Дисертації з теми "Plantes – Santé – La Réunion (France ; île)"
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Houillon, Ismaël. "Modélisation du paysage agricole et inférence du risque pour l'accompagnement des réseaux d'épidémiosurveillance : application au paysage agrumicole réunionnais." Thesis, La Réunion, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LARE0014.
Повний текст джерелаPlant disease surveillance is a major food safety issue. Although surveillance methods have been greatly improved in the last decade, especially with risk-based surveillance, implementing effective surveillance is not obvious in some regions. Reunion Island is an excellent example of such territories where organizing plant disease surveillance is a challenge due to its position as a DROM, with a very heterogeneous landscape and limited resources. Since 2012, Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter, is re-emerging in citrus orchards in Reunion Island and the state services have to organize the surveillance of a fragmented, heterogeneous citrus landscape and this taking into account local policies. We will show here the methods developed to improve the knowledge of the landscape, and thus better understand the potential epidemiological pathways. The approach of photo-interpretation of satellite images and field confirmation has allowed to consolidate the existing incomplete database. We will also show how risk-based surveillance can guide sampling. In the context of HLB surveillance in Reunion, a list of the most connected orchards was used to target sampling of areas most likely to be epidemiological nodes. We were able to show through learning algorithms that elevation and connectivity are variables of major importance in explaining the health status of citrus. Furthermore, the involvement of home gardens in the epidemic was highlighted, supporting the fact that the surveillance of the agricultural compartment alone was not sufficient. An evaluation of the surveillance system was also carried out using the OASIS method. This allowed us to highlight the good functioning of the core of the surveillance chain, despite the fact that positions in the central organization need to be defined and communication with the general public needs to be improved
Vaillant, Zoé. "La Réunion, koman i lé ? : les constructions socio-territoriales de santé à l'île de la Réunion." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100019.
Повний текст джерелаHow could the place where people live have a part in promoting (improving) or deteriorating their health ? The researcher analyse health socio-territorial constructions on La Réunion island. He tries to bring together the backdrop corresponding to the populations' "environnent", which would explain how, beside social or individual characteristics, risk exposure can be influenced by living locations. Local health constructions appear to be, in each location, specific combinations of all aspects of "the environnent", term including numerous and varied aspects of life (ecological and biological data, social and family relationships, health services supplying) which surrounds and "deterrnines" populations' health. Two quarter comparative monographs (exploration of the conditions of social relationships within the districts, the spatial representations and practical experiences, social and health support authorities appropriation modes, localized active and passive treatment methods) shows processes that are firmly-rooted and filled in a territorialized daily /ife, through which the inhabitants' health builds up or worsens
Lavergne, Christophe. "Étude de la stratégie d'invasion du Troène de Ceylan, Ligustrum robustum subsp. Walkeri, à la Réunion et des caractéristiques du milieu envahi." La Réunion, 2000. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/00_Lavergne_Nancy.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe native ecosystems of the Mascarene islands are characterized by a high endemicity (72% of the Angiosperm flora) and habitat destruction due to human activities and invasions by introduced animal and plant pests. More than 98% of the primary vegetation remnants on the archipelago are found in La reunion, which also possesses more protected forest areas. Ligustrum robustum subsp. Walkeri (oleaceae) is one of the worst alien invasive plants of Mauritanian native forest and has been introduced recently into La Reunion. The recorded data from sample plots near the first site of introduction in La Reunion (Cilaos, 1200 m alt. ) showed pure stands of L. Robustum in the human-disturbed primary forest patches and high seedling densities in the least disturbed patches. Its rapid growth rate, high shade tolerance, high production of seeds able to be dispersed by birds, contributed to its ability to invade forests. Difficulties in controlling L. Robustum make it a major threat to the indigenous montane forests. Without setting up an efficient conservation program improving the awarness of the local population, other species could be introduced that will display similar invasive characteristics. This could accelerate the process of degradation that is occurring following the introduction of L robustum. This process poses a serious threat to one of the last primitive island ecosystems in the Indian Ocean
Poullain, Cyril. "Contribution à l'étude des plantes endémiques et indigènes de la Réunion, recherche d'activités biologiques et de principes actifs dans 75 plantes." La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_05_Poullain.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаA previous bibliographic study was realized to review all the active principles for five biological activities : free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antifungal activities, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and inhibition of viral fusion. In order to understand the reactivity of the active principle, causes (oxidative stress) and pathological effects of diseases (fungal infections, Alzheimer's disease and AIDS) related to these five biological activities, were explained (chapter 1, vol. 1). In the second chapter (vol. 1), 75 plants endemic and indigenous to Reunion Island were selected for a study of their biological activities. Two kinds of tests were realized : on the one hand, by thin layer chromatography for the free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antifungal properties and for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase ; on the other hand by clusters for the anti-HIV activity. 73% of 274 polar and non-polar extracts reduced free radicals, 32% protected double bonds, 14% inhibit the growth of a fungi and 11% inhibit acetylcholinesterase (Alzheimer's disease). For HIV test, the toxic limit concentration and the medium effective concentration were determined. Three plants exhibited strong activities for one or two tests : Hypericum lanceolatum, Melicope borbonica and Croton mauritianus. In the same time, 18 plants (on 75) were investigated for determination of specific groups of molecules. All these studies were needed uses of analytical techniques as column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with Ultraviolet or coupled with mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance 1H 13C, one-dimensional and bi-dimensional. The volume 2 is a complement of vol. 1 and comprises the five tables of the first chapter (vol. 1) and phytochemical and botanical data of the 75 plants studied in the second chapter (vol. 1)
Bouhier-Roddier, Muriel. "Le diabète, entre culture et santé publique : approche anthropologique des représentations du diabète de type 2 à la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_20_Bouhier.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAttié, Marc. "Étude sur l'entomofaune associée à la flore indigène de l'île de la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_02_Attie.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаChabanet, Pascale. "Étude des relations entre les peuplements benthiques et les peuplements ichtyologiques sur le complexe récifal de Saint-Gilles - La Saline (Île de la Réunion)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30061.
