring colour, with ochre having been ground most frequently in the younger levels between 14.4 - 13.4 cal kyr BP. These results are drawn together and Klipfonteinrand Rock Shelter is contextualised in a larger framework of MIS 2 archaeology and palaeoenvironments, on a local, regional and inter-regional scale. The various materials recovered from the excavation show specific diachronic patterns and suggestions are made about lithic technologies, craft and design, and complex landscape use of Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. The overarching purpose of this is to attempt to gain a better understanding of human behaviour during the environmentally unstable time period presented.
3
Sanchez, de Carpenter Maria Guadalupe. "LOS PRIMEROS MEXICANOS: LATE PLEISTOCENE/EARLY HOLOCENE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SONORA, MEXICO." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The archaeological record of the first Americans in Mexico is poorly known and somewhat confusing. However, the state of Sonora presents a remarkably pristine setting for studying the late Pleistocene occupation of North America. The early archaeological record in Sonora is stunning in terms of its relative abundance and only within the past ten years has this fact become evident. The Paleo-Indian sites are concentrated in north-central Sonora on and surrounding, the Llanos de Hermosillo. The settlement pattern appears to indicate that Clovis groups were generalized hunter and gatherers that exploited a wide range of environments, and their diet was based upon a wide variety of foodstuffs. The Clovis groups of Sonora developed a sophisticated settlement pattern and land use determined by the location of lithic sources for tool making, water sources, large prey animals and a mosaic of edible plants and small animals. Exploiting an extensive territory probably permitted them to remain in the same region for longer periods of time. The presence of only few late Paleo-Indian diagnostic points could represent the decrease of population density in Sonora, but most likely it is an indication that after Clovis a regionalization of the hunter and gather groups took place in Sonora. The Sonoran Clovis occupation is a testimony that multiple regional Clovis adaptations emerged each with specific responses of plants, animals and resources.
4
Hosfield, Robert Tyldesley. "A regional model of hominid behaviour during the middle Pleistocene." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/43753/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research into the British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic has traditionally focused upon artefact typology and the in situ stone and bone scatters from primary context sites. The majority of the evidence has been rejected as difficult data from which little or nothing can be said. In this thesis it is proposed that the data can support a wide range of archaeological investigations, and that their apparent weaknesses reflect the asking of unsuitable questions. This thesis presents a three-stage methodology for the interpretation of all the British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic data from the Hampshire Basin, southern Eng¬ land. The formation of the archaeological record is addressed with respect to the mod¬ ern excavation of Palaeolithic deposits, the chronology of the geological contexts, and the transportation and redeposition of lithic material into secondary contexts. The re¬ sults of the research methodology are interpreted for the management and protection of Britain's Palaeolithic heritage through spatial analytical techniques and GIS-based predictive modelling. Applications of the data to models of middle Pleistocene hominid behaviour are investigated, with particular emphasis upon long-term survival strategies and a highlow latitude comparison of demographic trends and population characteristics. Spatiotemporal patterns in regional lithic signatures indicate sporadic occupation of the region, characterised by discontinuous, low density populations. This model was supported by the demographic data generated from the regional evidence and existing on-site data. Other suitable applications of the data explored within the thesis are highlighted, including models of biface form and raw material transportation. The thesis demonstrates the potential of all the available data to investigations of the British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. The secondary context data can offer a valu¬ able spatio-temporal perspective upon hominid behaviour during the middle Pleistocene which cannot be gained from the investigation of on-site data.
5
Fluck, Hannah Louise. "Non-biface assemblages in Middle Pleistocene Western Europe : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/344708/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the Clactonian assemblages of Middle Pleistocene souther Britain. By exploring other non-biface assemblages (NBAs) reported from elsewhere in Europe it seeks to illuminate our understanding of the British assemblages by viewing them in a wider context. It sets out how the historical and geopolitical context of Palaeolithic research has influenced what is investigated and how, as well as interpretations of assemblages without handaxes. A comparative study of the assemblages themselves based upon primary data gathered specifically for that purpose concludes that while there are a number of non-biface assemblages elsewhere in Europe the Clactonian assemblages do appear to be a phenomenon unique to the Thames Valley in early MIS 11. However, traditional explanations for this phenomenon, such as cultural variation, cultural migration and pioneer populations are challenged and a new interpretation centred on the concept of a default flaking pattern is proposed.
6
Brantingham, Paul Jeffrey. "Astride the Movius Line: Late Pleistocene lithic technological variability in Northeast Asia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The North Chinese Paleolithic sequence is perplexing in its relative technological simplicity, strikingly different from the known sequences in Mongolia, Siberia and ultimately western Eurasia. The division between North China and western Eurasia, traditionally labeled the Movius Line after the pioneering work of Hallam Movius (1944), has withstood years of scrutiny. The explanation for this phenomenon, however, remains elusive. This dissertation addresses several hypotheses about late Pleistocene lithic technological variability in Northeast Asia on either side of the Movius Line. Of central importance is finding proper placement for Shuidonggou, the only know late Pleistocene locality in North China that contains a well-developed blade industry. Lithic assemblages from two cave sites in the Mongolian Gobi, Tsagaan Agui and Chikhen Agui, and the 1980 excavated collections from Shuidonggou are compared. Comparisons also feature the well-know late Pleistocene materials from Kara Bom, located in southern Siberia. These analyses illustrate that Shuidonggou is linked to the elaboration of initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) technologies in greater Northeast Asia after 43 ka. A series of theoretical and empirical questions surrounding the Northeast Asian IUP are addressed. I ask whether biogeographic processes, behavioral-ecological processes, or differential use of stone raw materials underlie observed technological disjunctions in Northeast Asia. Three primary conclusions emerge. First, biogeographic processes are implicated in the patterning of lithic technological variability in Northeast Asia. Population growth coupled with periodic opening and closing of dispersal corridors may explain the spread of IUP technologies. Second, mathematical models indicate that the uniform character of IUP core technologies is related to economic advantages inherent in Levallois core geometries. The implication is that the IUP reflects the spread of specific economic adaptations, and not necessarily a particular hominid species. Finally, the failure of prepared core technologies to take hold in East Asian environments cannot be explained by differential use of stone raw materials. Core technologies from one of the study sites illustrate that raw material quality is not an absolute constraint on technological design. Rather, the failure of IUP technologies is linked to population contraction brought on by the extreme conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
7
Chemere, Yonatan Sahle. "Hominin technological behavior during the later middle Pleistocene in the Gademotta formation, main Ethiopian rift." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4166.
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8
Borrero, Luis Alberto. "Early Hunters In The Andean World: Final Comments." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113313.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This review considers important themes concerning the peopling of South America that have been analyzed in the various articles in this volume. The identification of the oldest lithic tools, the criteria of human association with extinct faunas and the selection of analytical units used to describe the process of peopling are the main themes. Paleoenvironmental issues and its relevance to understand the process of human colonization are also considered.Se presenta una discusión acerca de algunos temas centrales relacionados con el poblamiento de América del Sur que han sido objeto de análisis en los distintos artículos de este volumen. Se enfatizan cuestiones de identifi cación de las herramientas líticas más antiguas, criterios de asociación humana con fauna extinta y elección de unidades analíticas utilizadas para describir los procesos de poblamiento. También se considera la relevancia de los aspectos paleoambientales para comprender el proceso de colonización humana.
9
Dillehay, Tom D., and Peter Kaulicke. "Early Andean Traditions. Culture, Technology, And Environment: An Introduction." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a way of introducing this issue, the current status of archaeological research on the earliest Andean cultures is discussed briefly, with major emphasis given to new trends and their implications, as well as future needs in this subdiscipline. The primary focus of each paper is also considered in terms of the wider technological, economic, demographic and ecological contexts, and its contribution to the early archaeology of the Andes from Colombia to Chile and Argentina.A manera de introducción a la temática de este número, se trata, de manera breve, el estado actual de la investigación arqueológica de las culturas andinas más antiguas, con un mayor énfasis en las nuevas tendencias y sus implicancias, así como en las necesidades futuras de esta subdisciplina. Asimismo, se considera el enfoque principal de cada artículo en términos de los más amplios contextos tecnológicos, económicos, demográficos y ecológicos, y su aporte a la arqueología temprana de los Andes, desde Colombia hasta Chile y Argentina.
10
Lavin, Jenna. "Palaeoecology of the KBS member of the Koobi For a Formation: Implications for Pleistocene hominin behaviour." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4175.
