Статті в журналах: "Plate Divergence"

1

Asadi, Hamed, Mohammad M. Aghdam, and Mahmoud Shakeri. "Vibration analysis of axially moving line supported functionally graded plates with temperature-dependent properties." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 6 (July 26, 2013): 953–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213498033.

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Vibration analysis of axially moving functionally graded plates with internal line supports and temperature-dependent properties is investigated using harmonic differential quadrature method. The plate is subjected to static in-plane forces while out-of-plane loading is dynamic. Stability of an axially moving plate, traveling at a constant velocity between different supports and experiencing small transverse vibrations are considered. The series of internal rigid line supports parallel to the plate edges are considered together with various arbitrary combinations of boundary conditions. Material properties of the plate are assumed temperature-dependent which is a non-linear function of temperature and differ continuously through thickness according to a power-law distribution of the volume fractions of the plate constituents. Two types of micromechanical models, namely, the Voigt and Mori–Tanaka models are considered. Based on the classical plate theory, the governing equations are obtained for functionally graded plate using the Hamilton’s principle. In the frame of a general dynamic analysis, it is shown that the onset of instability takes place in the form of divergence. The plate may experience divergence or flutter instability at a super critical velocity. Results for dynamic analysis of isotropic and laminated plates are validated with available data in the existing literature, which show excellent agreement. Furthermore, some new results are presented for vibration analysis of functionally graded material plates to study effects of the location of line supports, material properties, volume fraction, temperature, loading, aspect ratio and speed.

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2

Farrar, Edward, and John M. Dixon. "Ridge subduction: kinematics and implications for the nature of mantle upwelling." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-074.

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Ridge subduction follows the approach of an oceanic spreading centre towards a trench and subduction of the leading oceanic plate beneath the overriding plate. There are four possible kinematic scenarios: (1) welding of the trailing and overriding plates (e.g., Aluk–Antarctic Ridge beneath Antarctica); (2) slower subduction of the trailing plate (e.g., Nazca–Antarctic Ridge beneath Chile and Pacific–Izanagi Ridge beneath Japan); (3) transform motion between the trailing and overriding plates (e.g., San Andreas Transform); or (4) divergence between the overriding and trailing plates (e.g., Pacific – North America). In case 4, the divergence may be accommodated in two ways: the overriding plate may be stretched (e.g., Basin and Range Province extension, which has brought the continental margin into collinearity (and, therefore, transform motion) with the Pacific – North America relative motion); or divergence may occur at the continental margin and be manifest as a change in rate and direction of sea-floor spreading because the pair of spreading plates changes (e.g., from Pacific–Farallon to Pacific – North America), spawning a secondary spreading centre (i.e., Gorda – Juan de Fuca – Explorer ridge system) that migrates away from the overriding plate.Mantle upwelling associated with sea-floor spreading ridges is widely regarded as a passive consequence, rather than an active cause, of plate divergence. Geological and geophysical phenomena attendant to ridge–trench interaction suggest that regardless of the kinematic relations among the three plates, a thermal anomaly formerly associated with the ridge migrates beneath the overriding plate. The persistence of this thermal anomaly demonstrates that active mantle upwelling may continue for tens of millions of years after ridge subduction. Thus, regardless of whether the mantle upwelling was active or passive at its origin, it becomes active if the spreading continues for sufficient time and, thus, must contribute to the driving mechanism of plate tectonics.

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3

Phillips, Matthew J., Timothy J. Page, Mark de Bruyn, Joel A. Huey, William F. Humphreys, Jane M. Hughes, Scott R. Santos, Daniel J. Schmidt, and Jonathan M. Waters. "The linking of plate tectonics and evolutionary divergence." Current Biology 23, no. 14 (July 2013): R603—R605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.001.

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4

Abbas, M., Hany Negm, and M. Elshafei. "Flutter and Divergence Characteristics of Composite Plate Wing." International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology 15, AEROSPACE SCIENCES (May 1, 2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asat.2013.22181.

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5

Dong, Yu, Yi Ren Yang, and Li Lu. "Stability Analysis of Elastic Plate in Axial Subsonic Flow." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2104.

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The stability and dynamics of the two-dimensional elastic plate with simply supported boundary conditions in uniform axial subsonic flow were studied. The governing equations of coupled elastic plate in axial flow were derived based on the potential theory. The finite difference method was employed to discrete the governing equation and the flow potential function. The governing equation can be expressed as the function of structural transverse vibration displacement by the matrix operations. The eigenvalue method was used to analyze the stability of the elastic plate, the results of which show that the models with simply supported boundary conditions undergo divergent instability when flow velocity reaches the critical value, the critical divergence velocity is in close agreement with theoretical result using other analytical approaches.

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6

Garnett, Aaron T., Tyler Square, and Daniel M. Medeiros. "Divergence of neural plate border genes by enhancer modification." Developmental Biology 356, no. 1 (August 2011): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.545.

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7

Stamps, D. S., G. Iaffaldano, and E. Calais. "Role of mantle flow in Nubia-Somalia plate divergence." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 2 (January 20, 2015): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062515.

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8

Harper-Slaboszewicz, V. J., and W. E. Fowler. "Measurements of the divergence of a 10-MA relativistic electron beam transported in a gas cell." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 3 (September 1991): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003748.

