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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 13 квітня 2024

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1

Ullmann, Clemens Vinzenz, Maria Ina Arnone, and Eva Jimenez-Guri. "Natural sea water and artificial sea water are not equivalent in plastic leachate contamination studies." Open Research Europe 4 (March 21, 2024): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.17112.1.

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Background Plastic contamination is one of the concerns of our age. With more than 150 million tons of plastic floating in the oceans, and a further 8 million tons arriving to the water each year, in recent times the scientific community has been studying the effects these plastics have on sea life both in the field and with experimental approaches. Laboratory based studies have been using both natural sea water and artificial sea water for testing various aspects of plastic contamination, including the study of chemicals leached from the plastic particles to the water. Methods We obtained leachates of PVC plastic pre-production nurdles both in natural and artificial sea water, and determined the elements in excess from untreated water by Inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry. We then used these different leachates to assess developmental success in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis by treating fertilised eggs through their development to hatched larvae. Results Here we report that chemical analysis of PVC plastic pre-production pellet leachates shows a different composition in natural and artificial sea water. We find that the Zn leaching from the plastic particles is reduced up to five times in artificial sea water, and this can have an effect in the toxicological studies derived. Indeed, we observe different effects in the development of C. intestinalis when using leachates in natural or artificial sea water. We also observe that not all artificial sea waters are suitable for studying the development of the tunicarte C. intestinalis. Conclusions Our results show that, at least in this case, both types of water are not equivalent to produce plastic leachaetes and suggest that precaution should be taken when conclusions are derived from results obtained in artificial sea water.

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2

Nguyen, Van-Tai, Thi-Phuong-Dung Le, and Thanh-Son Dao. "Chronic effects of domestic and single used plastic leachates on the microcrustacea Daphnia magna." Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment 5, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v5i2.557.

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Plastic pollution has become one of the most serious environmental issues worldwide. Plastics can contain high amount of additives (e.g., phthalate, bisphenol A, trace metals), and they could be leached out of plastics, enter the aquatic environment and cause toxic effects to aquatic organisms (including microcrustacean). In this study, we investigated chronic effects of plastic leachates from two popular plastic materials (garbage bag and disposable raincoat) on the survival, maturation and reproduction of the microcrustcean Daphnia magna. The results showed that, the plastic leachates from the two materials at the concentration up to 1000 mg/l did not cause negative effect on survival of D. magna. However, exposed to the leachates from the garbage bag (at the concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/l) and from the disposable raincoat (at the concentration of 10 mg/l), the animals delayed their maturity ages compared to the control. Besides, the two kinds of leachates at the concentration of 1000 mg/l stimulated the reproduction of D. magna, resulting the increase of 17 – 37% of total offspring compared to the control, during 21 days of experiment. The results of this study contribute to the understanding on the toxicity of popular plastic materials to the microcrustacean, D. magna. Additionally, the plastic usage and emission into the environment should be paid more attention to protect the aquatic ecosystems and human health.

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3

Schwarz, Weike, Stina Wegener, Gerhard Schertzinger, Helena Pannekens, Peter Schweyen, Georg Dierkes, Kristina Klein, Thomas A. Ternes, Jörg Oehlmann, and Elke Dopp. "Chemical and toxicological assessment of leachates from UV-degraded plastic materials using in-vitro bioassays." PeerJ 11 (April 11, 2023): e15192. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15192.

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The broad use of plastics and the persistence of the material results in plastic residues being found practically everywhere in the environment. If plastics remain in the (aquatic) environment, natural weathering leads to degradation processes and compounds may leach from plastic into the environment. To investigate the impact of degradation process on toxicity of leachates, different types of UV irradiation (UV-C, UV-A/B) were used to simulate weathering processes of different plastic material containing virgin as well as recyclate material and biodegradable polymers. The leached substances were investigated toxicologically using in-vitro bioassays. Cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT-assay, genotoxicity by using the p53-CALUX and Umu-assay, and estrogenic effects by the ERα-CALUX. Genotoxic as well as estrogenic effects were detected in different samples depending on the material and the irradiation type. In four leachates of 12 plastic species estrogenic effects were detected above the recommended safety level of 0.4 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents/L for surface water samples. In the p53-CALUX and in the Umu-assay leachates from three and two, respectively, of 12 plastic species were found to be genotoxic. The results of the chemical analysis show that plastic material releases a variety of known and unknown substances especially under UV radiation, leading to a complex mixture with potentially harmful effects. In order to investigate these aspects further and to be able to give recommendations for the use of additives in plastics, further effect-related investigations are advisable.

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4

Olivieri, Aldo, Owen S. Degenhardt, G. Reid McDonald, Deepak Narang, Isabelle M. Paulsen, Janna L. Kozuska, and Andrew Holt. "On the disruption of biochemical and biological assays by chemicals leaching from disposable laboratory plasticware." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 90, no. 6 (June 2012): 697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y2012-049.

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Plastic consumables, used universally in bioscience laboratories, are presumed inert with respect to bioassay outcomes. However, it is clear that many pipette tips, microfuge tubes, and other plastic disposables leach bioactive compounds into assay solutions, profoundly affecting data and experimental interpretation. In this paper we discuss the nature and sources of leachates and review several examples of compromised bioassay data that speak to the probable widespread nature of this largely unrecognised source of error. Strategies for minimizing leachate interferences are discussed.

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5

Pant, A. B., A. K. Agarwal, V. P. Sharma, and P. K. Seth. "In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of plastic biomedical devices." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 8 (August 2001): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701682692919.