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11
Ardelean, Ciprian Florin. "Archaeology of early human occupations and the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Zacatecas Desert, northern Mexico." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13870.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This doctoral thesis presents the results of the pioneering archaeological investigation conducted in the Northern Mexican Highlands with the aim to evaluate the existing indicators of the earliest human occupations at the end of the Pleistocene and discover new evidence of ancient cultural manifestations through a systematic exploration of an endorheic basic in the Zacatecas desert, a region never studied before. An exhaustive survey and analysis of the available literature on Mexican prehistory establishes the weak points of the local paradigms, differentiating between academic myths and objective realities. A complete historiography of the topic of the earliest humans in Mexico has been achieved, for the first time. The study of several collections of flaked stone artefacts, in different cities in Mexico, show new indicators of the presence of bearers of the Late Paleoamerican cultures, in regions where their presence had been weakly confirmed. The most important part of the research consisted in fieldwork realised during two long seasons; the first one dedicated to the surface explorations and the second one to excavations. Thirty-five new archaeological sites were discovered in the first phase, most of them open campsites reminiscent of hunter-gatherer societies, with a richness of stone artefacts on their surface. They indicate a long cultural sequence, going from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene and the historic periods. Four sites were further studied by fourteen test excavation units: Dunas de Milpa Grande, San José de las Grutas, the Chiquihuite Cave and Ojo de Agua. Two new archaeological cultures were identified, one at Dunas (an interesting assemblage of limestone and basalt flaked stone tools) and another one at San José (a limestone concave-based points complex). First indicators of ʻolder than Clovisʼ human presence have also been obtained. The palaeoenvironmental data provide a preliminary reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene landscape of the basin, based on geology, extinct fauna, phytolith and mollusc analyses. Radiocarbon and OSL results support a first cultural and paleoclimatic model for the study area. This investigation also discovered the first case of a “black mat” in Mexico: a black layer of sediment deposited under specific environmental conditions during the Younger Dryas cooling event.
12
Premo, Luke. "Patchiness and Prosociality: Modeling the Evolution and Archaeology of Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Food Sharing." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194370.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation begins with a comprehensive review of the evolutionary biological debate over the evolution of altruism and a discussion of how various models of mechanism have influenced the models of circumstance that paleoanthropologists continue to use in reconstructing details about the level of cooperation displayed by early hominin societies. The remainder of the dissertation concerns itself with systematically exposing previously unquestioned assumptions to potential falsification as well as with exploring some new scenarios concerning the evolution and landscape archaeology of Plio-Pleistocene hominin food sharing, all via a null agent-based model called SHARE. This heuristic model was built to address two major questions: (1) What range of ecological and social conditions facilitates the evolution of food sharing in artificial Plio-Pleistocene hominin populations and (2) Is food sharing at central places necessary for the formation of the so-called "scatter and patches" archaeological landscapes that are characteristic of the Plio-Pleistocene record in East Africa? In answer to the first question, population-level genetic results collected from artificial societies of hominin agents demonstrate that the so-called transitional zone of ecological patchiness can facilitate the evolution of altruistic food sharing in mixed starting populations, even if foragers lack the ability to remember past interactions or to avoid social cheaters. In answer to the second question, ecological patchiness can affect the movements of simple foragers such that the artificial archaeological landscapes they create display the same spatial signature that characterizes observed Oldowan landscapes. That is, in ecological conditions marked by fragmented food resources, archaeological landscapes composed of both concentrated patches and diffuse scatters can form as a result of solitary foragers using simple routes that are in no way tethered to culturally-defined and culturally-maintained central places. In the end, SHARE provides new hypotheses about how ecological patchiness could have influenced both the evolution of altruistic food sharing and the structure of Lower Paleolithic archaeological landscapes. The latter can be tested in the field by looking at the relationship between artifact density and the paleoenvironmental characteristics of locales both in which artifacts are abundant and from which they are conspicuously absent.
13
Luyt, Julie. "Revisiting the palaeoenvironments of the South African hominid-bearing Plio Pleistocene sites : new isotopic evidence from Sterkfontein." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4176.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bibliography: leaves 96-101.This thesis offers a revised palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of South African PlioPleistocene sites based on δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotopes extracted from enamel of fossil fauna. New isotopic results from Sterkfontein Members 4 and 5 are reported to supplement existing data from Makapansgat and Swartkrans in order to examine the changing environment from approximately 3 to 1.4 million years ago (Ma).
14
Jackson, Donald, César Méndez, Lautaro Núñez, and Douglas Jackson. "Extinct Fauna Processing During The Pleistocene-Holocene Transition In Northcentral Chile." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We discuss faunal and contextual information of four late Pleistocene archaeological sites (Tagua Tagua 1 and 2, Quebrada Santa Julia, and Valiente) of Central-North Chile (~31° to 35° S). We synthesize available taxonomy, anatomical parts represented, evidences of anthropogenic marks, taphonomic aspects, and associated contexts. This assessment shows the behavioral variability of bone assemblages with regards to site functions. We suggest that models of transport and discard of anatomical parts of large and medium-sized prey were seldom patterned and very variable among late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers in these latitudes of South America.En el presente artículo se discute la información faunística y contextual de cuatro sitios arqueológicos (Tagua Tagua 1, Tagua Tagua 2, Quebrada Santa Julia y Valiente) correspondientes al Pleistoceno Final del centro-norte de Chile (31° a 35° S). Se sintetizan los datos referentes a la taxonomía disponible, partes anatómicas representadas, evidencias de huellas antrópicas, aspectostafonómicos y se examinan los contextos asociados. Este análisis muestra la variabilidad en el comportamiento de los conjuntos óseos en relación con las funciones del sitio. Se sugiere que los modelos de transporte y descarte de partes anatómicas de presas grandes y medianas fueron poco generalizados y muy variables entre los cazadores-recolectores del Pleistoceno Final en estas latitudesde Sudamérica.
15
Prieto, Alfredo, and Rafael Labarca. "The Late Pleistocene Southern Fuego-Patagonian Archaeological Sites: New Findings, New Problems." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113607.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Fuego-Patagonian Late Pleistocene archaeological sites are scarce; we have only a handful of them for understanding a periodof time that extends for about 1000 years. These deposits coincide with a period of substantial environmental changes that contributed to the extinction of megafauna in the region, as in the rest of the Americas. All sites registered are located in caves and rock shelters. Attempts to find new sites in other contexts of the region have not yet yielded the expected results. However, thanksto recent work done by paleobiologists seeking to obtain increasingly detailed records of climate change and its causes, we are ableto propose new research directions.Los sitios arqueológicos finipleistocénicos de Fuego-Patagonia austral son bastante escasos. Se cuenta con apenas cinco de ellos para comprender un período que se extiende por cerca de 1000 años. Estos yacimientos coinciden con una etapa de cambios ambientales muy marcados y asisten a la extinción de la megafauna en la región, al igual que en el resto del continente americano. Todos ellos se ubican en cuevas y aleros rocosos. Los intentos por hallar nuevos emplazamientos en otros contextos del área no han dado los frutos esperados aún. Sin embargo, se analizan otras posibilidades de búsqueda a la luz de los resultados de los trabajos recientes de los paleobiólogos comprometidos en obtener registros cada vez más acuciosos del cambio climático y sus causas.
16
Cole, James Nathan. "Hominin cognitive and behavioural complexity in the Pleistocene : assessment through identity, intentionality and visual display." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/209627/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Social Brian Hypothesis predicts the cognitive ability of hominin species by utilising estimated brain and group sizes in relation to an ordinal scale of cognitive complexity expressed as orders of intentionality. The Social Brain Hypothesis predictions however, have never been correlated to the archaeological behavioural record in order to ascertain their behavioural validity. This thesis is concerned with testing the cognitive predictions of the Social Brain Hypothesis against the material culture evidence of hominin behaviour through a new theoretical construct termed the Identity Model. The Identity Model offers a theoretical perspective on the construction of individual and group identity through the Palaeolithic linked to a scale of cognitive complexity shared by the Social Brain Hypothesis. Embedded within the Identity Model are the notions that material culture / behaviour could be imbued with culturally significant social meaning once the ability to construct proxies had been achieved, this in turn feeds into the development of language from non-linguistic societies based on visual display to fully grammatical syntax. Using technological modes and widely held beliefs within the academic community relating to hominin behavioural practice and artefact manufacture as a heuristic, the Identity Model (and through the orders of intentionality, the Social Brain Hypothesis) has been related to the archaeological record, and the predictions preliminarily tested though a series of eleven case studies stretching circa 600,000 – 24,000 years before present. The results of the lithic analysis show that despite common perception (and the Social Brain Hypothesis predictions on cognitive potential), the use of lithic artefacts in actively negotiating hominin social relationships may not have had their genesis with the mode 2 (Acheulean) biface, but rather may be more securely associated with mode 3 prepared core technologies and the advent of the composite tool and pigment use. This in turn intimates that the Social Brain Hypothesis predicts the potential cognitive ability of ancient hominin species whilst the archaeology, through the filter of the Identity Model, illustrates the realised cognitive ability, and the two are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Based on the results and discussions of this thesis, it would appear that cognitive potential must therefore be in place before it can be realised, further suggesting that hominin physiological changes must occur before behavioural changes become evident within the archaeological record.