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The increase in time-integrated divergence of a 1.7-MeV, 10-MA relativistic electron beam due to transport over 10 cm in a gas cell filled with 1 and 6 Torr of nitrogen was measured. The divergence was characterized by a multiple-pinhole beam sampling technique involving an aperture plate, an expansion region, and an attenuator plate followed by nylon radiochromic film. The divergence is determined by a fit of the measured deposition profile to response functions calculated using Monte Carlo coupled electronphoton transport codes. The initial value of 6.9° after the entrance foil is observed to increase to 12°. The errors in the measurement are quantified with Monte Carlo techniques. The response function fit gives a significantly better estimate of the divergence than a Gaussian fit.

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9

Guo, C. Q., and M. P. Paı¨doussis. "Analysis of Hydroelastic Instabilities of Rectangular Parallel-Plate Assemblies." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 4 (March 7, 2000): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286019.

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Flow-induced vibrations and hydroelastic instabilities of rectangular parallel-plate assemblies are studied theoretically. The extended Galerkin method is employed to solve the plate equation, while the Fourier transform technique is used to solve for the perturbation pressure from the potential flow equations. The mixed fluid-plate interaction boundary condition leads to a singular integral equation, which is solved numerically. The complex frequencies versus flow velocity and critical velocities are obtained for various plate aspect ratios and channel-height-to-plate-width ratios. The frequencies and critical velocities are found to decrease as the plate length increases and as the channel height decreases. Two types of instability are found, namely, single-mode divergence, mostly in the first mode, and coupled-mode flutter involving adjacent modes. Damping has a significant effect on post-divergence stability and coupled-mode flutter of the system. [S0094-9930(00)00403-0]

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10

Aratani, Shin’ichi. "Crack divergence phenomena in tempered glass." Strength, Fracture and Complexity 13, no. 3 (December 18, 2020): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sfc-204002.

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High speed photography using the Cranz-Schardin camera was performed to study the crack divergence and divergence angle in thermally tempered glass. A tempered 3.5 mm thick glass plate was used as a specimen. It was shown that two types of bifurcation and branching existed as the crack divergence. The divergence angle was smaller than the value calculated from the principle of optimal design and showed an acute angle.

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11

Antuf’ev, B. A. "Divergence of a plate discretely supported by the stringer system." Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ) 55, no. 1 (January 2012): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s106879981201014x.

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12

Boris, Loginov, Badokina Tatyana, and Rousak Youri. "Divergence of a thin elongated plate in supersonic gas flow." PAMM 11, no. 1 (December 2011): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201110329.

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13

Guo, C. Q., and M. P. Paidoussis. "Stability of Rectangular Plates With Free Side-Edges in Two-Dimensional Inviscid Channel Flow." Journal of Applied Mechanics 67, no. 1 (September 12, 1999): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.321143.

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The linear stability of rectangular plates with free side-edges in inviscid channel flow is studied theoretically. The Galerkin method and Fourier transform technique are employed to solve the plate and potential flow equations. A new approach is introduced to treat the mixed fluid-plate interaction boundary condition, which leads to a singular integral equation. Divergence, single-mode flutter, and coupled-mode flutter are found for plates supported differently at the leading and trailing edges. In some cases, single-mode flutter at vanishingly small flow velocity is predicted. The effects of mass ratio and channel-height-to-plate-length ratio on critical velocity are studied. An energy balance analysis shows how different types of instability arise for plates with different supports. [S0021-8936(00)01801-8]

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14

Martirosyan, S. R. "Supersonic divergence of a panel with a free edge initially loaded in two directions tensile and compressive forces." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2231, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2231/1/012030.

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Abstract In the article, in a linear formulation, the problem of the static stability of a rectangular plate in a supersonic gas is investigated, initially loaded in two directions, respectively, stretched along the gas flow and compressed in the direction perpendicular to the gas flow velocity, under the assumption that the gas flow runs on its free edge. An analytical solution to the problem is obtained. The space of parameters of the “plate-flow” system was partitioned into areas of stability and static instability in the form of panel divergence and in the form of localized divergence. The corresponding critical velocities are found. The ratio of the stress coefficients characterizing the tensile and compressive forces, leading to the dominance of the stabilization effect, has been established. It is shown that compressive forces have an insignificant effect on the stability of sufficiently elongated plates, in comparison with tensile forces. The boundary value of the tensile stress coefficient is found, starting from which the elongated plates are stable at the beginning of the interval of supersonic velocities.

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15

Suzuki, Hiroshi, Stefanus Harjo, Jun Abe, and Koichi Akita. "Influence of Beam Divergence on Pseudo-Strain Induced in Time-of-Flight Neutron Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 777 (February 2014): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.777.105.

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Effects of beam divergence on pseudo-strains observed in time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction, which overlapped with the neutron attenuation effect and the surface-effect, were investigated. The through-surface strain scanning on an annealed steel plate was performed in different instrument resolutions by controlling the incident beam divergence. Typical pseudo-strain distributions were observed, but they showed different trend according to the beam divergence. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the pseudo-strains induced in strain scanning measurements of coarse grain materials can be suppressed by controlling the incident beam divergence. Therefore, the incident beam divergence must be carefully considered to reduce pseudo-strains in time-of-flight neutron diffractometry.

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16

Jacoby, W. R., and B. Higgs. "Stress generation at ridge axes by plate divergence and magma rise." Journal of the Geological Society 152, no. 6 (November 1995): 1017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1995.152.01.23.