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Cytotoxic potential of four plastic biomedical devices (intravenous transfusion sets, IV sets; dextrose normal saline bottles, DNS bottles; Ringer lactate bottles, RL bottles; and Ryle's tubes) including 17different brands was evaluated by investigating growth inhibition, percent survival, mitotic index and colony-forming ability (cfa) in L929, an adherent type mouse fibroblast cell line. Experimental sets were exposed with leachates of biomedical products in serumfree minimum essential medium (MEM) for 1 h at 378Cina CO2 incubator. After 1 h, medium was replaced with serumrich MEM containing essential amino acids and reincubated up to 96 h. Cells in serum-free MEM only were processed under identical conditions and served as the control. The leachates from all types of biomedical devices evaluated exhibitedreductioninthegrowthandsurvivalofthecellline in the first 12 h postexposure followed by their gradual recoveryupto96h.Asignificantreductionincellgrowthwas apparent in the six brands of IV sets from 24 h onwards up to 36 h (59% growth inhibition). Though the cfa was also reduced in all the brands tested, the magnitude of reduction was less compared to growth inhibition. The results indicate that leachates of IV sets were more toxic compared to other biomedical devices screened, and growth inhibition assay was found to be more sensitive and suitable for cytotoxicity evaluation of biomedical devices.

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6

Naumoska, Katerina, Urška Jug, Valentina Metličar, and Irena Vovk. "Oleamide, a Bioactive Compound, Unwittingly Introduced into the Human Body through Some Plastic Food/Beverages and Medicine Containers." Foods 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050549.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the migration of oleamide, a polymer lubricant, and a bioactive compound, from various plastic, marketed containers for food/beverages and medicines into polymer contact liquid. Methanol, food/medicine simulants or real samples were used to extract polymer leachables and extractables. Migrated oleamide into polymer contact liquids was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The concentration of oleamide in the extracts of medicinal and insulin syringes was 7351 ng mL−1 and 21,984 ng mL−1, respectively. The leachates of intravenous (i.v.) infusion bottle, medicinal and insulin syringes contained 17 ng mL−1, 12 ng mL−1 and 152 ng mL−1, respectively. Oleamide in the extracts of dummies ranged from 30 to 39 ng mL−1, while in the leachates of baby bottles, from 12 to 23 ng mL−1. Leachates of soft drink bottles contained from 6 to 15 ng mL−1 oleamide, milk bottles from 3 to 9 ng mL−1, liquid yogurt bottles 17 ng mL−1 and water bottles from 11 to 18 ng mL−1. Bottled real matrices of oil and milk contained oleamide in the range from 217 to 293 ng mL−1. Moreover, the source of migrated oleamide (e.g., containers, caps, other parts) was identified. Oleamide is listed in the current EU regulations without a specific migration limit. Accordingly, these values are considered of no concern, unless future toxicological studies prove the opposite.

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7

Lin, Lin, Yuxiong Huang, Pu Wang, Ciara Chun Chen, Wei Qian, Xiaoshan Zhu, and Xiangrong Xu. "Environmental occurrence and ecotoxicity of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates." Journal of Hazardous Materials 458 (September 2023): 132015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132015.

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8

Adekunle, Adebola, Fidelis Nkeshita, and Adetayo Akinsanya. "Influence of leachates on geotehnical and geochemical properties of termite mound soils." Environmental engineering 8, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37023/ee.8.1-2.4.

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This study investigated the influence of leachate prepared from Telfairia occidentalis on the geotechnical and geochemical properties of termite mound soil obtained from the premises of the federal university of agriculture, Abeokuta, south-western Nigeria. The termite mound soil samples were collected from three different locations and each sample collected was contaminated by mixing with leachates in percentage increments of 0% 10%, 15% and 20% of dry weight of the air-dried soil. The soil samples were subjected to Atterberg limits and hydraulic conductivity tests for geotechnical observation and X-ray fluorescence tests for geochemical tests. The range of values for the geotechnical analyses were obtained as; plastic limit (9.1% – 14.2%), liquid limit (28.6 % – 61%), plasticity index ((18.2% – 49.5%) and hydraulic conductivity (1.85 – 4.1 x 10-8) cm/sec) with a resultant reduction in the plastic limit, liquid limit and plasticity index values but an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the samples as the leachate concentration increased. The results from X-ray fluorescence analyses after 20% leachate contamination showed that the major elemental chemical composition for the three samples were comprised of SiO2 (56.25 – 56.5%), Al2O3 (28.42 – 28.50%), Fe2O3 (4.46 – 6.5%), TiO2 (1.08 – 1.23%), CaO (1.45 – 1.60%), P2O5 (0 – 0.04%), K2O (0.9 – 6.1%) and MnO (0.02 – 4.7%). There was a marginal alteration of the indices with the values inferring the presence of a minimum composition of feldspar and a major composition of quartz-rich minerals and thus lending more credence to the presence of silicates as shown from the X-ray fluorescence results. It also infers that the termite mounds are predominantly made from sand materials. The termite soil samples obtained from the aforementioned locations may not be suitable for engineering works unless stabilization procedure is adopted.

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9

Fries, Eric, and Roxana Sühring. "The unusual suspects: Screening for persistent, mobile, and toxic plastic additives in plastic leachates." Environmental Pollution 335 (October 2023): 122263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122263.

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10

Klein, Kristina, Delia Hof, Andrea Dombrowski, Peter Schweyen, Georg Dierkes, Thomas Ternes, Ulrike Schulte-Oehlmann, and Jörg Oehlmann. "Enhanced in vitro toxicity of plastic leachates after UV irradiation." Water Research 199 (July 2021): 117203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117203.

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11

Schiavo, S., M. Oliviero, V. Romano, S. Dumontet, and S. Manzo. "Ecotoxicological Assessment of Virgin Plastic Pellet Leachates in Freshwater Matrices." Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 6, no. 4 (December 2018): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5890/jeam.2018.12.007.