17
Hallos, Jane. "Artifact dynamics in the Middle Pleistocene : a comparative analysis of evidence from Eastern England and Northern France." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250488.
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18
Matthews, Thalassa. "The taxonomy and taphonomy in mio-pliocene and late middle pleistocene micromammals from the Cape west coast, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7432.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references.The study sites investigated in this thesis are situated along the southwest coast of South Africa in an area dominated by the sclerophyllous fynbos of the Strandveld and Sandveld, which supports a well-known micromammal (murid, soricid, macroscelid, bathyergid and chrysochlorid) fauna. This study presents the results of a taphonomic, taxonomic and palaeoecological study of micromammal assemblages from two palaeontological sites in the Saldanha Bay/Langebaanweg area on the west coast, in the western Cape Province, South Africa. The micromammalian populations of these two sites are compared both taxonomically, and taphonomically, with other fossil sites on the west coast dating to the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene. The older of the two sites is 'E' Quarry at Langebaanweg. a disused phosphate mine, which is the only site in the western Cape Province representing the Mio-Pliocene, a slice of time when modem micromammal genera were emerging. The second site investigated in this thesis is the late Middle Pleistocene site of Hoedjiespunt 1, which fills a significant gap in the continuum of micromammal evolution in the western Cape. This site contained faunal remains accumulated by a brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea), and micromammal bones and teeth were recovered from the same sediments. The Hoedjiespunt 1 micromammal assemblages have added to the information available on the past distribution of several species in the Saldanha area, and have confirmed the presence of several endemic species in the west coast area during the late Middle Pleistocene. A comparison between the other west coast fossil sites and Hoedjiespunt 1 indicates that conditions on the west coast in the late Middle Pleistocene were relatively more arid. The micromammals from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry indicate that fynbos microhabitats were well established during the Mia-Pliocene on the west coast. Both the fynbos, and most of the micro mammal genera present at LBW, have families resident in the west coast area today. The micromammal assemblages from Langebaanweg indicate that the general micromammal population in the area remained relatively unchanged during the period of deposition of the two main fossil-bearing members of the Varswater Formation. There is no compelling evidence to suggest that any marked climatic or environmental change took place during this period.
19
Stothert, Karen E., and Mosquera Amelia Sánchez. "Cultures of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in Ecuador." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113308.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Evidence for the earliest inhabitants of the territory known as Ecuador demonstrates the limitations of the archaeological record inthe highlands and along the Andean slopes, and the relative abundance of evidence for a long preceramic occupation on the Santa Elena Peninsula, including the Pre-Las Vegas phase. The Early and Late Las Vegas phases represent an early and well-studied adaptation to a rich coastal zone where people adopted the cultivation of plants at the beginning of the Holocene. Recent finds in the coastal lowlands (Guayas Basin) provoke this discussion of the peopling of Ecuador and an analysis of the development of regional adaptations in the Early Holocene.Las evidencias de los primeros pobladores en el territorio conocido como Ecuador demuestran las limitaciones del registro arqueológico en la sierra y en la montaña andina, y, a la vez, la abundancia relativa de información para la larga ocupación precerámica en la península de Santa Elena. Las fases Las Vegas Temprano y Las Vegas Tardío representan una adaptación a los abundantes recursos del litoral, donde el cultivo de plantas se inició de manera temprana en el Holoceno. Nuevos hallazgos en las tierras bajas de la cuenca del río Guayas motivan la presente discusión acerca del poblamiento del Ecuador y un análisis del desarrollo de las adaptaciones regionales en el Holoceno Temprano.
20
Dean, Rebecca Marie 1973. "Ungulate ethoarchaeology: Interpreting Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene archaeological ungulate assemblages from southwest Asia." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278641.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zooarchaeologists are beginning to produce more data on age profiles and sex ratios in archaeological faunal assemblages, but often lack the ecological basis to interpret these data. This thesis reviews the ethological literature on four main prey species found in southwest Asia faunal assemblages during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene: gazelle (Gazella sp.), Fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica), wild goat (Capra ibex) and wild sheep (Ovis sp.). This ethological review is used to develop models which predict the age and sex composition of archaeological faunal assemblages that were produced during different seasons and by different hunting techniques. Finally, a review of the archaeological record from the Pleistocene/Holocene transition in southwest Asia puts the age and sex ratios from archaeofaunas into the context of economic intensification and domestication.
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Proctor, Christopher John. "A British Pleistocene chronology based on uranium series and electron spin resonance dating of speleothem." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/2c337f04-e598-496a-8abc-25585563b845.
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Ames, Christopher. "Hominin occupation and landscape evolution during the Middle and Late Pleistocene at the Druze Marsh site in northeast Jordan." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121317.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Druze Marsh is a spring-fed wetland in northeast Jordan that, due to years of over-pumping the aquifer, dried out completely in the 1980s. This study combines detailed stratigraphic and sedimentological analysis of seven test pits and one controlled excavation in the exposed marsh bed, with artifact analysis and radiometric dating, to reconstruct the changing landscape since the Middle Pleistocene and relate hominin use of the area to environmental change. The results show that there are extensive hominin occupations in the Druze Marsh from the Late Lower Paleolithic through the Epipaleolithic that correspond to relatively dry environments when the wetland was reduced in size, suggesting the Druze Marsh acted as a desert refugium for hominins during adverse climatic conditions, with important implications for regional population continuity, turnover, and/or extinctions. Separating these occupations are extended periods when the wetland increased in size and depth, becoming a shallow lake that drowned land previously available for hominin occupation and forcing these populations into the surrounding river channels that flow into the central basin. Positioned at the north end of a string of paleolakes that connects the Levantine Corridor to the west and central Arabian Peninsula to the southeast, river networks around the Druze Marsh may have provided an additional inland route for hominins dispersing between Africa, Eurasia, and the Arabian Peninsula during wetter climates. Establishing the full significance of the Druze Marsh and other desert paleolakes for hominin survivorship and dispersal during the Middle and Late Pleistocene requires additional joint paleoenvironmental and archaeological research.Situé dans nord-est de la Jordanie, le Marais Druze est une région marécageuse alimentée par une source complètement asséchée depuis les années 1980 à cause de pompages excessifs qui ont abaissé sa nappe phréatique. Afin de reconstruire l'évolution du paysage depuis le Pléistocène moyen jusqu'à aujourd'hui et d'établir la nature des liens entre la présence des hominidés et des changements environnementaux dans la région, la présente étude combine les analyses stratigraphiques et sédimentologiques de sept sondages géologiques et d'une fouille effectuée dans le lit du marais, l'analyse d'artéfacts archéologiques et la datation radiométrique des dépôts archéologiques. Les résultats de ces analyses indiquent que les hominidés occupèrent à plusieurs reprises et d'une manière soutenue le marécage entre la fin du Paléolithique inférieur et l'Épipaléolithique, pendant des intervalles climatiques arides durant lesquelles l'étendue du marais était considérablement réduite. Ces données se complémentent pour suggérer que le marais ait servi de zone de refuge pour les hominidés quand les conditions climatiques se détérioraient dans la région. En ce qui concerne la continuité des populations régionales et leurs extinctions localisées, les résultats de cette étude impliquent notament que les populations préhistoriques occupaient le marais quand le climat était moins clément et l'abandonnait quand le climat s'améliorait et que le basin se remplissait, devenant parfois un lac peu profond qui les repoussait le long des rivières qui se déversent dans le bassin. Étant donné leur situation à l'extrémité nord d'une chaîne de paléolacs reliant le Corridor Levantin à l'ouest et le centre de la Péninsule Arabique au sud-est, ces rivières entourant le marais pourraient ainsi avoir fourni une route intérieure additionnelle pour les migrations humaines entre l'Afrique, l'Eurasie et l'Arabie pendant les périodes humides du Pléistocène. La juste importance du Marais Druze, d'autres paléolacs et des déserts dans le contexte de l'histoire des populations humaines du Pléistocène moyen et supérieur du Proche-Orient reste néanmoins à être étoffée par de futures études paléoenvironnementales et archéologiques plus poussées.