Повний текст джерелаHumeau, Laurence. "Écologie et évolution de la dioécie et du dimorphisme sexuel de la taille des fleurs chez les "dombeya" (sterculiacées) endémiques de la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00488723/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаCadet, Jean-Maurice. "Le rayonnement solaire ultraviolet de surface en région tropicale, validation instrumentale, climatologie et impacts sur la santé." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0019.
Повний текст джерелаThe main causes of skin cancer are human behavior change and the increase of surface ultraviolet radiation, in response to atmospheric parameters changes (stratospheric ozone, clouds, or aerosols) due to climate change or anthropogenic activities. Taking into account their geographic position, tropical regions receive the maximum of solar UV irradiance. The risk related to UV is very high, due to the demography or increase in outdoor activities. The precise UV measurement then becomes very important. One of the purpose of this PhD thesis was the evaluation of different UV measurement instruments in comparison to a reference one. Comparison to satellite UV measurements was also performed. A trend study was done by using ground-based UV database at Saint-Denis. An increase trend in UVI was found. This increase may be due to ozone change or to cloud change in response to the increase of sea temperature caused by climate change. Following that comparison work, UV exposure work was done in popular sites where people are exposed to extreme UV radiation, in altitude for example. Réunion island is a mountainous well-known for its several possibilities of hikes and outdoors activities. The measurement performed during the Maïdo - Grand Bénare hike, for example, showed that people can be exposed up to 60 standard erythemal doses, what corresponds to several times the minimal threshold to elicit sunburn whatever the sun phototype. Therefore, the public must be informed of the danger of UV exposure. Along with more awareness campaigns and more efficient measuring devices placed around the island, a general understanding of UVR will improve, thereby reducing the risks linked to excess exposure resulting from insufficient UVR protection
Ouar, Sadia. "Caractérisation spatio-temporelle du couvert végétal des zones à mascareignite des hauts de l'île de la Réunion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30062.
Повний текст джерелаLavergne, Roger. "Plantes médicinales indigènes : tisanerie et tisaneurs de la Réunion." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00978928.
Повний текст джерелаGiacomoni, Caroline. "Les représentations de la maladie du cancer liée aux modes de vie et comportements à risque chez les jeunes Réunionnais." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0438.
Повний текст джерелаThe doctoral work in health anthropology ficuses on cancer representations among youth of Réunion Island. It shows the link made between lifestyles, risk behaviors and cancer disease, through several types of consumptions (food, alcohol, cannabis, tobacco) and behaviors (tanning) frequently encountered in the young population. The study seeks to identify the particularities of cancer representations in réunion context; and wants to understand how the various images linked to cancer are based, transmitted and how they take root in young healthy. If the exoticism of cancer representations is not clear, the study reveals nevertheless certain characteristics of "youth group" in which, the miscegenation of knowledge, that come from various vectors such as media, family, school, neighborhood friends, etc. , characterizes the young representational process regarding cancer in opposition traditional/modern. Moreover, it highlights the socio-cultural issues facing life-threatening cancer (calling into question the social role, the body representations facing this disease). In the end, this doctoral work provides information on society of réunion Island through the lens of cancer representations of its youth
Reynaud, Bernard. "Transmission des virus de la striure, du stripe et de la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s par leurs vecteurs Cicadulina Mbila (Naude, 1924) et Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890) (Homoptera) : approches biologique, génétique et épidémiologique de la relation vecteur-virus-plante." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20223.
Повний текст джерелаLam-Yam, Lynda. "Contribution à l'étude de la croissance et de la fructification du pêcher (Prunus persica L. Batsch) dans les conditions climatiques de type tropical de l'île de la Réunion." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20043.
Повний текст джерелаMarchetti-Smadja, Jacqueline. "Influence climatique et régionale sur la qualité de l'huile essentielle de vétyver Bourbon." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20076.
Повний текст джерелаBaret, Stéphane. "Mécanismes d'invasion de Rubus alceifolius à l'île de la Réunion : interaction entre facteurs écologiques et perturbations naturelles et anthropiques dans la dynamique d'invasion." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646471.
Повний текст джерелаLeperlier, Cédric. "Données écologiques et physiologiques pour l’utilisation d’espèces indigènes de La Réunion en revégétalisation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0023.
Повний текст джерелаAs observed at a world scale, dry lowlands of Reunion Island are facing an important demographic development causing habitat degradation and leading to native plant species loss. In order to limit this phenomenon, selection of native species for revegetation is widely proposed. However, the lack of knowledge about biology and ecology of such species hinders their use. The aim of this study was to determine major factors influencing the very first steps from a sown seed to the resulting established seedling (germination, emergence, survival and establishment) for 14 natives plant species (10 woody and 4 herbaceous species) of dry habitats of Reunion Island. Germination strategies were evaluated in laboratories for 13 of them. A dormancy phenomenon could be identified for 12 species : 2 herbaceous and 5 woody species possess seeds with physical dormancy, 4 woody species possess seeds with physiological dormancy with a mechanical component and 1 species possess seeds with physiological dormancy and positive photoblasty. For each species, a pre-treatment improved germination. The efficiency of these methods and the influence of abiotic parameters on seedling emergence were observed in greenhouse experiments for 10 species (7 woody and 3 herbaceous species). A low water availability decreased performances, especially for woody species. While for herbaceous species, hydroseeding increased seedling emergence, this technique alone was not sufficient for woody species. Finally, establishment capacity was determined on field plots for 10 species (7 woody and 3 herbaceous species). The abiotic and competition pressures limited survival and establishment of the studied species. However, the use of hydroseeding along with the control of sowing density and diversity and a temporary control of weed competition enhanced establishment for the herbaceous and 4 woody species. The described methods of this thesis could be applied to other native species in order to improve revegetation in Reunion Island dry lowlands
Valenciennes, Emmanuelle. "Étude d'hétérocycles azotés : contribution à l'étude de la réaction d'Imino-Diels-Adler asymétrique : synthèse de décahydroquinolein-4-ones ; [suivi de] Étude de plantes médicinales endémiques et indigènes de l'île de la Réunion : recherche d'alcaloi͏̈des." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112241.