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17

Balakrishnan, A. V. "Nonlinear Aeroelasticity: Continuum Theory, Flutter/Divergence Speed, and Plate Wing Model." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 19, no. 3 (July 2006): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0893-1321(2006)19:3(194).

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18

Badokina, Tatiana E., Boris V. Loginov, and Olga V. Makeeva. "Green functions for boundary value problems about divergence of elongated plate." PAMM 9, no. 1 (December 2009): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200910235.

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19

Eltayeby, H. H., C. A. Iobst, and J. E. Herzenberg. "Hemiepiphysiodesis using tension band plates: does the initial screw angle influence the rate of correction?" Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 13, no. 1 (February 2019): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.13.180086.

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Purpose When using tension band plates for angular deformity correction, the literature is unclear regarding the most effective screw insertion angle to use. This study evaluates the correlation between initial screw angle and the average rate of correction during hemiepiphysiodesis using tension band plates Methods This retrospective study includes 35 patients (47 physes) with genu valgum deformity (17 idiopathic and 18 fibular hemimelia) who underwent insertion of Eight-Plates between 2010 and 2015. Initial screw angle was determined from the intraoperative fluoroscopic images. Radiographs were obtained within three months of surgery, and follow-up films were obtained every three to six months. Change in mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, medial proximal tibial angle and screw angle was obtained from each follow-up radiograph. Initial screw angle was correlated with the average rate of correction during the entire treatment period. The average rate of angular correction during first and last follow-up periods was also compared. Results The relationship between the initial screw angle and the mean rate of angular correction was not statistically significant (p = 0.2). The rate of angular correction during the first follow-up period (mean of 4.7 months) was 0.86° per month compared with 0.71° per month during the last follow-up period (mean of 5.1 months). Conclusion Application of a tension band plate with a divergence angle ranging from 0° to 30° results in similar rates of angular correction. For surgeons inserting screw-plate tension band devices, there does not seem to be any necessity to make the screws parallel or divergent. We recommend that screw placement be anatomically correct, i.e. not impinging on the physis, rather than favouring any particular divergence angle. Level of evidence IV

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20

Pérez-Díaz, L., G. Eagles, and K. Sigloch. "Indo-Atlantic plate accelerations around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary: A time-scale error, not a plume-push signal." Geology 48, no. 12 (July 31, 2020): 1169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47859.1.

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Abstract It has been suggested that plume arrival at the base of the lithosphere introduces a push force that overwhelms the balance of torques driving plate circuits, leading to plate-tectonic reorganizations. Among the most compelling evidence in support of a “plume-push” mechanism is the apparent coincidence between eruption of the Deccan flood basalts around 67–64 Ma and a short-lived increase in Indian (and decrease in African) plate speed. Using existing and newly calculated high-resolution plate-motion models, we show that plate divergence rates briefly increased throughout the Indo-Atlantic circuit, contrary to the expected effects of plume-push. We propose that this circuit-wide spike in divergence rates is best explained as the artifact of a magnetic reversal time-scale error around the much studied Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, and that the period spanning chrons C29–C28 lasted 70% longer than currently assumed. Corrected for this error, the residual long-term patterns of Indo-Atlantic plate motions and accompanying plate-tectonic reorganization are explicable in terms of maturation of the circuit’s spreading ridges, without invoking a significant plume-push force.

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21

Snakin, V. V. "Lithospheric plate tectonics and mass extinctions of biological species." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 946, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/946/1/012009.

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Abstract The merging of lithospheric plates and the formation of supercontinents are considered to be the main causes of global species extinctions within the Earth’s biosphere. Under those conditions, the factor of geographic isolation is diminished and interspecies competition is accelerated, allowing for the survival of the best-adapted species. The divergence of lithospheric plates triggers a new spurt of speciation that surpasses the previous one, as it involves the participation of the winning species.

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22

Kobelev, Vladimir. "Approximate static aeroelastic analysis of composite wings." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 15, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 365–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-02-2018-0019.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider divergence of composite plate wings as well as slender wings with thin-walled cross-section of small-size airplanes. The main attention is paid to establishing of closed-form mathematical solutions for models of wings with coupling effects. Simplified solutions for calculating the divergence speed of wings with different geometry are established.Design/methodology/approachThe wings are modeled as anisotropic plate elements and thin-walled beams with closed cross-section. Two-dimensional plate-like models are applied to analysis and design problems for wings of large aspect ratio.FindingsAt first, the equations of elastic deformation for anisotropic slender, plate-like wing with the large aspect ratio are studied. The principal consideration is delivered to the coupled torsion-bending effects. The influence of anisotropic tailoring on the critical divergence speed of the wing is examined in closed form. At second, the method is extended to study the behavior of the large aspect ratio, anisotropic wing with box-like wings. The static equations of the wing with box-like profile are derived using the theory of anisotropic thin-walled beams with closed cross-section. The solutions for forward-swept wing with box-like profiles are given in analytical formulas. The formulas for critical divergence speed demonstrate the dependency upon cross-sectional shape characteristics and anisotropic properties of the wing.Research limitations/implicationsThe following simplifications are used: the simplified aerodynamic theory for the wings of large aspect ratio was applied; the static aeroelastic instability is considered (divergence); according to standard component methodology, only the component of wing was modeled, but not the whole aircraft; the simplified theories (plate-lime model for flat section or thin-walled beam of closed-section) were applied; and a single parameter that defines the rotation of a stack of single layers over the face of the wing.Practical implicationsThe simple, closed-form formulas for an estimation of critical static divergence are derived. The formulas are intended for use in designing of sport aircraft, gliders and small unmanned aircraft (drones). No complex analysis of airflow and advanced structural and aerodynamic models is necessary. The expression for chord length over the span of the wing allows for accounting a board class of wing shapes.Social implicationsThe derived theory facilitates the use of composite materials for popular small-size aircraft, and particularly, for drones and gliders.Originality/valueThe closed-form solutions for thin-walled beams in steady gas flow are delivered in closed form. The explicit formulas for slender wings with variable chord and stiffness along the wing span are derived.