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Orton, Jayson. "The Quartz Conundrum : understanding the role of quartz in the composition of late Pleistocene and Holocene lithic assemblages from the Verlorenvlei area, Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7418.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 283-303).This research explores the related roles of quartz and bipolar reduction in the composition of Later Stone Age (LSA) lithic assemblages from the Verlorenvlei area, Western Cape Province. With few exceptions, these two elements strongly dominate the assemblages from this area, and the attitudes to and reasons for their continuous use are considered here. Discussions on typology and raw material classification illustrate and attempt to solve problems existing in current systems, and a comprehensive classification scheme for the western Cape area is provided. The use of an innovative analytical technique, in which each raw material is assessed individually, allows considerable variation in the flaking and subsequent use of each material to be demonstrated. While fine~grained rocks are undoubtedly preferred for artefact manufacture, overall raw material proportions are clearly determined by the ubiquitous availability of quartz in the study area, but less important factors, virtually impossible to differentiate from the lithics alone, are undoubtedly also implicated. Technological change related to the use of quartz and bipolar flaking is explored through three critical periods, the late Holocene, the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene, and the late Pleistocene. In order to ascertain the factors governing assemblage composition, the frequencies of various artefact types are compared with those of quartz and bipolar cores by means of scatter plots. Correlation coefficients are calculated to assist the analysis of the data, but due to the small sample sizes some visual interpretation of the graphs based on intuitive archaeological knowledge is also essential. Considerably different approaches to the reduction of quartz are demonstrated for each period, with distinct strategies of raw material conservation, each operating in a different manner, existing throughout most of the LSA. These promoted the variable use of bipolar and non-bipolar reduction techniques and microlithic technology in order to make best use of the relatively intractable quartz on offer in the local landscape. Such strategies only broke down during the late Holocene, possibly due to the changing social relations that must have occurred with the introduction of pastoralism to the area some 2000 years ago. The nature of industrial change is also explored, and it is evident that in this area the LSA lithic sequence constitutes a continuous progression of sporadic change with no distinct breaks or periods of absolute stability being apparent. It is recommended that larger sample sizes be used in similar future analyses in order to alleviate the difficulties inherent in drawing general conclusions from small sets of data. The frequency of chips in any assemblage is shown to be unreliable and their exclusion from comparative typological data will lend greater validity to all lithic analyses.
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Fourie, Nicolaas Hofmeyer. "Dietary ecology and niche separation among three closely related species (Parapapio jonesi, Pp. whitei and Pp. broomi) of South African Plio-Pleistocene Cercopithecoidea from Makapansgat Limeworks site." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4171.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Word processed copy.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-157).
Three sympatric, contemporaneous fossil cercopithecoid genera (Cercopithecoides, Parapapio and Theropithecus) are represented in assemblages from the Makapansgat Limeworks hominin locality in South Africa. The presence of such a variety of primate taxa in a single ecosystem at the same time suggests a certain degree of ecological and/or dietary differentiation between taxa. This research explores the possibility of dietary niche separation within this sample. Stable isotope (13C/12C, 180/160 ) and trace-element (Sr, Ba, Ca) techniques for palaeodietary analysis are employed to investigate papionin dietary ecology, and especially to search for evidence of subtle niche separation between the more closely related, morphologically similar taxa of the genus Parapapio. Previous studies of fossil cercopithecoid dietary ecology report disjunctions between dietary and taxonomic groupings, possibly as a result of the use of fragmentary specimens or isolated teeth and ensuing taxonomic uncertainty, or perhaps because of problems in the taxonomy itself. Because such taxonomic uncertainties impede the interpretation of dietary data, craniometric analyses were also performed to ground the dietary interpretations in a morphological context. Only complete or partially complete cranial specimens from which morphological craniometric measurements could also be taken were sampled. Dietary analyses indicated two widely differing dietary ecologies within the Cercopithecoides williamsi sample, consistent with published results for this taxon from Swartkrans and Sterkfontein. Results for Theropithecus darti indicated a predominantly C4 diet. Two overlapping dietary ecologies, loosely correlated to taxonomic groupings, were found within the genus Parapapio; specimens attributed to Pp. broomi tended to have C3-dominated diets with a larger rootstock component than Pp. whitei and Pp. jonesi, which included more C4 grasses in their diet. The morphological analyses found no clear taxonomic signal in the craniometric data for Parapapio, suggesting that the current taxonomic assignments of Parapapio specimens are problematic. Additionally, for all of the analysed anatomical regions, the Parapapio sample was no more variable than the single geographically circumscribed extant chacma baboon sample. To sum, while biogeochemical dietary indicators indicate distinct dietary ecologies within and between genera, disjunctions exist between the dietary categories and the taxonomic assignment of specimens. Given these results, and in light of the taxonomic concerns highlighted by the craniometric investigation, reinvestigation of papionin taxonomy at Makapansgat may be warranted.
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Zack, Winston S. "Geoarchaeological Analysis of Two New Test Pits at the Dmanisi Site, Republic of Georgia." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271922/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis presents the results of geoarchaeological investigations conducted at two new test pits, M11 and M12, at the paleoanthropological site of Dmanisi during the 2012 field season. This research is important for understanding the site formation processes occurring along the north-south axis of the Dmanisi site and how that affects the chronostratigraphic sequence and interpretation of archaeological materials here. With these excavations we can build a stronger interpretation for how broader areas of this site formed and changed both geologically and archaeologically. The geologic results of this study indicate that changes in sediment deposition and development episodes can affect interpretations of how long these sediments accumulated, how likely bones are to preserve, as well as how secondary gravel deposition can influence several archaeological interpretations. The archaeological results suggest that there could have been changes in occupation intensity between the stratum A and B phases although different rates of sediment deposition and surface stability could affect such artifact accumulations. In addition, during the stratum B phase there appears to be little change in artifact procurement behaviors and reduction characteristics by these hominins. The overall results of this research indicate that geologic factors should be addressed and cautions should be taken prior to making interpretations about archaeological assemblages.
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Yacobaccio, Hugo D., and Marcelo R. Morales. "Pleistocene Environments and Early Human Occupation in the Puna Of Argentina." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113540.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper we present paleoenvironmental evidence of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in order to understand the process of human settlement in the Puna region of Argentina. We will analyze chronological evidence and the archaeological record of early hunter-gatherer occupations dated between 10,500 to 9000 BP (12,500 to 10,000 cal BP). Finally, we discuss specific cultural and environmental aspects related to the human dispersion and colonization of the altiplano zone.En este trabajo se presentan las evidencias paleoambientales de finales del Pleistoceno y comienzos del Holoceno con el fin de entenderel proceso de poblamiento humano en la región de la Puna de Argentina. Se analizarán las evidencias relacionadas con lacronología y el registro arqueológico de las ocupaciones tempranas de cazadores-recolectores datadas entre 10.500 AP hasta 9000 AP (12.500-10.000 cal AP). Por último, discutiremos aspectos culturales y ambientales específicos vinculados con la dispersión y colonización humana del espacio altiplánico.
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Keates, S. G. "The significance of the older palaeolithic occurrences in the Nihewan Basin, northern China : in the context of important Early and Middle Pleistocene northern Chinese localities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260637.
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Santoro, Calogero M., Daniela Osorio, Vivien G. Standen, Paula C. Ugalde, Katherine Herrera, Eugenio M. Gayó, Francisco Rothhammer, and Claudio Latorre. "Early Human Occupations And Paleoenvironmental Conditions In The Atacama Desert During The Pleistocene-Holocene Transition." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113403.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Atacama Desert (from Arica to Taltal, 18°-25° S), one of the driest environments on Earth, has been considered an inhospitable habitat and hence a major barrier for the hunter and gatherer groups that migrated to South America at the end of the Pleistocene. Recent paleoecological and geomorphologic data, summarized here, show that during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (ca. 17,500-9500 cal BP) some sectors of the Atacama were much wetter and had greater bioproductivity than today, factors that increase the possibilities of finding early American sites. Here, we first describe the current environment of the Atacama and compare it to past environmental conditions. Second, we present our results that show archaeological evidence for the human colonization of the hyperarid coast (0-900 masl), the intermediate depression (900-2200 masl), the precordillera (2200-3500 masl) and the altiplano (>3500 masl). Finally we discuss some of the possible migratory routes for the peopling of South America.El Desierto de Atacama (Arica a Taltal, 18°-25° S), uno de los ambientes más áridos del planeta, ha sido considerado un hábitat inhóspito y, por ende, una barrera importante para los grupos de cazadores- recolectores que migraron a Sudamérica a fines delPleistoceno. Recientes datos paleocológicos y geomorfológicos, resumidos aquí, evidencian que durante la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno (c. 17.500-9500 cal AP) algunos sectores del Atacama fueron mucho más húmedos y tuvieron mayor bioproductividad que hoy, lo que incrementa las posibilidades de encontrar sitios tempranos. Aquí, en primer lugar, describimos el ambiente actual del Atacama y lo comparamos con sus condiciones ambientales pasadas. En segundo lugar, presentamos las evidencias arqueológicas que dan cuenta de la colonización humana de la costa hiperárida (0-900 metros sobre el nivel del mar), la Depresión Intermedia (900-2200 metros sobre el nivel del mar), la precordillera (2200-3500 metros sobre el nivel del mar) y el altiplano (>3500 metros sobre el nivel del mar). Por último, discutimos algunas de las posibles rutas migratorias para el poblamiento de Sudamérica.