Повний текст джерелаTassin, Jacques. "Dynamique et conséquences de l'invasion des paysages agricoles des Hauts de la Réunion par Acacia Mearnsii de Wild." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30096.
Повний текст джерелаDorla, Emmanuelle. "Étude phytochimique et propriétés bioactives de Peperomia borbonensis (Miq.) Piperaceae." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0027.
Повний текст джерелаThe emergence of resistant strains in infectious diseases is a major public health issue. Similarly, arthropods which caused important economic damages in tropical and subtropical areas are continuously developing resistance to chemicals. To counteract this situation, it is essential to find new bioactive molecules able to fight pests and micro-organisms. In this context a preliminary screening was performed on twenty endemic plants and native of Reunion. Twenty-six ethyl acetate extracts were tested for their antibacterial and acaricidal activities. Considering its broad spectrum of activity, Peperomia borbonensis Miq. (Piperaceae), was selected for further chemical and biological investigations. Two bio-guided fractionations were performed on its apolar extract and let to the isolation of fourteen molecules. Moreover, the study of the volatile fraction has shown the insecticidal potential of the leaf essential oil of P. borbonensis against the melon fly B. cucurbitae
Strasberg, Dominique. "Dynamique des forêts tropicales de l'île de La Réunion : processus d'invasions et de régénération sur les coulées volcaniques." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954484.
Повний текст джерелаBalcou-Debussche, Maryvette. "Pratiques scripturales en formation professionnelle : construction des modes de socialisation et des stratifications sociales : analyse et comparaison de quatre lieux de formation professionnelle dans le domaine de la santé." Amiens, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AMIE0010.
Повний текст джерелаAmouroux, Paul. "Bio-écologie et dynamique des populations de cécidomyie des fleurs (Procontarinia mangiferae), un ravageur inféodé au manguier (Mangifera indica), en vue de développer une lutte intégrée." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0034/document.
Повний текст джерелаPhytophagous insects and plants are linked by complex relationships. Insect-plant interaction researches involve several biological disciplines at different levels of analysis. These insect–plant relationships are of crucial importance from an applied point of view, notably for agriculture. In this work, an interdisciplinary approach has been used to study on the mango blossom gall midge, Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an invasive insect pest specific to mango causing major economic damages worldwide. The objective was to improve our knowledge of the biology of this species in the subtropical Reunion Island (i) by describing its genetic diversity and investigate the ecological and biological determinants of the genetic structure of its populations, (ii) by carrying out field and controlled experiments to understand the diapause strategies involved in maintaining populations from one flowering season to the next one, (iii) by modeling the arrival and dispersion of females within an orchard in relation with their flight capacity and with the spatial and temporal distribution of the mango susceptible resources. The results showed that the single species P. mangiferae, feeding on both inflorescences and young leaves, was present all year round and in all the sampled sites on the island, regardless of the climatic and cultural conditions. Populations in Reunion Island appeared structured into two clusters in sympatry, one cluster being more frequent in the cultivated mango area. Secondly, we demonstrated the occurrence of facultative diapause all year round, with the highest rate of diapause observed in summer. The diapause allowed a developmental arrest at the 3rd larval instar in the soil, lasting between six weeks to more than one year. The decrease of temperature at the beginning of winter triggered off the emergence of diapausing individuals and synchronized adult emergence with the mango flowering period. Thirdly, non-native female gall midges were able to colonize all the trees of an orchard. Their arrival flight and trivial flight were oriented by the abundance and by the attractiveness of the mango resources, respectively. The knowledge obtained on the biological cycle of P. mangiferae and on its relationships with the mango tree should be useful to develop new agroecological pest management strategies
Litrico, Isabelle. "Évolution du genre sexuel et de la diversité génétique dans une succession primaire : l'étude d'Antirhea Borbonica (rubiaceae) sur les coulées de lave à la Réunion." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545826.
Повний текст джерелаCybèle, Marie Cathleen. "Une analyse socio-économique de la gestion et du contrôle des plantes envahissantes dans l’archipel des Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0004/document.
Повний текст джерелаBiological invasions contribute to the degradation of biodiversity globally. Invasive alien plants have impacted on natural resources management and have generated substantial costs of control and economic loss. Various management options have been put in place to control the level of invasions of targeted species. The public’s perception of invasive species varies among stakeholders. Controversies and conflicts emerged as a consequence of diverging opinions on the management of invasions. We conducted an inter-disciplinary study on the socio-ecological and economic dimensions related to the management of the invasive Rubus alceifolius, following a biological control programme in Réunion Island (France). Firstly, we carried out an economic analysis of the management options for R. alceifolius with future scenario on the cost of invasion. Secondly we assessed the impact of the recovery of native species post biological control. Thirdly a socio-anthropological investigation to understand the rationale behind controversies amongst stakeholders, was investigated. Lastly, a gap-analysis of the policy framework corresponding to a biological control programme was conducted. We found that the biological control programme of R. alceifolius was successful within the elevation limit of 800 m, from both an economic and ecological perspective. Given the shortfall in the decision-making process and implementation, this study demonstrated the crucial need to identify and involve stakeholders in all stages of a biological control programme. We concluded with key recommendations for successful biological programmes
Bory, Séverine. "Diversité de Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson dans l'Océan Indien et de ses espèces apparentées : aspects génétiques, cytogénétiques et épigénétiques." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258207.
