Книги з теми "Plate Divergence"

Leibniz is a constant, but often overlooked, presence in Deleuze’s philosophy. This book explains three key moments in Deleuze’s philosophical development through the lens of his engagement with Leibniz. In doing so it hopes to offer a focused framework for understanding some of the most difficult aspects of Deleuze’s philosophy. Part One examines Deleuze’s account of the “anti-Cartesian reaction” of Spinoza and Leibniz which culminates in their two competing theories of expression. It argues that in some key respects Deleuze favours Leibniz’s interpretation of this key concept over Spinoza’s. Part Two looks at Deleuze’s critique of representation and his attempt to create a theory of difference that will underlie, rather than rely upon, conceptual opposition. It examines the crucial role played by the Leibnizian concepts of incompossibility and divergence in Deleuze’s theory of ‘vice-diction’, created in order to offer a sub-representational, or pre-individual, substitute for Hegelian contradiction. Part Three looks in detail at one of Deleuze’s last major works, The Fold. It argues for Leibniz’s central place in this text, and shows how Deleuze uses concepts from across Leibniz’s philosophy and mathematics as a framework to articulate a systematic account of his own mature philosophy.

There have been an increasing need for greater integration of many Asian economies, either within the confines of ASEAN or on a more geo-economically strategic scale including major Asian jurisdictions like China, Japan, and Korea. A number of key personalities within the regional legal fraternity have advanced views that such integration ought to occur through the harmonization of legal rules, arguing that in doing so, uncertainty and other transaction costs would be reduced and commercial confidence within the region concomitantly increased. This edited volume brings together eminent and promising scholars and practitioners to investigate what convergence and divergence means in their respective fields and for Asia. Interwoven in the details of each tale of convergence is whether and how convergence ought to take place, and in so choosing, what are the attendant consequences for that choice.

Abstract Matters of space, spatiality, geography, topography, and place have mostly remained neglected in modern scholarship and teaching because in most modern and postmodern literary criticism history and temporality have been dominating discourses. But in recent criticism, the ‘when’ and ‘what’ of literature yield place to ‘where’ as Michel Foucault declared the present time as ‘the epoch of space’. Literature reflects a spirit of place and a sense of place because place is known and given meaning when it is felt and closely experienced by human beings living in it. This humanistic geographical emphasis on human experience of place opens up the possibility of an interdisciplinary study of literature of geography. Literature creates and recreates geography in its own way and there are many ways of looking at literary representation of space and place. The book is meant to offer a good introduction to those divergent ways in which place, topography, and geography evince themselves in literature.

Gina Zavota’s “Plotinus’ ‘Reverse’ Platonism: A Deleuzian Response to the Problem of Emanation Imagery” attempts a radical rethinking of the Plotinian question of emanation through the lens of Deleuze’s account of ontological individuation and actualization. Zavota notes that, despite its widespread acceptance as a Plotinian concept, Plotinus himself acknowledges the inadequacy of the language of emanation. Rather, just as Deleuze’s virtual Idea does not impose order upon the plane of consistency but instead simply indicates divergent lines of generation, Plotinus’ One does not predetermine the organization of things from above. Instead, the variety of generated objects, from the Intellect down to the barest material particulars, self-organize through the inherently generative operation of contemplation or turning towards the One. Thus contemplation is an act of differentiation, and Plotinus’ philosophy can be read as a counter-Platonism or divergent-Platonism.

This chapter begins by introducing the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (‘the Model Law’), which was adopted by the UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) in May 1997 and approved formally in December. Its purpose originally was to provide a template for use by countries seeking to put into place a cross-border insolvency regime, or strengthen one already in existence. This chapter looks at how the US and UK, despite seemingly seeking to adopt the same Model Law, in reality have very different conceptions of how it is to work in practice. The chapter starts with a brief examination of the objectives and scope of the Model Law, before analysing in more detail key aspects of the US and English versions and the reasons why there appears to be a growing divergence in the way in which the Model Law is applied in practice.

The Conclusion summarizes how personal parishes—defined not by territory but by purpose—enable the Catholic Church to respond institutionally to grassroots change and diversity in American Catholicism. Having considered parishes, boundaries, decisions, difference, fragmentation, and community, the book concludes with a handful of lessons that personal parishes offer for understanding local religion and institutional responses to diversity. Namely, this chapter explores: (1) ascription and achievement in local religion; (2) generalism and specialism in organizing diversity; (3) the future of personal parishes; and (4) the place of purpose in a heterogeneous (Catholic) America. Viewing local religion from the top shows that multiple organizational forms can be deployed to meet divergent needs, to facilitate unity, and to maintain institutional control.