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12

Schiavo, Simona, Maria Oliviero, Salvatore Chiavarini, and Sonia Manzo. "Adverse effects of oxo-degradable plastic leachates in freshwater environment." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 8 (January 6, 2020): 8586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07466-z.

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13

Simongini, Camilla, Milda Pucetaite, Silvia Serranti, Martijn van Praagh, Edith Hammer, and Giuseppe Bonifazi. "Microplastics identification in landfill leachates by different spectroscopic techniques." Volume 18 - March 2022, no. 18 (March 31, 2022): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15169.

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Discovered more than 40 years ago, microplastics have become a major environmental issue. With increasing global plastic production, microplastics are of growing concern. Landfills have been pinpointed as primary sources of microplastics to surface waters and they have, in fact, been identified and quantified as such. Due to their small size, different polymers and interfering non-plastic materials, microplastics are difficult to analyse in a complex matrix such as leachate. To elucidate the impact of pre-treatment on the performance of the most common microspectroscopical analytical methods employed, i.e., FT-IR and Raman, we re-examined previously pre-treated and analysed leachate samples. Additionally, we subjected duplicates of previously analysed samples to different concentrations of H2O2 with varied reaction times to digest and remove non-plastic organic matter. The pre-treated samples were subjected density separation and (re-)analysed by means of FT-IR and Raman microspectroscopy. Larger particles were also analysed by near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging. We found the concentration of H2O2 to impact the possibility of identifying and quantifying PET particles, with Raman scattering microspectroscopy enabling more particles to be counted than with FT-IR. This is likely due to the increased detectable particle size range, from around 50 μm for FT-IR to 1 μm for Raman scattering microspectroscopy. Optimized H2O2 concentration with subsequent density separation enabled to clearly identify numerous PE particles, but also PP, PS, and PET particles and carbon compounds with Raman scattering microspectroscopy. Hyperspectral imaging performed well for particles larger than 30 μm.

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14

Menicagli, Virginia, Elena Balestri, and Claudio Lardicci. "Exposure of coastal dune vegetation to plastic bag leachates: A neglected impact of plastic litter." Science of The Total Environment 683 (September 2019): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.245.

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15

Rodrigues Nobre, Caio, Beatriz Barbosa Moreno, Aline Vechio Alves, Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa, Augusto Cesar, Rodrigo Brasil Choueri, Paloma Kachel Gusso Choueri, and Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira. "Can leachates of environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics in marine sediments affect the reproduction of an epibenthic copepod?" ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION 17, no. 1 (August 12, 2022): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/eec.2022.01.10.

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Most studies on the effects of microplastics on marine biota are carried out using unrealistically high concentrations. Moreover, although microplastics are capable of carrying toxic substances and thus can cause adverse effects even without coming into direct contact with organisms, little is known about the effects of not accessible for ingestion microplastics on benthic biota. Considering that the presence of microplastic particles can itself cause effects to the biota due to toxic substances leached, the present study evaluated the ecotoxicological effects of microplastic leachates of virgin and beach stranded in marine sediments (whole sediments and elutriates) on the epibenthic copepod Nitokra sp. (size 3 ± 1 mm). Effects on reproduction were evaluated using clean sediment enriched with environmentally relevant concentrations [1 pellet: 46.67g sediment (Low) and 1 pellet: 1.67g sediment (High)] of two types of plastic pellets (size 4 ± 1 mm) (i) virgin (obtained from the manufacturer) or (ii) stranded (collected from Santos beach, São Paulo, Brazil, a highly urbanized beach). The results of the present study showed that microplastics leachate (virgin or from the environment) did not cause an inhibiting effect on reproduction in Nitokra sp. in any of the scenarios tested. These results contribute to further risk assessments of plastic particles for marine biota.

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16

Nasibullah, Malik, Naseem Ahmad, Firoz Hassan, AbdulR Khan, DevendraK Patel, and Masihurrahman. "Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of the Leachates of Plastic Biomedical Devices." Advanced Science Focus 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asfo.2014.1068.

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17

Rendell-Bhatti, Flora, Periklis Paganos, Anna Pouch, Christopher Mitchell, Salvatore D’Aniello, Brendan J. Godley, Ksenia Pazdro, Maria Ina Arnone, and Eva Jimenez-Guri. "Developmental toxicity of plastic leachates on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus." Environmental Pollution 269 (January 2021): 115744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115744.

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18

Lithner, Delilah, Jeanette Damberg, Göran Dave, and Åke Larsson. "Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna." Chemosphere 74, no. 9 (March 2009): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022.

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19

Gómez, Perla A., Catalina Egea-Gilabert, Almudena Giménez, Rachida Rania Benaissa, Fabio Amoruso, Angelo Signore, Victor M. Gallegos-Cedillo, Jesús Ochoa, and Juan A. Fernández. "Biodegradable Food Packaging of Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L. [DC.]) and Sea Fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) Grown in a Cascade Cropping System for Short Food Supply Chain." Horticulturae 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060621.

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The environmental impact of food products is significantly affected by their packaging. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of PLA (polylactic acid) film, as an alternative to petroleum-based bags, on the shelf-life of fresh-cut wild rocket and sea fennel grown in a cascade cropping system (CCS). To this end, wild rocket (main crop) was cultivated using either peat or compost as a growing medium. Sea fennel (secondary crop) was subsequently grown in a floating system with leachates from the primary crop as a nutrient solution. The leaves of both crops were harvested and packaged in OPP- (oriented polypropylene) or PLA-based bags and stored for 7 days at 4 °C. The leaves of wild rocket and sea fennel showed lower dehydration and lower respiration when compost was used as a growing medium or leachate. Wild rocket in compost increased in nitrate and vitamin C contents at harvest while leachates had scarce influence on their contents in sea fennel. After storage, regardless of the crop, no relevant detrimental changes were observed on leaves packaged with PLA, being a product microbiologically safer when compared to OPP. The bag type had almost no influence on most relevant phytochemical compounds. In conclusion, the use of a PLA-based film on minimally processed wild rocket and sea fennel leaves is a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastic for a short food supply chain.