Повний текст джерелаLes marqueurs AFLP ont été utilisés pour élucider les schémas d'introduction de V. planifolia et ils montrent que la plupart des accessions cultivées de nos jours dans les îles de l'Océan Indien dérivent d'un seul génotype introduit. A l'exception d'un phénotype particulier, ‘Aiguille' découvert à La Réunion et issu de reproduction sexuée, les accessions cultivées présentent de très faibles niveaux de diversité génétique et ont évolué grâce à l'accumulation de mutations ponctuelles à travers la multiplication végétative. Un schéma de diversification similaire a été révélé pour V. tahitensis J.W. Moore, espèce cultivée en Polynésie dérivant vraisemblablement de V. planifolia. L'analyse comparative des niveaux de diversité chez des espèces spontanées américaines génétiquement proches a révélé des niveaux faible pour V. bahiana Hoehne et élevé pour V. pompona Schiede, corrélés avec l'étendue de leur aire naturelle de dispersion et a confirmé l'existence d'un régime mixte de reproduction chez ses espèces (sexuée et végétative). Ces résultats sont confirmés par les marqueurs microsatellites développés chez V. planifolia. Les marqueurs transférables et polymorphes aux espèces sauvages américaines, africaines et asiatiques ont révélé une différenciation robuste des espèces, ainsi qu'une forte dichotomie du genre entre Ancien Monde et Nouveau Monde. Ces microsatellites seront très utiles pour les études de diversité, d'hybridation et de phylogéographie dans le genre Vanilla.
La cytométrie en flux, la microdensitométrie, les comptages chromosomiques et les longueurs de stomates ont montré que la polyploïdisation a joué un rôle important dans la diversification de V. planifolia à la Réunion. Trois niveaux de ploïdie (2x, 3x, 4x) ont été révélés permettant d'expliquer les particularités des phénotypes réunionnais ‘Stérile' auto-triploïde et ‘Grosse Vanille' auto-tétraploïde. V. pompona possède les caractéristiques d'un ancien tétraploïde ayant évolué soit par fusions de chromosomes soit par contraction génomique. La forte variation de la quantité d'ADN nucléaire et la fréquence élevée de l'aneuploïdie chez toutes les espèces de Vanilla étudiées, montrent de toute évidence que la polyploïdisation est un phénomène majeur et récurrent dans l'évolution du genre.
Il existe de la méthylation dans le génome de V. planifolia mais aucun polymorphisme de méthylation n'a permis d'expliquer les particularités des phénotypes ‘Variegata' et ‘Mexique'. L'origine de ces particularités doit être recherchée par ailleurs.
Comme beaucoup d'autres espèces tropicales introduites pour leur culture, le vanillier possède donc une base génétique très restreinte qui le rend vulnérable aux maladies. Chez une plante d'importance économique comme le vanillier, l'accroissement de la variabilité génétique et l'apport de nouvelles potentialités agronomiques et organoleptiques sont donc des enjeux majeurs pour la recherche. Le vanillier est d'autre part un modèle de choix pour étudier les conséquences de la domestication (à travers la reproduction végétative) mais également pour élucider l'histoire évolutive de la plus grande famille de plantes : les orchidées.
Techer, Sophie. "Criblage d’activités biologiques de plantes endémiques ou indigènes de La Réunion - Recherche de molécules antivirales ciblant le virus du chikungunya." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0014/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aims of this PhD work were to identify plants and/or molecules with cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antiviral (chikungunya virus , CHIKV) activities in order to find therapeutic alternatives towards oxidative stress and inflammation, mechanisms involved in chronic noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, obesity ...), and chikungunya disease, reemerging vector-borne disease. The first part of this work presents the results obtained from a biological screening carried out on a selection of eighteen endemic and indigenous plants of La Réunion. The targeted activities were cytotoxicity on a human cell line (THP-1), antioxidant activities evaluated using an in cellulo hemolysis assay and four chemical tests (TEAC / DPPH / FRAP / ORAC) together with an evaluation of the content of phenolic compounds (FOLIN test) and anti-inflammatory activity tested in murine macrophages (RAW cells-BlueTM). The results allowed to highlight activities of different extracts in particular : cytotoxic for Carissa spinarum, antioxidant for Dryopteris wallichiana and Agarista buxifolia and anti-inflammatory for Stillingia lineata and Indigofera ammoxylum.The second part of this work is devoted to the phytochemical study of Stillingia lineata, an indigenous species of La Réunion chosen because of the results obtained in this preliminary biological screening and those carried out in Phytochik programme. Bioassay-guided fractionation performed on Vero cells (green monkey kidney cells Cercopithecus aethiops) infected with CHIKV led to the isolation of three rare macrocycle-type diterpenes called tonantzitlolone and a new pimarane. The 4'-acetoxytonantzitlolone was identified as a candidate molecule against CHIKV (EC50 = 7 μM). Structure-activity relationships have been defined, the presence of an oxygenated group on the side chain of tonantzitlolones seems to play an important role in the antiviral response of the diterpene skeleton
Klein, Armelle. "Connaissances, pratiques et acceptabilité des gérontechnologies à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0037.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis aims at understanding the emergence, the stakes and the acceptability of gerontechnologies in Reunion Island. Since the early 2000s, new technologies in health and autonomy became increasingly important in the public debate on aging. Since the 1960s, public policies of old age are built on a paradigm shift of aging. This paradigm has switched from a conception based on the autonomy loss to a more global conception taking into account all individual situations and existence fields impacted by age. Moreover, they have been built leaving more and more latitudes to the territories for the aging 'management'. Reunion Island is experiencing a rapid aging of its population in a high poverty context. This context encourages the territory to innovate and find global solutions in the most anticipated way possible. The social and technological innovations studied in this thesis allow two analysis levels. Based on the autonomy loss and prevention management, the first level is related to the gerontological analysis and highlights the importance of institutional context as a framework for regulating the relationship between individuals and innovation. The second level is closer to the elderly concerned by the use of these health and autonomy technologies. The complexity of the acceptability process can be analyzed through the prism of social reconfigurations induced by aging
