Статті в журналах: "Plants secretion"

1

JONES, RUSSELL L., and DAVID G. ROBINSON. "Protein secretion in plants." New Phytologist 111, no. 4 (April 1989): 567–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02352.x.

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2

Hueck, Christoph J. "Type III Protein Secretion Systems in Bacterial Pathogens of Animals and Plants." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 379–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.2.379-433.1998.

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SUMMARY Various gram-negative animal and plant pathogens use a novel, sec-independent protein secretion system as a basic virulence mechanism. It is becoming increasingly clear that these so-called type III secretion systems inject (translocate) proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, where the translocated proteins facilitate bacterial pathogenesis by specifically interfering with host cell signal transduction and other cellular processes. Accordingly, some type III secretion systems are activated by bacterial contact with host cell surfaces. Individual type III secretion systems direct the secretion and translocation of a variety of unrelated proteins, which account for species-specific pathogenesis phenotypes. In contrast to the secreted virulence factors, most of the 15 to 20 membrane-associated proteins which constitute the type III secretion apparatus are conserved among different pathogens. Most of the inner membrane components of the type III secretion apparatus show additional homologies to flagellar biosynthetic proteins, while a conserved outer membrane factor is similar to secretins from type II and other secretion pathways. Structurally conserved chaperones which specifically bind to individual secreted proteins play an important role in type III protein secretion, apparently by preventing premature interactions of the secreted factors with other proteins. The genes encoding type III secretion systems are clustered, and various pieces of evidence suggest that these systems have been acquired by horizontal genetic transfer during evolution. Expression of type III secretion systems is coordinately regulated in response to host environmental stimuli by networks of transcription factors. This review comprises a comparison of the structure, function, regulation, and impact on host cells of the type III secretion systems in the animal pathogens Yersinia spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Chlamydia spp. and the plant pathogens Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia spp., Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris, and Rhizobium spp.

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Toyofuku, Miwako, Fuki Okutani, Masaru Nakayasu, Shoichiro Hamamoto, Hisabumi Takase, Kazufumi Yazaki, and Akifumi Sugiyama. "Enhancement of developmentally regulated daidzein secretion from soybean roots in field conditions as compared with hydroponic culture." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 5 (January 29, 2021): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab017.

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ABSTRACT Analyses of metabolite secretions by field-grown plants remain scarce. We analyzed daidzein secretion by field-grown soybean. Daidzein secretion was higher during early vegetative stages than reproductive stages, a trend that was also seen for hydroponically grown soybean. Daidzein secretion was up to 10 000-fold higher under field conditions than hydroponic conditions, leading to a more accurate simulation of rhizosphere daidzein content.

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Rocco da Silva, Camila, Monica Sayuri Mizuno, Solange Maria Bonaldo, Stela Regina Ferrarini, Domingos De Jesus Rodrigues, and Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada. "EFEITO DE EXTRATOS DE SECREÇÕES GLANDULARES DE ANFÍBIOS NA FERRUGEM ASIÁTICA (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) E BIOMETRIA DE PLANTAS DE SOJA." Nativa 10, no. 4 (December 22, 2022): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v10i4.14511.

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E Extratos de secreções de anfíbios da família Bufonidae têm sido estudados pelo potencial de controle direto de fitopatógenos, bem como na ativação de mecanismos de defesa contra doenças em plantas. Assim, este estudo analisa os efeitos de extratos de secreções glandulares de Rhaebo guttatus e Rhinela marina contra o fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi e na biometria de plantas de soja da cultivar TMG 132 RR. Aos 30 dias após semeadura, notou-se o surgimento espontâneo da doença e, dois dias após o surgimento das primeiras pústulas, as plantas foram tratadas com extratos de secreções glandulares nas concentrações de 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4 e 0,5 mg mL-1, acibenzolar-S-metil (500 L ha) e água destilada. Com relação ao número total de trifólios, teores de clorofila a, b e total não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. Nas avaliações biométricas, o extrato de secreção glandular de R. guttatus proporcionou diferença estatística apenas na variável altura de plantas. Quando as plantas foram tratadas com extrato de secreção glandular de R. marina, houve diferença estatística no número de nódulos, porém, sem diferença estatística para as demais variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que extratos de secreções glandulares de R. guttatus e R. marina não controlam ferrugem asiática da soja; porém concentrações de 0,1mg mL-1, 0,2 mg mL-1 e 0,3 mg mL-1 de extrato de secreção glandular de R. guttatus promovem maior altura de plantas e extrato de secreção glandular de R. marina, nas concentrações de 0,1mg mL-1, 0,2 mg mL-1 e 0,4 mg mL-1, afeta negativamente o número de nódulos. Palavras-chave: altura de plantas; glândulas parotóides; Rhaebo guttatus; Rhinella marina; oleaginosa. Effect of extracts from amphibian glandular secretions on asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and biometry of soybean plants ABSTRACT: Extracts from secretions of amphibians of the Bufonidae family were studied for their potential for direct control of phytopathogens, as well as for the activation of mechanism of defense against plant diseases. Thus, this study assessed the effects of glandular secretion extracts from Rhaebo guttatus and Rhinella marina against the fungi Phakopsora pachyrhizi and biometric responses on TMG 132 RR soybean cultivar. Thirty days after seeding, a spontaneously arise of the disease was noticed and, two days after the arise of the first pustules, plants were treated with glandular secretion extracts at the concentrations 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4 e 0,5 mg mL-1, acibenzolar-S-methyl (500 L ha) and distilled water. None of the treatments resulted in statistical differences at the photosynthetic rates of the plants for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content. For the biometrical evaluations, glandular secretion extracts of R. guttatus resulted in statistical difference only for the variable plant height variable. Glandular secretion extracts from R. marina resulted in statistical difference only for number of root nodules but was not significant for the remaining variables. The results showed that glandular secretion extracts from R. guttatus and R. marina does not control Asian soybean rust; however glandular secretion extracts from R. guttatus at the concentrations 0,1mg mL-1, 0,2 mg mL-1 e 0,3 mg mL-1 promotes greater plant height. The glandular secretion extracts from R. marina at the 0,1mg mL-1, 0,2 mg mL-1 e 0,4 mg mL-1 negatively affects the number of plant nodules. Keywords: height of plants; paratoid gland; Rhaebo guttatus; Rhinella marina; oleaginous.

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5

Cheng, Fang-yi, and John D. Williamson. "Is there leaderless protein secretion in plants?" Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, no. 2 (February 2010): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.2.10304.

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6

Cui, Xiaofeng. "Mucilage Secretion from Plants: Friends or Foes?" Molecular Plant 12, no. 1 (January 2019): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.008.