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20

Teuten, Emma L., Jovita M. Saquing, Detlef R. U. Knappe, Morton A. Barlaz, Susanne Jonsson, Annika Björn, Steven J. Rowland, et al. "Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1526 (July 27, 2009): 2027–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0284.

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Plastics debris in the marine environment, including resin pellets, fragments and microscopic plastic fragments, contain organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides (2,2′-bis( p- chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, hexachlorinated hexanes), polybrominated diphenylethers, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, at concentrations from sub ng g –1 to µg g –1 . Some of these compounds are added during plastics manufacture, while others adsorb from the surrounding seawater. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants adsorbed on plastics showed distinct spatial variations reflecting global pollution patterns. Model calculations and experimental observations consistently show that polyethylene accumulates more organic contaminants than other plastics such as polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride. Both a mathematical model using equilibrium partitioning and experimental data have demonstrated the transfer of contaminants from plastic to organisms. A feeding experiment indicated that PCBs could transfer from contaminated plastics to streaked shearwater chicks. Plasticizers, other plastics additives and constitutional monomers also present potential threats in terrestrial environments because they can leach from waste disposal sites into groundwater and/or surface waters. Leaching and degradation of plasticizers and polymers are complex phenomena dependent on environmental conditions in the landfill and the chemical properties of each additive. Bisphenol A concentrations in leachates from municipal waste disposal sites in tropical Asia ranged from sub µg l –1 to mg l –1 and were correlated with the level of economic development.

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21

Irfan, Muhammad, Yulong Chen, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Abrar, Ahmed Qadri, and Osama Bhutta. "Geotechnical Properties of Effluent-Contaminated Cohesive Soils and Their Stabilization Using Industrial By-Products." Processes 6, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6100203.

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The unchecked and unnoticed disposal of industrial leachates is a common malpractice in developing countries. Untreated effluents from industries drastically deteriorate the soil, altering nearly all of its characteristics. An increase in urbanization has led to construction on these deteriorated lands. In this study, the chemical impact of two industrial effluents, dyeing (acidic) and tannery (basic), is studied on two cohesive soils, i.e., high plastic clay (CH) and low plastic clay (CL). Properties such as liquid limit, plasticity index, specific gravity, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, swell potential, swell pressure, and compression indices decrease with effluent contamination, with the exception of the basic effluent, for which the trend changes after a certain percentage. This study also examines the time variation of properties at different effluent percentages, finding that unconfined compressive strength of both soils increases with time upon dyeing (acidic) contamination and decreases with tannery (basic). The stabilizing effect of two industrial by-products, i.e., marble dust and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) have been evaluated. Unlike their proven positive effect on uncontaminated soils, these industrial by-products did not show any significant stabilization effect on leachate-contaminated cohesive soils, thereby emphasizing the need to utilize special remediation measures for effluent treated soils.

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22

Ledieu, Lauriane, Ngoc-Nam Phuong, Bernard Flahaut, Pauline Radigois, Julya Papin, Cécile Le Guern, Batrice Béchet, and Johnny Gasperi. "May a Former Municipal Landfill Contaminate Groundwater in Microplastics? First Investigations from the “Prairie de Mauves Site” (Nantes, France)." Microplastics 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2023): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010007.

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Municipal landfills receive a high amount of plastic waste and due to the occurring physical and biochemical degradation processes, could be significant sources of microplastics (MP). Evaluating the threat to groundwater through the transfer of MP via landfill leachates require more research. The former “Prairie de Mauves” landfill, operated from 1963 to 1987 by the municipality of Nantes (France), and located above the alluvial groundwater of the Loire River, represents a good candidate for such investigations. Leachates and groundwater were sampled along a transect line from upstream to downstream of the landfill, in March and June 2022. MP (>25 µm) were quantified and characterized using µFTIR imaging in transmission mode. MP were observed in every sample with concentrations ranging from 0.71 to 106.7 MP/L. Concentrations in the leachates and the alluvial groundwater illustrate a migration of MP. Twelve polymers were identified and polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were predominant. After a conventional rainfall event (14.3 mm), higher concentrations, diversity, and size ranges of MP were observed. Water infiltration through the heterogeneous geological substratum therefore enhanced the migration of larger MP towards the alluvial groundwater of the Loire River.

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23

Piccardo, Manuela, Francesca Provenza, Serena Anselmi, and Monia Renzi. "Ecotoxicological Assessment of “Glitter” Leachates in Aquatic Ecosystems: An Integrated Approach." Toxics 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110677.

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The most worrisome fraction within plastic pollution is that of microplastics (MP). A category of MP almost completely ignored is that of glitter. The objective of this study is to test the toxicity of nine types of glitter leachate (3 soak times: 3, 90 and 180 days) on model organisms in freshwater (Allivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna) and saltwater (Allivibrio fischeri, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Paracentrotus lividus). An integrated approach was applied to obtain the percentage of ecotoxicological risk. The results show that (i) photosynthesizing primary producers are the most sensitive trophic level; (ii) algae transitioned from growth inhibition to biostimulation; (iii) D. magna showed higher sensitivity after 48 h compared to 24 h; (iv) A. fischeri responded more strongly in saltwater than in freshwater. The integrated data show a greater risk associated with the marine environment, with the highest risk for glitters that are hexagonal and composed of poly-methyl-methacrylate. Our multivariate analysis shows that the toxicity of plastic leaching is a complex phenomenon that depends on the sensitivity of the species, in some cases on the soaking time and on the medium, and is not clearly linked to the polymer type, the contact area or the colors of the particles.