Reffay, Nathalie. "Étude des facteurs génétiques contrôlant le rendement en sucre et la teneur en fibres dans deux populations de canne à sucre (Saccharum spp. ) de l'île de la Réunion et d'Australie." La Réunion, 2003. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/03_11_Reffay.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGrondin, Éric. "Exploration du potentiel biotechnologique des levures endémiques et indigènes de la Réunion et de Madagascar à produire des molécules d'arômes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0016.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in identifying and characterizing the yeast ecosystems associated with diverse types of habitat because of the many potential desirable technological properties of these microorganisms, especially in food applications. In this study, a total of 101 yeast strains were isolated directly from the skins of tropical fruits collected in several locations in the South West Indian Ocean (in the regions of Anstirabe in Madagascar and Saint Paul in Reunion Island). Species identification was determined by sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA gene. The strains were classified into 26 different species and tested for their potential to produce aromatic flavouring compounds. Among the isolated strains, two species isolated from the skins of Cape gooseberry and Cocoa beans appeared to represent putative new yeast species. Strains EGPOC17 and EB23 showed LSU D1/D2 sequence homologies of only 97.1% and 97.4% with the yeasts Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida pararugosa, respectively. In total, 52 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were detected by Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction coupled to Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (HS-SPME-GC/MS) analysis and these were classified into five main groups, namely, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters. In order to classify and discriminate the yeast biodiversity, statistical analysis was performed which allowed the yeasts to be categorized according to their flavour production. With a production of 32 compounds among 52 VOCs, Saprochaete suaveolens (Geotrichum fragrans) seemed to be the best producer of flavour compounds, especially esters and unsaturated compounds. Other yeast species including Candida quercitrusa, Debaryomyces nepalensis, Pichia kluyveri and Sporidiobolus pararoseus also appeared of potential interest based on their abilities to produce acid, alcohol and carbonyl compounds. Among the VOCs detected, 6 uncommon compounds namely ethyl but-2-enoate, ethyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate (ethyl tiglate), ethyl 3-methylbut-2-enoate, 2-methylpropyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate, butyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate and 3 methylbutyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate were identified as possible yeast species specific flavour markers
Atiama-Nurbel, Toulassi. "Réponse des femelles de Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera, Tephritidae) aux composés volatils de fruits-hôtes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0026/document.
Повний текст джерелаLocating host-plants is a key process in the adaptive strategy of phytophagous insects, and olfactory stimuli, which arevolatile compounds emitted by plants, play an essential role in this process. Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera,Tephritidae) is responsible for significant damage to many vegetable crops in Reunion Island and worldwide. Whilethe bioecology and genetic population structure of this species are relatively well known, understanding the chemicalmediation occurring during host-fruit location is needed to improve the management of this pest. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the olfactory stimuli involved in the location by females of B. cucurbitae, of awide range of wild and cultivated host fruits of Cucurbitaceae in Reunion Island. A multidisciplinary approach (behavioural and chemical) was adopted to identify volatile compounds responsible for the attraction of females to their oviposition sites in 27 host fruits. The results highlight that within the range of host plants the female response to fruit odours is very heterogeneous(attraction rates from 1% to 74%). These levels of female response vary according to the plant species and the varietyand the stage of fruit maturity. Meanwhile, the study of the chemical composition of fruit odours reveals aconsiderable inter- and intraspecific chemodiversity: 280 volatile compounds identified in total, with differentemission profiles from one fruit to another. These results, complemented by coupled gas chromatographyelectroantennographic detection, have identified 34 compounds potentially involved in female attraction. In addition, ablend of two synthetic compounds as attractive as fresh fruit odour was identified by measuring attractiveness of 10 ofthe 34 compounds presented individually or in combination. The roles of volatiles in oviposition sites location and ecological specialization of this pest are discussed. Moreover,the association of these results with data on female preference and larval performance represents a promising researchdirection, which would contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of host specialization. Finally, theintegration of a simple two-component blend in a trapping system for females into an agroecological management scheme for B. cucurbitae populations is proposed
Blambert, Laury. "Biologie et chimie des jumellea aromatiques de la Réunion : application à la conservation et à la valorisation des espèces." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0034/document.
Повний текст джерелаReunion Island's biodiversity has recently been recognized as of worldwide interest. Since 2010, the National Park of Reunion area is classified as World Heritage of UNESCO. This rich biodiversity provides services to humans, including through aromatic and medicinal plants, which are traditionally used on the island. Today, the responsibility of Reunion to its biodiversity is important and the major challenge is to manage and promot it in a sustainable way. Faham is an iconic and of local importance orchid, endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius), well-known and widely consumed in Reunion for its aromatic and medicinal properties. The name faham actually includes two species: the high altitude species, Jumellea rossii, and the low altitude species, Jumellea fragrans. Currently, faham is harvested in the wild on public or private land because there is no agricultural production system for this resource. Continued use of faham for centuries now threatens heavily its survival in the wild. In this context, the ORCHIFAH project has been created, and aims to establish a sustainable faham production chain and to provide guarantees for its preservation. Part of this project, the aim the present work is to study some aspects of the biology and chemistry of the two species of faham, prior to the establishment of an agricultural production. Thus, the reproductive system, the asymbiotic in vitro germination, growth rates and leaf biomass production, and metabolomics composition of both species were studied. The results contribute to improve the knowledge of the species, and provide a solid foundation for their cultivation, and to conduct appropriate conservation actions
Atiama, Morguen. "Bioécologie et diversité génétique d'Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae), ravageur du manguier à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0007/document.