Access to a growing number of marine invertebrates with genetic and genomic tools has broadened our understanding of the diversity of developmental mechanisms, informing our understanding of larval evolution by allowing the identification of shared or divergent programs for the formation of body plan patterning and organ formation. Two such genetic programs are the apical plate patterning network and the hox/parahox trunk and gut patterning network common to larval and adult forms, respectively. While mounting evidence supports an ancient origin at the base of the Bilateria for both adult and larval forms, it is clear that many distinct organs and structures have appeared independently and can be shifted between the larval and adult phase frequently. Future advances in our understanding of larval evolution are likely to emerge from exhaustive studies of marine invertebrate cell types by single-cell sequencing technologies and through the study of the genetic basis of the metamorphic transition.

The chapter addresses uneven prosperity in Europe, based on the geographically divergent outcome of the 2008 global financial and eurozone crisis. Austerity-induced recession has led to dramatic output and employment decline in Greece, raising questions about the causes of territorial economic vulnerability, or resilience. Metropolitan Athens, the hub of Greece’s economy, has suffered even more severe employment losses and unemployment, massive business closures, increasing poverty, and homelessness. The factors defining the vulnerability of the national and regional economy to the downturn are traced in inherited and evolving industrial, entrepreneurial, and employment structures. However, the causes and nature of the crisis, as well as the policy addressing it, determine its place-specific impact as much; and raise critical issues concerning the recovery of economies severely affected by such shocks.

The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Cinema offers an overview of the current state of thinking around Canadian cinema. The volume was conceived to register the variety of voices expressing themselves within Canadian cinema with special attention paid to Indigenous, Quebecois, and diasporic identities. As well, the volume acknowledges that Canadian cinema increasingly finds its place within a broad conception of “screen cultures,” which extend into the divergent realms of small-scale artistic experimentation and large-scale public spectacle. Insofar as these realms have played a vital role in establishing Canada’s presence within international screen culture, they are given special emphasis here. Rather than a straight historical account of cinema in Canada, this Oxford Handbook looks at the technological complexes, geographical spaces, and identity formations in which that cinema has emerged and developed.

The work of the ILC constitutes an interesting illustration of a positive interplay between international law and different domestic approaches to international law. Section I of this chapter identifies the institutional ingredients that are required in order for comparative international law to obtain a sufficiently representative conception of international law. Section II explores the main tools used by the ILC on the substantive plane to draft common rules on the basis of existing and possibly divergent state practice or opinio juris. Focus is placed on customary international law insofar as general principles of international law have never been considered by the ILC as a field to be explored on its own—presumably because both codification and progressive development of international law require the Commission to base its proposal at least on some emerging state practice.

Although it is widely observed that a consequential “turn to ethics” took place in the field of literary criticism beginning in the late 1980s, this book argues that a broader cultural privileging of psychological and therapeutic frameworks has led to a displacement of the importance of moral reflection and moral judgment in the literary field. Between the pervasive influence of psychology on intellectual paradigms and cultural life, and the critique of morality within ideological criticism, key elements of the moral life, and of moral experience within the time of a life, have been lost to view. This introduction maps out the recent work on ethics in literary studies, introduces the moral significance of British object relations theory (an outlier among the psychological frameworks under analysis), and concludes by discussing Kant and Nietzsche’s divergent understandings of the psychological dimensions of moral life.

Drawing from the cultural survival efforts of the Kayapó and the Paiter-Suruí, this chapter traces how indigenous rights and Western environmentalism have shaped each other. At the core of analysis is how, through the different periods of Amazonian activism, indigenous actors have been both framed by and drawn from the notion of the “Ecologically Noble Savage.” The political currency of this reoccurring trope has informed the creation of alliances between indigenous communities and Western eco-conscious actors to “save the rainforest.” While these partnerships have benefited both the “First World” and “Fourth World” actors involved, they have often been built on the false assumptions and divergent agendas. This shifting ground has produced very different environmental discourses over the last 40 years, moving the place of native Amazonians from one of confrontational eco-conscious cultural activists aligned with Green Radicalism to the shared market-based, scientifically validated indicators consistent with Ecological Modernization.