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Kabukcu, Ceren. "Prehistoric vegetation change and woodland management in central Anatolia : late Pleistocene-mid Holocene anthracological remains from the Konya Plain." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2012999/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis presents the results of the analysis of the anthracological remains (charred fuel wood waste debris) retrieved from the archaeological sites of Pınarbaşı, Boncuklu, Can Hasan III, Çatalhöyük East and Çatalhöyük West, located in the Konya plain of south-central Anatolia, Turkey. Together, these sites span the time period between ~15-7.5 ka cal. BP. The main aims of the present study are: (a) to characterise the use of prehistoric woodlands in south-central Anatolia and its changes through time during this critical period for the development of settled life and early agricultural economies, (b) to investigate the nature and scale of woodland management activities and anthropogenic impacts on prehistoric woodland vegetation, and (c) to assess the representativeness of the anthracological assemblages for reconstructing the composition, structure, form and distribution of late Pleistocene and early to mid-Holocene woodland vegetation in south-central Anatolia, and its changing ecologies in relation to climate, woodland growth conditions and human impacts. Anthracological analyses focused on charcoal macro-remains retrieved from a range of primary (fire features) and secondary (middens, building infill, and general dispersed contexts) fuel wood waste deposits. The methodologies applied included the taphonomic assessment of charcoal densities, standard taxon frequency and ubiquity quantitative analyses, and the quantitative and qualitative analysis of wood calibre and the dendroecological features preserved in archaeological charcoal specimens. The results of these analyses were further explored through the application of a range of multivariate quantitative techniques. The same techniques were also used to integrate the results of anthracological analyses with dung fuel seed archaeobotanical and select hunted and herded faunal datasets, in order to evaluate their co-variation, and thus reconstruct the co-evolution of landscape practices and anthropogenic impacts across space and time. This thesis demonstrates the unique potential of anthracology to provide novel and highly original insights in the palaeoecology and palaeoeconomy of Southwest Asia, particularly with regard to the investigation of vegetation history, the origin and developments of early anthropogenic landscapes and the nature of people-environment interactions during the transition from foraging to farming.
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Everett, Melanie Amber. "Molecular and isotopic indicators of paleoenvironmental change in low-organic-carbon soils with applications to Pleistocene archaeological sites in Greece, Algeria, and Ethiopia." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Geological Sciences, 2009.Title from home page (viewed on Jul 12, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-10, Section: B, page: 6064. Adviser: Lisa M. Pratt.
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Mann, Nicole Jean. "A reconstruction of the mid-to late Pleistocene plant community along the southwestern coast of South Africa using phytolith evidence." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sites of Elandsfontein (EFT) and Duinefontein (DFT) preserve important records of mid-Pleistocene human occupation along South Africa's southwestern coast. In addition to human fossils in the case of EFT, both sites have produced extensive collections of artefacts and faunal remains. Analyses of the latter have provided the broad environmental contexts for mid-Pleistocene human occupation along this coast. Recently, research into landscape use by mid-Pleistocene human populations at EFT and DFT has highlighted the need for more precise palaeoenvironmental data for the region. In response to this need, I analysed plant phytoliths extracted from sediments sampled at EFT and DFT. The results of this analysis are reported and interpreted in this thesis. To assist with the interpretation of the EFT and DFT phytolith assemblages, I established a modern phytolith reference collection. In addition, pre-existing phytolith collections were examined and literature was consulted. Phytoliths extracted from modern and mid-Pleistocene aged sediments sampled at different localities at EFT and DFT were identified and tallied to determine vegetation composition during the middle Pleistocene. Distinctions were made between "grassier" and "more woody" samples. Analyses of modern plant samples confirmed that grass species produced abundant phytoliths, whereas the majority of dicotyledons did not produce diagnostic morphotypes. Phytoliths belonging to grass species currently growing in the region were identified in the modern sediment samples, as were non-grass phytoliths that included those from woody dicotyledonous and monocotyledon plants. The majority of the mid-Pleistocene sediment samples from EFT produced varying proportions of grass, woody dicotyledon, monocotyledon, sedge and palm type phytoliths which are characteristic of cool-season growing landscapes. In comparison to EFT, the late mid- Pleistocene sediment samples from DFT contained fewer phytoliths. These results suggest that the conditions at DFT were either not conducive to the preservation of phytoliths or that the vegetation was sparse and/or did not produce abundant phytoliths. Where sufficient phytoliths were preserved, assemblages suggested landscapes similar to that of EFT. In summary, analyses suggest that during the middle to late Pleistocene, a heterogeneous vegetation community, consisting primarily of C₃ grasses, woody dicotyledons and other monocotyledonous plants existed along South Africa's southwest coast. Furthermore, results support the longterm presence of the winter rainfall zone in the region. This study demonstrates the potential of phytolith analysis as an important proxy in determining the composition of palaeo-vegetation communities in South Africa. Although there were limitations that necessitated the broad classification of phytolith groups, the study nevertheless provided more precise information, particularly about mid-Pleistocene vegetation structure, that was not previously available.
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Yataco, Juan José. "A Revision Of The Pikimachay, Ayacucho’ Evidences, A Terminal Pleistocene Occupation In The Central Andes." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The earliest strata from Pikimachay Cave, the Pacaicasa and Ayacucho complexes has been one of the more controversial occupations of Terminal Pleistocene in the Central Andes. Due to the inconsistent presentation of findings, assumptions regarding the lithic and bone assemblages have been questioned. Therefore, a new review of these remains is required to assess the evidence in detail, because it is probably the earliest in the Central Andes. Preliminary results of these assemblages document lithic technologies and bones of the Ayacucho Complex, with probable anthropogenic cut marks, dated by radiocarbon correction between 15,781 to 14,886 cal BC.Los estratos denominados complejos Pacaicasa y Ayacucho de la cueva de Pikimachay constituyen las ocupaciones más controversiales del Pleistoceno Final por contener, supuestamente, los restos de actividad humana más antiguos de los Andes Centrales. Debido a la pobre presentación de las evidencias en las escasas publicaciones que trataron del hallazgo, se puso en tela de juicio las presuntas herramientas líticas y óseas reportadas. Por consiguiente, se impuso una revisión de los restos con el objeto de evaluarlosen detalle. De manera específica, se pudieron examinar los restos guardados en el Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y los resultados preliminares documentaron tecnologías líticas e, incluso, huesos conprobables huellas de corte antropogénico. La corrección radiocarbónica del fechado procedente del complejo Ayacucho arrojó un lapso entre 15.781 y 14.886 cal AC.
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Felstead, Nicholas James. "Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and geoarchaeology of the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, NE Mexico, from the late Pleistocene to the present." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6171/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With over 200 pools, lakes and rivers supporting over 70 species of endemic flora and fauna, the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, NE Mexico is an extremely important and extensively studied area in terms of conservation. The palaeoenvironment, however, is relatively understudied with only two reconstructions published to date - Meyer [1973] and Minckley and Jackson [2008]. This project has analysed a 15 m carbonate sediment core for multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental information and combined this with stable isotope, modern hydrological and geoarchaeological information in the Cuatro Cienegas Basin.