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7

Stieger, Bruno. "Biliary cholesterol secretion: more lessons from plants?" Journal of Hepatology 38, no. 6 (June 2003): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00194-6.

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8

Ding, Yu, David G. Robinson, and Liwen Jiang. "Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways in plants." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 29 (August 2014): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.008.

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9

Robinson, David G., Yu Ding, and Liwen Jiang. "Unconventional protein secretion in plants: a critical assessment." Protoplasma 253, no. 1 (September 26, 2015): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0887-1.

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10

Roberson, Amanda, Carla Spence, and Harsh P. Bais. "Underground communication: Belowground signalling mediates diverse root–root and root–microbe interactions." Biochemist 36, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03605032.

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Plants are stationary organisms, generally restricted to one location for the duration of their growth and development, which is why the need for clear means of information exchange becomes paramount. Above-ground, plants readily emit pungent volatile substances to signal danger of eminent attack to their relatives or to attract the enemy of their enemies. However, most plant communication is occurring below the ground, where plants are secreting compounds from their roots to send messages to neighbouring plants, microbes and insects in the rhizosphere. Although we think of plants as silent and autonomous, they are actually having very complex and specific conversations to communicate with kin, shape their microbiome, and deter invasive plants and pathogens from taking up residence. Rather than blindly fumbling through the soil matrix in hopes of encountering the conditions for ideal growth, plant roots are actively exploring and modulating their surroundings. Root communication is not only critical in terms of an individual plant's success, but it is becoming clear that this activity has consequences to plant populations at the community and ecosystem scale. This article discusses belowground plant communication via root secretion and the resulting ecological significance.

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11

Lu, Chaoxia, Fang Yuan, Jianrong Guo, Guoliang Han, Chengfeng Wang, Min Chen, and Baoshan Wang. "Current Understanding of Role of Vesicular Transport in Salt Secretion by Salt Glands in Recretohalophytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042203.

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Soil salinization is a serious and growing problem around the world. Some plants, recognized as the recretohalophytes, can normally grow on saline–alkali soil without adverse effects by secreting excessive salt out of the body. The elucidation of the salt secretion process is of great significance for understanding the salt tolerance mechanism adopted by the recretohalophytes. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, three hypotheses, including the osmotic potential hypothesis, the transfer system similar to liquid flow in animals, and vesicle-mediated exocytosis, were proposed to explain the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. More recently, increasing evidence has indicated that vesicular transport plays vital roles in salt secretion of recretohalophytes. Here, we summarize recent findings, especially regarding the molecular evidence on the functional roles of vesicular trafficking in the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. A model of salt secretion in salt gland is also proposed.

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12

Nolé, Tsabang. "Contribution to the Management of Abnormal Insulin Secretion in Diabetes of Pregnancy using Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants in Cameroon." Diabetes & Obesity International Journal 6, no. 3 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/doij-16000247.

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Abnormal insulin secretion occurs during hypoinsulinism and hyperinsulinism. Hypoinsulinism is absolute or relative insulin insufficiency which produces a very common clinical sickness called diabetes mellitus. Hyperinsulinism designs an overhead normal level of insulin in a patient’s blood. Hyperinsulinism is the disproportionate production of insulin by tumors of the pancreatic β cells. Patients who suffer from hyperinsulinism disorder undergo hypoglycemic crises, weakness, intense perspiring, and vertigo. This alteration is not known by people of surrounding areas of developing countries like Cameroon. To identify previous work used to write this article a systematical search was done using engines including: “Antidiabetic plants help to control the hyperinsulism in pregnant diabetic women or animals” and “Toxicity of a given recorded plant name” used to verify the harmlessness of recorded plants. Plants that caught our attention are plants already used by hinterlands diabetic women in Cameroon. An increase in insulin secretion by fetal pancreas and placenta coincides with an increased number of insulin-producing B-cells to lower glucose levels in the bloodstream and promote the storage of glucose in adipose and muscle tissue, liver and other body tissues. It was demonstrated that insulin released from the liver stimulate also glucose uptake and naturally maternal insulin does not cross the placenta. Well controlled healthy pregnant women have a good chance of having a normal pregnancy and birth. But in developing countries diabetes is not generally well controlled during pregnancy in many hinterland areas and still affecting maternal and baby health. At the time of birth newborns diabetic mothers are still often larger, and after birth their vagina is harder and may upsurge the risk for nerve injuries and other trauma during birth. Also many risk including birth defect of the lower spine, birth defect of the brain, and limb result from pre-existing diabetes. Screening of all pregnancy for insulin resistance and early intervention may help to reduce these connected complications. Do antidiabetic plants more economical and available, taken by indigenous gestational diabetics control GDM?

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13

PETANIDOU, THEODORA, and ERIK SMETS. "Does temperature stress induce nectar secretion in Mediterranean plants?" New Phytologist 133, no. 3 (July 1996): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01919.x.

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14

Sakai, Satoki. "A model for nectar secretion in animal-pollinated plants." Evolutionary Ecology 7, no. 4 (July 1993): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01237870.

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15

Ageichik, A. V., A. N. Evtushenkov, and Y. A. Nikolaichik. "The role of type III secretion system in Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica virulence." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10544-pps.

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A hrpJ mutant of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca) was constructed and the effects of this mutation on induction of the hypersensitivity response and virulence of Eca were studied. The hrpJ mutant does not induce the HR in non-host plant Vicia faba (V. faba) and demonstrates cultivar-dependent increase or decrease of virulence on potato plants.

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Suárez, Nathalie, and Ernesto Medina. "Salinity effects on leaf ion composition and salt secretion rate in Avicennia germinans (L.) L." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, no. 2 (June 2008): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202008000200005.

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The effect of salinity on leaf water relations, and rate and ionic composition of leaf secretion was investigated in plants of Avicennia germinans growing under controlled salinity conditions. Increases in salinity from 0 to 940 mol NaCl m-3 reduced the predawn water potential from -0.56 to -4.16 MPa and the solute potential from -2.27 to -4.48 MPa, whereas the pressure potential remained positive in all treatments. Compared to the control, at 940 mol NaCl m-3 Na+ and Cl- concentrations of leaf sap increased 19 and 7 times, respectively. With the addition of salt the main ions accumulated in leaves were Na+ and Cl- whereas plants grown without salt accumulated K+ in leaves at levels similar to those of Na+ with salt treatments. Secretion rates of Na+ and Cl- ions increased up to the highest salinity treatment, amounting to 59 and 46 times respectively, compared to control plants. The increase in secretion rate contributed to counteract the increase of salt concentration in the leaf. In the treatments receiving salts, the Na+/K+ ratio of leaf sap ranged from 4 to 10, whereas that of the secretion ranged from 24 to 56. The ratio of Cl- vs the rest of anions remained around 3 in the leaf sap of salt-treated plants whereas it varied between 96 and 243 in the secretion. With increasing salinity higher secretion rates maintained the internal ion leaf concentration relatively low. The selective character of the secretion contributes to maintain favourable Na+/K+ and Cl-/anion ratios in the leaf cells.