The chapter of the book "China in the Baltic States – from a Cause of Hope to Anxiety" gives an overview of the changing Sino-Estonian relations from the consolidation of diplomatic ties in 1991 until the present. It examines the security implications these ties have started to pose for Estonia and NATO, while underlining the relative insignificance of the bilateral China-Estonia financial and trade ties. Analysing public opinion polls, this chapter outlines the risk that perceptions of China may become increasingly divergent between Estonian and non-Estonian speakers, with the former perceiving China as more of a threat than the latter. This might translate into a future security implication from the standpoint of domestic cohesiveness. Taking into account imminent risks, including Chinese surveillance technology on Estonia’s border crossings, and dubious infrastructure projects still in air, such as the Tallinn-Helsinki tunnel in the Gulf of Finland, the suggestion is made for the Estonian government to start formulating its independent China strategy, to map out the remaining areas for cooperation, and draw the boundaries where collaboration can no longer take place.

England is ruled directly from Westminster by institutions and parties that are both English and British. The non-recognition of England reflects a long-standing assumption of ‘unionist statecraft’ that to draw a distinction between what is English and what is British risks destabilising the union state. The book examines evidence that this conflation of England and Britain is growing harder to sustain in view of increasing political divergence between the nations of the UK and the awakening of English national identity. These trends were reflected in the 2016 vote to leave the European Union, driven predominantly by English voters (outside London). Brexit was motivated in part by a desire to restore the primacy of the Westminster Parliament, but there are countervailing pressures for England to gain its own representative institutions and for devolution to England’s cities and regions. The book presents competing interpretations of the state of English nationhood, examining the views that little of significance has changed, that Englishness has been captured by populist nationalism, and that a more progressive, inclusive Englishness is struggling to emerge. We conclude that England’s national consciousness remains fragmented due to deep cleavages in its political culture and the absence of a reflective national conversation about England’s identity and relationship with the rest of the UK and the wider world. Brexit was a (largely) English revolt, tapping into unease about England’s place within two intersecting Unions (British and European), but it is easier to identify what the nation spoke against than what it voted for.

This book explores the mass-media landscape of the early twentieth cspecific authorsentury to uncover the subversive societal impact of four major Japanese authors: Tanizaki Jun'ichirō, Yokomitsu Riichi, Kawabata Yasunari, and Hirabayashi Taiko. The book examines the literature against global realities through a modernist lens, studying an alternative modernism that challenges the Western European model. Through broad surveys of discussions surrounding Japanese life in the 1920s, the book locates and examines flourishing divergent ideologies of the early twentieth century, such as gender, ethnicity, and nationalism. It unravels how the narrative and linguistic strategies of modernist texts interrogated the innocence of this language, disrupting their hold on people's imagined relationship to daily life. These modernist works often discursively displaced the authority of their own claims by inadvertently exposing the global epistemology of East versus West. The book expands modernism studies into a more translational dialogue by locating subversions within the local historical culture and allowing readers to make connections to the time and place in which the texts were written. In highlighting the unbreakable link between literature and society, it reaffirms the value of modernist fiction and its ability to make us aware of how realities are constructed — and how those realities can be changed.

This Handbook offers a state-of-the-art account of research in language policy and planning (LPP). The Handbook examines the ways in which scholarship in language policy and planning (LPP) has understood the changing relationship between LPP and political-economic conditions, and how this changing relationship has shaped knowledge production in the field. With an underlying interest in language, social critique, and inequality, scholars in this volume work in widely divergent local, regional, national, and institutional settings, to investigate the ongoing processes that have gradually become the focus of contemporary LPP research, in many cases forcing scholars and practitioners in the field to revisit their own assumptions, views, and methodological perspectives. Through a critical examination of LPP, the Handbook offers new directions for a field in theoretical and methodological turmoil as a result of the socioeconomic, institutional, and discursive processes of change taking place under the conditions of late modernity. Chapters in this handbook are divided into three major sections: conceptual underpinnings of LPP; LPP, nation states, and communities; and LPP and late modernity. Subsections include chapters focusing on LPP and nationalism, minorities, standardization, and globalization; LPP in institutions of the nation-state and in communities; language, neoliberalism, and governmentality; language and mobility, diversity, and new social media; and new approaches to extending LPP scholarship. A final chapter offers an integrative summary and suggestions for future directions in LPP research.

Did innovative textual analysis reshape the relations between Christian believers and their churches in early modern confessional states? This volume explores the hypothesis that in the long seventeenth century humanist-inspired biblical criticism contributed significantly to the decline of ecclesiastical truth claims. Historiography pictures this era as one in which the dominant position of religion and church began to show signs of erosion under the influence of vehement debates on the sacrosanct status of the Bible. Until quite recently, this gradual but decisive shift has been attributed to the rise of the sciences, in particular astronomy and physics. This book looks at biblical criticism as, on the one hand, an innovative force and, on the other, the outcome of developments in philology that had started much earlier than scientific experimentalism or the New Philosophy. Scholars began to situate the Bible in its historical context. The seventeen chapters show that even in the hands of pious, orthodox scholars philological research not only failed to solve all the textual problems that had surfaced, but even brought to light countless new incongruities. This supplied those who sought to play down the authority of the Bible with ammunition. The conviction that God’s Word had been preserved as a pure and sacred source gave way to an awareness of a complicated transmission in a plurality of divergent, ambiguous, historically determined and heavily corrupted texts. This shift took place primarily in the Dutch Protestant world of the seventeenth century.