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24

Weis, Judith S., and Juan José Alava. "(Micro)Plastics Are Toxic Pollutants." Toxics 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2023): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110935.

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Plastics, including microplastics, have generally been regarded as harmful to organisms because of their physical characteristics. There has recently been a call to understand and regard them as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. This review elaborates on the reasons that microplastics in particular should be considered as “toxic pollutants”. This view is supported by research demonstrating that they contain toxic chemicals within their structure and also adsorb additional chemicals, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), from the environment. Furthermore, these chemicals can be released into tissues of animals that consume microplastics and can be responsible for the harmful effects observed on biological processes such as development, physiology, gene expression, and behavior. Leachates, weathering, and biofilm play important roles in the interactions between microplastics and biota. Global policy efforts by the United Nations Environmental Assembly via the international legally binding treaty to address global plastic pollution should consider the designation of harmful plastics (e.g., microplastics) with associated hazardous chemicals as toxic pollutants.

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Van Tai, Nguyen, and Dao Thanh Son. "Effects of PVC pipe leachates on the survival and reproduction of two micro-crustacean species Ceriodaphnia Cornuta and Daphnia Magna." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i1.998.

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The occurrence and impacts of plastic are among the most concerns on the environment, ecosystems, and human health in recent years. Plastic products may contain harmful additives (e.g. phthalate, bisphenol) which can easily be leached out of the surface of the plastic materials and enter the environment causing negative effects on organisms in aquatic ecosystems. However, the toxicity of the leached plastic additives on aquatic organisms including micro-crustaceans have not been fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the chronic effects of the leachate from the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water pipes at the concentration of 0, 10 and 100 mg PVC/L on the survival and reproduction of two micro-crustacean species: Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia cornuta. The results showed that the leachate from PVC pipes at the concentration of 100 mg/L did not adversely affect on survival and reproduction of D. magna, but reduced up to 50% of the survival rate and 60% of the reproduction of C. cornuta. The tropical micro-crustacean species C. cornuta was more vulnerable than the temperate one, D. magna. The results revealed the potential health risks of the PVC water pipes C. cornuta was recommended to be used as a model organism for the toxicological investigation and environmental assessment.

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Salgado, M., M. T. Collins, F. Salazar, J. Kruze, G. Bölske, R. Söderlund, R. Juste, et al. "Fate ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisafter Application of Contaminated Dairy Cattle Manure to Agricultural Soils." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 6 (January 14, 2011): 2122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02103-10.

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ABSTRACTDetails regarding the fate ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(basonym,Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) after manure application on grassland are unknown. To evaluate this, intact soil columns were collected in plastic pipes (lysimeters) and placed under controlled conditions to test the effect of a loamy or sandy soil composition and the amount of rainfall on the fate ofM. paratuberculosisapplied to the soil surface with manure slurry. The experiment was organized as a randomized design with two factors and three replicates.M. paratuberculosis-contaminated manure was spread on the top of the 90-cm soil columns. After weekly simulated rainfall applications, water drainage samples (leachates) were collected from the base of each lysimeter and cultured forM. paratuberculosisusing Bactec MGIT ParaTB medium and supplements. Grass was harvested, quantified, and tested from each lysimeter soil surface. The identity of all probableM. paratuberculosisisolates was confirmed by PCR for IS900and F57 genetic elements. There was a lag time of 2 months after each treatment beforeM. paratuberculosiswas found in leachates. The greatest proportions ofM. paratuberculosis-positive leachates were from sandy-soil lysimeters in the manure-treated group receiving the equivalent of 1,000 mm annual rainfall. Under the higher rainfall regimen (2,000 mm/year),M. paratuberculosiswas detected more often from lysimeters with loamy soil than sandy soil. Among all lysimeters,M. paratuberculosiswas detected more often in grass clippings than in lysimeter leachates. At the end of the trial, lysimeters were disassembled and soil cultured at different depths, and we found thatM. paratuberculosiswas recovered only from the uppermost levels of the soil columns in the treated group. Factors associated withM. paratuberculosispresence in leachates were soil type and soil pH (P< 0.05). ForM. paratuberculosispresence in grass clippings, only manure application showed a significant association (P< 0.05). From these findings we conclude that this pathogen tends to move slowly through soils (faster through sandy soil) and tends to remain on grass and in the upper layers of pasture soil, representing a clear infection hazard for grazing livestock and a potential for the contamination of runoff after heavy rains.

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Oliviero, Maria, Tania Tato, Simona Schiavo, Verónica Fernández, Sonia Manzo, and Ricardo Beiras. "Leachates of micronized plastic toys provoke embryotoxic effects upon sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus." Environmental Pollution 247 (April 2019): 706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.098.

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GIAM, C. S., and M. K. WONG. "Plasticizers in Food." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 769–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.9.769.

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Plasticizers are widely used in the manufacturing of plastic materials, and are now found everywhere in our environment. Most previous reviews have focused on leaching of plasticizers from medical devices and toxicity of these leachates to humans and animals. There are fewer studies on the distribution of plasticizers in foods. This review surveys the various analytical methods for analysis of plasticizers in foods. The problems and solutions involved in the analysis of foods are discussed. Methods are compiled chronologically; some typical analytical procedures are presented. The concentrations of plasticizers in various foods as reported in the literature are tabulated. Efforts to improve the quality of the packaging plastic materials to reduce migration or leaching of plasticizers are included in this review.

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29

Pflugmacher, Stephan, Amalia Sulek, Hannah Mader, Jeongin Heo, Ji Hyeon Noh, Olli-Pekka Penttinen, YoungJun Kim, Sanghun Kim, and Maranda Esterhuizen. "The Influence of New and Artificial Aged Microplastic and Leachates on the Germination of Lepidium sativum L." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 7, 2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030339.