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17

Tang, Xiaoyan, Yanmei Xiao, and Jian-Min Zhou. "Regulation of the Type III Secretion System in Phytopathogenic Bacteria." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 19, no. 11 (November 2006): 1159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-19-1159.

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The type III secretion system (TTSS) is a specialized protein secretion machinery used by numerous gram-negative bacterial pathogens of animals and plants to deliver effector proteins directly into the host cells. In plant-pathogenic bacteria, genes encoding the TTSS were discovered as hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes, because mutation of these genes typically disrupts the bacterial ability to cause diseases on host plants and to elicit hypersensitive response on nonhost plants. The hrp genes and the type III effector genes (collectively called TTSS genes hereafter) are repressed in nutrient-rich media but induced when bacteria are infiltrated into plants or incubated in nutrient-deficient inducing media. Multiple regulatory components have been identified in the plant-pathogenic bacteria regulating TTSS genes under various conditions. In Ralstonia solanacearum, several signal transduction components essential for the induction of TTSS genes in plants are dispensable for the induction in inducing medium. In addition to the inducing signals, recent studies indicated the presence of negative signals in the plant regulating the Pseudomonas syringae TTSS genes. Thus, the levels of TTSS gene expression in plants likely are determined by the interactions of multiple signal transduction pathways. Studies of the hrp regulons indicated that TTSS genes are coordinately regulated with a number of non-TTSS genes.

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Degani, Ofir, and Yuval Goldblat. "Potential Role of Laccases in the Relationship of the Maize Late Wilt Causal Agent, Magnaporthiopsis maydis, and Its Host." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2 (May 17, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6020063.

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Late wilt is a vascular disease of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by the soil-borne and seed-borne fungus Magnaporthiopsis maydis. The pathogen penetrates the roots of maize plants at the seedling stage, grows into the xylem vessels, and gradually spreads upwards. From the flowering stage to the kernel ripening, the fungal hyphae and secreted materials block the water supply in susceptible maize cultivars, leading to rapid dehydration and death. Laccase is an enzyme secreted by fungus for diverse purposes. The M. maydis laccase gene was identified in our laboratory, but under what conditions it is expressed and to what functions remain unknown. In the current study, we tested the influence of plant age and tissue source (roots or leaves) on M. maydis laccase secretion. The results show increasing laccase secretion as corn parts (as ground tissue) were added to the minimal medium (MM). Furthermore, roots stimulated laccase secretion more than leaves, and adult plants enhanced laccase secretion more than young plants. This implies the possibility that the richer lignin tissue of adult plants may cause increased secretion of the enzyme. In vitro pathogenicity assay proved the ability of M. maydis to develop inside detached roots of maize, barley, watermelon, and cotton but not peanut. Testing root powder from those plants in MM revealed a negative correlation between M. maydis growth (expressed as biomass) and laccase secretion. For example, while the addition of maize, barley, or cotton root powder led to increasing fungal dry weight, it also resulted in relatively lower laccase activity. Watermelon and peanut root powder led to opposite responses. These findings suggest a pivotal role of laccase in the ability of M. maydis to exploit and grow on different host tissues. The results encourage further examination and a deeper understanding of the laccase role in these interesting host–pathogen interactions.

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19

Haapalainen, Minna, Kristin van Gestel, Minna Pirhonen, and Suvi Taira. "Soluble Plant Cell Signals Induce the Expression of the Type III Secretion System of Pseudomonas syringae and Upregulate the Production of Pilus Protein HrpA." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 3 (March 2009): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-3-0282.

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Type III protein secretion is essential for the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae on its host plants. Expression of HrpA, a major component of the type III secretion system (T3SS)-associated pilus, was studied both in plant leaves and in vitro using reporter genes. We found that induction of the hrpA promoter was stronger in plants than in vitro, and that the induction was enhanced by both host and nonhost plants of P. syringae pv. tomato. In vitro, the expression was enhanced by cell-free exudates from plant cell suspension cultures, added into the minimal medium. Further analysis of the plant-cell-derived, hrpA-inducing factors showed that they were small and water-soluble compounds, which could signal P. syringae the proximity of living plant cells. We also studied the production and secretion of native HrpA protein in vitro, and detected a plant-signal-dependent increase in HrpA secretion. In contrast to HrpA, the intracellular accumulation or secretion of the other T3SS-dependent proteins were not significantly increased, despite the presence of plant cell-derived, promoter-inducing factors. Thus, the accumulation of HrpA pilin seems to be subjected to a distinct post-transcriptional regulation.

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20

Liu, Yun-Jun, Yuan Yuan, Jun Zheng, Ya-Zhong Tao, Zhi-Gang Dong, Jian-Hua Wang, and Guo-Ying Wang. "Signal Peptide of Potato PinII Enhances the Expression of Cry1Ac in Transgenic Tobacco." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 36, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/36.8.553.

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Abstract The modified Cry1Ac was expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. To allow secretion of the Cry1Ac protein into the intercellular space, the signal peptide sequence of potato proteinase inhibitor II (pinII) was N-terminally fused to the Cry1Ac encoding region. Expression of Cry1Ac in transgenic tobacco plants was assayed with ELISA. The results showed that pinII signal peptide sequence enhanced the expression of Cry1Ac protein and led to the secretion of the Cry1Ac protein in transgenic tobacco plants. GFP gene was also fused to the signal peptide sequence and transformed to tobacco. The results of fluorescent detection showed that GFP had localized in the apoplast of transgenic plants.

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21

Corcoran, R., F. O’Connell, J. O’Sullivan, and D. Kevans. "P084 Secreted inflammatory protein profiles following treatment of ex-vivo human Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease explants with licenced biologic therapies." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 16, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2022): i184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab232.213.