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23

Yamamoto, Yuzo. "Aeroelastic Divergence of Front-Free-Aft-Fixed Elastic Plate in Supersonic Flow." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 53, no. 620 (2005): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.53.391.

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24

Khoddami Maraghi, Zahra. "Flutter and divergence instability of nanocomposite sandwich plate with magnetostrictive face sheets." Journal of Sound and Vibration 457 (September 2019): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.06.002.

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25

Wang, J., and C. D. Mote. "On The Divergence Buckling Of A Wide Bandsaw Plate By Roll-tensioning." Journal of Sound and Vibration 175, no. 5 (August 1994): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1994.1352.

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26

Zhang, Man, and Ji-Xian Dong. "Transverse Vibration Analysis of Axially Moving Trapezoidal Plates." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3049.

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Transverse vibration of axially moving trapezoidal plates is investigated. The differential equation of transverse vibration for a axially moving trapezoidal plate is established by D'Alembert principle. The original trapezoid region can be replaced by regular square region by the medium parameter method for the convenience of calculation. A generalized complex eigenvalue equation is derived by a discrete method (the differential quadrature method). The complex frequency curve of trapezoidal plate is obtained by calculating the eigenvalue equation. The change of the complex frequencies of the axially moving trapezoidal plates with the dimensionless axially moving speed is analyzed. The effects of the aspect ratio and the trapezoidal angle on instability type of the trapezoidal plate are discussed under different boundary conditions. The results of numerical analysis show that there are two main instability types of axially moving trapezoidal plate: divergence and flutter. The modal orders of the two types of instability are also different, which is related to the trapezoidal angle, aspect ratio and boundary condition of the trapezoidal plate.

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27

Majidi-Mozafari, Kazem, Reza Bahaadini, Ramin Bahaadini, Faramarz Abbasi, and Hanif Maghzi. "Static and Dynamic Analyses of Nanocomposite Plates in Mechanical and Aerodynamic Loading." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 12, no. 03 (April 2020): 2050034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825120500349.

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In this paper, flutter and divergence instabilities of functionally graded porous plate strip reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets in supersonic flow and subjected to an axial loading are studied. The graphene nanoplatelets are distributed in the matrix either uniformly or non-uniformly along the thickness direction. Four graphene nanoplatelets distribution patterns namely, Patterns A through D are considered. Based on the modified Halpin–Tsai micromechanics model and the rule of mixture, the effective material properties of functionally graded plate strip reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets are obtained. The aerodynamic pressure is considered in accordance with the quasi-steady supersonic piston theory. To transform the governing equations of motion to a general eigenvalue problem, the Galerkin method is employed. The flutter aerodynamic pressure and stability boundaries are determined by solving standard complex eigenvalue problem. The effects of graphene nanoplatelets distributions, graphene nanoplatelets weight fraction, geometry of graphene nanoplatelets, porosity coefficient and porosity distributions on the flutter and divergence instabilities of the system are studied. The results show that the plate strip with symmetric distribution pattern (stiffness in the surface areas) and GPLs pattern A predict the highest stable area. The flutter and divergence regions decrease as the porosity coefficient increases. Besides, the critical aerodynamic loads increase by adding a small amount of GPL to the matrix.

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28

DeMets, C., S. Merkouriev, and D. Sauter. "High resolution reconstructions of the Southwest Indian Ridge, 52 Ma to present: implications for the breakup and absolute motion of the Africa plate." Geophysical Journal International 226, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 1461–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab107.

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SUMMARY We reconstruct the post-52 Ma seafloor spreading history of the Southwest Indian Ridge at 44 distinct times from inversions of ≈20 000 magnetic reversal, fracture zone and transform fault crossings, spanning major regional tectonic events such as the Arabia–Eurasia continental collision, the Arabia Peninsula’s detachment from Africa, the arrival of the Afar mantle plume below eastern Africa and the initiation of rifting in eastern Africa. Best-fitting and noise-reduced rotation sequences for the Nubia–Antarctic, Lwandle–Antarctic and Somalia–Antarctic Plate pairs indicate that spreading rates everywhere along the ridge declined gradually by ≈50 per cent from ≈31 to 19–18 Ma. A concurrent similar-magnitude slowdown in the component of the Africa Plate’s absolute motion parallel to Southwest Indian Ridge spreading suggests that both were caused by a 31–18 Ma change in the forces that drove and resisted Africa’s absolute motion. Possible causes for this change include the effects of the Afar mantle plume on eastern Africa or the Arabia Peninsula’s detachment from the Somalia Plate, which culminated at 20–18 Ma with the onset of seafloor spreading in the Gulf of Aden. At earlier times, an apparently robust but previously unknown ≈6-Myr-long period of rapid kinematic change occurred from 43 to 37 Ma, consisting of a ≈50 per cent spreading rate slowdown from 43 to 40 Ma followed by a full spreading rate recovery and 30–40° clockwise rotation of the plate slip direction from 40 to 37 Ma. Although these kinematic changes coincided with a reconfiguration of the palaeoridge geometry, their underlying cause is unknown. Southwest Indian Ridge abyssal hill azimuths are consistent with the slip directions estimated with our newly derived Somalia–Antarctic and Lwandle–Antarctic angular velocities, adding confidence in their reliability. Lwandle–Antarctica Plate motion has closely tracked Somalia–Antarctic Plate motion since 50 Ma, consistent with slow-to-no motion between the Lwandle and Somalia plates for much of that time. In contrast, Nubia–Somalia rotations estimated from our new Southwest Indian Ridge rotations indicate that 189 ± 34 km of WNW–ESE divergence between Nubia and Somalia has occurred in northern Africa since 40 Ma, including 70–80 km of WNW–ESE divergence since 17–16 Ma, slow to no motion from 26 to 17 Ma, and 109 ± 38 km of WNW–ESE divergence from 40 to ≈26 Ma absent any deformation within eastern Antarctica before 26 Ma.