Повний текст джерелаMango crops in Reunion Island are threatened by a series of pests, including the bug Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae). This species has only been reported in Uganda and Reunion Island but is considered pest of mango only in Reunion Island. Few studies have therefore been devoted to this bug, which explains the lack of knowledge concerning this pest. The overall aim of my thesis was to acquire knowledge about O. palus, and several specific objectives were pursued. The first was to characterize mirid diversity in the mango orchards of Reunion Island. The second was to characterize the life cycle of O. palus and insect-plant interactions. The third objective was to study the distribution and genetic diversity of the species in Reunion Island and on other islands in the south-west Indian Ocean (SWIO).The main results of these studies are: among the 13 species identified in the community of mirids in mango orchards, O. palus was the most abundant on the mango inflorescences when in flower. Three original tools were built to identify O. palus in the laboratory and to recognize the species in the field: an identification key, COI sequences, and a field recognition card). A method was developed to rear O. palus, which enabled the characterization of its life cycle and the length of the development stages. Meanwhile, the inventory of in situ host plants (15 species in Reunion Island) showed that O. palus is polyphagous. Studies of the diversity and genetic structure of O. palus in SWIO islands also provided significant results. In Reunion Island, the population is structured in two clusters, although the structural factors could not be fully identified. In Mauritius, one cluster was identified and was shown to be different from the clusters in Reunion Island. No host race was found either in Reunion Island or in Mauritius. Population movements in both directions between the two islands were highlighted. Finally, the analysis of the mitochondrial DNA diversity of individuals sampled on four SWIO islands (Reunion, Mauritius, Mayotte, Grande Comore) revealed the presence of at least seven haplotypes whose distribution confirmed exchanges between islands.The dynamics of O. palus in space and over time are discussed in connection with its survival strategy over the course of the year and with population flows across SWIO. The results showed that beyond being a bug that attacks only the mango tree, as the name strongly suggests, O. palus is rather a "flower bug" likely to maintain populations throughout the year by moving from one flowering plant to another according to food availability. Among the plants involved in the annual dynamics of the insect, several species beside mango are of economic interest (lychee, jujube, avocado). Several research topics are proposed to complete the knowledge already acquired on O. palus, including understanding of population dispersion processes at the scale of the agro-ecosystem, and evaluating the presence and the genetic diversity of O. palus in other SWOI territories. Finally, agroecological practices for the local management of O. palus populations are proposed based on the results of the studies that comprise the present dissertation. Recommendations are made for precautionary measures to prevent the flow of O. palus populations between countries located in the Indian Ocean
Dupé, Sandrine. "Séparer les moustiques des humains à La Réunion. Co-production d'un nouvel ordre socio-naturel en contexte post-colonial." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0022/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn 2005-6, the chikungunya virus, transmitted by the Aedes albopictus mosquito, affects 38% of the inhabitants of Reunion Island. This outbreak marks the end of the systematic use of insecticides and the consolidation of health policies. Public authorities enlist citizens and mosquitoes in the development of new frontiers, material and symbolic, between the two species. This thesis aims to examine the effects of these changes in practices on the social relations of power in post-colonial context, and the relationship between humans and mosquitoes.To apprehend the socio-natural dynamics at work, a combinatorial ethnography allowed to observe the co-construction of knowledge and practices in several areas where the distancing mosquitoes gets organized. It was based on the collection of speeches and observing practices in the vector control service, in the heart of a research team on the Sterile insect technique (to release sterile mosquitoes on the island) and from non-control professionals. A collection of articles and archives finalized to constitute the body of data.The aim of this thesis is to show that far from making a simple separation between humans and mosquitoes, new management practices have intensified their interactions. In parallel, it proposes a reflection on the dynamics associated with the coexistence of several interpretive systems, allowing to understand - or not - the collective management of epidemic risk. This is an opportunity to reflect on the relationship between the state, scientists and citizens
Poser, Christophe. "Influence de la température sur la phénologie de la canne à sucre : conséquences sur la phase d'implantation de la culture dans les Hauts de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0030/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is centered on the effects of temperature on sugarcane development and its potential for geographical expansion under low temperatures in high-altitude tropical conditions. In the highlands of Reunion Island (les Hauts), the duration of the germination, in planting years, affects the date and the level of the first harvest, as well as the sugarcane yield in the following ratoon crop cycle. Trials took place in climate chambers, greenhouses and fields at different temperatures and altitudes. A preliminary study validates the conditions governing the experimentation: bud bursts can be studied through single, healthy, single bud cuttings that are taken from the middle section of the mature stem. Temperature considerably influences the primary tiller germination and emergence stages. The thermal model that was developed satisfactorily predicts bursting at a constant temperature and allows for the quantification of observed varietal differences. Field trials reveal a disparity in the production and growth dynamics of leaves and stems according to locations and varieties. Temperature influences this differentiation. Among the indicators that were elaborated, the duration for the seedling of half the population, when applied to a climatic database, allows one to define geographical zones and time periods conducive to the introduction of sugarcane according to its variety. The methods presented herein can be used in varietal selection for all zones where cold temperature limits the spread of crops. Results could be used for the development of new cultural practices or for further studies in geo-referenced agronomic zoning
Mahadeo, Keshika. "Étude métabolomique et valorisation pharmacologique et biotechnologique d'éspèces du genre Psiadia endémiques de la Réunion et de l'ile Maurice." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0001/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work describes the chemical composition of the plant genus Psiadia and focuses on three research topics: (1) a chemotaxonomic study of 11 species endemic to Reunion island, (2) a biological screening of 16 Psiadia species among which 11 are endemic to Reunion and 5 are endemic to Mauritius and (3) a phytochemical investigation of Psiadia arguta, endemic to Mauritius. The aim of the chemotaxonomic study was to identify chemical markers by a metabolomic approach using GC-MS and GC-FID for volatiles compounds and 1H NMR for non-volatiles compounds. The 11 studied species were harvested in different locations and seasons in order to analyze the seasonal or geographical variability of the chemical profile of each species. This study led to two classifications of the 11 species in terms of the composition of volatiles and non-volatiles compounds. The objective of the second research topic was to identify within 11 species endemic to Reunion island and 5 species endemic to Mauritius, the most active species for the biological activities tested. The targeted activities were antiplasmodial against Plasmodium falciparum, anticancer against the human cancer cell lines HeLa and anti-inflammatory through the inhibition of the enzyme HRP (Horseradish Peroxidase). Four species, P. amygdalina and P. anchusifolia, endemic to Reunion, and P. arguta and P. lithospermifolia, endemic to Mauritius, were particularly active against P. falciparum. Besides, P. dentata (endemic to Reunion) displayed interesting antiplasmodial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The third research topic was devoted to a phytochemical investigation of P. arguta by a bioguided fractionation and led to purification and identification of 16 terpenoids: 2 triterpenes and 4 diterpenes including 4 new compounds. The evaluation of the antiplasmodial activity of all isolated compounds allowed to highlight activities of five diterpenes: labda-13(E)-en-8α-ol-15-yle acetate, labdan-8α-ol-15-yle acetate, 13-epi-sclareol, labda-13(E)-ene-8α,15-diol and (8R,13S)-labdane-8,15-diol. Furthermore, in order to identify factors influencing the production of bioactive compounds, P. arguta has been multiplicated using in vitro culture techniques and micropropagated plants were acclimatized
Udo, Nathalie. "Quels sont les facteurs naturels et humains conduisant au statut invasif ? Le cas de l'ajonc (Ulex europaeus) sur l'île de La Réunion." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S004/document.