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Abstract Background Patient-derived inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ex-plants have potential for biomarker and therapy discovery. Treatment of IBD ex-plants ex-vivo with licensed biologic therapies may result in further insights into their mechanism of action. Methods We aimed to evaluate the effect of Infliximab (IFX), Ustekinumab (USTK) and Vedolizumab (VDZ) on inflammatory protein secretion profiles in ex-vivo human IBD ex-plants. Patients with IBD, undergoing endoscopy, were prospectively recruited. Endoscopic biopsies were collected from the sigmoid colon and IBD ex-plants generated as per previously described methods. IBD ex-plants were then co-cultured for 24 hours with an IgG control vehicle, IFX, USTK and VDZ. After 24 hours, tissue conditioned media (TCM) from IBD ex-plants was collected. TCM secreted inflammatory protein profiles were quantified using 54 V-plex ELISA (Meso Scale Diagnostics, USA). Secreted inflammatory protein profiles were compared between IgG vehicle (control) and USTK, IFX, VDZ treated ex-plants. All continuous variables are presented as median [interquartile range (IQR)]. P values < 0.05 were considered significant in analyses. Results 18 patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and 19 patients with Crohn’s Disease (CD) were included; age (median, [IQR]) 41[33–53], years, 49% male; disease duration (median, [IQR]) 9 [5–14] years; 54% of patients were anti-TNF naïve. IL-22 secretion was significantly lower in UC explants treated with IFX compared with IgG control; 4.5 [3.1 – 39.9] versus 17.5 [10.3 – 98.3] pg/ml per ug of protein respectively, p=0.004. IL-22 secretion was significantly lower in UC explants treated with USTK compared with IgG control; 7.8 [1.9 – 26.5] versus 27.9 [10.3 – 110.7] pg/ml per ug of protein respectively, p=0.004. IL-22 secretion was significantly lower in UC ex-plants treated with VDZ compared with IgG control; 10.6 [3.2 – 35.7] versus 17.5 [10.2 – 73.5] pg/ml per ug of protein respectively, p=0.01. For CD explants, IL-22 secretion was significantly lower in USTK compared with IgG control; 24.4 [17.6 – 57.7] versus 211.7 [75.9 – 588.1] pg/ml per ug of protein respectively, p < 0.001. In UC and CD explants, IL-23 secretion was significantly decreased comparing USTK with IgG control treatments, p < 0.004 for all comparisons. Conclusion IBD ex-plant IL-22 secretion is reduced following biologic therapy particularly in patients with UC. IL-22 is a pleotropic cytokine considered an essential factor in intestinal immune-epithelial cross talk and is capable of both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions depending on tissue microenvironment including cytokine milieu. Further evaluation of the contribution of IL-22 to IBD disease biology is warranted.

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Mendgen, K., U. Bachem, M. Stark-Urnau, and H. Xu. "Secretion and endocytosis at the interface of plants and fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-306.

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Secretion products and the uptake of material from the outside of the protoplasts of plants and microbes may influence the mutual interaction in host–parasite systems. Organelles involved in secretion by rust fungi have been characterized using immuno-electron microscopy. Proteins with the C-terminal histidine – aspartic acid – glutamic acid – leucine tetrapeptide (HDEL) signal sequence accumulated in tubular vesicular complexes of the ER in the parasitic phase of the fungi. The tubular complexes were differentiated from smooth cisternae that probably correspond to the Golgi equivalent. In the plant, material was secreted into the papilla and at the same time, endocytosis of 1, 3-β-glucans by clathrin-coated vesicles occurred at the penetration site of the monokaryotic appressorium. During further development of monokaryotic haustoria, different wall layers were produced around these haustoria. Components of those layers were plant cell wall constituents most of which were also detected in the Golgi apparatus. One layer was rich in callose, which is supposed to be synthesized at the plasma membrane. Obviously, endo- and exo-cytosis occur permanently by host and parasite during fungal development within the plant. Key words: Uromyces, Golgi, secretion, endocytosis, high-pressure freezing, Saccharomyces, Vigna sinensis, Vicia faba.

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23

Takkis, Krista, Thomas Tscheulin, Panagiotis Tsalkatis, and Theodora Petanidou. "Climate change reduces nectar secretion in two common Mediterranean plants." AoB Plants 7 (2015): plv111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv111.

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24

Vinatzer, Boris A., Joanna Jelenska, and Jean T. Greenberg. "Bioinformatics Correctly Identifies Many Type III Secretion Substrates in the Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the Biocontrol Isolate P. fluorescens SBW25." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 8 (August 2005): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0877.

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The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae causes disease by secreting a potentially large set of virulence proteins called effectors directly into host cells, their environment, or both, using a type III secretion system (T3SS). Most P.syringae effectors have a common upstream element called the hrp box, and their N-terminal regions have amino acids biases, features that permit their bioinformatic prediction. One of the most prominent biases is a positive serine bias. We previously used the truncated AvrRpt281–255 effector containing a serine-rich stretch from amino acids 81 to 100 as a T3SS reporter. Region 81 to 100 of this reporter does not contribute to the secretion or translocation of AvrRpt2 or to putative effector protein chimeras. Rather, the serine-rich region from the N-terminus of AvrRpt2 is important for protein accumulation in bacteria. Most of the N-terminal region (amino acids 15 to 100) is not essential for secretion in culture or delivery to plants. However, portions of this sequence may increase the efficiency of AvrRpt2 secretion, delivery to plants, or both. Two effectors previously identified with the AvrRpt281–255 reporter were secreted in culture independently of AvrRpt2, validating the use of the C terminus of AvrRpt2 as a T3SS reporter. Finally, using the reduced AvrRpt2101–255 reporter, we confirmed seven predicted effectors from P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, four from P. syringae pv. syringae B728a, and two from P. fluorescens SBW25.

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Malook, Saif ul, Saiqa Maqbool, Muhammad Hafeez, Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna, and Nakarin Suwannarach. "Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance." Life 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12060844.

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Insect herbivores have a variety of life cycles and feeding habits, making them extremely diverse. With their host plants, they form close relationships and suppress their defense mechanisms. Molecular elicitors are the key bio-elements in the detection and recognition of attacking enemies in tissue consumption. Insect oral secretion, frass, and fluid of egg deposition contain biologically active molecules called herbivore-associated elicitors (HAEs) that are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Many plants distinguish insect feeding from wounding by HAEs present in their oral secretions (OS) and induce local and/or systemic responses against arthropod feeding. PRRs perceive HAEs in the oral secretion of caterpillars in a species-specific manner to elicit exclusive defense responses. HAEs-PRRs interactions induce plant resistance by reprogramming plant metabolism and transcriptional machinery. Quantitative, timely, and coordinated plant response initiate early signaling events, including Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). However, in insect herbivory, little is known about the molecular basis of signal transduction and regulation of plant resistance. We discuss here how early signaling cascades converge into the accumulation of phytohormones that regulate downstream special metabolites against herbivores. In this review, we propose a hypothetical model of PPRs-HAEs-mediated-induced responses in plants and discuss how PRRs-HAEs interactions elicit short- and long-term induced defenses in plants. The understanding of PRRs-HAEs interactions will help to explore the fundamental molecular mechanisms of host manipulation and may generate prospects to develop novel pest-resistance strategies.