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With the increase in environmental monitoring and assessing, we are gaining insight into the extent of microplastic pollution in our environment. The threat posed by microplastics to biota could come, e.g., from leached substances. As some plastic materials have been decaying in nature for extended periods already, the toxic effects of leaching compounds need to be investigated. It is furthermore essential to understand the adverse effects of new plastic and how these effects differ from the effects elicited by old plastic material. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of exposure to leachates from new and artificial aged polycarbonate as well as new and aged polycarbonate granules on various germination parameters of Lepidium sativum were studied. Germination, root, and shoot length, as well as the calculated germination rate index as a measure for germination speed, was negatively influenced in substrate-free and substrate containing exposures. From an ecological and agricultural point of view, this implies possible yield losses with less germinating seeds, slower plant germination speed, and smaller seedlings in general.

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30

Capolupo, Marco, Lisbet Sørensen, Kongalage Don Ranil Jayasena, Andy M. Booth, and Elena Fabbri. "Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms." Water Research 169 (February 2020): 115270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115270.

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31

Alabi, Okunola A., Adewale A. Sorungbe, and Yetunde M. Adeoluwa. "In vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity of raw and simulated leachates from plastic waste dumpsite." Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 29, no. 6 (February 2, 2019): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2019.1566426.

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32

Gao, Zhuo, Hairui Yu, Mingyuan Li, Xinyu Li, Jin Lei, Defu He, Gang Wu, Ye Fu, Qiqing Chen, and Huahong Shi. "A battery of baseline toxicity bioassays directed evaluation of plastic leachates—Towards the establishment of bioanalytical monitoring tools for plastics." Science of The Total Environment 828 (July 2022): 154387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154387.

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Beutel, Marc W., Thomas C. Harmon, Thomas E. Novotny, Jeremiah Mock, Michelle E. Gilmore, Stephen C. Hart, Samuel Traina, et al. "A Review of Environmental Pollution from the Use and Disposal of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Contaminants, Sources, and Impacts." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 12994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132312994.

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While the impacts of cigarette smoking on human health are widely known, a less recognized impact of tobacco product use and disposal is environmental pollution. This review discusses the current literature related to cigarette and e-cigarette contamination in the context of environmental sources and impacts, with a focus on the documented influences on biota, ranging from bacteria to mammals. Cigarette butts and electronic cigarette components can leach contaminants into soil, water, and air. Cellulose acetate cigarette filters comprising the butts are minimally degradable and are a source of bulk plastic and microplastic pollution, especially in aquatic ecosystems where they tend to accumulate. Cigarette combustion and aerosol production during e-cigarette use result in air contamination from sidestream, exhaled, and thirdhand pathways. The chemical byproducts of tobacco product use contaminate wastewater effluents, landfill leachates, and urban storm drains. The widespread detection of nicotine and cotinine in the environment illustrates the potential for large-scale environmental impacts of tobacco product waste. Studies show that cigarette butt leachate and nicotine are toxic to microbes, plants, benthic organisms, bivalves, zooplankton, fish, and mammals; however, there remain critical knowledge gaps related to the environmental impacts of tobacco product waste on environmental health and ecosystem functioning.

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34

Pannekens, H., W. Newe, S. Wegener, G. Schertzinger, and E. Dopp. "Toxicological assessment of leachates and leached substances from degraded plastic species using in-vitro bioassays." Toxicology Letters 350 (September 2021): S202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00712-8.

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35

Gunaalan, Kuddithamby, Elena Fabbri, and Marco Capolupo. "The hidden threat of plastic leachates: A critical review on their impacts on aquatic organisms." Water Research 184 (October 2020): 116170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116170.

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36

Piccardo, Manuela, Francesca Provenza, Eleonora Grazioli, Serena Anselmi, Antonio Terlizzi, and Monia Renzi. "Impacts of Plastic-Made Packaging on Marine Key Species: Effects Following Water Acidification and Ecological Implications." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040432.

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This study evaluates the impacts of 16 different leachates of plastic-made packaging on marine species of different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, echinoderms). Standard ecotoxicological endpoints (inhibition of bioluminescence, inhibition of growth, embryo-toxicity) and alterations of ecologically significant parameters (i.e., echinoderms’ body-size) were measured following exposure under different pH water conditions: marine standard (pH 8.1) and two increasingly acidic conditions (pH 7.8 and 7.5) in order to evaluate possible variations induced by ocean acidification. The results obtained in this study evidence that the tested doses are not able to significantly affect bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) and algae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum). On the contrary, Paracentrotus lividus larvae were significantly affected by several packaging types (13 out of 16) with meaningless differences between pH conditions.

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37

Chen, Hongzhe. "Biodegradable plastics in the marine environment: a potential source of risk?" Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics 1, no. 3 (2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2022.11.

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The marine environment is facing the threat of increasing plastic pollution, especially from disposable plastics. Presently, governments worldwide are promoting policies to restrict or prohibit conventional plastics. As one hopeful alternative to conventional disposable/non-durable plastics, biodegradable plastics have attracted much attention and controversy in terms of their definition, environmental impact, and environmental significance, as they may be widely used. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the facts about biodegradable plastics, understand the current knowledge gaps, and identify promising fields of relevant research. This review briefly introduces some common biodegradable plastics, their mechanisms of biodegradation, indicators for the biodegradation process, and factors concerning biodegradability and summarizes studies on the biodegradation of biodegradable plastics in the marine environment. The lifespan of biodegradable plastics varies greatly due to their compositions/properties as well as significant differences in the marine environment. Then, the potential risks of biodegradable plastics, including the release of pollutants (micro/nanoplastics, degradation products, and additives), adsorption-desorption of pollutants (pesticide, etc.), and their impact on biomes and biogeochemical cycles are discussed, fully revealing their possible impacts on the marine environment. It is believed that, in addition to the waste of resources, a high abundance of microplastics, toxic leachates, and complex effects on habitats and the environment may also cause problems for the marine environment as a result of the widespread and inappropriate use of biodegradable plastics. Based on the discussion, some constructive suggestions on how to use biodegradable plastics reasonably and prudently in the future are put forward.