This in-depth examination of one of the most controversial episodes in U.S.-Cuba relations sheds new light on the program that airlifted 14,000 unaccompanied children to the United States in the wake of the Cuban Revolution. Operation Pedro Pan is often remembered within the U.S. as an urgent “rescue” mission, but Deborah Shnookal points out that a multitude of complex factors drove the exodus, including Cold War propaganda and the Catholic Church’s opposition to the island’s new government. Shnookal illustrates how and why Cold War scare tactics were so effective in setting the airlift in motion, focusing on their context: the rapid and profound social changes unleashed by the 1959 Revolution, including the mobilization of 100,000 Cuban teenagers in the 1961 national literacy campaign. Other reforms made by the revolutionary government affected women, education, religious schools, and relations within the family and between the races. Shnookal exposes how, in its effort to undermine support for the revolution, the U.S. government manipulated the aspirations and insecurities of more affluent Cubans. She traces the parallel stories of the young “Pedro Pans” separated from their families—in some cases indefinitely—in what is often regarded in Cuba as a mass “kidnapping” and the children who stayed and joined the literacy brigades. These divergent journeys reveal many underlying issues in the historically fraught relationship between the U.S. and Cuba and much about the profound social revolution that took place on the island after 1959.

Health Politics in Europe: A Handbook is a work of reference that provides historical background and up-to-date information and analysis on health politics and health systems throughout Europe. In particular, it captures developments that have taken place since the end of the Cold War, a turning point for many European health systems, with most post-communist transition countries privatizing their state-run health systems, and many Western European health systems experimenting with new public management and other market-oriented health reforms. Following three introductory, stage-setting chapters, the handbook offers country cases divided into seven regional sections, each of which begins with a short regional outlook chapter that highlights the region’s common characteristics and divergent paths taken by the separate countries, including comparative data on health system financing, healthcare access, and the political salience of health. Each regional section contains at least one detailed main case, followed by shorter treatments of the other countries in the region. Country chapters comprise an historical overview focusing on the country’s progression through a series of political regimes and the consequences of this history for the health system; an overview of the institutions and functioning of the contemporary health system; and a political narrative tracing the politics of health policy since 1989. This political narrative, the core of each country case, examines key health reforms in order to understand the political motivations and dynamics behind them and their impact on public opinion and political legitimacy. The handbook’s systematic structure makes it useful for country-specific, cross-national, and topical research and analysis.

This book compiles all instances of regime change around the world over the past two centuries. In doing so, the book shows that regime change increases the likelihood of civil war and violent leader removal in target states and fails to reduce the probability of conflict between intervening states and their targets. As the book demonstrates, when a state confronts an obstinate or dangerous adversary, the lure of toppling its government and establishing a friendly administration is strong. The historical record, however, shows that foreign-imposed regime change is, in the long term, not consistently successful. The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non-compliant regimes overlooks two key facts. First, the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate, sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the intervener. Second, externally imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one, and the two typically want different things. These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary: taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other. Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic protégés or between protégés and their people. The book provides sober counsel for leaders and diplomats. Regime change, the book urges, should be reserved for exceptional cases. Interveners must recognize that, absent a rare set of promising preconditions, regime change often instigates a new period of uncertainty and conflict that impedes their interests from being realized.

The aim of this book is not to trace the changing fortunes of the interpretation of one of the most sophisticated and famous political philosophers who ever lived, but to glimpse here and there his place in different contexts, and how his interpreters see their own images reflected in him, or how they define themselves in contrast to him. The main claim is that there is no Hobbes independent of the interpretations that arise from his appropriation in these various contexts and which serve to present him to the world. There is no one perfect context that enables us to get at what Hobbes ‘really meant’, despite the numerous claims to the contrary. He is almost indistinguishable from the context in which he is read. This contention is justified with reference to hermeneutics, and particularly the theories of Gadamer, Koselleck, and Ricoeur, contending that through a process of ‘distanciation’ Hobbes’s writings have been appropriated and commandeered to do service in divergent contexts such as philosophical idealism; debates over the philosophical versus historical understanding of texts; and in ideological disputations, and emblematic characterizations of him by various disciplines such as law, politics, and international relations. The book illustrates the capacity of a text to take on the colouration of its surroundings by exploring and explicating the importance of contexts in reading and understanding how and why particular interpretations of Hobbes have emerged, such as those of Carl Schmitt and Michael Oakeshott, or the international jurists of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries.