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29

Yang, Yongqiang, Zhongmin Wang, and Yongqin Wang. "Thermoelastic coupling vibration and stability analysis of rotating circular plate in friction clutch." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 38, no. 2 (December 22, 2018): 558–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348418817465.

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Rotating friction circular plates are the main components of a friction clutch. The vibration and temperature field of these friction circular plates in high speed affect the clutch operation. This study investigates the thermoelastic coupling vibration and stability of rotating friction circular plates. Firstly, based on the middle internal forces resulting from the action of normal inertial force, the differential equation of transverse vibration with variable coefficients for an axisymmetric rotating circular plate is established by thin plate theory and thermal conduction equation considering deformation effect. Secondly, the differential equation of vibration and corresponding boundary conditions are discretized by the differential quadrature method. Meanwhile, the thermoelastic coupling transverse vibrations with three different boundary conditions are calculated. In this case, the change curve of the first two-order dimensionless complex frequencies of the rotating circular plate with the dimensionless angular speed and thermoelastic coupling coefficient are analyzed. The effects of the critical dimensionless thermoelastic coupling coefficient and the critical angular speed on the stability of the rotating circular plate with simply supported and clamped edges are discussed. Finally, the relation between the critical divergence speed and the dimensionless thermoelastic coupling coefficient is obtained. The results provide the theoretical basis for optimizing the structure and improving the dynamic stability of friction clutches.

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30

Jacoby, Wolf R., and Bettie Higgs. "On the rifting dynamics of plate divergence and magma accumulation at oceanic ridge axes." Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH 145, no. 3-4 (1995): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00879586.

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31

Akiniwa, Yoshiaki, Hidehiko Kimura, Jyunichi Shibano, Koji Kiriyama, and Takahisa Shobu. "Strain Measurement Near Fatigue Crack in Ultrafine-Grained Steel by Polychromatic Synchrotron Radiation." Materials Science Forum 652 (May 2010): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.652.290.

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For engineering components with cracks, it is very important to evaluate the reliability for fracture. The X-ray diffraction method is now widely used to measure non-destructively the loading and residual stresses in crystalline materials. Synchrotron radiation sources provide the X-rays with extremely high intensity as well as a narrow divergence. The high intensity X-rays with a narrow divergence enables stress measurements in a localized region. The strain distribution near the fatigue crack in the steel plate with ultrafine-grained surface layers, called SUF plates, was measured by the polychromatic X-ray from synchrotron radiation at SPring-8. The spatial resolution in the direction parallel to the crack propagation direction was 0.1 mm. The strain distributions at several applied stress levels were determined for six diffraction planes. The measured strain distribution was compared with the result calculated by the FE analysis. The average value of the measured strains for several diffraction planes agreed well with the calculated results.

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32

Pascal, Jean-Claude, Jing-Fang Li, and Xavier Carniel. "Wavenumber Processing Techniques to Determine Structural Intensity and Its Divergence from Optical Measurements without Leakage Effects." Shock and Vibration 9, no. 1-2 (2002): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/850152.

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The technique of processing data in the wavenumber domain based on the Spatial Fourier Transform (SFT), is a powerful tool to compute higher-order partial derivatives occurred in the expressions of the structural intensity and its divergence. However, performing directly the SFT usually results in great distortions if a discontinuity occurs in spatial periodicity (leakage effect). The worst thing is that the divergence of a free plate cannot correctly be estimated by existing wavenumber processing such as the STF and zero padding method. In this paper, a new algorithm -- mirror processing, is developed. By the use of vibrating velocity measured from the technique of laser scanning vibrometry, the structural intensity, its divergence and the force distribution are evaluated by different techniques of wavenumber processing. It is shown that the distortions caused by leakage effects can be removed by using advanced algorithms.

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33

Hung, Nguyen Xuan, and Ngo Thanh Phong. "Application of the curvature smoothing technique for four-node quadrilateral Reissner-Mindlin plate element." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 29, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/29/1/5587.

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A quadrilateral element with smoothed curvatures for Reissner-Mindlin structure plates is proposed. A curvature matrix at an arbitrary point is normalized by a non-local approximation over a smoothing function. By choosing a constant smoothed function and applying the divergence theorem, the bending stiffness matrix calculated on boundaries of smoothing elements (smoothing cells) instead of on their interior. Several numerical results are analyzed to demonstrate high reliability and free locking of the proposed method.