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Maggard, Greg J. "Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Occupations of the North Coast Of Perú." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113377.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On Perú’s North Coast, the earliest documented lithic traditions are collectively known as the El Palto Phase (~14,200-9600cal BP). This phase, which spans the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene, contains evidence for several contemporary or overlapping traditions, including early unifacial assemblages, and the Fishtail and Paiján complexes. Recent study of El Palto phasesites in the lower Jequetepeque Valley focused on evaluating the relationships between these assemblages and the populations who manufactured them. The results of this study indicate a greater degree of intratype diversity among point types than previously recognized and call into question the descendant relationships between Fishtail and Paiján. The results from several long-term regional studies are combined with these analyses to provide new insight regarding early settlement and technological change in this region of the Central Andes.En la costa norte del Perú, las tradiciones líticas más tempranas documentadas se conocen, en conjunto, como la fase El Palto (~14.200-9600 cal AP). Esta fase, que abarca desde el Pleistoceno Final hasta el Holoceno Temprano, contiene evidencias de varias tradiciones contemporáneas o que coinciden parcialmente en el tiempo, lo que incluye conjuntos unifaciales tempranos y los complejos Cola de Pescado y Paiján. Un reciente estudio de los sitios de la fase El Palto en el valle bajo de Jequetepeque se enfocó enla evaluación de los vínculos entre estos conjuntos y las poblaciones que los produjeron. Los resultados obtenidos indican un grado mayor de diversidad tipológica entre los tipos de puntas que lo que previamente se había reconocido y cuestionan las relaciones tecnológicas entre las tradiciones líticas Paiján y Cola de Pescado. Asimismo, los resultados de varios estudios regionales de largoplazo se combinan con estos análisis con el objeto de proporcionar una nueva comprensión acerca del asentamiento temprano y el cambio tecnológico en esta región de los Andes Centrales.
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Held, Steven. "Early prehistoric island archaeology in Cyprus : configuration of formative culture growth from the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary to the mid-3rd millenium B.C." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318023/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation studies the early prehistoric cultures of Cyprus from the beginnings to the Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age transition in the 3rd millennium BC. Its aim is not to provide a culture-historical review, but to define, examine and explain processes of formative culture change in light of island biogeography and new evidence which has accumulated during the last decade. Current excavations on the South Coast not only indicate what may be the earliest instance of Mediterranean Island colonization, but they also hint at the existence of a proto-neolithic occupation prior to the aceramic Khirokitia Culture. This evidence is interpreted in terms of the causality of Quaternary biogeographic conditions and island colonizations by man and animals. Specifically, the discussion addresses the problem of inhibitive factors, the triggers required to overcome them, and the adaptive responses of the founder populations. Following colonization, excavated and surveyed sites attest to a widely distributed and culturally homogeneous aceramic occupation which lasted for over one millennium before disappearing in a lacuna in the archaeological record. A locational analysis attempts to define the rate of intra-island dispersal of this and the subsequent ceramic cultures, and it is argued that the use of a statistically meaningful sample of datable sites and the demographic trends it evidences contradict the hypothesis of an occupational gap. The themes of cultural continuity vs. discontinuity and demic diffusion are further explored within the framework of absolute chronology. A date-by-date discussion of 14C determinations for the Formative Period in light of advances in calibration and settlement stratigraphy is put in the context of artifactual and paleoenvironmental data and used as the chronometric underpinning for an explanation of the configuration of culture growth in an early island ecosystem. Fieldwork data are appended in a Gazetteer of Early Prehistoric Sites Supplement and a Gazetteer of Pleistocene Fossil Sites.
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Willig, Judith A. (Judith Ann) 1953. "Paleo-archaic broad spectrum adaptations at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in Far Western North America." Thesis, University of Oregon, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
xx, 463 p. : ill., maps. Two print copies of this title are available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E61 .W72 1989Western Clovis and Western Stemmed cultural traditions, archaeologically indexed by fluted (Clovis) and stemmed projectile point complexes, represent the earliest human occupation documented in Far Western North America. The temporal closeness of Western Clovis, dated roughly from 11,500 to 11,000 B.P., to Western Stemmed complexes known as early as 11,140 to 10,800 B.P., has generated debate over the age and historical relationship of these cultures. The frequent co-occurrence of fluted and stemmed points along the lowest strandlines in pluvial lake basins has also led scholars to hypothesize an early development of the characteristically "Archaic" lake-marsh adaptations known from later periods. Geoarchaeological research in the northern Alkali Lake Basin of south-central Oregon has addressed these issues of cultural chronology and economy by seeking data to test a paleoecological model of human land use in the basin from 11,500 to 7,000 B.P. The model posits a late Pleistocene Western Clovis settlement oriented to a small, shallow lake or pond, followed by an early Holocene Western Stemmed occupation around a much larger lake and marsh fringe. Data gathered through basin-wide site survey, stratigraphic studies, and high-resolution mapping of lake features and artifacts, support the model as proposed, and reveal a settlement pattern indicative of a "tethered" focus on local lake-marsh habitats. Research also verifies the horizontal separation of fluted and stemmed artifacts on different, sequent shorelines, indicating that Western Clovis occupation precedes Western Stemmed, although the two are close in time. Data from Alkali Basin, and elsewhere, support the notion that Far Western cultures developed broad-spectrum adaptations much earlier than was once thought. This implies that the foundations of the Western Archaic were already in place by 11,000 B.P. In keeping with the adaptive flexibility embodied within the Desert Culture concept, environmental data further suggest that this "paleo-Archaic" lifeway developed quickly, not gradually, in response to punctuated climatic change and the emerging mosaic of regional habitats which characterized the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, at a time when the desert as we know it was just coming into being.
Adviser: Aikens, C. Melvin
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Jeffrey, Amy. "Exploring palaeoaridity using stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in small mammal teeth : a case study from two Late Pleistocene archaeological cave sites in Morocco, North Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5443f540-1049-4f89-8240-970afd5e59f5.
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Revised chronologies from Moroccan cave sites have raised questions concerning the timing of changes in human cultural behaviour in relation to past climate shifts. However, many of the inferences about past moisture regimes are based on external records. Therefore, this thesis aimed to develop a palaeoclimate record using oxygen and carbon isotope values (d18O and d13C) in Gerbillinae (gerbil) teeth from two Late Pleistocene cave sites, El Harhoura 2 and Taforalt, in Morocco. Since small mammals are not commonly used to construct proxy climate records, a modern isotope study was undertaken in northwestern Africa to understand the influences on the stable isotope composition of small mammal tissues in semi-arid and arid settings. The results from the modern study show that d18O composition of gerbil teeth is strongly correlated with mean annual precipitation (MAP), and therefore in arid settings reflects moisture availability. Predictably, the d13C values of the gerbil teeth reflected C3 and C4 dietary inputs, but arid and mesic sites could not be distinguished because of the high variability displayed in d13C. The d18O isotope-based MAP reconstructions suggest that the Mediterranean coastal region of North Africa did not experience hyper-arid conditions during the Late Pleistocene. The d13C values of the gerbil teeth show that C3 vegetation dominated in the Late Pleistocene, but there was a small amount C4 vegetation present at Taforalt. This indicates that small mammals are extremely sensitive to discreet shifts in past vegetation cover. Both the modern and archaeological studies demonstrated that the isotope values of molars and incisors differed. The results indicate that tooth choice is an important consideration for applications as proxy Quaternary records, but also highlights a new potential means to distinguish seasonal contexts. Comparisons of proxy climate records and cultural sequences at Taforalt and El Harhoura 2 show that Middle Stone Age occupations of both sites occurred during relatively humid and arid climate phases. The transition to the Later Stone Age appears to have taken place during a period of increased aridity, hinting that this cultural transition may be related to changing environmental conditions.
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Terry, Ina M. "The Ohio Pleistocene Mammal Database (OPMDB): Creation and Preliminary Taphonomic and Spatial Analyses." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1377456136.
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Chaput, Michelle. "Environmental Change and Population History of North America from the Late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38082.
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The assumption that prehistoric Native American land use practices had little impact on the North American landscape persists in the literature. However, recent research suggests the effects of prehistoric burning, deforestation and agriculture may potentially have been greater than previously considered. To resolve this discrepancy, quantitative estimates of changes in human population size and forest structure and composition over the course of the Holocene are needed. This thesis addresses this need by providing radiocarbon-based paleodemographic reconstructions and pollen-inferred estimates of vegetation change, as well as analyses of associations between the two at both continental and regional scales, from the late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene. One way to estimate paleodemographic change is to use the number of radiocarbon (14C) dates from a given area to study patterns of human occupation through time. A review of the literature and compilation of existing databases relevant to this method showed there is now sufficient data to study the paleodemographic history of many regions around the world. An analysis of 14C datasets from North America and Australia compared well with model-based reconstructions of past demographic growth, and provided higher frequency fluctuations in population densities that will be important for future research. Using a kernel density estimation approach, the first estimates of prehistoric population density for North America were obtained and synthesized into a series of continental-scale maps showing the distribution and frequency of 14C dates in the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD). The maps illustrated the space-time evolution of population and migration patterns, which were corroborated by independent sources of evidence. A methodology based on the statistical evaluation of cross-correlations between population and plant abundance was then developed to analyze the associations between these population estimates and plant communities derived from pollen databases. Periods of high spatial cross-correlation (positive and negative) between population and plant abundance were irregular and did not improve over time, suggesting that ancient human impacts are not discernable at a continental scale, either due to low populations or varying human land use practices. To further examine the relationship between pollen data and human land use at a regional scale, estimates of plant density and landscape openness are needed. The REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites) model corrects for the non-linear relationship between pollen production and plant abundance and can therefore be used to map histories of land use and land cover change. The model was applied to pollen records from lake sediments in the deciduous forest of southeastern Quebec. A preliminary analysis comparing these results to population density revealed low population during times of high Populus abundance and high population following the appearance of the mixed temperate forest suggesting a discernable human-environment association at regional scales. Overall, the results of thesis support the growing body of literature that suggests prehistoric Native Americans impacted their environments and that these impacts can be detected and quantified by integrating archaeological and paleoecological information. However, the timing, location, and intensity of human land use has changed in both space and time, suggesting regional- to local-scale analyses of human-environment interactions are most appropriate for continental North America. The methodology presented here can be used to study additional North American regions for the purpose of developing a continental history of human-environment interaction.