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Corcoran, R., F. O’Connell, J. O’Sullivan, and D. Kevans. "P078 Vedolizumab Treatment of ex-vivo Human Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Explants Results in Altered Inflammatory Protein Secretion Profiles." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 16, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2022): i180—i181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab232.207.

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Abstract Background Patient-derived inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ex-plants have potential for biomarker and therapy discovery. Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a monoclonal antibody targeting a4b47 integrin whose mechanism of action is the reduction of inflammatory immune cell trafficking to the intestinal tract. The association between VDZ exposure and treatment response is unclear and appears insufficiently explained by serum levels. For this reason it is hypothesised that VDZ may also have effects at the tissue level. Methods We aimed to evaluate the effect of VDZ on inflammatory protein secretion profiles in ex-vivo human ulcerative colitis ex-plants (UC ex-plants). Patients with UC, undergoing endoscopy, were prospectively recruited. Endoscopic biopsies were collected and UC ex-plants generated as per previously described methods. UC ex-plants were then co-cultured for 24 hours with an IgG control vehicle or VDZ. After 24 hours tissue conditioned media (TCM) from UC ex-plants was collected. TCM secreted protein profiles were quantified using 54 V-plex ELISA (Meso Scale Diagnostics, USA). Secreted cytokine profile were compared between IgG vehicle (control) and VDZ treated ex-plants. P values < 0.05 were considered significant in analyses. Results Thirteen patients with UC were included; age (mean, [range]) 45.8 years [30–78], 54% male; disease duration (mean, [range]) 8 [1–24] years; 62% of patients were anti-TNF naïve. Baseline total Mayo score (median [range]) was 6 [0–9]; endoscopic Mayo score (median [range]) was 2 [0–3]. Comparing VDZ with control treatment, 5 of 54 ex-plant secreted proteins differed significantly. GMCSF, IL-16, IL-22, IL-23 and sVCAM-1 secretion were significantly decreased comparing VDZ and control treatments, p < 0.03 for all comparisons. Conclusion The predominant mechanism of action of VDZ is the blocking of gut homing pro-inflammatory immune cell trafficking from the peripheral circulation to the intestinal tract. These data demonstrated that VDZ reduces pro-inflammatory protein secretions from UC ex-plants suggesting an additional local effect of this therapy. Further evaluation is required to determine whether a component of VDZ therapeutic effect occurs at the tissue level.

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Gandhi, Akanksha, Rupesh R. Kariyat, Cruz Chappa, Mandeep Tayal, and Nirakar Sahoo. "Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta) Oral Secretion Elicits Reactive Oxygen Species in Isolated Tomato Protoplasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 8297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218297.

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Plants are under constant attack by a suite of insect herbivores. Over millions of years of coexistence, plants have evolved the ability to sense insect feeding via herbivore-associated elicitors in oral secretions, which can mobilize defense responses. However, herbivore-associated elicitors and the intrinsic downstream modulator of such interactions remain less understood. In this study, we show that tobacco hornworm caterpillar (Manduca sexta) oral secretion (OS) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) protoplasts. By using a dye-based ROS imaging approach, our study shows that application of plant-fed (PF) M. sexta OS generates significantly higher ROS while artificial diet-fed (DF) caterpillar OS failed to induce ROS in isolated tomato protoplasts. Elevation in ROS generation was saturated after ~140 s of PF OS application. ROS production was also suppressed in the presence of an antioxidant NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine). Interestingly, PF OS-induced ROS increase was abolished in the presence of a Ca2+ chelator, BAPTA-AM (1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid). These results indicate a potential signaling cascade involving herbivore-associated elicitors, Ca2+, and ROS in plants during insect feeding. In summary, our results demonstrate that plants incorporate a variety of independent signals connected with their herbivores to regulate and mount their defense responses.

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Wei, Yulu, Chaokun Li, Liu Han, Hui Xi, Yinqiang Tian, Kanfolo Franck Hervé Yeo, and Wendong Wang. "Radial Oxygen Loss of Three Plants under Hydroponic Culture and Its Relationships with Pollution Removal." Water 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030532.

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The growth status, root exudates, radial oxygen loss, and sewage purification effect of plants acclimated with sewage and cultured with a nutrient solution were studied by selecting Acorus gramineus Aiton, Pistia stratiotes L., and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms with the same individual size. The results showed that the root oxygen secretion rate of the Acorus gramineus Aiton was higher in light and dark conditions. For a single plant species, the oxygen secretion rate under light conditions was much higher than that under dark conditions. The root oxygen secretion rate of Acorus gramineus Aiton was the highest (2.03 µmol O2/h/plant), followed by Pistia stratiotes L. (1.68 µmol O2/h/plant), and the root oxygen secretion rate of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms was the lowest (1.15 µmol O2/h/plant). After a period of adaptation, plants showed strong removal effects on COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP. The removal intensity was in the order of Acorus gramineus Aiton > Pistia stratiotes L. > Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms; the higher the temperature, the bigger the removal rate. These results were consistent with Acorus gramineus Aiton‘s organic matter secretion and radial oxygen loss, which were better than those of Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Three kinds of plants had better COD removal effects in an acidic environment and better TP removal effects in an alkaline environment. The results show that using the Acorus gramineus Aiton can achieve better remediation of polluted water bodies.

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Frigerio, Lorenzo, Nicholas D. Vine, Emanuela Pedrazzini, Mich B. Hein, Fei Wang, Julian K. C. Ma, and Alessandro Vitale. "Assembly, Secretion, and Vacuolar Delivery of a Hybrid Immunoglobulin in Plants." Plant Physiology 123, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 1483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.123.4.1483.

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He, H., L. He, and M. Gu. "Signal transduction during aluminum-induced secretion of organic acids in plants." Biologia plantarum 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-015-0537-7.

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Wang, Xiangfeng, Kin Pan Chung, Weili Lin, and Liwen Jiang. "Protein secretion in plants: conventional and unconventional pathways and new techniques." Journal of Experimental Botany 69, no. 1 (August 3, 2017): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx262.

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Weston, P. A., Deborah A. Johnson, H. T. Burton, and John C. Snyder. "Trichome Secretion Composition, Trichome Densities, and Spider Mite Resistance of Ten Accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 3 (May 1989): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.3.492.