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34

Lavin, P. A., and J. D. Mcphail. "The evolution of freshwater diversity in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): site-specific differentiation of trophic morphology." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-393.

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To assess interpopulation levels of morphological variability populations of Gasterosteus aculeatus were sampled from lakes within the upper Cowichan River system (Vancouver Island, British Columbia). Phenotypic divergence between populations is assumed to be a postglacial event. Nine characters were scored; eight were related to feeding and the ninth character was lateral plate number. All populations were the low plate morph; however, populations of Gasterosteus in lakes lacking piscivorous fish had significantly fewer lateral plates than populations in lakes with predatory fish species. Two distinct trophic "morphotypes" were identified, each one associated with a specific lake environment. Populations inhabiting benthic-dominated environments were found to possess reduced gill raker number and reduced gill raker length but increased upper jaw length relative to populations from limnetic environments. We propose that the interpopulation variability in trophic morphology is a response to trophic resource differences between lakes.

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35

Li, Xinhao, Hai-Xia Wu, Jinchen Li, Hang Chen, and Wei Wang. "The insights into the evolutionary history of Translucidithyrium: based on a newly-discovered species." MycoKeys 76 (December 17, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.76.58628.

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During the field studies, a Translucidithyrium-like taxon was collected in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province, during an investigation into the diversity of microfungi in the southwest of China. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU and ITS sequences revealed that the new taxon is a member of the genus Translucidithyrium and it is distinct from other species. Therefore, Translucidithyrium chinensesp. nov. is introduced here. The Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree from LSU rDNA of Translucidithyrium and related species indicated the divergence time of existing and new species of Translucidithyrium was crown age at 16 (4–33) Mya. Combining the estimated divergence time, paleoecology and plate tectonic movements with the corresponding geological time scale, we proposed a hypothesis that the speciation (estimated divergence time) of T. chinense was earlier than T. thailandicum. Our findings provided new insights into the species of Translucidithyrium about ecological adaptation and speciation in two separate areas.

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36

Ouyang, Yan, Kaichun Zeng, Xiping Kou, Yingsong Gu, and Zhichun Yang. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on Static Aeroelastic Behaviours of a Forward-Swept Wing Model." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 10, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5535192.

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The static aeroelastic behaviours of a flat-plate forward-swept wing model in the vicinity of static divergence are investigated by numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests. A medium fidelity model based on the vortex lattice method (VLM) and nonlinear structural analysis is proposed to calculate the displacements of the wing structure with large deformation. Follower forces effect and geometric nonlinearity are considered to calculate the deformation of the wing by finite element method (FEM). In the wind tunnel tests, the divergence dynamic pressure is predicted by the Southwell method, and the static aeroelastic displacement is measured by a photogrammetric method. The results obtained by the medium fidelity model calculations show reasonable agreement with wind tunnel test results. A high fidelity model based on coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational structural dynamics (CSD) predicts better results of the wing tip displacement when the freestream dynamic pressure is approaching the divergence dynamic pressure.

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37

Rowley, David B., Alessandro M. Forte, Christopher J. Rowan, Petar Glišović, Robert Moucha, Stephen P. Grand, and Nathan A. Simmons. "Kinematics and dynamics of the East Pacific Rise linked to a stable, deep-mantle upwelling." Science Advances 2, no. 12 (December 2016): e1601107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601107.

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Earth’s tectonic plates are generally considered to be driven largely by negative buoyancy associated with subduction of oceanic lithosphere. In this context, mid-ocean ridges (MORs) are passive plate boundaries whose divergence accommodates flow driven by subduction of oceanic slabs at trenches. We show that over the past 80 million years (My), the East Pacific Rise (EPR), Earth’s dominant MOR, has been characterized by limited ridge-perpendicular migration and persistent, asymmetric ridge accretion that are anomalous relative to other MORs. We reconstruct the subduction-related buoyancy fluxes of plates on either side of the EPR. The general expectation is that greater slab pull should correlate with faster plate motion and faster spreading at the EPR. Moreover, asymmetry in slab pull on either side of the EPR should correlate with either ridge migration or enhanced plate velocity in the direction of greater slab pull. Based on our analysis, none of the expected correlations are evident. This implies that other forces significantly contribute to EPR behavior. We explain these observations using mantle flow calculations based on globally integrated buoyancy distributions that require core-mantle boundary heat flux of up to 20 TW. The time-dependent mantle flow predictions yield a long-lived deep-seated upwelling that has its highest radial velocity under the EPR and is inferred to control its observed kinematics. The mantle-wide upwelling beneath the EPR drives horizontal components of asthenospheric flows beneath the plates that are similarly asymmetric but faster than the overlying surface plates, thereby contributing to plate motions through viscous tractions in the Pacific region.

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38

Farahmand, Saeed, and Mohammad Hossein Soorgee. "A numerical investigation on ultrasonic bulk wave propagation features in functionally graded plates." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 8 (September 5, 2019): 1067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319874104.