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Hatch, Marcus. "The Pleistocene Solent River and its major tributaries : reinterpreting the fluvial terrace stratigraphy as a framework for the Palaeolithic archaeology of the Solent region." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite recent interpretations of the fluvial terrace stratigraphies of the Palaeo-Solent River and its major tributaries, the River Test and River Stour, fundamental issues concerning correlation both within and between key parts of the system remain. Addressing these issues is important to provide a secure stratigraphic framework for the Palaeolithic archaeological record of the region. Disagreement centres on contrasting approaches to the construction of long profile projections of terrace sediments and landforms, and on alternative interpretations of limited stratigraphic and topographic data. During the study extensive fieldwork has been carried out in the region, comprising ground penetrating radar surveys, coastal section recording and reexcavation of key sites. In addition, an examination of the available borehole archive held by the British Geological Survey has provided a substantial body of new data on which a reanalysis of the terrace stratigraphy is based. During fieldwork 26 samples of suitable fluvial sediments were also taken for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. A rigorous OSL analysis and test program applied to these samples highlights a number of issues inherent in dating sediments from Middle Pleistocene fluvial environments. It also raises potential issues with previously published OSL dates from similar environments, including in the Solent Region, which typically have not received such detailed test procedures. Despite the problems encountered age estimates have been produced for a number of terraces in the Solent River. The enhanced stratigraphic dataset produced by this study is used to critique published stratigraphic models of the Solent system and to create alternatives. A reinterpretation of the terrace stratigraphies of the Solent River, the River Test and River Stour is presented and revised correlations between the three parts of the Solent system are proposed. These provide a new stratigraphic framework for the Palaeolithic archaeology of the Solent River system.
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Stynder, Deano Duane, and Deano Duane Stynder. "The use of faunal evidence to reconstruct site history and Hoedjiespunt 1 (HDP1), Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hoedjiespunt 1 (HDP 1 ), is one of few later Middle Pleistocene to earlier Late Pleistocene African sites to yield well provenanced MSA hominid fossils, lending special significance to this site. The vertebrate fauna from this location, which consists of a palaeontological and an archaeological site, is described and analysed using both the taphonomic and controlled comparison approaches. The information obtained via this study allows for a better understanding of the context in which and the conditions under which these two sites were formed. Stratigraphic evidence and spatial information, suggest that the bones in the palaeontological site were in all likelihood accumulated in a cavity, thus postdating the sediments in which they occur. Circumstantial evidence, in addition to Klein and Cruz-Uribe's (1984) criteria for distinguishing assemblages accumulated by hyaenas from those accumulated by people, points towards the brown hyaena as the most likely accumulator of this assemblage. It is also suspected that the bone in the archaeological assemblage, may postdate the sediments in which they occur. This is suggested by the presence at the site, of tools manufactured out of calcrete, similar to the calcrete carapace which caps the stratigraphic sequence. Although density mediated destruction seems to have been the major cause of discrepancies in skeletal part abundance in the palaeontological site, it was found not to have been severe. The composition of species represented in the two assemblages differ. It was found that, apart from containing a small percentage of marine animals, the palaeontological site is dominated by grazing ungulates and carnivores. This assemblage was accumulated during a period of lowered sea level, or "glacial". On the other hand, the sample from the archaeological site contains proportionally fewer ungulates and carnivores, more small animals and more marine animals, reflecting a period of marine transgression, or "interglacial".
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Jones, Emily Lena. "Broad spectrum diets and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) : dietary change during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Dordogne, southwestern France /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6529.
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Macalusco, P. James. "Descriptions and comparative studies of the hominin dental remains from Dmanisi, Georgia 1991-2002 collections /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Price, Catherine R. "Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene small mammals in South West Britain : environmental and taphonomic implications, and their role in archaeological research." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2001. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/late-pleistocene-and-early-holocene-small-mammals-in-south-west-britain-environmental-and-taphonomic-implications-and-their-role-in-archaeological-research(0fdb87f2-abcf-4676-9bd3-0a23c9922caf).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project examines small mammal faunas from cave sites in south-west England and south Wales. The aims are threefold: To examine the rapid environmental changes taking place in the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene: To understand the processes by which small mammal remains were deposited in the caves examined: To demonstrate the value of small mammal studies as an archaeological tool. All identifiable small mammal remains from twelve selected sites are listed. Ten of the sites are new material. As the species examined here are seldom exploited by humans, the small mammals provide a record of the past environment unaffected by human selection of particular species, as might be the case in larger mammal assemblages. An examination of possible agents of accumulation is provided for each site to identify any bias introduced by prey selection. Reconstructions of the environment local to each cave at the time of deposition are offered. The evidence provided by the small mammals is related to the archaeological findings from each cave, to demonstrate the effect of human habitation of cave sites on the depositional and post-depositional processes shown by the microfauna. The environmental evidence provided by the study reflects a wider landscape rather than merely the immediate surroundings of the cave, and so gives a basis for human exploitation patterns in the area accessible from the cave. Reconstructions of the ecological mosaics formed by the rapidly changing climate of the period and the topographic variation around the cave sites are provided, demonstrating the potential complexity of the environment in which the humans and other fauna of the period existed. It is hoped that this will encourage archaeologists to look beyond the general division of environmental boundaries in this period, and to examine the local variation in habitat availability and use.
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Sandweiss, Daniel H., and Kurt M. Rademaker. "The Peopling of Southern Perú: Coast and Highlands." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113355.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article we review what is currently known about the early occupation of the southern Peruvian coast and highlands. We focus our review on the Terminal Pleistocene sites of Quebrada Jaguay and Quebrada Tacahuay (coast) and Pucuncho (highlands), and we compare them with the few other sites known from this period. We cover chronology, settlement pattern, specialization, and the interregional connections during this first period of human settlement.En este artículo revisamos lo que se sabe en la actualidad acerca de la ocupación temprana de la costa y sierra del sur peruano. Enfocamos nuestro estudio en los sitios del Pleistoceno Final de Quebrada Jaguay y Quebrada Tacahuay, ubicados en la costa, y Pucuncho, situado en la sierra, y los comparamos con los pocos otros yacimientos conocidos de esta época. Tratamos la cronología, el patrón de asentamiento, la especialización y las conexiones interregionales de este primer período del asentamiento humano.
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López-Castaño, Carlos E., and Martha C. Cano-Echeverri. "Considerations About The First Settlements In Northwestern South America: Approaches From The Inter-Andean Magdalena River Valley, Colombia." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113602.
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This article presents key data and discussion about the initial peopling of northwestern South America, highlighting its strategic significance in the continental context, cultural variability and landscape change over time. In Colombia there is very little relevant information regarding occupations prior to 12,000 BP; in contrast, the information is abundant relative to a number ofearly contexts during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. The variability among unifacial and bifacial lithic assemblages reported in different physiographic regions indicates alternative models on early settlement to regional level. Considering the importanceof the inter-Andean valley of the Magdalena River, this article emphasizes the archaeological contexts and paleoenvironmental information, highlighting environmental impacts associated not only to global climate change, but in particular of the effects ofvolcanism. The article stresses the findings and chronologies of bifacial lithic assemblages of the Magdalena Valley in relation to the early archaeology of northwestern South America.En este artículo se presentan los principales datos y reflexiones asociados al poblamiento inicial del noroccidente de Sudamérica debido a su significado estratégico en el marco continental, se destacará la variabilidad cultural y se enfatizarán los cambios depaisajes en el transcurso del tiempo. En Colombia existe muy poca información relevante relacionada con las ocupaciones anterioresa 12.000 AP; en contraste, la información es abundante en cuanto al número de contextos tempranos durante la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno. La variabilidad entre los conjuntos líticos unifaciales y bifaciales reportados en distintas regiones fisiográficas plantea propuestas de modelos alternativos sobre el poblamiento temprano a escala regional. Considerando la importancia del valle interandino del río Magdalena, se recalcan los contextos arqueológicos e información paleoambiental. Asimismo, se destacan los impactos ambientales que demuestran por qué no perduraron las evidencias del Pleniglacial, lo que podría deberse a efectos asociados no solo al cambio climático global, sino, en particular, a causa del vulcanismo. Este trabajo resalta los hallazgos y cronologías de los conjuntos líticos bifaciales del valle del Magdalena en relación con la arqueología temprana del noroccidente de Sudamérica.