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Abstract Trichome secretion composition, glandular trichome densities, and spider mite resistance were measured for 10 accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl., a wild, South American relative of tomato exhibiting high arthropod resistance. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons zingiberene and γ-elemene were identified as major volatile components of Type VI trichome secretions from L. hirsutum f. typicum (hir) plant introduction (PI) 251303. These compounds predominated trichome secretions from five other hir accessions, whereas the methyl ketones 2-undecanone and 2-tridecanone predominated trichome secretions from five accessions of L. hirsutum f. glabratum (gla). Type IV trichome densities were greater on gla than on hir accessions, whereas Type VI trichome densities were greater on hir than on gla. Type VI trichome densities were greater on plants cultured under a 14- to 15-hr photoperiod (LD) than on plants cultured under an 8-hr photoperiod (SD) for gla, but not hir, accessions. Type IV trichome densities were greater under SD than under LD conditions for all accessions. In general, hir accessions were more resistant to mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) than gla accessions. Spider mite resistance was correlated with Type IV trichome density on hir, but not on gla, accessions. Differences in Type IV trichome densities alone between hir and gla do not explain the greater mite resistance of hir accessions.

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De Cuyper, Carolien, and Sofie Goormachtig. "Strigolactones in the Rhizosphere: Friend or Foe?" Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 9 (September 2017): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0051-cr.

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Strigolactones are well-known endogenous plant hormones that play a major role in planta by influencing different physiological processes. Moreover, ex planta, strigolactones are important signaling molecules in root exudates and function as host detection cues to launch mutualistic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere. However, parasitic plants belonging to the Orobanchaceae family hijacked this communication system to stimulate their seed germination when in close proximity to the roots of a suitable host. As a result, the secretion of strigolactones by the plant can have both favorable and detrimental outcomes. Here, we discuss these dual positive and negative effects of strigolactones and we provide a detailed overview on the role of these molecules in the complex dialogs between plants and different organisms in the rhizosphere.

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Yang, Lin-Tong, Yi-Ping Qi, Huan-Xin Jiang, and Li-Song Chen. "Roles of Organic Acid Anion Secretion in Aluminium Tolerance of Higher Plants." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/173682.

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Approximately 30% of the world’s total land area and over 50% of the world’s potential arable lands are acidic. Furthermore, the acidity of the soils is gradually increasing as a result of the environmental problems including some farming practices and acid rain. At mildly acidic or neutral soils, aluminium(Al) occurs primarily as insoluble deposits and is essentially biologically inactive. However, in many acidic soils throughout the tropics and subtropics, Al toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity. The Al-induced secretion of organic acid (OA) anions, mainly citrate, oxalate, and malate, from roots is the best documented mechanism of Al tolerance in higher plants. Increasing evidence shows that the Al-induced secretion of OA anions may be related to the following several factors, including (a) anion channels or transporters, (b) internal concentrations of OA anions in plant tissues, (d) temperature, (e) root plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, (f) magnesium (Mg), and (e) phosphorus (P). Genetically modified plants and cells with higher Al tolerance by overexpressing genes for the secretion and the biosynthesis of OA anions have been obtained. In addition, some aspects needed to be further studied are also discussed.

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Vanstone, VA, and DC Paton. "Extrafloral Nectaries and Pollination of Acacia pycnantha Benth by Birds." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 5 (1988): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880519.

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Acacia pycnantha secreted extrafloral nectar during winter. This coincided with flowering and not with herbivore damage to phyllodes. Phyllodes with axillary racemes or phyllodes towards the tips of branches were more likely to have nectar secretions than phyllodes without axillary racemes or away from the tips of branches. Although most phyllodes were damaged by herbivores to some extent, this damage had occurred prior to the secretion of extrafloral nectar in winter. Further damage to phyllodes was negligible during winter. A variety of birds, including silvereyes and several species of honeyeaters and thornbills, consumed extrafloral nectar and in the process brushed against inflorescences. The activity of these birds in Acacia pycnantha, relative to their use of other plants, increased during the period of nectar secretion. When birds were excluded from flowering branches by mesh, pod production was significantly reduced. Natural rates of pod production were low and variable. These observations and results strengthen the role of birds as pollinators of Acacia pycnantha and we argue that these extrafloral secretions aid pollination and not reduction in herbivore damage in Acacia pycnantha.

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Zhang, Wenzhu, Zhaoming Li, Lingshan Wang, Hui Liu, and Hong Liu. "Effect of Coriander Plants on Human Emotions, Brain Electrophysiology, and Salivary Secretion." Biology 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121283.

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Coriander is a popular herb with versatile applications. However, the current research about coriander medicinal values have been mainly focusing on its extracts while lacking in the relationship between living coriander plants and emotion. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of coriander plants on human emotions and physiological activities. The results showed that the main Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of coriander plants were 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, d-limonene, eucalyptol, benzyl alcohol, Isophorone, dimethyl glutarate, α-terpineol, styrene, methyl methacrylate, α-pinene. Coriander plants could significantly reduce the angry sub-scores, alpha amylase and amino acids (arginine, proline, histidine, and taurine) concentrations in saliva. Theta (4–8 Hz) band activity of the cerebral cortex was significantly enhanced. Moreover, taurine significantly positively correlated with anger and negatively correlated with vigor. All the results signified that coriander plant could influence the activity of brain electrophysiological and salivary secretion through its VOCs to improve people’s negative emotions.

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Qader, Suhailah Wasman, Lee Suan Chua, Janelle Fournier, and Mehmet Ozdemir. "Potential Effect of Medicinal Plants on the Prevention of Gastric Ulcer: Mechanism of Actions." Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 12 (December 27, 2022): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2022.12.09.

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Medicinal plants have been widely studied to identify plant-based anti-gastric ulcer medicines. The mechanism of gastroprotective action is important to discover the potential lead compounds for drug development. All relevant articles between 2011 and 2021 focusing on Malaysian plants were collected and analyzed to understand the underlying pathways. Keywords include peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs), Helicobacterpylori, medicinal plant, gastroprotection, antiulcer, acid secretion, cytoprotective, and digestion processes were applied in the search engines. Twenty-two of the plants had been reported based on the collected data. The review concludes that Malaysian plants could protect the gastric wall against necrotizing agents like ethanol and NSAIDs. This is mainly due to four critical defensive mechanisms: cytoprotective barriers, regulation of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and pro-apoptotic protein (BAX), gastric acid secretion, and antioxidant capability. The mechanisms have been illustrated in the schematic diagrams for better understanding.

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Panchal, Poonam, Anthony J. Miller, and Jitender Giri. "Organic acids: versatile stress-response roles in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 11 (January 20, 2021): 4038–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab019.