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The goal of this research is to numerically look for a proper feature for functionally graded materials mechanical property distribution function evaluation based on through transmitted ultrasonic bulk wave amplitude variation. A numerical approximation called homogenous layers approximation is introduced and employed for wave propagation formulation in functionally graded plate, followed by finite element utilization for verification. As the amplitude of the propagated ultrasonic wave is affected by acoustic impedance and wave divergence angle variation in the functionally graded material plate thickness, while neglecting the attenuation phenomenon, numerical investigation has been performed in order to quantify the contribution of each mechanism on the wave amplitude behavior. One-dimensional investigations, using homogenous layers approximation and finite element method, show that the final value of the wave amplitude is the same for all functionally graded material property distribution function power index, while two-dimensional results, obtained from finite element method, provide a suitable amplitude variation manner based on the wave divergence angle variation in functionally graded material thickness direction. The final results shows that it is possible to calibrate the received wave amplitude distribution on the receiving side of the plate, in a through transmission test, for the material property distribution function power index evaluation. Moreover, the concept of functionally graded material ultrasonic shoe is introduced, suitable for beam focusing applications instead of expensive phased array systems.

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39

ZHANG, L. X. "PHYSICS OF COHERENT STRUCTURES OF TURBULENT FLOW IN NEAR-WALL REGION OF A VIBRATING PLATE." Modern Physics Letters B 24, no. 13 (May 30, 2010): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984910023803.

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The focus of this paper is on physics of coherent structures in boundary layer flow in near-wall region of a vibrating plate. A dynamical model is developed based on Galerkin projection of the governing equation of the wall layer flow onto a subspace spanned by the orthogonal divergence-free Fourier basis functions. The interactive physics of the coherent structures with the wall vibration is studied with the established model truncated at any order. The compared results show that the prevailing coherent structures in the layer flow near a vibrating wall region are captured.

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40

Castro-Franco, Angel D., Ismael Mendoza-Muñoz, Alvaro González-Angeles, Mildrend I. Montoya-Reyes, and Nun Pitalúa-Díaz. "Optimization of Locking Plate Screw Angle Used to Treat Two-Part Proximal Humerus Fractures to Maintain Fracture Stability." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2022): 4739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094739.

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Proximal humerus fractures increase with the aging of the population. Due to the high failure rates of surgical treatments such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), biomechanical studies seek to optimize the treatments and intervening factors to improve the quality of life of people undergoing these treatments. The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal insertion angle configuration of screws used in a two-part proximal humerus fracture-locking plate osteosynthesis treatment based on finite element analysis (FEA). A series of 3D models of PHILOS locking plates with different screw insertion angle configurations were designed using a matrix system for screw angulation. The locking plate models were evaluated in a two-part proximal humerus fracture with surgical neck fracture under bending and compressive loading conditions using FEA and statistically analyzed using a design of experiments (DOE). The optimal screw insertion angle setting showed an improvement in relation to the interfragmentary strain value of the fracture. Moreover, calcar screws were the most significant feature in fracture stability throughout the tests, followed by the divergence of the most proximal screws and the proximal–distal alignment of the locking plate.

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41

Arruda, J. R. F., and P. Mas. "Localizing Energy Sources and Sinks in Plates Using Power Flow Maps Computed From Laser Vibrometer Measurements." Shock and Vibration 5, no. 4 (1998): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/738387.

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This paper presents an experimental method especially adapted for the computation of structural power flow using spatially dense vibration data measured with scanning laser Doppler vibrometers. In the proposed method, the operational deflection shapes measured over the surface of the structure are curve-fitted using a two-dimensional discrete Fourier series approximation that minimizes the effects of spatial leakage. From the wavenumber-frequency domain data thus obtained, the spatial derivatives that are necessary to determine the structural power flow are easily computed. Divergence plots are then obtained from the computed intensity fields. An example consisting of a rectangular aluminum plate supported by rubber mounts and excited by a point force is used to appraise the proposed method. The proposed method is compared with more traditional finite difference methods. The proposed method was the only to allow the localization of the energy source and sinks from the experimental divergence plots.

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42

Yousuf, Louay S. "Largest Lyapunov Exponent Parameter of Stiffened Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite Laminated Plate Due to Critical Buckling Load Using Average Logarithmic Divergence Approach." Mathematics 10, no. 12 (June 11, 2022): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10122020.

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The purpose of this study is to calculate the bending deflection which is used to investigate the largest Lyapunov exponent due to buckling load. The design methodology is to calculate the largest Lyapunov exponent parameter at different thickness ratios and different fiber volume fractions using one and two stiffeners in order to reduce the chaotic phenomenon. The practical implication is to find the bending deflection using a strain gauge through a strain meter, in which this bending deflection is used in the algorithm of average logarithmic divergence to calculate the largest Lyapunov exponent experimentally. The experiment set up is carried out using Southwell plot when the upper head of the servo hydraulic cylinder moves downward. There are no limitations to this research, since it works on all kinds of composite materials, different thickness ratios, and different number of layers, different fiber volume fractions, and different boundary conditions. The findings of this work will allow us to detect the chaotic phenomenon in a stiffened carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminated plate using the conception of the largest Lyapunov exponent parameter. The higher order shear deformation theory (HOSDT) of plates is used to analytically calculate the set of data of the bending deflection against time. All the systems used in this paper have non-periodic motion and chaos because the value of the Lyapunov parameter is above zero. The originality of this paper is the use of the algorithm code of average logarithmic divergence to investigate the value of the largest Lyapunov exponent parameter in the presence of stiffeners based on the bending deflection of a carbon epoxy composite laminated plate.