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Karr, Landon Patrick. "The analysis and interpretation of fragmented mammoth bone assemblages : experiments in bone fracture with archaeological applications." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study of flaked mammoth bone tools from the Late Pleistocene is a topic that has inspired great interest in the archaeological community for the last 40 years. The interpretation of evidence of culturally modified mammoth bone tools has varied widely across both time and space. At different times and in different places, flaked bone toolmaking has been interpreted across the geographic expanse of the North American continent, from Beringia to central Mexico, and through a vast timeframe, from 120,000 years ago, until as recently as 10,000 years ago. The study of these purported flaked bone tool assemblages has taken many forms, and has involved efforts to understand broken mammoth bone assemblages by drawing analogies to stone toolmaking strategies, by understanding the multitude of taphonomic processes that affect archaeological bone assemblages, and by attempting to differentiate the effects of natural and cultural processes. This thesis reports on a series of experiments designed to lend new actualistic evidence to the debate surrounding flaked bone toolmaking. These experiments include investigations into the effect of different environmental conditions on the degradation of bones, the flaking characteristics of both fresh and frozen bones, and the effect of rockfall as a taphonomic process on bones exposed to different real-world environments. These experiments, paired with a body of previous research, provide a basis in actualistic and taphonomic research that allows for the reassessment of archaeological and paleontological broken mammoth bone assemblages. This thesis includes the reassessment and detailed taphonomic analysis of four mammoth bone assemblages relevant to understanding cultural bone modification and the effect of non-cultural taphonomic processes. New interpretations of zooarchaeological assemblages from Lange/Ferguson (South Dakota, USA), Owl Cave (Idaho, USA), Inglewood (Maryland, USA), and Kent’s Cavern (Devon, UK) reveal new data that revise the understanding of the nature of these assemblages, and the effect of both natural and cultural bone fracturing agencies.
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Fritz, Brian L. "Soil Geomorphology of the Millstone Site (36EL204) and Riverview Site (36EL203) Allegheny National Forest, Elk County, Pennsylvania." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1319568412.
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García, Moreno Alejandro. "Patrones de asentamiento y ocupación del territorio en el Cantábrico oriental al final del Pleistoceno. Una aproximación mediante SIG." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10612.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es el análisis de las preferencias en la selección de los lugares de asentamiento por parte de las sociedades de cazadores-recolectores de la transición Pleistoceno Final - Holoceno (es decir, Magdaleniense y Aziliense) de la mitad oriental de la Cornisa Cantábrica. Más concretamente, se trata de de analizar, calculando una serie de características y variables, la localización de una serie de yacimientos asignados a este periodo, para tratar de identificar un patrón o patrones concretos en el tipo de lugares elegidos por las comunidades humanas para situar sus lugares de hábitat, si pueden diferenciarse distintos tipos de asentamientos en función de su localización, y si existe un cambio en las preferencias en la selección de los lugares de ocupación con respecto a momentos anteriores. Para llevar a cabo estos análisis, se emplea un Sistema de Información Geográfica.The objective of this thesis is the analysis of preferences in the choice of settlement sites by the hunter-gatherers of Final Pleistocene - Holocene transition (i.e., Magdalenian and Azilian) from eastern Cantabrian coast. More specifically, the location of a number of sites is analyzed by calculating different characteristics and variables, to try to identify a specific pattern or patterns in the type of sites selected by human communities to bring their places of habitat, to differentiate different types of settlements based on their location, and whether a change in preferences in the selection of places of employment with respect to earlier periods. To perform these tests, a Geographic Information System is used to calculate the variables considered.
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Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste. "Hyénidés modernes et fossiles d'Europe et d'Afrique : taphonomie comparée de leurs assemblages osseux." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830276.
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En raison de sa présence récurrente dans les ensembles paléontologiques d'Europe au Pléistocène, l'hyène des cavernes (Crocuta crocuta spelaea GOLDFUSS) est un carnivore particulièrement étudié en taphonomie. Depuis le XIXème siècle, la reconnaissance du rôle joué par les grands prédateurs, et plus particulièrement de l'hyène, dans la formation des assemblages osseux, a permis de dégager les grandes tendances écologiques et évolutives de ces carnivores (habitat en grotte, consommation osseuse, chasse vs. charognage, compétition interspécifique, interaction Homme-Carnivores). L'éthologie de l'hyène tachetée fossile (accumulateur d'ossements, ostéophagie) repose largement sur le développement des travaux écologiques et néo-taphonomiques depuis les années 1970. Le présent travail porte sur un bilan paléontologique et taphonomique des hyénidés modernes et Pléistocènes. Une première partie est consacrée à la présentation synthétique des 3 principaux genres (Crocuta, Hyaena, Parahyaena) et concerne leur systématique, biogéographie et ostéométrie. Ce dernier point permet de confirmer d'une part les fluctuations de masse corporelle des hyènes en relation avec les changements climatiques au cours du Pléistocène et d'autre part la difficulté à évaluer le dimorphisme sexuel à partir des éléments squelettiques crâniens et postcrâniens. Une seconde partie porte sur l'étude de 14 échantillons osseux modernes et fossiles produits par les hyénidés. Six accumulations en contexte de repaires et 3 ensembles de plein-air composent les séries modernes. Elles représentent des contextes écologiques et géographiques distincts (Djibouti et Afrique du Sud) et sont rapportées aux trois espèces d'hyènes (repaires : Crocuta : Dumali (NR Ongulés = 421), Heraide (NR Ongulés = 216), Yangula Ari (NR Ongulés = 133), Oboley (NR Ongulés = 259) ; Hyaena : Datagabou (NR Ongulés = 352) ; Parahyaena : Uniab (NR Ongulés = 568) ; kill-sites de Crocuta : Ali Daba : NR Ongulés = 40 ; Dumali : NR Ongulés = 185 ; Heraide : NR Ongulés = 460). L'analyse taphonomique de ces assemblages permet de caractériser les modifications produites par les hyénidés modernes. Ce modèle est ensuite pris en compte dans l'étude de 5 repaires d'hyène tachetée fossile inédits : Artenac c10 (OIS5c ; NRDT = 1301), Peyre (OIS5e ; NRDT = 2815), Grand Abri aux Puces Réseau Supérieur (100ka ; NRDT = 2360), Fouvent (OIS3 ; NRDT = 3347) et Conives (OIS3 ; NRDT = 1717). Afin de caractériser objectivement la signature taphonomique des hyènes fossiles, deux autres séries, plus anciennes (Pléistocène moyen), ont été brièvement prises en considération (Ceyssaguet (Pachycrocuta brevirostris) et Lunel-Viel 1 (Crocuta spelaea intermedia)) ainsi que deux échantillons osseux produits par d'autres grands Carnivores (le jaguar européen (Panthera onca gombaszoegensis) d'Artenac I et II et le loup (Canis lupus) moderne de Pologne). Les analyses comparées d'ensembles osseux créés par les Hyénidés, Félidés et grands Canidés permettent de reconsidérer les critères de caractérisation couramment utilisés en Taphonomie archéologique. Il apparait que les Carnivores partagent des caractéristiques taphonomiques communes (morphométrie des traces de dents, morphotypes de consommation, distribution squelettique des proies), peu favorables à l'identification spécifique ou/et générique des Carnivores ayant consommés des restes osseux. Le comportement ostéophagique de l'hyène (fossile) se distingue de celui des autres grands prédateurs par : une importante production des éclats diaphysaires d'os longs, la présence récurrente de coprolithes et enfin un nombre élevé d'os et/ou d'éclats ingérés. Parmi ces derniers, le spectre anatomique des éléments régurgités d'une part ainsi que leur degré de dissolution important d'autre part caractérisent significativement les séries paléontologiques produites volontairement par les hyènes. Ces critères pourraient constituer les éléments de diagnose taphonomique les plus intéressants.