El libro constituye la edición parcial y anotada de un manuscrito inédito de Robert Lehmann-Nitsche en el cual el estudioso alemán reunió un conjunto de poemas que se cantaban en el área cultural del Río de la Plata entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Los textos que integran el manuscrito se corresponden con las versiones grabadas en un fonógrafo por el mismo investigador en la ciudad de La Plata entre los meses de febrero y mayo de 1905. La amplia variedad de géneros poéticos y musicales presentes en este, y la diversidad de registros de escritura, narrativas y personajes que ellos abordan,dan cuenta de la pluralidad de actores, prácticas y representaciones propias de los escenarios urbanos de entresiglos, en el momento en que la cultura criolla de carácter fundamentalmente rural y los estilos de vida de miles de inmigrantes europeos, comenzaban a fusionarse y a plasmar nuevas formas de convivencia. En el pasado, el conjunto de poemas que editamos en este libro eran poseedores de una naturaleza lúdica y transformadora como parte de las expresiones que los habitantes urbanos empleaban para describir, domesticar y comprender el mundo emergente, y para delinear una frontera entre sus peculiares formas de ser y esa otredad amenazante que pugnaba por establecer zonas particulares de familiaridad. En la actualidad, estos mismos poemas testimonian el carácter fundante e inestable de esa realidad, con letras y músicas que operaron como un campo de experimentación en el cual escritores, músicos, lectores y oyentes intentaban reconfigurar y vigorizar sus viejas identidades desterritorializadas. La edición ofrece una caracterización general del manuscrito y nuestro juicio sobre la perspectiva teórico-metodológica desplegada por Lehmann-Nitsche en torno a la recolección de los poemas y a la confección del manuscrito, partiendo desde una coordenada cultural que intenta reanimar en los textos parte de esa profusión de actores sociales y juegos de exotización y reconocimiento, que evita tanto un estricto análisis de tipo estilístico-literario como otro de orden estructural-musicológico. Asimismo, a partir de una selección representativa y anotada del corpus, intentamos establecer relaciones con el fenómeno de la literatura popular impresa en sus vertientes criollistas y europeizantes, dando cuenta de cómo ha sido comprendida la emergencia de dicha literatura por otros investigadores. Si bien en este trabajo está presente una larga tradición de estudios textualistas que afecta al análisis formal y a la exaltación de las figuras del escritor y del lector, intentamos además, un poco en sentido divergente de esa tendencia, poner de relieve el consumo auditivo de estas expresiones llevando a un primer plano al sujeto que no se constituye sólo como un individuo lector fascinado por la flamante adquisición de la tecnología de la lecto-escritura, sino también como un consumidor de esos mismos textos a partir de su condición de oyente. El objetivo último es hacer confluir el desarrollo de todos estos aspectos en una cuestión que ha sido obsesivamente abordada por las ciencias sociales y las humanidades desde el romanticismo: las relaciones entre las llamadas cultura popular y letrada, y entre los medios de comunicación orales y escritos. En este sentido, la edición del manuscrito ha sido casi un pretexto para reflexionar en clave cultural sobre el proceso que atravesaron los centros urbanos rioplatenses en ese período y marcó el rumbo que adoptaron tanto la literatura como la música popular en las décadas siguientes.Con estas expectativas en el horizonte, brindamos, en primer lugar, una descripción del ambiente sociocultural urbano de la época resaltando la incidencia de las inmigraciones interna y externa, el plan modernizador y el proyecto educativo emprendidos por el Estado, la aparición de un circuito de literatura popular impresa y su interacción con el circuito letrado. En segundo término dedicamos un apartado a la figura de Lehmann-Nitsche a fin de comprender cómo operó en su labor eso que Hans-Georg Gadamer (1991) definió como pertenencia a una tradición de pensamiento. Con ese objetivo establecemos un diálogo entre los textos que componen el manuscrito, la colección de literatura popular impresa también reunida por Lehmann-Nitsche, conocida como, las monografías que dedicó a temas y personajes gauchescos, y su libro Textos Eróticos del Río de La Plata (1981). En tercer lugar exponemos nuestras reflexiones sobre aspectos contextuales, literarios y musicales de los poemas para introducir la selección de textos anotados con transcripciones musicales. Un CD con registros sonoros tomados por Lehmann-Nitsche y reproducciones de imágenes de la época pertenecientes a su Legado completan la publicación.