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Abstract Organic acids (OAs) are central to cellular metabolism. Many plant stress responses involve the exudation of OAs at the root–soil interface, which can improve soil mineral acquisition and toxic metal tolerance. Because of their simple structure, the low-molecular-weight OAs are widely studied. We discuss the conventional roles of OAs, and some newly emerging roles in plant stress tolerance. OAs are more versatile in their role in plant stress tolerance and are more efficient chelating agents than other acids, such as amino acids. Root OA exudation is important in soil carbon sequestration. These functions are key processes in combating climate change and helping with more sustainable food production. We briefly review the mechanisms behind enhanced biosynthesis, secretion, and regulation of these activities under different stresses, and provide an outline of the transgenic approaches targeted towards the enhanced production and secretion of OAs. A recurring theme of OAs in plant biology is their role as ‘acids’ modifying pH, as ‘chelators’ binding metals, or as ‘carbon sources’ for microbes. We argue that these multiple functions are key factors for understanding these molecules’ important roles in plant stress biology. Finally, we discuss how the functions of OAs in plant stress responses could be used, and identify the important unanswered questions.

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Abrahamian, Peter, Sujan Timilsina, Gerald V. Minsavage, Sushmita KC, Erica M. Goss, Jeffrey B. Jones, and Gary E. Vallad. "The Type III Effector AvrBsT Enhances Xanthomonas perforans Fitness in Field-Grown Tomato." Phytopathology® 108, no. 12 (December 2018): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-18-0052-r.

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Type III secretion system effectors contribute to pathogenicity through various mechanisms. Recent surveys showed an increasing prevalence of the type III secretion effector avrBsT among Xanthomonas perforans strains. We hypothesized that the acquisition of avrBsT has a fitness advantage for the pathogen. The contribution of avrBsT to fitness on tomato was evaluated based on disease severity, in planta growth, competition, and recovery rates of wild-type (WT) and avrBsT mutant strains in greenhouse and field plants. GEV872 and GEV1001, representative strains of two phylogenomic groups of X. perforans, were selected for generating avrBsT mutants. Disease severity was higher for WT strains compared with the avrBsT mutant strains. X. perforans WT and avrBsT mutant strains did not differ following leaf infiltration of greenhouse plants in direct competition and in planta growth assays. The effect of avrBsT on pathogen fitness was noticeable under field conditions. Differences in strain recovery were significant, with WT being recovered two to eight times more than avrBsT mutant strains in the case of both strains GEV872 and GEV1001. WT strains were capable of spreading longer distances across field plots compared with avrBsT mutant strains. Findings suggest that the functional AvrBsT affects the fitness of X. perforans under field conditions, making it an ideal candidate for bacterial spot resistance breeding efforts in tomato.

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Kim, Ki-Suk, and Hyeung-Jin Jang. "Medicinal Plants Qua Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretagogue via Intestinal Nutrient Sensors." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/171742.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) participates in glucose homeostasis and feeding behavior. Because GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated by the enzymatic cleavage of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) long-acting GLP-1 analogues, for example, exenatide and DPP4 inhibitors, for example, liraglutide, have been developed as therapeutics for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the inefficient clinical performance and the incidence of side effects reported on the existing therapeutics for T2DM have led to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy to stimulate endogenous GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L cells. Since the GLP-1 secretion of enteroendocrine L cells depends on the luminal nutrient constituents, the intestinal nutrient sensors involved in GLP-1 secretion have been investigated. In particular, nutrient sensors for tastants, cannabinoids, and bile acids are able to recognize the nonnutritional chemical compounds, which are abundant in medicinal plants. These GLP-1 secretagogues derived from medicinal plants are easy to find in our surroundings, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated through traditional remedies. The finding of GLP-1 secretagogues is directly linked to understanding of the role of intestinal nutrient sensors and their recognizable nutrients. Concurrently, this study demonstrates the possibility of developing novel therapeutics for metabolic disorders such as T2DM and obesity using nutrients that are readily accessible in our surroundings.

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Koller-Peroutka, Marianne, Stefanie Krammer, Anselm Pavlik, Manfred Edlinger, Ingeborg Lang, and Wolfram Adlassnig. "Endocytosis and Digestion in Carnivorous Pitcher Plants of the Family Sarraceniaceae." Plants 8, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8100367.

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Highly evolved carnivorous plants secrete digestive enzymes for degradation of trapped animals and absorb whole macromolecules from their prey by means of endocytosis. (1) Background: In the pitcher-plant family Sarraceniaceae, the production of enzymes is dubious and no evidence for endocytosis is known so far. (2) Methods: Heliamphora nutans, Darlingtonia californica, and nine taxa of Sarracenia are tested for cuticular pores, and for protease and endocytosis of the fluorescent protein analogue FITC-BSA, after 10–48 h of stimulation. (3) Results: Cuticular pores as a prerequisite for enzyme secretion and nutrient uptake are present in all tested species. Permeable cells form clusters in the inner epidermis of the pitchers, but are only little differentiated from impermeable epidermis cells. Proteases are found in S. psittacina, S. leucophylla, S. minor, S. oreophila, S. alabamensis, H. nutans, D. californica lacking only in S. flava and in S. purpurea ssp. purpurea, S. purpurea ssp. venosa, S. rosea, where enzyme production is possibly replaced by degradation via the extraordinary diverse inquiline fauna. S. leucophylla, S. minor, S. oreophila exhibit both protease production and endocytosis; S. psittacina, S. alabamensis, H. nutans, D. californica produce proteases only; no single species shows endocytosis without protease production. (4) Conclusions: Protease secretion seems to be a prerequisite for endocytotic nutrient uptake. Transport of FITC-BSA absorbed by endocytosis towards the vascular tissue of the trap leaves suggests that endocytosis of nutrients is more than a side effect of enzyme secretion.

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McConnaughey, Ted. "Acid secretion, calcification, and photosynthetic carbon concentrating mechanisms." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-066.

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Bicarbonate-based photosynthesis requires equal numbers of proton equivalents. Aquatic plants and photosynthetic symbioses can scavenge protons from ambient solutions, or they can manufacture protons through calcification. Both mechanisms are widely employed. This review examines how aquatic photoautotrophs couple calcification to photosynthesis, and the advantages and limitations of this physiology.Key words: calcification, calcium, carbonate, bicarbonate, photosynthesis, aquatic.

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Gao, Mengsheng, Max Teplitski, Jayne B. Robinson, and Wolfgang D. Bauer. "Production of Substances by Medicago truncatula that Affect Bacterial Quorum Sensing." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 9 (September 2003): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.827.