Повний текст джерелаFor over twenty years, invasive species have been raised to the rank of major public problems because of their effects on the environment, economy and health. The main objective of this PhD thesis is to identify natural and human factors leading to attribute over time the public status of invasive species to certain species and in certain contexts, through the case of gorse (Ulex europaeus) on the island of La Réunion (Indian Ocean). This work have a three-part structure: (i) a comparison of biological characteristics of gorse between La Reunion, where it is called / declared invasive, and France, its native range, (ii) a historical analysis of its geographic expansion through natural and human factors, (iii) a study of the construction of public status attributed to gorse since its introduction on the island. The results showed a biological evolution between gorse populations of France and La Reunion related to germination rate and velocity, and seed dispersal. Coupled with a faster growth of individuals previously demonstrated, this suggest that colonization capacities of gorse are more important in the invasive region than in its native region. These capacities have favoured its geographic expansion in agricultural and natural environments, in interaction with the uses, agricultural practices and land uses, which themselves result from the overall socio-economic context from European scale to family farming scale. The construction and publicizing of the invasive status of gorse on this island is a combination between these ecological features and sociological elements: a new ecological vision of the world on a global scale, and, on a regional scale, social interactions between stakeholders about the management of protected natural areas. These results demonstrate one more time the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to understand the fundamentally hybrid object, product of nature and culture
Fianu, Adrian. "Effet à long terme et transférabilité d'un programme de prévention primaire du diabète de type 2 dans les quartiers vulnérables à la Réunion." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30115.
Повний текст джерелаType 2 diabetes (T2D) is more prevalent in the French overseas territories than it is in mainland France. This observation is even more valid with respect to the disadvantaged neighbourhoods of overseas territories. Indeed, the population in these neighbourhoods is exposed to social determinants that favour the onset of T2D, including lower access to health care. In this context, we put forward the hypothesis that improvements in behaviour for risk factor reduction according to a primary prevention approach within a vulnerable neighbourhood constitute an appropriate strategy for ameliorating the health of the local population. In order to test this hypothesis, we evaluated the long-term effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention conducted in 2001-2003 and aimed at reducing the risk of T2D through weight loss in 445 high-risk non-diabetic overweight or obese subjects aged 18-40 years and living in two disadvantaged neighbourhoods of Reunion Island. Nine years after the inclusion in the intervention control trial, the follow-up of participants revealed a reduction in adiposity levels in the intervention group compared with the control group. This suggests that the initiation of changes in diet and physical activity combined with community health practices and improving prevention access within district present long-term health benefits in a context where "obesogenic" environmental and living conditions prevail. Following this epidemiological study focused on the validation of a primary preventive model for the vulnerable populations of Reunion Island, we examined the transferability of this type of intervention. Public health interventions constitute "black boxes" that are difficult to describe, evaluate and transfer. An intervention cannot be transferred as a whole to a new implementation context, as this could lead to a lack of reproducibility that would be impossible to explain. In this perspective, it seems useful to separate the intervention's "standardisable by function" and potentially transferable theoretical processes (the key functions) from the concrete and context-dependent activities implemented in the field, as well as to identify the significant contextual elements that may alter the intervention. The construction of the key functions/implementation/context model (FIC) and the clarification of the causality model of the prevention program - based on a retrospective collaborative approach that involved a project leader, field worker and researchers from several disciplines - enabled us to better describe the studied intervention, to analyse its transferability, and to discuss its evaluation. This lifestyle intervention was composed of thirteen key functions distributed into three action strategies aimed at reducing social inequalities (strengthening individuals, strengthening communities, improving living conditions) and six specific underlying goals. The causality model included individual, meso-social and environmental health determinants. In 2004, the program was transferred to another vulnerable neighbourhood of Reunion Island. The analysis of the program transfer shows that some of the key functions, modalities of implementation and contextual elements were potentially involved in the transferability of this intervention. A wider range of result indicators, data analyses, and population research methods may be needed to improve the evaluation of the intervention's impact in the neighbourhood's social network
Taïlé, Janice. "Étude des altérations fonctionnelles des cellules endothéliales cérébrales en condition hyperglycémique associée au diabète : rôle protecteur des polyphénols de plantes médicinales." Thesis, La Réunion, 2021. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/21_01_J_TAILE.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to vascular alterations which aggravates cerebrovascular complications such as stroke. In fact, hyperglycemia alters blood-brain barrier integrity that separates the brain and the blood. Cerebral endothelial cells which composed blood-brain barrier are particularly affected by oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory state caused by hyperglycemia. In this context, there is growing interest in the health effects of plant-based polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of the thesis work was to assess the functional alterations of cerebral endothelial cells in hyperglycemic conditions and to determine the protective role of polyphenols extracted from medicinal plants from Réunion. To reach this objective, we have developed a model of murine cerebral endothelial cells exposed to experimental hyperglycemia as well as a model of mice rendered obese and diabetic by a high fat diet and then subjected to a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Polyphenols tested were extracted from four Reunionese medicinal plants traditionally used for anti-diabetic effects. Our results showed that hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response with monocytic adhesion and deregulation of the production of vasoactive markers in cerebral endothelial cells. In cerebral ischemia, hyperglycemia aggravated the size of the cerebral infarction and the hemorrhagic transformation in obese and diabetic mice. Additionally, hyperglycemia caused redox markers and the blood-brain barrier integrity alteration, and exacerbated neuroinflammation. Several molecular targets have been identified including the antioxidant enzymes Cu / ZnSOD and MnSOD, inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-a, MCP-1 and E-selectin, vasoactive factors ET-1, eNOS and NO as well as tight junctions ZO-1, ZO-2, claudin-5 and occludin. The role of key signaling pathways contained in NFκB, AMPK, Nrf2 and PPARg has been demonstrated. Importantly, polyphenols exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects attenuating functional alterations of cerebral endothelial cells and cerebrovascular complications induced by hyperglycemia. These protective effects of polyphenols have been associated with their detection in the brain and plasma as well as in cerebral endothelial cells. In conclusion, this thesis work has shown the deleterious effect of hyperglycemia on endothelial function and the protective role of polyphenols. The use of experimental models would allow to deepen the exploration of the molecular mechanisms used and to identify possible innovative therapeutic targets
Marimoutou, Méry. "Étude de l'impact des extraits de trois plantes médicinales riches en polyphénols antioxydants sur la réponse métabolique et inflammatoire des cellules adipeuses dans le contexte de la pathologie de l'obésité." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0031.