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43

Kondurov, I. A., and E. M. Korotkikh. "Optimization of Trxf Spectrometer with Bent Cut-Off Filter." Advances in X-ray Analysis 37 (1993): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800016141.

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AbstractA nickel-coated glass plate was used as a reflecting surface in the TRXF spectrometer with a log spiral bent cut-off filter. Optimal choice of the reflecting material has enabled us to lower the detection limit up to five times. A possibility to increase the spectrometer sensitivity by using an additional reflector bent into a transcendental profile to provide a required angular divergence of the exciting beam has been discussed.

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44

GUILFOYLE, BRENDAN, WILHELM KLINGENBERG, and SIDDHARTHA SEN. "THE CASIMIR EFFECT BETWEEN NON-PARALLEL PLATES BY GEOMETRIC OPTICS." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 17, no. 08 (September 2005): 859–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x05002431.

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The first two authors have developed a technique which uses the complex geometry of the space of oriented affine lines in ℝ3 to describe the reflection of rays off a surface. This can be viewed as a parametric approach to geometric optics which has many possible applications. Recently, Jaffe and Scardicchio have developed a geometric optics approximation to the Casimir effect and the main purpose of this paper is to show that the quantities involved can be easily computed by this complex formalism. To illustrate this, we determine explicitly and in closed form the geometric optics approximation of the Casimir force between two non-parallel plates. By making one of the plates finite, we regularize the divergence that is caused by the intersection of the planes. In the parallel plate limit, we prove that our expression reduces to Casimir's original result.

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45

Datta, P. K., and P. J. Deolasi. "Dynamic Instability Characteristics of Plates Subjected to Partially Distributed Follower Edge Loading with Damping." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 210, no. 5 (September 1996): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_218_02.

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The dynamic instability characteristics of rectangular plates with at least one free edge and subjected to non-conservative follower loading at the free edge has been studied by using the finite element formulation. The loading is distributed partially at the centre of the free edge. The modal transformation is applied to the resulting equilibrium equation for subsequent analysis. Structural damping is introduced into the system in terms of equivalent viscous damping. The effects of load bandwidth, plate aspect ratio, direction control parameter, damping, etc., on the stability behaviour of the plates are studied. The results show that the load bandwidth has a significant effect on the dynamic instability characteristics of the plates. The results also show that, under follower loading, the system is susceptible to instability due to flutter alone or due to both flutter and divergence, depending upon the system parameters. Structural damping may significantly reduce the critical flutter loads of the plates.

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46

Zolkaply, Siti Zulaiha, Thinh Dinh Do, Md Asaduzzaman, Ying Giat Seah, David Hurwood, Peter Mather, Md Moshiur Rahman, and Li Lian Wong. "Evolutionary History and Taxonomic Reappraisal of Coral Reef Rabbitfishes (Siganidae): Patterns of Lineage Diversification and Speciation." Biology 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10111109.

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Rabbitfish (Siganidae) are coral reef fish that are distributed across diverse habitats that include estuaries, mangroves, reefs, and even seaweed mats. Given their ecological diversity and natural widespread distributions across the Indo-Pacific region, we were interested to investigate the evolutionary history of this group and patterns of divergence that have contributed to their present-day distributions. In the present study, samples were collected from the South China Sea to study taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships, and divergence times. We investigated the taxonomic relationships among modern rabbitfish species, reconstructed their molecular phylogeny, and estimated divergence times among selected lineages based on a fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and sequences of the nuclear rhodopsin retrogene (RHO). Our results indicate that modern rabbitfish likely originated in the Indo-West Pacific during the late Eocene [37.4 million years ago (mya)], following which they diverged into three major clades during the Pliocene/Pleistocene. Subsequent diversification and origins of the majority of siganids may likely be associated with episodes of paleo-oceanographic events, including greenhouse and glaciation events (Eocene–Miocene) as well as major plate tectonic events (Pliocene–Pleistocene). Some modern siganid species may naturally hybridize with congeneric species where their geographical ranges overlap. A comprehensive taxonomic analysis revealed that the phylogeny of Siganidae (cladogenesis of Clades I, II, and III) is characterized by divergence in several external morphological characters and morphometric parameters. Our study demonstrates that morphological characteristics, geographical heterogeneity, and environmental change have contributed to siganids’ historical diversification.

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47

Kameyama, Masaki, Takashi Ozeki, Hisao Fukunaga, Hideki Sekine, and Jiro Nakamichi. "Research on Optimum Design of Composite Plate Wings for Aeroelastic Characteristics Using Lamination Parameters (The First Report)-flutter and Divergence Characteristics of Composite Plate Wings-." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 51, no. 595 (2003): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.51.441.

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48

Marquart, Gabriele, and Wolfgang Jacoby. "On the mechanism of magma injection and plate divergence during the Krafla Rifting Episode in NE Iceland." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, B12 (1985): 10178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb090ib12p10178.

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49

Zhang, Dechun, Sen Liang, Peng Li, and Yiren Yang. "A numerical and experimental study on the divergence instability of an inverted cantilevered plate in wall effect." Archive of Applied Mechanics 90, no. 7 (February 24, 2020): 1509–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00419-020-01681-8.

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50

Udupa, D. V., R. P. Shukla, and Murty V. Mantravadi. "Thin air-spaced shear plate for testing laser beam collimation and measurement of divergence of laser beams." Journal of Optics 48, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12596-019-00523-3.

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