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Earlier work showed that higher plants produce unidentified compounds that specifically stimulate or inhibit quorum sensing (QS) regulated responses in bacteria. The ability of plants to produce substances that affect QS regulation may provide plants with important tools to manipulate gene expression and behavior in the bacteria they encounter. In order to examine the kinds of QS active substances produced by the model legume M. truncatula, young seedlings and seedling exudates were systematically extracted with various organic solvents, and the extracts were fractionated by reverse phase C18 high-performance liquid chromatography. M. truncatula appears to produce at least 15 to 20 separable substances capable of specifically stimulating or inhibiting responses in QS reporter bacteria, primarily substances that affect QS regulation dependent on N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) signals. The secretion of AHL QS mimic activities by germinating seeds and seedlings was found to change substantially with developmental age. The secretion of some mimic activities may be dependent upon prior exposure of the plants to bacteria.

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Freitas, Cristina Setim, Cristiane Hatsuko Baggio, Bárbara Mayer, Ana Cristina dos Santos, André Twardowschy, Cid Aimbiré de Moraes Santos, and Maria Consuelo Andrade Marques. "Inhibition of Gastric H+, K+-ATPase Activity by Compounds from Medicinal Plants." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 9 (September 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600911.

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H+, K+-ATPase enzyme is a therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric disturbances. Several medicinal plants and isolated compounds inhibit the acid gastric secretion through interaction with the proton pump. In order to add new properties to some natural constituents, five compounds, a benzylated derivative of vincoside, a diterpene (abietic acid) and three alkaloids (cephaeline, vinblastine and vindoline), were tested for their activities on gastric H+,K+-ATPase isolated from rabbit stomach. All the compounds inhibited H+, K+-ATPase activity with varied potency. The IC50 value for benzylvincoside was 121 (50-293) μM, and for abietic acid 177 (148-211) μM. The alkaloids cephaeline, vinblastine and vindoline inhibited the H+,K+-ATPase activity with IC50 values of 194, 761 and 846 μM, respectively. The results suggest that benzylvincoside, abietic acid and cephaeline can be important sources for the development of anti-secretor agents.

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Brijesh, S., Pundarikakshudu Tetali, and Tannaz J. Birdi. "Study on effect of anti-diarrheal medicinal plants on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli induced interleukin-8 secretion by intestinal epithelial cells." Alternative Medicine Studies 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ams.2011.e16.

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Diarrhea is a major health concern in developing countries with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) being a leading cause of infantile diarrhea. Much of the pathology of EPEC infection is due to the inflammatory responses of infected intestinal epithelium through secretion of pro-inflammatory cytoki - nes such as interleukin (IL)-8. With medicinal plants gaining popularity as prospective antidiarrheal agents, we aimed to evaluate the effect of anti-diarrheal medicinal plants on secretion of IL-8 by epithelial cells in response to EPEC infection. The effect of the decoctions of four anti-diarrheal medicinal plants viz. Aegle marmelos, Cyperus rotundus, Psidium guajava and Zingiber officinale was studied on secretion of IL-8 by a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29 infected with E. coli E2348/69. Two protocols were used viz. pre-incubation and post-incubation. The data obtained demonstrated that out of the four plants used, only P. guajava decreased secretion of IL-8 in the post-incubation protocol although in the pre-incubation protocol an increase was observed. A similar increase was seen with C. rotundus in the preincubation protocol. No effect on IL-8 secretion was observed with A. marmelos and Z. officinale in both protocols and with C. rotundus in the post-incubation protocol. The post-incubation protocol, in terms of clinical relevance, indicates the effect of the plant decoctions when used as treatment. Hence P. guajava may be effective in controlling the acute inflammatory response of the intestinal epithelial cells in response to EPEC infection.

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Patel, Hitendra Kumar, Patrizia Ferrante, Meng Xianfa, Sree Gowrinadh Javvadi, Sujatha Subramoni, Marco Scortichini, and Vittorio Venturi. "Identification of Loci of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Involved in Lipolytic Activity and Their Role in Colonization of Kiwifruit Leaves." Phytopathology® 107, no. 6 (June 2017): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-10-16-0360-r.

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Bacterial canker disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, an emerging pathogen of kiwifruit plants, has recently brought about major economic losses worldwide. Genetic studies on virulence functions of P. syringae pv. actinidiae have not yet been reported and there is little experimental data regarding bacterial genes involved in pathogenesis. In this study, we performed a genetic screen in order to identify transposon mutants altered in the lipolytic activity because it is known that mechanisms of regulation, production, and secretion of enzymes often play crucial roles in virulence of plant pathogens. We aimed to identify the set of secretion and global regulatory loci that control lipolytic activity and also play important roles in in planta fitness. Our screen for altered lipolytic activity phenotype identified a total of 58 Tn5 transposon mutants. Mapping all these Tn5 mutants revealed that the transposons were inserted in genes that play roles in cell division, chemotaxis, metabolism, movement, recombination, regulation, signal transduction, and transport as well as a few unknown functions. Several of these identified P. syringae pv. actinidiae Tn5 mutants, notably the functions affected in phosphomannomutase AlgC, lipid A biosynthesis acyltransferase, glutamate–cysteine ligase, and the type IV pilus protein PilI, were also found affected in in planta survival and/or growth in kiwifruit plants. The results of the genetic screen and identification of novel loci involved in in planta fitness of P. syringae pv. actinidiae are presented and discussed.

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Regente, Mariana, Marcela Pinedo, Mercedes Elizalde, and Laura de la Canal. "Apoplastic exosome-like vesicles: A new way of protein secretion in plants?" Plant Signaling & Behavior 7, no. 5 (May 2012): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.19675.

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Lerouge, Patrice, Anne-Catherine Fitchette-Laine, Aicha Chekkafi, Veronique Avidgor, and Loic Faye. "N-linked oligosaccharide processing is not necessary for glycoprotein secretion in plants." Plant Journal 10, no. 4 (October 1996): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1996.10040713.x.

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Tsou, Lun K., María Lara-Tejero, Jordan RoseFigura, Zhenrun J. Zhang, Yen-Chih Wang, Jacob S. Yount, Matthew Lefebre, et al. "Antibacterial Flavonoids from Medicinal Plants Covalently Inactivate Type III Protein Secretion Substrates." Journal of the American Chemical Society 138, no. 7 (February 16, 2016): 2209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b11575.

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Dirnberger, Dietmar, Herta Steinkellner, Latifa Abdennebi, Jean-Jacques Remy, and Dick van de Wiel. "Secretion of biologically active glycoforms of bovine follicle stimulating hormone in plants." European Journal of Biochemistry 268, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 4570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02384.x.

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