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38

Capolupo, Marco, Kuddithamby Gunaalan, Andy M. Booth, Lisbet Sørensen, Paola Valbonesi, and Elena Fabbri. "The sub-lethal impact of plastic and tire rubber leachates on the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis." Environmental Pollution 283 (August 2021): 117081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117081.

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39

Delaeter, Camille, Nicolas Spilmont, Vincent M. P. Bouchet, and Laurent Seuront. "Plastic leachates: Bridging the gap between a conspicuous pollution and its pernicious effects on marine life." Science of The Total Environment 826 (June 2022): 154091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154091.

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40

Jain, S., and M. Ghosh. "Effective removal of Bisphenol A from plastic waste leachates by microbial polymer impregnated with activated carbon." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17, no. 4 (July 23, 2019): 1907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02452-x.

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41

Qiu, Shu-Qing, Guo-Yong Huang, Xiao-Pei Li, Dong-Qiao Lei, Chen-Si Wang, and Guang-Guo Ying. "Endocrine disruptor responses in the embryos of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) after exposure to aged plastic leachates." Aquatic Toxicology 261 (August 2023): 106635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106635.

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42

Plaza, Blanca María, María Teresa Lao, and Silvia Jiménez-Becker. "Fertigation Strategies to Alleviate Fertilizer Contamination Generated by Tomato Crops under Plastic Greenhouses." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030444.

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The rapid development of greenhouse horticulture has brought about a dramatic increase in the nitrate pollution of aquifers. The optimization of nitrogen application is an important tool to minimize nitrogen losses. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of different fertigation strategies, based on the reduction of the nitrogen applied and the use of a percentage of NH4+ as a nitrogen source, on the decrease in the environmental impact caused by the traditional system, as well as to evaluate if this is compatible with a high fruit yield (considering quantity and quality). Lycopersicum esculentum Mill cv. Forteza plants were grown in a polyethylene greenhouse. Tomato yield and quality were evaluated, along with leachates, which were collected by means of rigid plastic lysimeters. The proposed strategies did not reduce fruit yield. However, the reduction in the nitrate applied caused firmness and °Brix decrease, together with a diminution in titratable acidity until 124 days after transplanting. Nevertheless, these effects were not observed with the replacement of some of the NO3− by NH4+. The reduction in fertilizer inputs significantly improved water and nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiency. The treatment with NH4+ improved K use efficiency, compared to the conventional treatment, but P decreased. The highest NO3− and K leaching was detected in the traditional treatment.

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43

Bou-Maroun, Elias, Laurence Dahbi, Laurence Dujourdy, Pierre-Jacques Ferret, and Marie-Christine Chagnon. "Migration Studies and Endocrine Disrupting Activities: Chemical Safety of Cosmetic Plastic Packaging." Polymers 15, no. 19 (October 6, 2023): 4009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15194009.

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The endocrine activity and endocrine disruptor (ED) chemical profiles of eleven plastic packaging materials covering five major polymer types (3PET, 1HDPE, 4LDPE, 2 PP, and 1SAN) were investigated using in vitro cell-based reporter-gene assays and a non-targeted chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To mimic cosmetic contact, six simulants (acidic, alkaline, neutral water, ethanol 30%, glycerin, and paraffin) were used in migration assays performed by filling the packaging with simulant. After 1 month at 50 °C, simulants were concentrated by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) or Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE). The migration profiles of seven major endocrine disrupting chemicals detected from GC-MS in the different materials and simulants were compared with Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Androgen Receptor (AR) activities. With low extraction of ED chemicals in aqueous simulants, no endocrine activities were recorded in the leachates. Paraffin was shown to be the most extracting simulant of antiandrogenic chemicals, while glycerin has estrogenic activities. Overall, ED chemical migration in paraffin was correlated with hormonal activity. The NIAS 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol and 7,9-di-tert-butyl1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione were two major ED chemicals present in all polymers (principally in PP and PE) and in the highest quantity in paraffin simulant. The use of glycerin and liquid paraffin as cosmetic product simulants was demonstrated to be relevant and complementary for the safety assessment of released compounds with endocrine activities in this integrated strategy combining bioassays and analytical chemistry approaches.

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44

Ke, Ai-Ying, Jian Chen, Jie Zhu, Yao-Hua Wang, Yuan Hu, Zheng-Li Fan, Man Chen, et al. "Impacts of leachates from single-use polyethylene plastic bags on the early development of clam Meretrix meretrix (Bivalvia: Veneridae)." Marine Pollution Bulletin 142 (May 2019): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.029.

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45

Gardon, Tony, Arnaud Huvet, Ika Paul-Pont, Anne-Laure Cassone, Manaarii Sham Koua, Claude Soyez, Ronan Jezequel, Justine Receveur, and Gilles Le Moullac. "Toxic effects of leachates from plastic pearl-farming gear on embryo-larval development in the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera." Water Research 179 (July 2020): 115890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115890.

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46

Lehtiniemi, Maiju, Samuel Hartikainen, Raisa Turja, Kari K. Lehtonen, Jouko Vepsäläinen, Sirpa Peräniemi, Jari Leskinen, and Outi Setälä. "Exposure to leachates from post-consumer plastic and recycled rubber causes stress responses and mortality in a copepod Limnocalanus macrurus." Marine Pollution Bulletin 173 (December 2021): 113103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113103.