Повний текст джерелаDuring obesity, excess fat mass is accumulated in adipose tissue, more precisely in adipocytes, which the precursor cells are preadipocytes. Adipose tissue is the place of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation involved in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Plants rich in polyphenol, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, are high of interest to fight against obesity. In La Réunion, medicinal plants are commonly used for these properties but few literature data exist. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of antioxidant polyphenol-rich extracts from medicinal plants of La Réunion, such as Antirhea borbonica (Bois d’Osto), Doratoxylon apetalum (Bois de gaulette), Gouania mauritiana (Liane Montbrun), on the metabolic and inflammatory response in adipose cells in the context of obesity. Our results have demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of plant extracts on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in presence of three mediators of inflammation. Plant extracts are able to potentiate fat accumulation induced by insulin reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during oxidative stress. These results were confirmed by a study on animal model. The plant extract from D. apetalum improved storage fat, antioxidant status and inflammatory profile of adipose tissue of obese mice. This work lead to evaluated the impact of antioxidant polyphenol-rich extract from three medicinal plants on metabolic and inflammatory response in adipose cells in the context of obesity
Laurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
Повний текст джерелаThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
Adler, Sophie. "Impacts histo-morphologiques et biochimiques de la mutation laurina sur les graines et les plantules de Coffea arabica L." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0027/document.
Повний текст джерелаCoffea arabica var Laurina (Bourbon pointu, BP), is a natural mutant of C. arabica ‘Bourbon’ (B). The laurina mutation is recessive, monolocus and Mendelian, with pleiotropic effects. This work highlighted new effects of this mutation, with histological, morphological and biochemical approaches on seeds development and on seedlings. Simultaneous fitting of growth curves of B and BP and their standardization allow comparisons of these varieties and fine study of polysaccharide cell wall (PCW) composition over time. Thus, anatomic specificities, development stages (st) and fruit age were linked (growth: st 1-2 to 4; maturation: st 5 to 7). When taking in account the CWP evolution in time-course, three phases occurred: φ 1 (st 1-2, 3), φ 2 (st 3, 4 and the beginning of 5), and φ 3 (the end of 5, st 6, 7). The two first were affected by the mutation probably through maternal effect (perisperm). In seedlings, the hypocotyls semi-dwarfism in light growth condition is an effect of the mutation and was due to a lower cell number than in B. The phytohormones content was also affected (ABA, auxine, cytokinins). But, neither CWP composition nor chlorogenics acids (CQA) content were affected by the mutation, or growth condition (expected for CQA content in roots). The composition in CWP and CQA was different depending on organs. Finally, caffeine (CAF) content was affected by the mutation in light or darkness conditions. These results represent an important step in 1/ the characterization of the pleiotropic effects of the laurina mutation, 2/ the understanding of the CWP evolution in seed time course, and 3/ new knowledge on seedlings (hormone, CAF, CQA and CWP composition)
Clain, Marie Élodie. "Valorisation des éco-extraits de plantes médicinales réunionnaises dans la lutte contre les maladies virales émergentes de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0033/document.
Повний текст джерелаEmerging and re-emerging vector-borne viral diseases such as dengue, chikungunya or zika are responsible for many severe epidemics worldwide. Recently, the rapid spread of zika virus (ZIKV) worldwide and the serious neurological complications associated with ZIKV infection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare ZIKV a public health emergency. Today, preventive or curative measures against ZIKV infection are almost non-existing. On the other hand, the endemic flora of Reunion Island is known as a rich, renewable and promising source of natural anti-infective products. The registration of 19 medicinal plants from Reunion Island in the French pharmacopoeia highlights the therapeutic potential of natural substances derived from local biodiversity. The work was dedicated to the identification of natural anti-ZIKV substances from a selection of seven medicinal plants from La Reunion registered in the French pharmacopoeia. In a first step, in collaboration with a local start-up (Bourbon Extracts), a solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction was applied to the seven selected plants in order to obtain eco-extracts. In a second step, the screening for antiviral activity, using a ZIKV molecular clone with a reporter gene, allowed the identification of two candidate plants: Aphloia theiformis and Psiloxylon mauritianum. After verifying the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the active extracts, the antiviral activity was also demonstrated on other types of extracts using traditional extraction methods (infusion, decoction and maceration). The antiviral activity has been validated on different strains of ZIKV (historical and epidemic) as well as on the four serotypes of the dengue virus. Finally, the mode of action of the two active extracts has been studied. It has been shown that the eco-extracts from A. theiformis and P. mauritianum target the early steps of the viral cycle by inhibiting the attachment of the virus to the host cell. Using electron microscopy, it has been shown that the eco-extract of A. theiformis deforms the viral particle preventing its attachment to the membrane of the host cell. These results demonstrate the importance of medicinal plants from Reunion Island as a source of natural anti-infectious substances