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47

Ristvey, Andrew, and John Lea-Cox. "372 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Release from Controlled-release Fertilizers while Overwintering Nursery Stock under Plastic." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 456D—456. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.456d.

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Nutrient release patterns from several different controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) were studied during the overwintering period of a long-term nutrient uptake, leaching, and loss study of Azalea (Rhododendron) cv. `Karen' and Holly (Ilex cornuta) cv. `China Girl', under sprinkler and drip irrigation. In Maryland, diurnal winter temperatures can vary from ≈10 °C to above 15 °C. Most growers, therefore, cover frames with opaque plastic for cold protection from November through April. This is also the period when many growers apply CRFs on those plant species that take more than 1 year to produce. Few data are presently available on the release patterns of CRFs under variable temperature conditions in late winter/early spring. We hypothesized that substrate temperatures warmer than 15–16 °C will result in CRFs releasing nutrients at a time when root systems are inactive, with a major loss of nutrients with the first few irrigations in Spring. This 105-day study quantified nitrogen (N) and phosphorus release patterns from four brands of CRF (Osmocote, Nutricote, Scotts High N, and Polyon) with 270- and 360-day release rates, under these conditions. Each CRF was top dressed onto blocks of 18-month-old holly or azalea (n = 112) in 11.5-L (3-gal) containers, at a (low) rate of 6.1 g N per container. Ten randomly selected pots from each treatment were sampled every 15 days using two sequential leachings of distilled water, for a target leaching fraction of 25%. Leachates were recovered and analyzed for nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations. Ambient canopy temperatures were recorded continuously with remote temperature (HoBo) sensors from which degree days above 15–16 °C were calculated and correlated with CRF release patterns.

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48

Lithner, Delilah, Ildikó Nordensvan, and Göran Dave. "Comparative acute toxicity of leachates from plastic products made of polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC, acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene, and epoxy to Daphnia magna." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19, no. 5 (December 20, 2011): 1763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0663-5.

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49

Ajewole, Tolulope, AS Ayesa, KM Popoola, MD Ajiboye, BR Oluwole, and OS Kolawole. "Effects of fresh shoot biomass of siam weed Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and H. Robinson on the germination and growth of okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) moench." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 07 (September 2, 2021): 18404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.102.19695.

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This study was carried out in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State. Investigation was carried out on the effects of Fresh Shoot Biomass of Chromolaena odorata on okra Abelmoschus esculentus. For the laboratory experiment, about 5g, 10g, 15g and 20g each of Chromolaena odorata was weighed into plastic bottles each containing 250ml of distilled water for 24 hours. Two millilitres of the leachate was used to water the seeds of okra that was placed in Petri dishes. Each treatment had five replicates that contained four seeds of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). For the screening experiment, loamy top soil, fresh shoot, stems and leaves of Chromolaena odorata were collected within Federal University Oye Ekiti environment and crushed into smaller bits using mortar and pestle. Three seeds, each of okra that was planted in all the pots. The growth variables considered include radicle length, plumule length, number of roots, for the green house experiment the plant height, leaf area, stem girth, and pod weight were also observed. The leachate of Chromolaena odorata resulted to a reduction in radicle length, plumule length and number of roots. The radicle length of okra treated with leachates of 15g/250ml were adversely affected, while the plumule length of 5g/250ml, 15g/250ml and 20g/250ml greatly decreased compared to the control. The highest decrease in number of roots was noticed in the 15g/250ml concentration. The control plant had the highest plant height increased in a concentration dependent manner with exception of those treated with 200g, the leaf area of the control plant was observed to be lower than all the treatment plants, but it increased in a concentration dependent manner. Also, there was a concentration dependent increase in the steam girth of A. esculentus. The pod weight of the treated plants were lower than the control. The plant treated with 50g highest moisture content, the fat content was higher in the control and plant treated with 50g than the other treated plant. The protein content of the treatment plants was observed to be significantly higher when compared to the control plant. Crude fiber content of the treatment plant was significantly higher than the treatment plants. The ash content of the control was significantly lower than the treated plants, the carbohydrate content of the control plant increased significantly compared to the treatment plant with the lowest at 150g treated plant. The study concluded that the leachate and FSB affected the seed germination, growth and the food content of Abelmoschus esculentus.

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Landi, Simone, Giorgia Santini, Ermenegilda Vitale, Gabriella Di Natale, Giulia Maisto, Carmen Arena, and Sergio Esposito. "Photosynthetic, Molecular and Ultrastructural Characterization of Toxic Effects of Zinc in Caulerpa racemosa Indicate Promising Bioremediation Potentiality." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 2868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212868.

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Caulerpaceae are unconventional green algae composed of multinucleated, single siphonous cells. The species of Caulerpa are acquiring major scientific interest for both their invasion in the Mediterranean ecological niche and for the production of valuable natural metabolites. Furthermore, the abilities of Caulerpa spp. in the biorecovery of polluted waters were recently investigated. Among heavy metal contaminants in marine systems, zinc (Zn) is considered a critical pollutant, progressively accumulating from plastic leachates. In this study, the responses of Caulerpa racemosa to different levels (5–10 mg L−1) of Zn were studied for 14 days under laboratory-controlled conditions. Effects of Zn were monitored by measuring the growth rate, photosynthetic efficiency and gene expression. Moreover, the ability of Caulerpa to remove Zn from seawater was monitored. Zn induced detrimental effects by decreasing the relative growth rate (RGR) and maximal PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm). Moreover, C. racemosa, grown in contaminated seawater, reduced the levels of Zn to a final concentration of 1.026 and 1.932 mg L−1 after 14 days, thus demonstrating efficient uptake. Therefore, our results characterized the effects of zinc on C. racemosa and the possible role of this alga as being effective in the bioremediation of marine seawater.

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